1
|
Wong G, Bienes KM, Xiii A, Fausther-Bovendo H, Kobinger GP. Ebola-specific therapeutic antibodies from lab to clinic: The example of ZMapp. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105873. [PMID: 38580170 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In the 1990s, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) progressed from scientific tools to advanced therapeutics, particularly for the treatment of cancers and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In the arena of infectious disease, the inauguration of mAbs as a post-exposure treatment in humans against Ebola virus (EBOV) occurred in response to the 2013-2016 West Africa outbreak. This review recounts the history of a candidate mAb treatment, ZMapp, beginning with its emergency use in the 2013-2016 outbreak and advancing to randomized controlled trials into the 2018-2020 African outbreak. We end with a brief discussion of the hurdles and promise toward mAb therapeutic use against infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur Du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kathrina Mae Bienes
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur Du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ara Xiii
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Hugues Fausther-Bovendo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
History and impact of the mouse-adapted Ebola virus model. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105493. [PMID: 36567023 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the filoviridae family, which are comprised of negative sense, enveloped RNA hemorrhagic fever viruses that can cause severe disease and high lethality rates. These viruses require BSL-4 containment laboratories for study. Early studies of EBOV pathogenesis relied heavily on the use of nonhuman primates, which are expensive and cumbersome to handle in large numbers. Guinea pig models were also developed, but even to this day limited reagents are available in this model. In 1998, Mike Bray and colleagues developed a mouse-adapted EBOV (maEBOV) that caused lethality in adult immunocompetent mice. This model had significant advantages, including being inexpensive, allowing for higher animal numbers for statistical analysis, availability of reagents for studying pathogenesis, and availability of a vast array of genetically modified strains. The model has been used to test vaccines, therapeutic drugs, EBOV mutants, and pathogenesis, and its importance is demonstrated by the hundreds of citations referencing the original publication. This review will cover the history of the maEBOV model and its use in filovirus research.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pseudotyped Viruses for Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:105-132. [PMID: 36920694 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) of the Filoviridae family are the most lethal viruses in terms of mortality rate. However, the development of antiviral treatment is hampered by the requirement for biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) containment. The establishment of BSL-2 pseudotyped viruses can provide important tools for the study of filoviruses. This chapter summarizes general information on the filoviruses and then focuses on the construction of replication-deficient pseudotyped MARV and EBOV (e.g., lentivirus system and vesicular stomatitis virus system). It also details the potential applications of the pseudotyped viruses, including neutralization antibody detection, the study of infection mechanisms, the evaluation of antibody-dependent enhancement, virus entry inhibitor screening, and glycoprotein mutation analysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hunegnaw R, Honko AN, Wang L, Carr D, Murray T, Shi W, Nguyen L, Storm N, Dulan CNM, Foulds KE, Agans KN, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Cheng C, Ploquin A, Stanley DA, Geisbert TW, Nabel GJ, Sullivan NJ. A single-shot ChAd3-MARV vaccine confers rapid and durable protection against Marburg virus in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq6364. [PMID: 36516269 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever disease in primates with mortality rates in humans of up to 90%. MARV has been identified as a category A bioterrorism agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and priority pathogen A by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), needing urgent research and development of countermeasures because of the high public health risk it poses. The recent cases of MARV in West Africa underscore the substantial outbreak potential of this virus. The potential for cross-border spread, as had occurred during the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak, illustrates the critical need for MARV vaccines. To support regulatory approval of the chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3)-MARV vaccine that has completed phase 1 trials, we showed that the nonreplicating ChAd3 vector, which has a demonstrated safety profile in humans, protected against a uniformly lethal challenge with MARV/Ang. Protective immunity was achieved within 7 days of vaccination and was maintained through 1 year after vaccination. Antigen-specific antibodies were an immune correlate of protection in the acute challenge model, and their concentration was predictive of protection. These results demonstrate that a single-shot ChAd3-MARV vaccine generated a protective immune response that was both rapid and durable with an immune correlate of protection that will support advanced clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna N Honko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Derick Carr
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamar Murray
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lam Nguyen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Caitlyn N M Dulan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daphne A Stanley
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Pappas EJ, Husby ML, Motsa BB, Stahelin RV, Pienaar E. Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine influence on viral production: A computational model of Ebola virus matrix protein assembly. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102025. [PMID: 35568195 PMCID: PMC9218153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infections continue to pose a global public health threat, with high mortality rates and sporadic outbreaks in Central and Western Africa. A quantitative understanding of the key processes driving EBOV assembly and budding could provide valuable insights to inform drug development. Here, we use a computational model to evaluate EBOV matrix assembly. Our model focuses on the assembly kinetics of VP40, the matrix protein in EBOV, and its interaction with phosphatidylserine (PS) in the host cell membrane. It has been shown that mammalian cells transfected with VP40-expressing plasmids are capable of producing virus-like particles (VLPs) that closely resemble EBOV virions. Previous studies have also shown that PS levels in the host cell membrane affects VP40 association with the plasma membrane inner leaflet and that lower membrane PS levels result in lower VLP production. Our computational findings indicate that PS may also have a direct influence on VP40 VLP assembly and budding, where a higher PS level will result in a higher VLP budding rate and filament dissociation rate. Our results further suggest that the assembly of VP40 filaments follow the nucleation-elongation theory, where initialization and oligomerization of VP40 are two distinct steps in the assembly process. Our findings advance the current understanding of VP40 VLP formation by identifying new possible mechanisms of PS influence on VP40 assembly. We propose that these mechanisms could inform treatment strategies targeting PS alone or in combination with other VP40 assembly steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ethan J Pappas
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Monica L Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Balindile B Motsa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Golay J, Andrea AE, Cattaneo I. Role of Fc Core Fucosylation in the Effector Function of IgG1 Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929895. [PMID: 35844552 PMCID: PMC9279668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fucose on IgG1 Asn-297 N-linked glycan is the modification of the human IgG1 Fc structure with the most significant impact on FcɣRIII affinity. It also significantly enhances the efficacy of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, induced by IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The effect of afucosylation on ADCC or antibody dependent phagocytosis (ADCP) mediated by macrophages or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is less clear. Evidence for enhanced efficacy of afucosylated therapeutic mAbs in vivo has also been reported. This has led to the development of several therapeutic antibodies with low Fc core fucose to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases, seven of which have already been approved for clinical use. More recently, the regulation of IgG Fc core fucosylation has been shown to take place naturally during the B-cell immune response: A decrease in α-1,6 fucose has been observed in polyclonal, antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies which are generated during alloimmunization of pregnant women by fetal erythrocyte or platelet antigens and following infection by some enveloped viruses and parasites. Low IgG1 Fc core fucose on antigen-specific polyclonal IgG1 has been linked to disease severity in several cases, such as SARS-CoV 2 and Dengue virus infection and during alloimmunization, highlighting the in vivo significance of this phenomenon. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about human IgG1 Fc core fucosylation and its regulation and function in vivo, in the context of both therapeutic antibodies and the natural immune response. The parallels in these two areas are informative about the mechanisms and in vivo effects of Fc core fucosylation, and may allow to further exploit the desired properties of this modification in different clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", Division of Hematology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Josée Golay,
| | - Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani", Division of Hematology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cross RW, Bornholdt ZA, Prasad AN, Woolsey C, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Abelson DM, Kim DH, Shestowsky WS, Campbell LA, Bunyan E, Geisbert JB, Dobias NS, Fenton KA, Porter DP, Zeitlin L, Geisbert TW. Combination therapy with remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies protects nonhuman primates against advanced Sudan virus disease. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159090. [PMID: 35413016 PMCID: PMC9220838 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in managing acute viral infections is ameliorating disease when treatment is delayed. Previously, we reported the success of a 2-pronged mAb and antiviral remdesivir therapeutic approach to treat advanced illness in rhesus monkeys infected with Marburg virus (MARV). Here, we explored the benefit of a similar combination therapy for Sudan ebolavirus (Sudan virus; SUDV) infection. Importantly, no licensed anti-SUDV therapeutics currently exist, and infection of rhesus macaques with SUDV results in a rapid disease course similar to MARV with a mean time to death of 8.3 days. When initiation of therapy with either remdesivir or a pan-ebolavirus mAb cocktail (MBP431) was delayed until 6 days after inoculation, only 20% of macaques survived. In contrast, when remdesivir and MBP431 treatment were combined beginning 6 days after inoculation, significant protection (80%) was achieved. Our results suggest that combination therapy may be a viable treatment for patients with advanced filovirus disease that warrants further clinical testing in future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galvetson, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Zachary A Bornholdt
- Antibody Discovery and Research, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galvetson, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galvetson, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galvetson, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Dafna M Abelson
- Antibody Discovery and Research, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Do H Kim
- Antibody Discovery and Research, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, United States of America
| | - William S Shestowsky
- Antibody Discovery and Research, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Lioudmila A Campbell
- Antibody Discovery and Research, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Elaine Bunyan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, United States of America
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galvetson, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, United States of America
| | | | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu X, Saphire EO. Development and Structural Analysis of Antibody Therapeutics for Filoviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030374. [PMID: 35335698 PMCID: PMC8949092 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are among the world’s deadliest pathogens. As the only surface-exposed protein on mature virions, their glycoprotein GP is the focus of current therapeutic monoclonal antibody discovery efforts. With recent technological developments, potent antibodies have been identified from immunized animals and human survivors of virus infections and have been characterized functionally and structurally. Structural insight into how the most successful antibodies target GP further guides vaccine development. Here we review the recent developments in the identification and characterization of neutralizing antibodies and cocktail immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-752-6791
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu CH, Hu YT, Wong SH, Lin LT. Therapeutic Strategies against Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030579. [PMID: 35336986 PMCID: PMC8954160 DOI: 10.3390/v14030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2014–2016 epidemic, Ebola virus (EBOV) has spread to several countries and has become a major threat to global health. EBOV is a risk group 4 pathogen, which imposes significant obstacles for the development of countermeasures against the virus. Efforts have been made to develop anti-EBOV immunization and therapeutics, with three vaccines and two antibody-based therapeutics approved in recent years. Nonetheless, the high fatality of Ebola virus disease highlights the need to continuously develop antiviral strategies for the future management of EBOV outbreaks in conjunction with vaccination programs. This review aims to highlight potential EBOV therapeutics and their target(s) of inhibition, serving as a summary of the literature to inform readers of the novel candidates available in the continued search for EBOV antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yee-Tung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Shu Hui Wong
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Crowe JE, Ward AB. Structural Biology Illuminates Molecular Determinants of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by Human Antibodies for Pan-Ebolavirus Therapeutic Development. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808047. [PMID: 35082794 PMCID: PMC8784787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven effective for the treatment of ebolavirus infection in humans, with two mAb-based drugs Inmazeb™ and Ebanga™ receiving FDA approval in 2020. While these drugs represent a major advance in the field of filoviral therapeutics, they are composed of antibodies with single-species specificity for Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebolavirus genus includes five additional species, two of which, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus, have caused severe disease and significant outbreaks in the past. There are several recently identified broadly neutralizing ebolavirus antibodies, including some in the clinical development pipeline, that have demonstrated broad protection in preclinical studies. In this review, we describe how structural biology has illuminated the molecular basis of broad ebolavirus neutralization, including details of common antigenic sites of vulnerability on the glycoprotein surface. We begin with a discussion outlining the history of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for ebolaviruses, with an emphasis on how structural biology has contributed to these efforts. Next, we highlight key structural studies that have advanced our understanding of ebolavirus glycoprotein structures and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we offer examples of how structural biology has contributed to advances in anti-viral medicines and discuss what opportunities the future holds, including rationally designed next-generation therapeutics with increased potency, breadth, and specificity against ebolaviruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bradfute SB. The discovery and development of novel treatment strategies for filoviruses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:139-149. [PMID: 34962451 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2013800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Filoviruses are negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and include Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lethality rates can reach 90% in isolated outbreaks. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus epidemic demonstrated the global threat of filoviruses and hastened development of vaccines and therapeutics. There are six known filoviruses that cause disease in humans, but still few therapeutics are available for treatment. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes identification, testing, and development of therapeutics based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature beginning with the discovery of filoviruses in 1967. Small molecules, antibodies, cytokines, antisense, post-exposure vaccination, and host-targeted therapeutic approaches are discussed. An emphasis is placed on therapeutics that have shown promise in in vivo studies. EXPERT OPINION Two monoclonal antibody regimens are approved for use in humans for one filovirus (Ebola virus), and preclinical nonhuman primate studies suggest that other monoclonal-based therapies are likely to be effective against other filoviruses. Significant progress has been made in small-molecule antivirals and host-targeted approaches. An important consideration is the necessity of pan-filovirus therapeutics via broadly effective small molecules, antibody cocktails, and cross-reactive antibodies. The use of filovirus therapeutics as prophylactic treatment or in chronically infected individuals should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gilchuk P, Murin CD, Cross RW, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Kuzmina N, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Zost SJ, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Bombardi RG, Carnahan RH, Bukreyev A, Geisbert TW, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Pan-ebolavirus protective therapy by two multifunctional human antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:5593-5607.e18. [PMID: 34715022 PMCID: PMC8716180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal illness with the potential for global spread. Monoclonal antibody-based treatments that have become available recently have a narrow therapeutic spectrum and are ineffective against ebolaviruses other than Ebola virus (EBOV), including medically important Bundibugyo (BDBV) and Sudan (SUDV) viruses. Here, we report the development of a therapeutic cocktail comprising two broadly neutralizing human antibodies, rEBOV-515 and rEBOV-442, that recognize non-overlapping sites on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). Antibodies in the cocktail exhibited synergistic neutralizing activity, resisted viral escape, and possessed differing requirements for their Fc-regions for optimal in vivo activities. The cocktail protected non-human primates from ebolavirus disease caused by EBOV, BDBV, or SUDV with high therapeutic effectiveness. High-resolution structures of the cocktail antibodies in complex with GP revealed the molecular determinants for neutralization breadth and potency. This study provides advanced preclinical data to support clinical development of this cocktail for pan-ebolavirus therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tshiani Mbaya O, Mukumbayi P, Mulangu S. Review: Insights on Current FDA-Approved Monoclonal Antibodies Against Ebola Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721328. [PMID: 34526994 PMCID: PMC8435780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak accelerated several medical countermeasures (MCMs) against Ebola virus disease (EVD). Several investigational products (IPs) were used throughout the outbreak but were not conclusive for efficacy results. Only the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) on ZMapp was promising but inconclusive. More recently, during the second-largest Ebola outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), four IPs, including one small molecule (Remdesivir), two monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails (ZMapp and REGN-EB3) and a single mAb (mAb114), were evaluated in an RCT, the Pamoja Tulinde Maisha (PALM) study. Two products (REGN-EB3 and mAb114) demonstrated efficacy as compared to the control arm, ZMapp. There were remarkably few side effects recorded in the trial. The FDA approved both medications in this scientifically sound study, marking a watershed moment in the field of EVD therapy. These products can be produced relatively inexpensively and can be stockpiled. The administration of mAbs in EVD patients appears to be safe and effective, while several critical knowledge gaps remain; the impact of early administration of Ebola-specific mAbs on developing a robust immune response for future Ebola virus exposure is unknown. The viral mutation escape, leading to resistance, presents a potential limitation for single mAb therapy; further improvements need to be explored. Understanding the contribution of Fc-mediated antibody functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of those approved mAbs is still critical. The potential merit of combination therapy and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) need to be demonstrated. Furthermore, the PALM trial has accounted for 30% of mortality despite the administration of specific treatments. The putative role of EBOV soluble Glycoprotein (sGP) as a decoy to the immune system, the virus persistence, and relapses might be investigated for treatment failure. The development of pan-filovirus or pan-species mAbs remains essential for protection. The interaction between FDA-approved mAbs and vaccines remains unclear and needs to be investigated. In this review, we summarize the efficacy and safety results of the PALM study and review current research questions for the further development of mAbs in pre-exposure or emergency post-exposure use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Tshiani Mbaya
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Philippe Mukumbayi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sabue Mulangu
- Global Medical Affairs, Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Antibody responses to filovirus infections in humans: protective or not? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:e348-e355. [PMID: 34175003 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks caused by Ebola virus and other filoviruses highlight the urgent need for an in-depth understanding of the role of antibody responses in recovery. In this Personal View we aim to discuss the controversial biological role of antibodies during natural filovirus infections in humans. Survival during natural human filovirus infections correlates with the magnitude of the process of antibodies binding to the filovirus glycoprotein and neutralising the virus. Despite the severity of the disease, highly potent monoclonal antibodies have been isolated from survivors of natural filovirus infections, suggesting that the magnitude of the antibody response is insufficient for prevention of severe disease. Unlike natural infections, filovirus vaccines, which express the viral glycoprotein, do induce protective concentrations of antibodies, albeit only when administered at very high doses. Multiple mechanisms by which filoviruses can delay and reduce the antibody response have been identified in the past decade. Furthermore, subneutralising antibody concentrations have been shown to enhance filovirus infections of immune cells bearing Fc receptors. Understanding the role of antibody responses during natural filovirus infections is important for the development of safe and potent vaccines and antibody-based treatments.
Collapse
|
19
|
Keeler SP, Fox JM. Requirement of Fc-Fc Gamma Receptor Interaction for Antibody-Based Protection against Emerging Virus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061037. [PMID: 34072720 PMCID: PMC8226613 DOI: 10.3390/v13061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of therapeutics against emerging and re-emerging viruses remains a continued priority that is only reinforced by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation, characterization, and production make it a viable option for rapid treatment development. While mAbs are traditionally screened and selected based on potency of neutralization in vitro, it is clear that additional factors contribute to the in vivo efficacy of a mAb beyond viral neutralization. These factors include interactions with Fc receptors (FcRs) and complement that can enhance neutralization, clearance of infected cells, opsonization of virions, and modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss recent studies, primarily using mouse models, that identified a role for Fc-FcγR interactions for optimal antibody-based protection against emerging and re-emerging virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P. Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hansen F, Feldmann H, Jarvis MA. Targeting Ebola virus replication through pharmaceutical intervention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:201-226. [PMID: 33593215 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1881061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The consistent emergence/reemergence of filoviruses into a world that previously lacked an approved pharmaceutical intervention parallels an experience repeatedly played-out for most other emerging pathogenic zoonotic viruses. Investment to preemptively develop effective and low-cost prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against viruses that have high potential for emergence and societal impact should be a priority.Areas covered. Candidate drugs can be characterized into those that interfere with cellular processes required for Ebola virus (EBOV) replication (host-directed), and those that directly target virally encoded functions (direct-acting). We discuss strategies to identify pharmaceutical interventions for EBOV infections. PubMed/Web of Science databases were searched to establish a detailed catalog of these interventions.Expert opinion. Many drug candidates show promising in vitro inhibitory activity, but experience with EBOV shows the general lack of translation to in vivo efficacy for host-directed repurposed drugs. Better translation is seen for direct-acting antivirals, in particular monoclonal antibodies. The FDA-approved monoclonal antibody treatment, Inmazeb™ is a success story that could be improved in terms of impact on EBOV-associated disease and mortality, possibly by combination with other direct-acting agents targeting distinct aspects of the viral replication cycle. Costs need to be addressed given EBOV emergence primarily in under-resourced countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Hansen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK.,The Vaccine Group, Ltd, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
O'Donnell KL, Marzi A. Immunotherapeutics for Ebola Virus Disease: Hope on the Horizon. Biologics 2021; 15:79-86. [PMID: 33776420 PMCID: PMC7987275 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s259069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) remains among the biggest public health threats in Africa, even though recently a vaccine was approved for human use. However, in outbreak situations treatment strategies are needed in combination with vaccination campaigns to impact and stop the spread of the disease. Here, we discuss the development of the immunotherapeutics against EDV both targeting the virus itself and bolstering the immunological environment of the host at both the pre-clinical and clinical level. The early development of antibody therapy in preclinical settings and the early pitfalls in the implementation of this therapeutic strategy are discussed. We also consider the advancement of the production, modulation, and specificity of the antibody treatment that garnered increased success in preclinical studies to the point that it was warranted to test them in a clinical setting. Initial clinical trials in an outbreak scenario proved difficult to definitively confirm the efficacy of the implemented treatment. Upon further modification and with the experiences from the challenging outbreak conditions in mind, the PALM clinical trial demonstrated efficacy of an antibody cocktail which recently received approval for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
IgY antibodies against Ebola virus possess post-exposure protection in a murine pseudovirus challenge model and excellent thermostability. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008403. [PMID: 33711011 PMCID: PMC7990235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is one of the most virulent pathogens that causes hemorrhagic fever and displays high mortality rates and low prognosis rates in both humans and nonhuman primates. The post-exposure antibody therapies to prevent EBOV infection are considered effective as of yet. However, owing to the poor thermal stability of mammalian antibodies, their application in the tropics has remained limited. Therefore, a thermostable therapeutic antibody against EBOV was developed modelled on the poultry(chicken) immunoglobulin Y (IgY). The IgY antibodies retaining their neutralising activity at 25°C for one year, displayed excellent thermal stability, opposed to conventional polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Laying hens were immunised with a variety of EBOV vaccine candidates and it was confirmed that VSVΔG/EBOVGP encoding the EBOV glycoprotein could induce high titer neutralising antibodies against EBOV. The therapeutic efficacy of immune IgY antibodies in vivo was evaluated in the newborn Balb/c mice who have been challenged with the VSVΔG/EBOVGP model. Mice that have been challenged with a lethal dose of the pseudovirus were treated 2 or 24 h post-infection with different doses of anti-EBOV IgY. The group receiving a high dose of 106 NAU/kg (neutralising antibody units/kilogram) showed complete protection with no symptoms of a disease, while the low-dose group was only partially protected. Conversely, all mice receiving naive IgY died within 10 days. In conclusion, the anti-EBOV IgY exhibits excellent thermostability and protective efficacy. Anti-EBOV IgY shows a lot of promise in entering the realm of efficient Ebola virus treatment regimens. Despite the amount of efficient Ebola virus therapeutic antibodies reported in recent years, their application in tropical endemic areas has remained limited due to the low thermal stability of mammalian antibodies. A highly thermostable therapeutic polyclonal antibody against EBOV was developed based on chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY). The EBOV specific IgY antibodies displayed excellent thermal stability, retaining their neutralising activity at 25°C for one year. The newborn mice receiving the passive transfer of IgY achieved complete protection against a lethal dose of virus challenge proving that the anti-EBOV IgY provides a promising recourse to solve some of the current clinical application hindrances of Ebola antibody-based treatments in Africa due to thermal stability.
Collapse
|
23
|
Misasi J, Sullivan NJ. Immunotherapeutic strategies to target vulnerabilities in the Ebolavirus glycoprotein. Immunity 2021; 54:412-436. [PMID: 33691133 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa and the subsequent outbreaks of 2018-2020 in Equator and North Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo illustrate the public health challenges of emerging and reemerging viruses. EVD has a high case fatality rate with a rapidly progressing syndrome of fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding diathesis. Recently, two monoclonal-antibody-based therapies received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, and there are several other passive immunotherapies that hold promise as therapeutics against other species of Ebolavirus. Here, we review concepts needed to understand mechanisms of action, present an expanded schema to define additional sites of vulnerability on the viral glycoprotein, and review current antibody-based therapeutics. The concepts described are used to gain insights into the key characteristics that represent functional targets for immunotherapies against Zaire Ebolavirus and other emerging viruses within the Ebolavirus genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Misasi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cruz-Teran C, Tiruthani K, McSweeney M, Ma A, Pickles R, Lai SK. Challenges and opportunities for antiviral monoclonal antibodies as COVID-19 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:100-117. [PMID: 33309815 PMCID: PMC7833882 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an unprecedented global effort to advance potent neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 as therapeutics. However, historical efforts to advance antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the treatment of other respiratory infections have been met with categorical failures in the clinic. By investigating the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses spread within the lung, along with available biodistribution data for systemically injected mAb, we highlight the challenges faced by current antiviral mAbs for COVID-19. We summarize some of the leading mAbs currently in development, and present the evidence supporting inhaled delivery of antiviral mAb as an early intervention against COVID-19 that could prevent important pulmonary morbidities associated with the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Teran
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Alice Ma
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raymond Pickles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Inhalon Biopharma, Durham, NC 27709, USA; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cai Y, Yu S, Chi X, Radoshitzky SR, Kuhn JH, Berger EA. An immunotoxin targeting Ebola virus glycoprotein inhibits Ebola virus production from infected cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245024. [PMID: 33411835 PMCID: PMC7790382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the mononegaviral family Filoviridae, causes severe disease associated with high lethality in humans. Despite enormous progress in development of EBOV medical countermeasures, no anti-EBOV treatment has been approved. We designed an immunotoxin in which a single-chain variable region fragment of the EBOV glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody 6D8 was fused to the effector domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE38). This immunotoxin, 6D8-PE38, bound specifically to cells expressing EBOV glycoproteins. Importantly, 6D8-PE38 targeted EBOV-infected cells, as evidenced by inhibition of infectious EBOV production from infected cells, including primary human macrophages. The data presented here provide a proof of concept for immunotoxin-based targeted killing of infected cells as a potential antiviral intervention for Ebola virus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Chi
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Learning from past failures: Challenges with monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19. J Control Release 2020; 329:87-95. [PMID: 33276017 PMCID: PMC7836766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, requires urgent development of therapeutic interventions. Due to their safety, specificity, and potential for rapid advancement into the clinic, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a highly promising class of antiviral or anti-inflammatory agents. Herein, by analyzing prior efforts to advance antiviral mAbs for other acute respiratory infections (ARIs), we highlight the challenges faced by mAb-based immunotherapies for COVID-19. We present evidence supporting early intervention immediately following a positive diagnosis via inhaled delivery of mAbs with vibrating mesh nebulizers as a promising approach for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
27
|
Jain S, Khaiboullina SF, Baranwal M. Immunological Perspective for Ebola Virus Infection and Various Treatment Measures Taken to Fight the Disease. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100850. [PMID: 33080902 PMCID: PMC7603231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses, discovered in 1976, belongs to the Filoviridae family, which also includes Marburg and Lloviu viruses. They are negative-stranded RNA viruses with six known species identified to date. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of Zaire ebolavirus species and can cause the Ebola virus disease (EVD), an emerging zoonotic disease that results in homeostatic imbalance and multi-organ failure. There are three EBOV outbreaks documented in the last six years resulting in significant morbidity (> 32,000 cases) and mortality (> 13,500 deaths). The potential factors contributing to the high infectivity of this virus include multiple entry mechanisms, susceptibility of the host cells, employment of multiple immune evasion mechanisms and rapid person-to-person transmission. EBOV infection leads to cytokine storm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, host T cell apoptosis as well as cell mediated and humoral immune response. In this review, a concise recap of cell types targeted by EBOV and EVD symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented. At last, the vaccine and drug development initiatives as well as challenges related to the management of infection have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.F.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
- Correspondence: (S.F.K.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cao J, Wang L, Yu C, Wang K, Wang W, Yan J, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang J. Development of an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reporter assay for measuring anti-Middle East Respiratory Syndrome antibody bioactivity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16615. [PMID: 33024203 PMCID: PMC7538987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Anti-MERS-CoV antibodies play an integral role in the prevention and treatment against MERS-CoV infections. Bioactivity is a key quality attribute of therapeutic antibodies, and high accuracy and precision are required. The major methods for evaluating the antiviral effect of antiviral antibodies include neutralization assays using live viruses or pseudoviruses are highly variable. Recent studies have demonstrated that the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of antiviral antibodies is more consistent with the virus clearance effect in vivo than neutralization activity. However, no reports evaluating the ADCC activity of anti-MERS antibodies have been published to date. Here, we describe the development of a robust and reliable cell-based reporter gene assay for the determination of ADCC activity of anti-MERS antibodies using 293T/MERS cells stably expressing the spike protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-S) as target cells and the engineered Jurkat/NFAT-luc/FcγRIIIa stably expressing FcγRIIIA and NFAT reporter gene as effector cells. According to the ICH-Q2 analytical method guidelines, we carefully optimized the experimental conditions and assessed the performance of our assay. In addition, we found that the ADCC activity of afucosylated anti-MERS antibodies is higher than their fucosylated counterparts. The establishment of this ADCC determination system provides a novel method for evaluating the bioactivity of anti-MERS antibodies and improving ADCC activity through modification of N-glycosylation of the Fc segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathopysiology, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathopysiology, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ebola Virus Disease Survivors Show More Efficient Antibody Immunity than Vaccinees Despite Similar Levels of Circulating Immunoglobulins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090915. [PMID: 32825479 PMCID: PMC7552031 DOI: 10.3390/v12090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last seven years have seen the greatest surge of Ebola virus disease (EVD) cases in equatorial Africa, including the 2013-2016 epidemic in West Africa and the recent epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The vaccine clinical trials that took place in West Africa and the DRC, as well as follow-up studies in collaboration with EVD survivor communities, have for the first time allowed researchers to compare immune memory induced by natural infection and vaccination. These comparisons may be relevant to evaluate the putative effectiveness of vaccines and candidate medical countermeasures such as convalescent plasma transfer. In this study, we compared the long-term functionality of anti-EBOV glycoprotein (GP) antibodies from EVD survivors with that from volunteers who received the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectored vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV) during the Phase I clinical trial in Hamburg. Our study highlights important differences between EBOV vaccination and natural infection and provides a framework for comparison with other vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
30
|
Development of an antibody cocktail for treatment of Sudan virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3768-3778. [PMID: 32015126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914985117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are a promising treatment option for managing ebolavirus infections. Several Ebola virus (EBOV)-specific and, more recently, pan-ebolavirus antibody cocktails have been described. Here, we report the development and assessment of a Sudan virus (SUDV)-specific antibody cocktail. We produced a panel of SUDV glycoprotein (GP)-specific human chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using both plant and mammalian expression systems and completed head-to-head in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Neutralizing activity, competitive binding groups, and epitope specificity of SUDV mAbs were defined before assessing protective efficacy of individual mAbs using a mouse model of SUDV infection. Of the mAbs tested, GP base-binding mAbs were more potent neutralizers and more protective than glycan cap- or mucin-like domain-binding mAbs. No significant difference was observed between plant and mammalian mAbs in any of our in vitro or in vivo evaluations. Based on in vitro and rodent testing, a combination of two SUDV-specific mAbs, one base binding (16F6) and one glycan cap binding (X10H2), was down-selected for assessment in a macaque model of SUDV infection. This cocktail, RIID F6-H2, provided protection from SUDV infection in rhesus macaques when administered at 50 mg/kg on days 4 and 6 postinfection. RIID F6-H2 is an effective postexposure SUDV therapy and provides a potential treatment option for managing human SUDV infection.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Monoclonal based therapeutics have always been looked at as a futuristic natural way we could take care of pathogens and many diseases. However, in order to develop, establish and realize monoclonal based therapy we need to understand how the immune system contains or kill pathogens. Antibody complexes serve the means to decode this black box. We have discussed examples of antibody complexes both at biochemical and structural levels to understand and appreciate how discoveries in the field of antibody complexes have started to decoded mechanism of viral invasion and create potential vaccine targets against many pathogens. Antibody complexes have made advancement in our knowledge about the molecular interaction between antibody and antigen. It has also led to identification of potent protective monoclonal antibodies. Further use of selective combination of monoclonal antibodies have provided improved protection against deadly diseases. The administration of newly designed and improved immunogen has been used as potential vaccine. Therefore, antibody complexes are important tools to develop new vaccine targets and design an improved combination of monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization or protection with very little or no side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetesh Raj Akhouri
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Gunnar Wilken
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ulf Skoglund
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kuzmina NA, Younan P, Gilchuk P, Santos RI, Flyak AI, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Lubaki NM, Ramanathan P, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection by Human Antibodies Isolated from Survivors. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1802-1815.e5. [PMID: 30110637 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recovered from survivors of filovirus infections can protect against infection. It is currently unknown whether natural infection also induces some antibodies with the capacity for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). A panel of mAbs obtained from human survivors of filovirus infection caused by Ebola, Bundibugyo, or Marburg viruses was evaluated for their ability to facilitate ADE. ADE was observed readily with all mAbs examined at sub-neutralizing concentrations, and this effect was not restricted to mAbs with a particular epitope specificity, neutralizing capacity, or subclass. Blocking of specific Fcγ receptors reduced but did not abolish ADE that was associated with high-affinity binding antibodies, suggesting that lower-affinity interactions still cause ADE. Mutations of Fc fragments of an mAb that altered its interaction with Fc receptors rendered the antibody partially protective in vivo at a low dose, suggesting that ADE counteracts antibody-mediated protection and facilitates dissemination of filovirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Patrick Younan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Ndongala M Lubaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tian X, Chen D, Wang H, Xu S, Zhu L, Wu X, Wu Z. The induction and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to GP of Ebola virus. J Med Virol 2019; 92:996-1006. [PMID: 31663613 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Ebola virus is highly infectious and characterized by hemorrhagic fever, headache, and so on with a high mortality rate. Currently, there are neither therapeutic drugs or vaccines against the Ebola virus nor fast diagnostic methods for the detection of Ebola virus infection. This study reported the induction and isolation of two monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognized the glycoprotein (GP) and secreted glycoprotein (sGP) of the Ebola virus. Plasmids encoding either GP or sGP were constructed and immunized BALB/c mice, accordingly purified sGP was boosted. The antisera were analyzed for binding activity against sGP protein in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization activity in a pseudotyped virus neutralization assay. A number of reactive clones were isolated and two monoclonal antibodies T231 and T242 were identified to react with both GP and sGP. Western blot and ELISA assays showed that the monoclonal antibodies could react with GP and sGP, respectively. Moreover, they could recognize Ebola pseudovirus by cellular immunochemistry assay. We labeled the monoclonal antibody T231 with biotin and analyzed the competitiveness of the two antibodies by the ELISA test. The results showed that the binding epitopes of the two monoclonal antibodies to sGP were partially overlapped. In summary, two GP-specific mAbs were identified, which will be used to detect the Ebola virus or investigate GP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.,Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjing Zhu
- Y-Clone Medical Science Co Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Xilin Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Y-Clone Medical Science Co Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Luke T, Bennett RS, Gerhardt DM, Burdette T, Postnikova E, Mazur S, Honko AN, Oberlander N, Byrum R, Ragland D, St Claire M, Janosko KB, Smith G, Glenn G, Hooper J, Dye J, Pal S, Bishop-Lilly KA, Hamilton T, Frey K, Bollinger L, Wada J, Wu H, Jiao JA, Olinger GG, Gunn B, Alter G, Khurana S, Hensley LE, Sullivan E, Jahrling PB. Fully Human Immunoglobulin G From Transchromosomic Bovines Treats Nonhuman Primates Infected With Ebola Virus Makona Isolate. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S636-S648. [PMID: 30010950 PMCID: PMC6249570 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transchromosomic bovines (Tc-bovines) adaptively produce fully human polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies after exposure to immunogenic antigen(s). The National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research and collaborators rapidly produced and then evaluated anti-Ebola virus IgG immunoglobulins (collectively termed SAB-139) purified from Tc-bovine plasma after sequential hyperimmunization with an Ebola virus Makona isolate glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine. SAB-139 was characterized by several in vitro production, research, and clinical level assays using wild-type Makona-C05 or recombinant virus/antigens from different Ebola virus variants. SAB-139 potently activates natural killer cells, monocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and has high-binding avidity demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance. SAB-139 has similar concentrations of galactose-α-1,3-galactose carbohydrates compared with human-derived intravenous Ig, and the IgG1 subclass antibody is predominant. All rhesus macaques infected with Ebola virus/H.sapiens-tc/GIN/2014/Makona-C05 and treated with sufficient SAB-139 at 1 day (n = 6) or 3 days (n = 6) postinfection survived versus 0% of controls. This study demonstrates that Tc-bovines can produce pathogen-specific human Ig to prevent and/or treat patients when an emerging infectious disease either threatens to or becomes an epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luke
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, The Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dawn M Gerhardt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Anna N Honko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Oberlander
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dan Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Krisztina B Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jay Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - John Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Subhamoy Pal
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, The Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Frey
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Jin-An Jiao
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bronwyn Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland.,Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gilchuk P, Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Cross RW, Slaughter JC, Flyak AI, Mani J, Pauly MH, Velasco J, Whaley KJ, Zeitlin L, Geisbert TW, Crowe JE. Efficacy of Human Monoclonal Antibody Monotherapy Against Bundibugyo Virus Infection in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S565-S573. [PMID: 29982718 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemics in West Africa highlighted a need for effective therapeutics for treatment of the disease caused by filoviruses. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are promising therapeutic candidates for prophylaxis or treatment of virus infections. Data about efficacy of human mAb monotherapy against filovirus infections in preclinical nonhuman primate models are limited. Methods Previously, we described a large panel of human mAbs derived from the circulating memory B cells from Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) infection survivors that bind to the surface glycoprotein (GP) of the virus. We tested one of these neutralizing mAbs that recognized the glycan cap of the GP, designated mAb BDBV289, as monotherapy in rhesus macaques. Results We found that recombinant mAb BDBV289-N could confer up to 100% protection to BDBV-infected rhesus macaques when treatment was initiated as late as 8 days after virus challenge. Protection was associated with survival and decreased viremia levels in the blood of treated animals. Conclusions These findings define the efficacy of monotherapy of lethal BDBV infection with a glycan cap-specific mAb and identify a candidate mAb therapeutic molecule that could be included in antibody cocktails for prevention or treatment of ebolavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - James C Slaughter
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeremy Mani
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fuentes S, Ravichandran S, Khurana S. Antibody Repertoire of Human Polyclonal Antibodies Against Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Generated After Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Vaccination of Transchromosomal Bovines. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S597-S602. [PMID: 29939294 PMCID: PMC7107430 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Ebola vaccines and therapeutics are under clinical development. However, limited knowledge exists on the quality of antibody response generated by different Ebola vaccines. In this study, antibody repertoire induced by vaccination of transchromosomal bovine (TcB) with Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein ([GP]; recombinant GP [rGP]) encoded by either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or nanoparticle-based vaccine platform was analyzed using EBOV genome fragment phage display library and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based real-time kinetics assay to measure antibody affinity maturation to both native and partially denatured Ebola GP as well as GP containing the receptor binding domain but lacking the mucin-like domain. Immunoglobulin (IgG) obtained from rGP nanoparticle-vaccinated TcB demonstrated ~4-fold higher binding affinity compared with DNA-vaccinated TcB-induced IgG against the native rGP’s. The rGP nanoparticle vaccine generated a more robust and diverse antibody immune response to the native EBOV-GP compared with the DNA vaccine, which may explain the protective efficacy observed for these antibody preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fuentes
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Supriya Ravichandran
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Differential requirements for FcγR engagement by protective antibodies against Ebola virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20054-20062. [PMID: 31484758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911842116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) continues to pose significant threats to global public health, requiring ongoing development of multiple strategies for disease control. To date, numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) have demonstrated potent protective activity in animal disease models and are thus promising candidates for the control of EBOV. However, recent work in a variety of virus diseases has highlighted the importance of coupling Fab neutralization with Fc effector activity for effective antibody-mediated protection. To determine the contribution of Fc effector activity to the protective function of mAbs to EBOV GP, we selected anti-GP mAbs targeting representative, protective epitopes and characterized their Fc receptor (FcγR) dependence in vivo in FcγR humanized mouse challenge models of EBOV disease. In contrast to previous studies, we find that anti-GP mAbs exhibited differential requirements for FcγR engagement in mediating their protective activity independent of their distance from the viral membrane. Anti-GP mAbs targeting membrane proximal epitopes or the GP mucin domain do not rely on Fc-FcγR interactions to confer activity, whereas antibodies against the GP chalice bowl and the fusion loop require FcγR engagement for optimal in vivo antiviral activity. This complexity of antibody-mediated protection from EBOV disease highlights the structural constraints of FcγR binding for specific viral epitopes and has important implications for the development of mAb-based immunotherapeutics with optimal potency and efficacy.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ploquin A, Zhou Y, Sullivan NJ. Ebola Immunity: Gaining a Winning Position in Lightning Chess. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:833-842. [PMID: 30038036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), one of five species in the genus Ebolavirus, is the causative agent of the hemorrhagic fever disease epidemic that claimed more than 11,000 lives from 2014 to 2016 in West Africa. The combination of EBOV's ability to disseminate broadly and rapidly within the host and its high pathogenicity pose unique challenges to the human immune system postinfection. Potential transmission from apparently healthy EBOV survivors reported in the recent epidemic raises questions about EBOV persistence and immune surveillance mechanisms. Clinical, virological, and immunological data collected since the West Africa epidemic have greatly enhanced our knowledge of host-virus interactions. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of what is necessary for an effective host immune response for protection against, or for clearance of, EBOV infection. This review provides an overview of immune responses against EBOV and discusses those associated with the success or failure to control EBOV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ersching J, Victora GD. Ebola from Bedside to Bench. Cell 2019; 177:1370-1372. [PMID: 31150616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study by Davis et al. followed the evolution of antibody responses in four survivors of the 2014 Ebola outbreak treated in the United States and provides insight into the emergence of neutralizing antibodies long after convalescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:734-747. [PMID: 30886356 PMCID: PMC6818971 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies serve as critical barriers to viral infection. Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in infected cells to effector cells and interfering with processes essential to the viral lifecycle, chiefly entry into the host cell. For individuals that successfully control infection, virus-elicited antibodies can provide lifelong surveillance and protection from future insults. One approach to understand the nature of a successful immune response has been to utilize structural biology to uncover the molecular details of the antibodies derived from vaccines or natural infection and how they interact with their cognate microbial antigens. The ability to isolate antigen specific B-cells and rapidly solve structures of functional, monoclonal antibodies in complex with viral glycoprotein surface antigens has greatly expanded our knowledge of the sites of vulnerability on viruses. In this review, we compare the adaptive humoral immune responses to HIV, influenza, and filoviruses, with a particular focus on neutralizing antibodies. The pathogenesis of each of these viruses is quite different, providing an opportunity for comparison of immune responses: HIV causes a persistent, chronic infection; influenza an acute infection with multiple exposures during a lifetime and annual vaccination; and filoviruses, a virulent, acute infection. Neutralizing antibodies that develop under these different constraints are therefore sentinels that can provide insight into the underlying humoral immune responses and important lessons to guide future development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
|
41
|
Banadyga L, Schiffman Z, He S, Qiu X. Virus inoculation and treatment regimens for evaluating anti-filovirus monoclonal antibody efficacy in vivo. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2019; 1:6-13. [PMID: 32835206 PMCID: PMC7347303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibodies to treat disease caused by filoviruses, particularly Ebola virus, has risen steeply in recent years thanks to several key studies demonstrating their remarkable therapeutic potential. The increased drive to develop new and better monoclonal antibodies has necessarily seen an increase in animal model efficacy testing, which is critical to the pre-clinical development of any novel countermeasure. Primary and secondary efficacy testing against filoviruses typically makes use of one or more rodent models (mice, guinea pigs, and occasionally hamsters) or the more recently described ferret model, although the exact choice of model depends on the specific filovirus being evaluated. Indeed, no single small animal model exists for all filoviruses, and the use of any given model must consider the nature of that model as well as the nature of the therapeutic and the experimental objectives. Confirmatory evaluation, on the other hand, is performed in nonhuman primates (rhesus or cynomolgus macaques) regardless of the filovirus. In light of the number of different animal models that are currently used in monoclonal antibody efficacy testing, we sought to better understand how these efficacy tests are being performed by numerous different laboratories around the world. To this end, we review the animal models that are being used for antibody efficacy testing against filoviruses, and we highlight the challenge doses and routes of infection that are used. We also describe the various antibody treatment regimens, including antibody dose, route, and schedule of administration, that are used in these model systems. We do not identify any single best model or treatment regimen, and we do not advocate for field-wide protocol standardization. Instead, we hope to provide a comprehensive resource that will facilitate and enhance the continued pre-clinical development of novel monoclonal antibody therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gunn BM, Yu WH, Karim MM, Brannan JM, Herbert AS, Wec AZ, Halfmann PJ, Fusco ML, Schendel SL, Gangavarapu K, Krause T, Qiu X, He S, Das J, Suscovich TJ, Lai J, Chandran K, Zeitlin L, Crowe JE, Lauffenburger D, Kawaoka Y, Kobinger GP, Andersen KG, Dye JM, Saphire EO, Alter G. A Role for Fc Function in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody-Mediated Protection against Ebola Virus. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:221-233.e5. [PMID: 30092199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic highlighted the need for effective vaccines and therapeutics to limit and prevent outbreaks. Host antibodies against EBOV are critical for controlling disease, and recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can protect from infection. However, antibodies mediate an array of antiviral functions including neutralization as well as engagement of Fc-domain receptors on immune cells, resulting in phagocytosis or NK cell-mediated killing of infected cells. Thus, to understand the antibody features mediating EBOV protection, we examined specific Fc features associated with protection using a library of EBOV-specific mAbs. Neutralization was strongly associated with therapeutic protection against EBOV. However, several neutralizing mAbs failed to protect, while several non-neutralizing or weakly neutralizing mAbs could protect. Antibody-mediated effector functions, including phagocytosis and NK cell activation, were associated with protection, particularly for antibodies with moderate neutralizing activity. This framework identifies functional correlates that can inform therapeutic and vaccine design strategies against EBOV and other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer M Brannan
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler Krause
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Shinhua He
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Université Laval Quebec, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Translational Science Institute, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wec AZ, Bornholdt ZA, He S, Herbert AS, Goodwin E, Wirchnianski AS, Gunn BM, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Liu G, Abelson DM, Moyer CL, Jangra RK, James RM, Bakken RR, Bohorova N, Bohorov O, Kim DH, Pauly MH, Velasco J, Bortz RH, Whaley KJ, Goldstein T, Anthony SJ, Alter G, Walker LM, Dye JM, Zeitlin L, Qiu X, Chandran K. Development of a Human Antibody Cocktail that Deploys Multiple Functions to Confer Pan-Ebolavirus Protection. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:39-48.e5. [PMID: 30629917 PMCID: PMC6396299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Passive administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a promising therapeutic approach for Ebola virus disease (EVD). However, all mAbs and mAb cocktails that have entered clinical development are specific for a single member of the Ebolavirus genus, Ebola virus (EBOV), and ineffective against outbreak-causing Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Sudan virus (SUDV). Here, we advance MBP134, a cocktail of two broadly neutralizing human mAbs, ADI-15878 from an EVD survivor and ADI-23774 from the same survivor but specificity-matured for SUDV GP binding affinity, as a candidate pan-ebolavirus therapeutic. MBP134 potently neutralized all ebolaviruses and demonstrated greater protective efficacy than ADI-15878 alone in EBOV-challenged guinea pigs. A second-generation cocktail, MBP134AF, engineered to effectively harness natural killer (NK) cells afforded additional improvement relative to its precursor in protective efficacy against EBOV and SUDV in guinea pigs. MBP134AF is an optimized mAb cocktail suitable for evaluation as a pan-ebolavirus therapeutic in nonhuman primates.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animal Welfare
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Filoviridae/immunology
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zirui Zhang
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | | | | | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rebekah M James
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Do H Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Robert H Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Meyer M, Malherbe DC, Bukreyev A. Can Ebola Virus Vaccines Have Universal Immune Correlates of protection? Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:8-16. [PMID: 30201511 PMCID: PMC6309495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Testing vaccine efficacy against the highly lethal Ebola virus (EBOV) in humans is almost impossible due to obvious ethical reasons and the sporadic nature of outbreaks. For such situations, the 'animal rule' was established, requiring the product be tested in animal models, expected to predict the response observed in humans. For vaccines, this testing aims to identify immune correlates of protection, such as antibody or cell-mediated responses. In the wake of the 2013-2016 EBOV epidemic, and despite advancement of promising candidates into clinical trials, protective correlates remain ambiguous. In the hope of identifying a reliable correlate by comparing preclinical and clinical trial data on immune responses to vaccination, we conclude that correlates are not universal for all EBOV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cagigi A, Ploquin A, Niezold T, Zhou Y, Tsybovsky Y, Misasi J, Sullivan NJ. Vaccine-Mediated Induction of an Ebolavirus Cross-Species Antibody Binding to Conserved Epitopes on the Glycoprotein Heptad Repeat 2/Membrane-Proximal External Junction. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S537-S544. [PMID: 30137549 PMCID: PMC6249595 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external regions (MPER) of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) generate broadly reactive antibody responses and are the focus of vaccine development efforts. The conservation of amino acids within filovirus GP heptad repeat region (HR)2/MPER suggests that it may also represent a target for a pan-filovirus vaccine. We immunized a cynomolgus macaque against Ebola virus (EBOV) using a deoxyribonucleic acid/adenovirus 5 prime/boost strategy, sequenced memory B-cell receptors, and tested the antibodies for functional activity against EBOV GP. Antibody ma-C10 bound to GP with an affinity of 48 nM and was capable of inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Three-dimensional reconstruction of single-particle, negative-stained, electron microscopy showed that ma-C10 bound to the HR2/MPER, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reveals it binds to residues 621-631. More importantly, ma-C10 was found to bind to the GP of the 3 most clinically relevant Ebolavirus species, suggesting that a cross-species immunogen strategy targeting the residues in this region may be a feasible approach for producing a pan-filovirus vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas Niezold
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - John Misasi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s HospitalMassachusetts
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Saphire EO, Schendel SL, Gunn BM, Milligan JC, Alter G. Antibody-mediated protection against Ebola virus. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1169-1178. [PMID: 30333617 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent Ebola virus disease epidemics have highlighted the need for effective vaccines and therapeutics to prevent future outbreaks. Antibodies are clearly critical for control of this deadly disease; however, the specific mechanisms of action of protective antibodies have yet to be defined. In this Perspective we discuss the antibody features that correlate with in vivo protection during infection with Ebola virus, based on the results of a systematic and comprehensive study of antibodies directed against this virus. Although neutralization activity mediated by the Fab domains of the antibody is strongly correlated with protection, recruitment of immune effector functions by the Fc domain has also emerged as a complementary, and sometimes alternative, route to protection. For a subset of antibodies, Fc-mediated clearance and killing of infected cells seems to be the main driver of protection after exposure and mirrors observations in vaccination studies. Continued analysis of antibodies that achieve protection partially or wholly through Fc-mediated functions, the precise functions required, the intersection with specificity and the importance of these functions in different animal models is needed to identify and begin to capitalize on Fc-mediated protection in vaccines and therapeutics alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- The Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob C Milligan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Generation of therapeutic antisera for emerging viral infections. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:42. [PMID: 30323953 PMCID: PMC6173733 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus outbreak has highlighted the therapeutic potential of antisera and renewed interest in this treatment approach. While human convalescent sera may not be readily available in the early stages of an outbreak, antisera of animal origin can be produced in a short time frame. Here, we compared adjuvanted virus-like particles (VLP) with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), both expressing the Ebola virus antigens. The neutralizing antibody titers of rabbits immunized with adjuvanted VLPs were similar to those immunized with the replication-competent VSV, indicating that presentation of the antigen in its native conformation rather than de novo antigen expression is essential for production of functional antibodies. This approach also yielded high-titer antisera against Nipah virus glycoproteins, illustrating that it is transferable to other virus families. Multiple-step immunoglobulin G purification using a two-step 20–40% ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by protein A affinity chromatography resulted in 90% recovery of functionality and sustained in vivo stability. Adjuvanted VLP-based immunization strategies are thus a promising approach for the rapid generation of therapeutic antisera against emerging infections. Passive immunity through the transfer of anti-serum represents the earliest clinical application of antibodies and is still widely used to this day in the form of anti-venoms. Veronika von Messling and colleagues at the Paul Ehrlich Institute investigate the potential of generating neutralizing anti-serum to the emerging viruses Ebola and Nipah. The authors compare different vaccination platforms in mice and rabbits and find that following multiple vaccine challenges, neutralizing antibody titers equivalent to that seen in convalescent patients could be obtained. Purification of the IgG fraction and processing into F(ab’)2 fragments has the potential to significantly reduce xeno-responses yet the authors find that neutralizing capacity is largely retained albeit at the cost of a shorter in vivo half-life. These findings offer the hope of rapidly generating large quantities of neutralizing anti-serum that could be used in a viral outbreak scenario.
Collapse
|
48
|
Chery J, Petri A, Wagschal A, Lim SY, Cunningham J, Vasudevan S, Kauppinen S, Näär AM. Development of Locked Nucleic Acid Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting Ebola Viral Proteins and Host Factor Niemann-Pick C1. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:273-284. [PMID: 30133337 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, with up to 90% lethality. The deadly 2014 Ebola outbreak quickly made an unprecedented impact on human lives. While several vaccines and therapeutics are under development, current approaches contain several limitations, such as virus mutational escape, need for formulation or refrigeration, poor scalability, long lead-time, and high cost. To address these challenges, we developed locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target critical Ebola viral proteins and the human intracellular host protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), required for viral entry into infected cells. We generated noninfectious viral luciferase reporter assays to identify LNA ASOs that inhibit translation of Ebola viral proteins in vitro and in human cells. We demonstrated specific inhibition of key Ebola genes VP24 and nucleoprotein, which inhibit a proper immune response and promote Ebola virus replication, respectively. We also identified LNA ASOs targeting human host factor NPC1 and demonstrated reduced infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus harboring the Ebola glycoprotein, which directly binds to NPC1 for viral infection. These results support further in vivo testing of LNA ASOs in infectious Ebola virus disease animal models as potential therapeutic modalities for treatment of Ebola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chery
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andreas Petri
- 3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA Medicine, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Wagschal
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sun-Young Lim
- 4 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Cunningham
- 4 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shobha Vasudevan
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,6 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- 3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA Medicine, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders M Näär
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Saphire EO, Schendel SL, Fusco ML, Gangavarapu K, Gunn BM, Wec AZ, Halfmann PJ, Brannan JM, Herbert AS, Qiu X, Wagh K, He S, Giorgi EE, Theiler J, Pommert KBJ, Krause TB, Turner HL, Murin CD, Pallesen J, Davidson E, Ahmed R, Aman MJ, Bukreyev A, Burton DR, Crowe JE, Davis CW, Georgiou G, Krammer F, Kyratsous CA, Lai JR, Nykiforuk C, Pauly MH, Rijal P, Takada A, Townsend AR, Volchkov V, Walker LM, Wang CI, Zeitlin L, Doranz BJ, Ward AB, Korber B, Kobinger GP, Andersen KG, Kawaoka Y, Alter G, Chandran K, Dye JM. Systematic Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies against Ebola Virus GP Defines Features that Contribute to Protection. Cell 2018; 174:938-952.e13. [PMID: 30096313 PMCID: PMC6102396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are promising post-exposure therapies against emerging viruses, but which antibody features and in vitro assays best forecast protection are unclear. Our international consortium systematically evaluated antibodies against Ebola virus (EBOV) using multidisciplinary assays. For each antibody, we evaluated epitopes recognized on the viral surface glycoprotein (GP) and secreted glycoprotein (sGP), readouts of multiple neutralization assays, fraction of virions left un-neutralized, glycan structures, phagocytic and natural killer cell functions elicited, and in vivo protection in a mouse challenge model. Neutralization and induction of multiple immune effector functions (IEFs) correlated most strongly with protection. Neutralization predominantly occurred via epitopes maintained on endosomally cleaved GP, whereas maximal IEF mapped to epitopes farthest from the viral membrane. Unexpectedly, sGP cross-reactivity did not significantly influence in vivo protection. This comprehensive dataset provides a rubric to evaluate novel antibodies and vaccine responses and a roadmap for therapeutic development for EBOV and related viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Division of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M Brannan
- Division of Virology, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Division of Virology, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Shihua He
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kathleen B J Pommert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler B Krause
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles D Murin
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R Lai
- Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cory Nykiforuk
- Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | | | - Pramila Rijal
- Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Biopolis 138648, Singapore
| | | | | | - Andrew B Ward
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Médecine, Université Laval Quebec, G1V 046 Canada.
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - John M Dye
- Division of Virology, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ilinykh PA, Santos RI, Gunn BM, Kuzmina NA, Shen X, Huang K, Gilchuk P, Flyak AI, Younan P, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Asymmetric antiviral effects of ebolavirus antibodies targeting glycoprotein stem and glycan cap. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007204. [PMID: 30138408 PMCID: PMC6107261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) can protect experimental animals against infections. Most mAbs isolated from ebolavirus survivors appeared to target the glycan cap or the stalk region of the viral GP, which is the envelope protein and the only antigen inducing virus-neutralizing antibody response. Some of the mAbs were demonstrated to be protective in vivo. Here, a panel of mAbs from four individual survivors of ebolavirus infection that target the glycan cap or stem region were selected for investigation of the mechanisms of their antiviral effect. Comparative characterization of the inhibiting effects on multiple steps of viral replication was performed, including attachment, post-attachment, entry, binding at low pH, post-cleavage neutralization of virions, viral trafficking to endosomes, cell-to-cell transmission, viral egress, and inhibition when added early at various time points post-infection. In addition, Fc-domain related properties were characterized, including activation and degranulation of NK cells, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and glycan content. The two groups of mAbs (glycan cap versus stem) demonstrated very different profiles of activities suggesting usage of mAbs with different epitope specificity could coordinate inhibition of multiple steps of filovirus infection through Fab- and Fc-mediated mechanisms, and provide a reliable therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo I. Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Andrew I. Flyak
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Patrick Younan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|