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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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2
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Drozd M, Ritter JM, Samuelson JP, Parker M, Wang L, Sander SJ, Yoshicedo J, Wright L, Odani J, Shrader T, Lee E, Lockhart SR, Ghai RR, Terio KA. Mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 in nondomestic felids. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858231225500. [PMID: 38323378 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231225500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Between September and November 2021, 5 snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and 1 lion (Panthera leo) were naturally infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and developed progressive respiratory disease that resulted in death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 sequencing identified the delta variant in all cases sequenced, which was the predominant human variant at that time. The time between initial clinical signs and death ranged from 3 to 45 days. Gross lesions in all 6 cats included nasal turbinate hyperemia with purulent discharge and marked pulmonary edema. Ulcerative tracheitis and bronchitis were noted in 4 cases. Histologically, there was necrotizing and ulcerative rhinotracheitis and bronchitis with fibrinocellular exudates and fibrinosuppurative to pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia. The 4 cats that survived longer than 8 days had fungal abscesses. Concurrent bacteria were noted in 4 cases, including those with more acute disease courses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was detected by in situ hybridization using probes against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid genes and by immunohistochemistry. Viral nucleic acid and protein were variably localized to mucosal and glandular epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages, and fibrinocellular debris. Based on established criteria, SARS-CoV-2 was considered a contributing cause of death in all 6 cats. While mild clinical infections are more common, these findings suggest that some SARS-CoV-2 variants may cause more severe disease and that snow leopards may be more severely affected than other felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Drozd
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Louden Wright
- Great Plain Zoo, Sioux Falls, SD
- Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN
| | - Jenee Odani
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Elizabeth Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ria R Ghai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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3
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Drozd M, Ritter JM, Samuelson JP, Parker M, Wang L, Sander SJ, Yoshicedo J, Wright L, Odani J, Shrader T, Lee E, Lockhart SR, Ghai RR, Terio KA. Mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 in nondomestic felids. Vet Pathol 2024. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1177/03009858231225500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Between September and November 2021, 5 snow leopards ( Panthera uncia) and 1 lion ( Panthera leo) were naturally infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and developed progressive respiratory disease that resulted in death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 sequencing identified the delta variant in all cases sequenced, which was the predominant human variant at that time. The time between initial clinical signs and death ranged from 3 to 45 days. Gross lesions in all 6 cats included nasal turbinate hyperemia with purulent discharge and marked pulmonary edema. Ulcerative tracheitis and bronchitis were noted in 4 cases. Histologically, there was necrotizing and ulcerative rhinotracheitis and bronchitis with fibrinocellular exudates and fibrinosuppurative to pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia. The 4 cats that survived longer than 8 days had fungal abscesses. Concurrent bacteria were noted in 4 cases, including those with more acute disease courses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was detected by in situ hybridization using probes against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid genes and by immunohistochemistry. Viral nucleic acid and protein were variably localized to mucosal and glandular epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages, and fibrinocellular debris. Based on established criteria, SARS-CoV-2 was considered a contributing cause of death in all 6 cats. While mild clinical infections are more common, these findings suggest that some SARS-CoV-2 variants may cause more severe disease and that snow leopards may be more severely affected than other felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Drozd
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Louden Wright
- Great Plain Zoo, Sioux Falls, SD
- Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN
| | - Jenee Odani
- University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Elizabeth Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ria R. Ghai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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4
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Hu B, Guo H, Si H, Shi Z. Emergence of SARS and COVID-19 and preparedness for the next emerging disease X. Front Med 2024; 18:1-18. [PMID: 38561562 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are two human Coronavirus diseases emerging in this century, posing tremendous threats to public health and causing great loss to lives and economy. In this review, we retrospect the studies tracing the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV, and we sort out current research findings about the potential ancestor of SARS-CoV-2. Updated knowledge about SARS-CoV-2-like viruses found in wildlife, the animal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the interspecies transmission risk of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) are gathered here. Finally, we discuss the strategies of how to be prepared against future outbreaks of emerging or re-emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hua Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haorui Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Termansen MB, Frische S. Fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:1430-1437. [PMID: 37121473 PMCID: PMC10141930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.04.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been detected in feces, but RNA is not infectious. This systematic review aims to answer if fecal SARS-CoV-2 is experimentally infectious and if evidence of human fecal-oral SARS-CoV-2 transmission exists. METHODS On September 19, 2022, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv. Biomedical studies inoculating SARS-CoV-2 from feces, rectal, or anal swabs in cells, tissue, organoids, or animals were included. Epidemiological studies of groups differing in exposure to fecal SARS-CoV-2 were included. Risk of bias was assessed using standardized tools. Results were summarized by vote counting, tabulation, and a harvest plot. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020221719. RESULTS A total of 4,874 studies were screened; 26 studies were included; and 13 out of 23 biomedical studies (56.5%) succeeded in infection. Two (66.7%) epidemiological studies found limited evidence suggesting fecal-oral transmission. All studies had concerns about the risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to experimentally infect cell cultures, organoids, and animals with fecal SARS-CoV-2. No strong epidemiologic evidence was found to support human fecal-oral transmission. We advise future research to study fecal infectivity at different time points during infection, apply appropriate controls, use in vivo models, and study fecal exposure as a risk factor of transmission in human populations.
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Nooruzzaman M, Diel DG. Infection Dynamics, Pathogenesis, and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Naturally Susceptible Animal Species. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1195-1201. [PMID: 37782853 PMCID: PMC10558081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, presents a broad host range. Domestic cats and white-tailed deer (WTD) are particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 with multiple variant strains being associated with infections in these species. The virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract and in associated lymphoid tissues, and it is shed through oral and nasal secretions, which leads to efficient transmission of the virus to contact animals. Robust cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are induced upon infection in domestic cats, which curb the progression of clinical disease and are associated with control of infection. In WTD, high levels of neutralizing Abs are detected early upon infection. In this review, the current understanding of the infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals, with special focus on naturally susceptible felids and WTD, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
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7
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Tewari D, Miller R, Livengood J, Wang L, Killian ML, Bustamante F, Kessler C, Thirumalapura N, Terio K, Torchetti M, Lantz K, Rosenberg J. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dynamics in the Pittsburgh Zoo Wild Felids with Two Viral Variants (Delta and Alpha) during the 2021-2022 Pandemic in the United States. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3094. [PMID: 37835700 PMCID: PMC10571823 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported in multiple animal species besides humans. The goal of this study was to report clinical signs, infection progression, virus detection and antibody response in a group of wild felids housed in adjacent but neighboring areas at the Pittsburgh Zoo. Initially, five African lions (Panthera leo krugeri) housed together exhibited respiratory clinical signs with viral shedding in their feces in March of 2021 coinciding with infection of an animal keeper. During the second infection wave in December 2021, four Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and a Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis) showed clinical signs and tested positive for viral RNA in feces. In infected animals, viral shedding in feces was variable lasting up to 5 weeks and clinical signs were observed for up to 4 weeks. Despite mounting an antibody response to initial exposure, lions exhibited respiratory clinical signs during the second infection wave, but none shed the virus in their feces. The lions were positive for alpha variant (B.1.1.7 lineage) during the first wave and the tiger and lynx were positive for delta variant (AY.25.1. lineage) during the second wave. The viruses recovered from felids were closely related to variants circulating in human populations at the time of the infection. Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the park did not show either the clinical signs or the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Ryan Miller
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Julia Livengood
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Leyi Wang
- Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Felipe Bustamante
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Candy Kessler
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Nagaraja Thirumalapura
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA (J.L.); (F.B.); (N.T.)
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA;
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.T.); (K.L.)
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.T.); (K.L.)
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8
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Bartlett SL, Koeppel KN, Cushing AC, Bellon HF, Almagro V, Gyimesi ZS, Thies T, Hård T, Denitton D, Fox KZ, Vodička R, Wang L, Calle PP. GLOBAL RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME SARS COV-2 INFECTIONS IN NONDOMESTIC FELIDS: MARCH 2020-FEBRUARY 2021. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:607-616. [PMID: 37817628 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in nondomestic felids have been documented in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Between March 2020 and February 2021, at nine institutions across three continents, infection was confirmed in 16 tigers (Panthera tigris), 14 lions (Panthera leo), three snow leopards (Panthera uncia), one cougar (Puma concolor), and one Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) ranging from 2 to 21 yr old (average, 10 yr). Infection was suspected in an additional 12 tigers, 4 lions, and 9 cougars. Clinical signs (in order of most to least common) included coughing, ocular and/or nasal discharge, wheezing, sneezing, decreased appetite, lethargy, diarrhea, and vomiting. Most felids recovered uneventfully, but one geriatric tiger with comorbidities developed severe dyspnea and neurologic signs necessitating euthanasia. Clinical signs lasted 1-19 d (average, 8 d); one tiger was asymptomatic. Infection was confirmed by various methods, including antigen tests and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasal or oral swabs, tracheal wash, and feces, or virus isolation from feces or tracheal wash. Infection status and resolution were determined by testing nasal swabs from awake animals, fecal PCR, and observation of clinical signs. Shedding of fecal viral RNA was significantly longer than duration of clinical signs. Postinfection seropositivity was confirmed by four institutions including 11 felids (5 lions, 6 tigers). In most instances, asymptomatic or presymptomatic keepers were the presumed or confirmed source of infection, although in some instances the infection source remains uncertain. Almost all infections occurred despite using cloth facemasks and disposable gloves when in proximity to the felids and during food preparation. Although transmission may have occurred during momentary lapses in personal protective equipment compliance, it seems probable that cloth masks are insufficient at preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to nondomestic felids. Surgical or higher grade masks may be warranted when working with nondomestic felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Bartlett
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA,
| | - Katja N Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Andrew C Cushing
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tammy Thies
- The Wildcat Sanctuary, Sandstone, MN 55072, USA
| | | | | | - Kami Z Fox
- Fort Wayne Children's Zoo, Fort Wayne, IN 46808, USA
| | - Roman Vodička
- Zoologická zahrada hl. m. Prahy, Prague Zoo, 171 00 Praha 7-Trója, Czech Republic
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Paul P Calle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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9
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Aplasca AC, Martinez MP, Evans SJM, Martinez ME, Cianciolo RE, Bundschuh M, Puchulu-Campanella E, Chen X, Yan P, Bundschuh R, Seeley KE, Bapodra-Villaverde P, Garner MM, Junge RE. AN OUTBREAK OF FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS IN THREE RELATED SAND CATS ( FELIS MARGARITA) IN HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:628-638. [PMID: 37817630 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic disease in felid species caused by infection with mutated forms of feline coronavirus (FCoV), and outbreaks can devastate exotic felid populations in human care. Feline infectious peritonitis was diagnosed in three of four related juvenile sand cats (Felis margarita) from a single institution over a 6-wk period. Case 1 was a 7-mon-old male found deceased with no premonitory signs. Case 2, an 8-mon-old male (littermate to Case 1), and Case 3, a 6-mon-old male (from a different litter with identical parentage), were evaluated for lethargy and anorexia 1 mon after Case 1. Both exhibited transient anisocoria and progressive lethargy, anorexia, and dehydration despite antibiotic and supportive treatment. Approximately 1 wk after initial presentation, Case 2 was humanely euthanized, and Case 3 was found deceased. Necropsy findings included intrathoracic and/or intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy (3/3 cases), bicavitary effusion (2/3), multifocal tan hepatic and intestinal nodules (1/3), and multifocal yellow renal nodules (1/3). Histologically, all cats had severe pyogranulomatous vasculitis in multiple organs, and the presence of FCoV antigen was confirmed using immunohistochemical staining. Next-generation sequencing of the virus from Case 3's affected kidney demonstrated ∼93% homology to the UG-FH8 virus, a serotype 1 feline alphacoronavirus isolated from Denmark. Future research will focus on comparative viral genomic sequencing with the goals of identifying potential sources of FCoV infection and identifying features that may have contributed to the development of FIP in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Aplasca
- Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH 43065, USA,
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael P Martinez
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samantha J M Evans
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Margaret E Martinez
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Bundschuh
- The Ohio State University Department of Physics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Xi Chen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pearlly Yan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Bundschuh
- The Ohio State University Department of Physics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Tinto B, Revel J, Virolle L, Chenet B, Reboul Salze F, Ortega A, Beltrame M, Simonin Y. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Domestics and Exotic Animals in Southern France. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:426. [PMID: 37755888 PMCID: PMC10534723 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a significant global threat to public health. Responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, this new coronavirus has prompted extensive scientific research to comprehend its transmission dynamics, especially among humans. However, as our understanding deepens, it becomes increasingly clear that SARS-CoV-2's impact goes beyond human populations. Recent investigations have illuminated the transmission of the virus between humans and various animal species, raising important questions about zoonotic spillover events and their potential implications for both human and animal health. Our study set out to investigate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals (dogs and cats) and zoo animals in the south of France in 2021 and 2022, covering pre-Omicron and Omicron waves. We identified evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies not only in domestic dogs and cats but also in several mammals in zoos. This study shows the importance of implementing surveillance measures, including serological studies, to identify and monitor cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachirou Tinto
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso;
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France;
| | - Justine Revel
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laurie Virolle
- Parc de Lunaret—Zoo de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.V.); (B.C.)
| | - Baptiste Chenet
- Parc de Lunaret—Zoo de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.V.); (B.C.)
| | | | - Alix Ortega
- Sigean African Reserve, 11130 Sigean, France; (A.O.)
| | | | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France;
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11
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Jones S, Tyson GB, Orton RJ, Smollett K, Manna F, Kwok K, Suárez NM, Logan N, McDonald M, Bowie A, Filipe ADS, Willett BJ, Weir W, Hosie MJ. SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic UK Cats from Alpha to Omicron: Swab Surveillance and Case Reports. Viruses 2023; 15:1769. [PMID: 37632111 PMCID: PMC10459977 DOI: 10.3390/v15081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although domestic cats are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, the role of the virus in causing feline disease is less well defined. We conducted a large-scale study to identify SARS-CoV-2 infections in UK pet cats, using active and passive surveillance. Remnant feline respiratory swab samples, submitted for other pathogen testing between May 2021 and February 2023, were screened using RT-qPCR. In addition, we appealed to veterinarians for swab samples from cats suspected of having clinical SARS-CoV-2 infections. Bespoke testing for SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies was also performed, on request, in suspected cases. One RT-qPCR-positive cat was identified by active surveillance (1/549, 0.18%), during the Delta wave (1/175, 0.57%). Passive surveillance detected one cat infected with the Alpha variant, and two of ten cats tested RT-qPCR-positive during the Delta wave. No cats tested RT-qPCR-positive after the emergence of Omicron BA.1 and its descendants although 374 were tested by active and eleven by passive surveillance. We describe four cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pet cats, identified by RT-qPCR and/or serology, that presented with a range of clinical signs, as well as their SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences. These cases demonstrate that, although uncommon in cats, a variety of clinical signs can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK (W.W.)
| | - Grace B. Tyson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK (W.W.)
| | - Richard J. Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - Katherine Smollett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - Federica Manna
- Bath Vet Referrals, Rosemary Lodge Veterinary Hospital, Wellsway, Bath BA2 5RL, UK
| | - Kirsty Kwok
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - Michael McDonald
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK (W.W.)
| | - Andrea Bowie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK (W.W.)
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK (W.W.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (G.B.T.)
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12
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Italiya J, Vacek V, Matějů P, Dering C, Celina SS, Ndiaye A, Černý J. First Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in White Rhinoceros during a Small-Scale Coronavirus Surveillance in the Bandia Reserve, Senegal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2593. [PMID: 37627384 PMCID: PMC10451883 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has heightened interest in the monitoring and surveillance of coronaviruses in wildlife. Testing for the virus in animals can provide valuable insights into viral reservoirs, transmission, and pathogenesis. In this study, we present the results of the molecular surveillance project focused on coronaviruses in Senegalese wildlife. During the project, we screened fecal samples of the wild animals living in the Bandia Reserve (ten non-human primates, one giraffe, and two white rhinoceros) and the free-living urban population of African four-toed hedgehogs in Ngaparou. The results showed the absence of coronaviruses in hedgehogs, non-human primates, and a giraffe. A single positive sample was obtained from a white rhinoceros. The sequencing results of amplified RdRp gene confirmed that the detected virus was SARS-CoV-2. This study represents the first documented instance of molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in white rhinoceros and, therefore, extends our knowledge of possible SARS-CoV-2 hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Italiya
- Center for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic (J.Č.)
| | - Vojtěch Vacek
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Matějů
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Seyma S. Celina
- Center for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic (J.Č.)
| | - Arame Ndiaye
- Centre d’Études pour la Génétique et la Conservation (CEGEC S.A.S.U.), Dakar 10455, Senegal;
| | - Jiří Černý
- Center for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic (J.Č.)
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13
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Italiya J, Bhavsar T, Černý J. Assessment and strategy development for SARS-CoV-2 screening in wildlife: A review. Vet World 2023; 16:1193-1200. [PMID: 37577208 PMCID: PMC10421538 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1193-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (members of the Coronaviridae family) are prominent in veterinary medicine, with several known infectious agents commonly reported. In contrast, human medicine has disregarded coronaviruses for an extended period. Within the past two decades, coronaviruses have caused three major outbreaks. One such outbreak was the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Over the 3-year COVID-19 outbreak, several instances of zooanthroponosis have been documented, which pose risks for virus modifications and possible re-emergence of the virus into the human population, causing a new epidemic and possible threats for vaccination or treatment failure. Therefore, widespread screening of animals is an essential technique for mitigating future risks and repercussions. However, mass detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals might be challenging. In silico prediction modeling, experimental studies conducted on various animal species, and natural infection episodes recorded in various species might provide information on the potential threats to wildlife. They may be useful for diagnostic and mass screening purposes. In this review, the possible methods of wildlife screening, based on experimental data and environmental elements that might play a crucial role in its effective implementation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Italiya
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague – Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Tanvi Bhavsar
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Jiří Černý
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague – Suchdol, Czechia
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14
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Joffrin L, Cooreman T, Verheyen E, Vercammen F, Mariën J, Leirs H, Gryseels S. SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance between 2020 and 2021 of All Mammalian Species in Two Flemish Zoos (Antwerp Zoo and Planckendael Zoo). Vet Sci 2023; 10:382. [PMID: 37368768 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to millions of human infections and deaths worldwide. Several other mammal species are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and multiple instances of transmission from humans to pets, farmed mink, wildlife and zoo animals have been recorded. We conducted a systematic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in all mammal species in two zoos in Belgium between September and December 2020 and July 2021, in four sessions, and a targeted surveillance of selected mammal enclosures following SARS-CoV-2 infection in hippopotamuses in December 2021. A total of 1523 faecal samples from 103 mammal species were tested for SARS-CoV-2 via real-time PCR. None of the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Additional surrogate virus neutralisation tests conducted on 50 routinely collected serum samples from 26 mammal species were all negative. This study is the first to our knowledge to conduct active SARS-CoV-2 surveillance for several months in all mammal species of a zoo. We conclude that at the time of our investigation, none of the screened animals were excreting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Joffrin
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Cooreman
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francis Vercammen
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Gilbert M, Dvornicky-Raymond Z, Bodgener J. Disease threats to tigers and their prey. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contraction of the global tiger population over the last 100 years into small, often isolated subpopulations has made them increasingly vulnerable to the impact of disease. Despite this, the health of wild tigers continues to be insufficiently funded and explored. For example, canine distemper virus (CDV), has been associated with localized declines and increased risk of extinction, and yet has received little research attention in most tiger range countries. The emergence of new pathogenic threats has posed fresh challenges, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), which has the potential to devastate wild boar populations, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) with implications for tiger conservation that remain unknown. The objective of this review is to synthesize current research on the health of tigers and their prey that impacts the conservation of tigers in the wild. Published sources are interpreted based on three mechanisms through which disease can affect the viability of tiger populations: (1) by reducing the survival of adult tigers, (2) by reducing breeding productivity, and (3) by reducing the carrying capacity of tiger habitat through decreased prey abundance. Examples of CDV, SARS-CoV2, carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and ASFV are used to illustrate these processes and inform discussion of research and mitigation priorities.
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16
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Borkakoti R, Karikalan M, Nehul SK, Jogi HR, Sharma K, Nautiyal S, Mishra R, Mahajan S, Biswas SK, Nandi S, Chander V, Pawde A, Saikumar G, Singh KP, Sharma GK. A retrospective study showing a high rate of seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2 in wild felines in India. Arch Virol 2023; 168:109. [PMID: 36914777 PMCID: PMC10010641 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a high rate of seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2 in wild felines in India. Seropositivity was determined by microneutralization and plaque reduction neutralization assays in captive Asiatic lions, leopards, and Bengal tigers. The rate of seropositivity was positively correlated with that of the incidence in humans, suggesting the occurrence of large spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Borkakoti
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Center for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | | | - Harsh Rajeshbhai Jogi
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Kirtika Sharma
- Center for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Sushmita Nautiyal
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Ragini Mishra
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Biological Standardization Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, Izatnagar Uttar Pradesh, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Sukdeb Nandi
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Vishal Chander
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, 263138, Uttarakhand, India
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Pawde
- Center for Wildlife Conservation Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly, 243122, India.
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17
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Santaniello A, Perruolo G, Cristiano S, Agognon AL, Cabaro S, Amato A, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Oriente F. SARS-CoV-2 Affects Both Humans and Animals: What Is the Potential Transmission Risk? A Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020514. [PMID: 36838479 PMCID: PMC9959838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization Department declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic, as a consequence of its rapid spread on all continents. The COVID-19 pandemic has been not only a health emergency but also a serious general problem as fear of contagion and severe restrictions put economic and social activity on hold in many countries. Considering the close link between human and animal health, COVID-19 might infect wild and companion animals, and spawn dangerous viral mutants that could jump back and pose an ulterior threat to us. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pandemic, with a particular focus on the clinical manifestations in humans and animals, the different diagnosis methods, the potential transmission risks, and their potential direct impact on the human-animal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cristiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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18
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He L, Zhong J, Li G, Lin Z, Zhao P, Yang C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang Z. Development of SARS-CoV-2 animal vaccines using a stable and efficient NDV expression system. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28237. [PMID: 36258299 PMCID: PMC9874532 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the continuation of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, the control of the spread of the virus remains urgent. Various animals, including cats, ferrets, hamsters, nonhuman primates, minks, tree shrews, fruit bats, and rabbits, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection naturally or experimentally. Therefore, to avoid animals from becoming mixing vessels of the virus, vaccination of animals should be considered. In the present study, we report the establishment of an efficient and stable system using Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a vector to express SARS-CoV-2 spike protein/subunit for the rapid generation of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Our data showed that the S and S1 protein was sufficiently expressed in rNDV-S and rNDV-S1-infected cells, respectively. The S protein was incorporated into and displayed on the surface of rNDV-S viral particles. Intramuscular immunization with rNDV-S was found to induce the highest level of binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as strong S-specific T-cell response in mice. Intranasal immunization with rNDV-S1 provoked a robust T-cell response but barely any detectable antibodies. Overall, the NDV-vectored vaccine candidates were able to induce profound humoral and cellular immunity, which will provide a good system for developing vaccines targeting both T-cell and antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and ControlHenan University of Science and TechnologyHenanLuoyangChina
| | - Jiaying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guichang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhengfang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peijing Zhao
- Division of MicrobiologyGuangdong Huawei Testing Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Chuhua Yang
- Division of MicrobiologyGuangdong Huawei Testing Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Hairong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and ControlHenan University of Science and TechnologyHenanLuoyangChina
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and ControlHenan University of Science and TechnologyHenanLuoyangChina
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangzhou LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangzhou LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
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19
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Qiu X, Liu Y, Sha A. SARS-CoV-2 and natural infection in animals. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28147. [PMID: 36121159 PMCID: PMC9538246 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide. Due to the close relationship between animals and humans, confirmed transmission from humans to numerous animal species has been reported. Understanding the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the infection and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in different animals is crucial to control COVID-19 and protect animal health. In this review, the possible animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 and animal species naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed. Furthermore, this review categorizes the SARS-CoV-2 susceptible animals by families, so as to better understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qiu
- School of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ailong Sha
- School of Teacher EducationChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
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20
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SARS-ANI: a global open access dataset of reported SARS-CoV-2 events in animals. Sci Data 2022; 9:438. [PMID: 35871228 PMCID: PMC9308035 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is not yet fully resolved. Although natural infections in animals are reported in a wide range of species, large knowledge and data gaps remain regarding SARS-CoV-2 in animal hosts. We used two major health databases to extract unstructured data and generated a global dataset of SARS-CoV-2 events in animals. The dataset presents harmonized host names, integrates relevant epidemiological and clinical data on each event, and is readily usable for analytical purposes. We also share the code for technical and visual validation of the data and created a user-friendly dashboard for data exploration. Data on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in animals is critical to adapting monitoring strategies, preventing the formation of animal reservoirs, and tailoring future human and animal vaccination programs. The FAIRness and analytical flexibility of the data will support research efforts on SARS-CoV-2 at the human-animal-environment interface. We intend to update this dataset weekly for at least one year and, through collaborations, to develop it further and expand its use. Measurement(s) | SARS-CoV-2 event in animal hosts | Technology Type(s) | Manual data collection from text sources | Factor Type(s) | ID • primary_source • archive_event_number • link_web • secondary_source • secondary_source_ID • secondary_source_web • host_com_orig • host_sci_orig • host_com_res • host_sci_res • host_colloq • host_sci_spec_res • family • epidemiological_unit • number_cases • number_susceptible • number_tested • number_deaths • age • sex • country_iso3 • country_name • subnational_administration • city • location_detail • date_confirmed • date_reported • date_published • related_to_other_entries • related_ID • test • sampling_type • test_2 • sampling_type_2 • test_3 • sampling_type_3 • negative_test • negative_sampling_type • negative_test_2 • negative_sampling_type_2 • reason_for_testing • symptoms • outcome • living_conditions • source_of_infection • variant • control_measures • original_source • link_original_source | Sample Characteristic - Organism | animal host(s) | Sample Characteristic - Environment | domestic • wild• captive• farmed | Sample Characteristic - Location | Global |
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21
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Sangkachai N, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thongdee M, Suksai P, Tangsudjai S, Wongluechai P, Suwanpakdee S, Wiriyarat W, Buddhirongawatr R, Prasittichai L, Skulpong A, Okada PA, Puthavathana P, Paungpin W. Serological and Molecular Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Captive Tigers ( Panthera tigris), Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233350. [PMID: 36496872 PMCID: PMC9736889 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Given the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, continuous surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in animals is important. To monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in wildlife in Thailand, we collected 62 blood samples and nine nasal- and rectal-swab samples from captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in Ratchaburi province in Thailand during 2020-2021. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was employed to detect SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A real-time RT-PCR assay was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our findings demonstrated that four captive tigers (6.5%, 4/62) had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan Hu-1 and the Delta variant, while no SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome could be detected in all swab samples. Moreover, a low-level titer of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 subvariant could be found in only one seropositive tiger. The source of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these tigers most likely came from close contact with the infected animals' caretakers who engaged in activities such as tiger petting and feeding. In summary, we described the first case of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in captive tigers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand and provided seroepidemiological-based evidence of human-to-animal transmission. Our findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance of COVID-19 among the captive tiger population and emphasize the need to adopt a One Health approach for preventing and controlling outbreaks of COVID-19 zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Sangkachai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parut Suksai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Tangsudjai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Peerawat Wongluechai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Anurux Skulpong
- Wildlife Rescue Center III (Khao Prathap Chang), Ratchaburi 70110, Thailand
| | | | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-896-701-400
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22
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Saied AA, Metwally AA. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns in animals: An unmonitored rising health threat. Virusdisease 2022; 33:466-476. [PMID: 36405954 PMCID: PMC9648878 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have highlighted the urgency for rapidly detecting and characterizing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in companion and wild animals. The significance of active surveillance and genomic investigation on these animals could pave the way for more understanding of the viral circulation and how the variants emerge. It enables us to predict the next viral challenges and prepare for or prevent these challenges. Horrible neglect of this issue could make the COVID-19 pandemic a continuous threat. Continuing to monitor the animal-origin SARS-CoV-2, and tailoring prevention and control measures to avoid large-scale community transmission in the future caused by the virus leaping from animals to humans, is essential. The reliance on only developing vaccines with ignoring this strategy could cost us many lives. Here, we discuss the most recent data about the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) among animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A. Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, 81511 Aswan, Egypt
- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, 81511 Aswan, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, 81528 Aswan, Egypt
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23
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Leon AE, Garelle D, Hartwig A, Falendysz EA, Ip HS, Lankton JS, Tretten TN, Spraker TR, Bowen R, Rocke TE. Immunogenicity, Safety, and Anti-Viral Efficacy of a Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate in Captive Black-Footed Ferrets ( Mustela nigripes) and Their Susceptibility to Viral Challenge. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102188. [PMID: 36298743 PMCID: PMC9612080 DOI: 10.3390/v14102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A preliminary vaccination trial against the emergent pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, was completed in captive black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes; BFF) to assess safety, immunogenicity, and anti-viral efficacy. Vaccination and boosting of 15 BFF with purified SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit protein produced a nearly 150-fold increase in mean antibody titers compared to pre-vaccination titers. Serum antibody responses were highest in young animals, but in all vaccinees, antibody response declined rapidly. Anti-viral activity from vaccinated and unvaccinated BFF was determined in vitro, as well as in vivo with a passive serum transfer study in mice. Transgenic mice that received BFF serum transfers and were subsequently challenged with SARS-CoV-2 had lung viral loads that negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the BFF serum titer received. Lastly, an experimental challenge study in a small group of BFF was completed to test susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Despite viral replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract for up to 7 days post-challenge, no clinical disease was observed in either vaccinated or naive animals. The lack of morbidity or mortality observed indicates SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to affect wild BFF populations, but infected captive animals pose a potential risk, albeit low, for humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E. Leon
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Della Garelle
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Black-Footed Ferret Conservation Center, 19180 North East Frontage Road, Carr, CO 80612, USA
| | - Airn Hartwig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3107 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Falendysz
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Hon S. Ip
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Julia S. Lankton
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Tyler N. Tretten
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Black-Footed Ferret Conservation Center, 19180 North East Frontage Road, Carr, CO 80612, USA
| | - Terry R. Spraker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 2450 Gillette Dr, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3107 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Choudhary OP, Priyanka, Saied AA. COVID-19 vaccination in animals: A strategy for combating the global outbreak. Int J Surg 2022; 105:106848. [PMID: 36028140 PMCID: PMC9398550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India.
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India
| | - AbdulRahman A Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan, 81511, Egypt; Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
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25
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Bestion E, Halfon P, Mezouar S, Mège JL. Cell and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 Research. Viruses 2022; 14:1507. [PMID: 35891487 PMCID: PMC9319816 DOI: 10.3390/v14071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two years following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, development of potent antiviral drugs and vaccines has been a global health priority. In this context, the understanding of virus pathophysiology, the identification of associated therapeutic targets, and the screening of potential effective compounds have been indispensable advancements. It was therefore of primary importance to develop experimental models that recapitulate the aspects of the human disease in the best way possible. This article reviews the information concerning available SARS-CoV-2 preclinical models during that time, including cell-based approaches and animal models. We discuss their evolution, their advantages, and drawbacks, as well as their relevance to drug effectiveness evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïne Bestion
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Genoscience Pharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Halfon
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Genoscience Pharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Genoscience Pharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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26
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Wang L, Gyimesi ZS, Killian ML, Torchetti M, Olmstead C, Fredrickson R, Terio KA. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 clade B.1.2 in three snow leopards. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3346-e3351. [PMID: 35698174 PMCID: PMC9349399 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of seven coronaviruses known to infect humans. Different from other concerned coronavirus and influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has a higher basic reproduction number and thus transmits more efficiently among hosts. Testing animals for SARS-CoV-2 may help decipher virus reservoirs, transmission and pathogenesis. Here, we report the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 in three snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in a zoo in Kentucky in 2020, the first year of the pandemic. Sequence analysis revealed that snow leopard SARS-CoV-2 strains were non-variant B.1.2 lineage and closely correlated with human strains. One snow leopard shed SARS-CoV-2 in faeces up to 4 weeks. Based on clinical signs and viral shedding periods and levels in the three snow leopards, animal-to-animal transmission events could not be excluded. Further testing of SARS-CoV-2 in animals is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Mary Lea Killian
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
| | - Mia Torchetti
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
| | - Colleen Olmstead
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Richard Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Karen A Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Brookfield, Illinois
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27
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Bienzle D, Rousseau J, Marom D, MacNicol J, Jacobson L, Sparling S, Prystajecky N, Fraser E, Weese JS. Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Illness in Cats and Dogs1. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1154-1162. [PMID: 35608925 PMCID: PMC9155877 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.220423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested swab specimens from pets in households in Ontario, Canada, with human COVID-19 cases by quantitative PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and surveyed pet owners for risk factors associated with infection and seropositivity. We tested serum samples for spike protein IgG and IgM in household pets and also in animals from shelters and low-cost neuter clinics. Among household pets, 2% (1/49) of swab specimens from dogs and 7.7% (5/65) from cats were PCR positive, but 41% of dog serum samples and 52% of cat serum samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM. The likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in pet samples was higher for cats but not dogs that slept on owners’ beds and for dogs and cats that contracted a new illness. Seropositivity in neuter-clinic samples was 16% (35/221); in shelter samples, 9.3% (7/75). Our findings indicate a high likelihood for pets in households of humans with COVID-19 to seroconvert and become ill.
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28
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Tan CCS, Lam SD, Richard D, Owen CJ, Berchtold D, Orengo C, Nair MS, Kuchipudi SV, Kapur V, van Dorp L, Balloux F. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals and potential host adaptation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2988. [PMID: 35624123 PMCID: PMC9142586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, can infect a wide range of mammals. Since its spread in humans, secondary host jumps of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to multiple domestic and wild populations of mammals have been documented. Understanding the extent of adaptation to these animal hosts is critical for assessing the threat that the spillback of animal-adapted SARS-CoV-2 into humans poses. We compare the genomic landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal species to that in humans, profiling the mutational biases indicative of potentially different selective pressures in animals. We focus on viral genomes isolated from mink (Neovison vison) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) for which multiple independent outbreaks driven by onward animal-to-animal transmission have been reported. We identify five candidate mutations for animal-specific adaptation in mink (NSP9_G37E, Spike_F486L, Spike_N501T, Spike_Y453F, ORF3a_L219V), and one in deer (NSP3a_L1035F), though they appear to confer a minimal advantage for human-to-human transmission. No considerable changes to the mutation rate or evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted from circulation in mink and deer thus far. Our findings suggest that minimal adaptation was required for onward transmission in mink and deer following human-to-animal spillover, highlighting the ‘generalist’ nature of SARS-CoV-2 as a mammalian pathogen. Here, Tan et al. find that the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and deer required minimal adaptation, has only caused moderate changes to the evolutionary trajectory of the virus, and has not led to viral mutations that greatly improve human transmission thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric C S Tan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK. .,Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Su Datt Lam
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Damien Richard
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christine Orengo
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, Pennsylvania, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, Pennsylvania, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
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29
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COVID-19: A Veterinary and One Health Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:689-709. [PMID: 35968231 PMCID: PMC9364302 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Interface with animals has been responsible for the occurrence of a major proportion of human diseases for the past several decades. Recent outbreaks of respiratory, haemorrhagic, encephalitic, arthropod-borne and other viral diseases have underlined the role of animals in the transmission of pathogens to humans. The on-going coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one among them and is thought to have originated from bats and jumped to humans through an intermediate animal host. Indeed, the aetiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect and cause disease in cats, ferrets and minks, as well as be transmitted from one animal to another. The seriousness of the pandemic along with the zoonotic origin of the virus has been a red alert on the critical need for collaboration and cooperation among human and animal health professionals, as well as stakeholders from various other disciplines that study planetary health parameters and the well-being of the biosphere. It is therefore imminent that One Health principles are applied across the board for human infectious diseases so that we can be better prepared for future zoonotic disease outbreaks and pandemics.
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30
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DURATION OF ANTIGEN SHEDDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODY TITERS IN MALAYAN TIGERS ( PANTHERA TIGRIS JACKSONI) NATURALLY INFECTED WITH SARS-CoV-2. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1224-1228. [PMID: 34998292 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural infection of three captive Malayan tigers (Panthera tigris jacksoni) with SARS-CoV-2 caused mild to moderate symptoms of lethargy, anorexia, and coughing. Each tiger was longitudinally sampled opportunistically via consciously obtained oral, nasal, and/or fecal samples during and after resolution of clinical signs, until 2 wk of negative results were obtained. Persistent shedding of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material was detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in feces up to 29 d after initial onset of clinical signs, but not in nasal or oral samples. Tigers became resistant to behavioral training to obtain nasal samples but tolerated longitudinal oral sampling. Serum was obtained from two tigers, and antibody titers revealed a robust antibody response within 9 d of onset of clinical signs, which was sustained for at least 3 mon. The tigers were infected despite the use of masks and gloves by husbandry personnel. No known cause of the outbreak was identified, despite extensive investigational efforts by the regional health department. No forward cross-species transmission was observed in primates housed in nearby enclosures. The increasing regularity of reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in nondomestic felids warrants further investigations into shedding and immunity.
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31
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Chetboul V, Foulex P, Kartout K, Klein AM, Sailleau C, Dumarest M, Delaplace M, Gouilh MA, Mortier J, Le Poder S. Myocarditis and Subclinical-Like Infection Associated With SARS-CoV-2 in Two Cats Living in the Same Household in France: A Case Report With Literature Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:748869. [PMID: 34746286 PMCID: PMC8566889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides the first clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and biological description of SARS-CoV-2-associated myocarditis with a 6-month follow-up in a 5-year-old obese male domestic shorthair cat (Cat-1) presented for refractory congestive heart failure, with high cardiac troponin-I level (5.24 ng/ml), and a large lingual ulcer. The animal was SARS-CoV-2 positive on serology. The other cat living in the same household (Cat-2) never showed any clinical sign but was also confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive on serology. Both cats were SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative. Cat-1 had closer contact than Cat-2 with their owner, who had been in close contact with a coworker tested PCR positive for COVID-19 (Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant) 4 weeks before Cat-1's first episode of congestive heart failure. A focused point-of-care echocardiography at presentation revealed for Cat-1 numerous B-lines, pleural effusion, severe left atrial dilation and dysfunction, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype associated with focal pulmonary consolidations. Both myocarditis and pneumonia were suspected, leading to the prescription of cardiac medications and antibiotics. One month later, Cat-1 recovered, with normalization of left atrial size and function, and radiographic and echocardiography disappearance of heart failure signs and pulmonary lesions. An extensive literature review of SARS-CoV-2-related cardiac injury in pets in comparison with human pathology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Foulex
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kahina Kartout
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Manon Delaplace
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 13 UNIROUEN, Caen, France
| | - Jeremy Mortier
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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32
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Gomes Noll JC, do Nascimento GM, Diel DG. Natural Transmission and Experimental Models of SARS CoV-2 Infection in Animals. Comp Med 2021; 71:369-382. [PMID: 34702427 PMCID: PMC8594260 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, millions of people have contracted SARS-CoV-2 and died from the infection. Several domestic and wild species have contracted the disease as well. From the beginning, scientists have been working to develop vaccines and establish therapies that can prevent disease development and improve the clinical outcome in infected people. To understand various aspects of viral pathogenesis and infection dynamics and to support preclinical evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics, a diverse number of animal species have been evaluated for use as models of the disease and infection in humans. Here, we discuss natural SARS-CoV-2 infection of domestic and captive wild animals, as well as the susceptibility of several species to experimental infection with this virus.
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Key Words
- aav, adeno-associated virus
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- adv, adenovirus 5
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- dpi, days post-inoculation
- hace2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- k18-hace2, keratin 18 humanized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- rbd, receptor-binding domain
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Gomes Noll
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Gabriela M do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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33
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Valencak TG, Csiszar A, Szalai G, Podlutsky A, Tarantini S, Fazekas-Pongor V, Papp M, Ungvari Z. Animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2: calculable COVID-19 risk for older adults from animal to human transmission. GeroScience 2021; 43:2305-2320. [PMID: 34460063 PMCID: PMC8404404 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the highly contagious respiratory pathogen SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has already claimed close to three million lives. SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic disease: it emerged from a bat reservoir and it can infect a number of agricultural and companion animal species. SARS-CoV-2 can cause respiratory and intestinal infections, and potentially systemic multi-organ disease, in both humans and animals. The risk for severe illness and death with COVID-19 significantly increases with age, with older adults at highest risk. To combat the pandemic and protect the most susceptible group of older adults, understanding the human-animal interface and its relevance to disease transmission is vitally important. Currently high infection numbers are being sustained via human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Yet, identifying potential animal reservoirs and potential vectors of the disease will contribute to stronger risk assessment strategies. In this review, the current information about SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and the potential spread of SARS-CoV-2 to humans through contact with domestic animals (including dogs, cats, ferrets, hamsters), agricultural animals (e.g., farmed minks), laboratory animals, wild animals (e.g., deer mice), and zoo animals (felines, non-human primates) are discussed with a special focus on reducing mortality in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Szalai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Andrej Podlutsky
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vince Fazekas-Pongor
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magor Papp
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Sacchetto L, Chaves BA, Costa ER, de Menezes Medeiros AS, Gordo M, Araújo DB, Oliveira DBL, da Silva APB, Negri AF, Durigon EL, Hanley KA, Vasilakis N, de Lacerda MVG, Nogueira ML. Lack of Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spillover in Free-Living Neotropical Non-Human Primates, Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:1933. [PMID: 34696363 PMCID: PMC8540180 DOI: 10.3390/v13101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is responsible for the worst pandemic of the 21st century. Like all human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated in a wildlife reservoir, most likely from bats. As SARS-CoV-2 has spread across the globe in humans, it has spilled over to infect a variety of non-human animal species in domestic, farm, and zoo settings. Additionally, a broad range of species, including one neotropical monkey, have proven to be susceptible to experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2. Together, these findings raise the specter of establishment of novel enzootic cycles of SARS-CoV-2. To assess the potential exposure of free-living non-human primates to SARS-CoV-2, we sampled 60 neotropical monkeys living in proximity to Manaus and São José do Rio Preto, two hotspots for COVID-19 in Brazil. Our molecular and serological tests detected no evidence of SAR-CoV-2 infection among these populations. While this result is reassuring, sustained surveillance efforts of wildlife living in close association with human populations is warranted, given the stochastic nature of spillover events and the enormous implications of SARS-CoV-2 spillover for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Sacchetto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
| | - Bárbara Aparecida Chaves
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69020-160, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
| | - Aline Souza de Menezes Medeiros
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
| | - Marcelo Gordo
- Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Projeto Sauim-de-Coleira, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, PPGZOO, PPGCASA, CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), Manaus 69080-900, Brazil;
| | - Danielle Bastos Araújo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (D.B.L.O.); (E.L.D.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (D.B.L.O.); (E.L.D.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
- Centro de Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Butantã, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Betaressi da Silva
- Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15084-010, Brazil; (A.P.B.d.S.); (A.F.N.)
| | - Andréia Francesli Negri
- Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15084-010, Brazil; (A.P.B.d.S.); (A.F.N.)
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (D.B.L.O.); (E.L.D.)
- Plataforma Científica Pasteur, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Sealy Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínicas Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieria Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (B.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (A.S.d.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
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35
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Cossaboom CM, Medley AM, Spengler JR, Kukielka EA, Goryoka GW, Baird T, Bhavsar S, Campbell S, Campbell TS, Christensen D, Condrey JA, Dawson P, Doty JB, Feldpausch A, Gabel J, Jones D, Lim A, Loiacono CM, Jenkins-Moore M, Moore A, Noureddine C, Ortega J, Poulsen K, Rooney JA, Rossow J, Sheppard K, Sweet E, Stoddard R, Tell RM, Wallace RM, Williams C, Barton Behravesh C. Low SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and No Active Infections among Dogs and Cats in Animal Shelters with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Human Cases among Employees. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:898. [PMID: 34571775 PMCID: PMC8467101 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human-to-animal and animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been documented; however, investigations into SARS-CoV-2 transmission in congregate animal settings are lacking. We investigated four animal shelters in the United States that had identified animals with exposure to shelter employees with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Of the 96 cats and dogs with specimens collected, only one dog had detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies; no animal specimens had detectable viral RNA. These data indicate a low probability of human-to-animal transmission events in cats and dogs in shelter settings with early implementation of infection prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Alexandra M. Medley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Esther A. Kukielka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Grace W. Goryoka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Tiffany Baird
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Swity Bhavsar
- Guilford County Animal Services, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA; (S.B.); (C.N.); (J.O.)
| | - Stefanie Campbell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Thomas S. Campbell
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Daniel Christensen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Jillian A. Condrey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Patrick Dawson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Amanda Feldpausch
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Gabel
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (T.B.); (T.S.C.); (A.F.); (J.G.)
| | - Dee Jones
- Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Christina M. Loiacono
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.L.); (M.J.-M.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.L.); (M.J.-M.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Andrea Moore
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Clarissa Noureddine
- Guilford County Animal Services, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA; (S.B.); (C.N.); (J.O.)
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Guilford County Animal Services, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA; (S.B.); (C.N.); (J.O.)
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Jane A. Rooney
- United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - John Rossow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | | | - Emma Sweet
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.C.); (A.L.); (K.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Robyn Stoddard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Rachel M. Tell
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.L.); (M.J.-M.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Carl Williams
- North Carolina Division of Public Health, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA;
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (A.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (E.A.K.); (G.W.G.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.); (P.D.); (J.B.D.); (A.M.); (J.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.W.); (C.B.B.)
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36
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Chan OSK, Bradley KCF, Grioni A, Lau SKP, Li WT, Magouras I, Naing T, Padula A, To EMW, Tun HM, Tutt C, Woo PCY, Bloch R, Mauroo NF. Veterinary Experiences can Inform One Health Strategies for Animal Coronaviruses. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:301-314. [PMID: 34542794 PMCID: PMC8450722 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S K Chan
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Patrick Manson Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Katriona C F Bradley
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, G/F, Lap Wo Building, 69-75 Chik Shun St, Tai Wai, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandro Grioni
- Fauna Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 26, 19/F, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Ta Li
- Department of Pathology, Pangolin International Biomedical Consultant Ltd., Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tint Naing
- Soares Avenue Paws and Claws Clinic, G/F No 29 - 33 Soares Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew Padula
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Esther M W To
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Room 509, Cheung Sha Wan Government Offices, 303 Cheung Sha Wan Road, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hein Min Tun
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Patrick Manson Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cedric Tutt
- Cape Animal Dentistry Service, 78 Rosmead Avenue, Kenilworth, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 26, 19/F, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rebecca Bloch
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathalie F Mauroo
- Hong Kong Wildlife Health Foundation, GPO Box 12585, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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37
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Fernández-Bellon H, Rodon J, Fernández-Bastit L, Almagro V, Padilla-Solé P, Lorca-Oró C, Valle R, Roca N, Grazioli S, Trogu T, Bensaid A, Carrillo J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Blanco J, Parera M, Noguera-Julián M, Clotet B, Moreno A, Segalés J, Vergara-Alert J. Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions ( Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses. Viruses 2021; 13:1683. [PMID: 34578266 PMCID: PMC8472846 DOI: 10.3390/v13091683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, no evidence supports the fact that animals play a role in the epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, several animal species are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides pets (cats, dogs, Syrian hamsters, and ferrets) and farm animals (minks), different zoo animal species have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (large felids and non-human primates). After the summer of 2020, a second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in Barcelona (Spain), reaching a peak of positive cases in November. During that period, four lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo and three caretakers developed respiratory signs and tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Lion infection was monitored for several weeks and nasal, fecal, saliva, and blood samples were taken at different time-points. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasal samples from all studied lions and the viral RNA was detected up to two weeks after the initial viral positive test in three out of four animals. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was also detected in the feces of animals at different times. Virus isolation was successful only from respiratory samples of two lions at an early time-point. The four animals developed neutralizing antibodies after the infection that were detectable four months after the initial diagnosis. The partial SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from one animal caretaker was identical to the sequences obtained from lions. Chronology of the events, the viral dynamics, and the genomic data support human-to-lion transmission as the origin of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fernández-Bellon
- Parc Zoològic de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (H.F.-B.); (V.A.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agraroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.); (L.F.-B.); (C.L.-O.); (R.V.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Leira Fernández-Bastit
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agraroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.); (L.F.-B.); (C.L.-O.); (R.V.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Vanessa Almagro
- Parc Zoològic de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (H.F.-B.); (V.A.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Pilar Padilla-Solé
- Parc Zoològic de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (H.F.-B.); (V.A.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Cristina Lorca-Oró
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agraroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.); (L.F.-B.); (C.L.-O.); (R.V.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Rosa Valle
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agraroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.); (L.F.-B.); (C.L.-O.); (R.V.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Núria Roca
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agraroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.); (L.F.-B.); (C.L.-O.); (R.V.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Dipartimento di Virologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Dipartimento di Virologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agraroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.R.); (L.F.-B.); (C.L.-O.); (R.V.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.); (N.I.-U.); (J.B.); (M.P.); (M.N.-J.); (B.C.)
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.); (N.I.-U.); (J.B.); (M.P.); (M.N.-J.); (B.C.)
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.); (N.I.-U.); (J.B.); (M.P.); (M.N.-J.); (B.C.)
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Mariona Parera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.); (N.I.-U.); (J.B.); (M.P.); (M.N.-J.); (B.C.)
| | - Marc Noguera-Julián
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.); (N.I.-U.); (J.B.); (M.P.); (M.N.-J.); (B.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.C.); (N.I.-U.); (J.B.); (M.P.); (M.N.-J.); (B.C.)
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno
- Dipartimento di Virologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Parc Zoològic de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (H.F.-B.); (V.A.); (P.P.-S.)
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Bonilla-Aldana DK, García-Barco A, Jimenez-Diaz SD, Bonilla-Aldana JL, Cardona-Trujillo MC, Muñoz-Lara F, Zambrano LI, Salas-Matta LA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals: a systematic review of studies and case reports and series. Vet Q 2021; 41:250-267. [PMID: 34406913 PMCID: PMC8428274 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1970280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is essentially a zoonotic disease. In this context, early in 2020, transmission from humans to certain animals began reporting; the number of studies has grown since. To estimate the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals and to determine differences in prevalence between countries, years, animal types and diagnostic methods (RT-PCR or serological tests). A systematic literature review with meta-analysis using eight databases. Observational studies were included but analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for prevalence studies and case series. After the screening, 65 reports were selected for full-text assessment and included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. A total of 24 reports assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, combining a total of 321,785 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 12.3% (95% CI 11.6%–13.0%). Also, a total of 17 studies additionally assessed serological response against SARS-CoV-2, including nine by ELISA, four by PRTN, one by MIA, one by immunochromatography (rest, two studies, the method was not specified), combining a total of 5319 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 29.4% (95% CI 22.9%–35.9%). A considerable proportion of animals resulted infected by SARS-CoV-2, ranking minks among the highest value, followed by dogs and cats. Further studies in other animals are required to define the extent and importance of natural infection due to SARS-CoV-2. These findings have multiple implications for public human and animal health. One Health approach in this context is critical for prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigación GISCA, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alejandra García-Barco
- Grupo Colaborativo de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por vectores, Zoonóticas y tropicales de Risaralda, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - S Daniela Jimenez-Diaz
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigación GISCA, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia
| | - Maria C Cardona-Trujillo
- Grupo Colaborativo de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por vectores, Zoonóticas y tropicales de Risaralda, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Fausto Muñoz-Lara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Lysien I Zambrano
- Unit of Scientific Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.,Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia
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39
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Knight D. COVID-19 Pandemic Origins: Bioweapons and the History of Laboratory Leaks. South Med J 2021; 114:465-467. [PMID: 34345925 PMCID: PMC8300139 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dacre Knight
- From the Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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40
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Giraldo-Ramirez S, Rendon-Marin S, Jaimes JA, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Ruiz-Saenz J. SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Outcome in Domestic and Wild Cats: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2056. [PMID: 34359182 PMCID: PMC8300124 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been proved that SARS-CoV-2 has the ability to infect multiple species. This work was aimed at identifying the clinical signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild felids. A PRISMA-based systematic review was performed on case reports on domestic and wild cats, reports on experimental infections, case reports in databases, preprints and published press releases. Descriptive statistical analysis of the data was performed. A total of 256 articles, 63 detailed official reports and 2 press articles on SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild cats were analyzed, of which 19 articles and 65 reports were finally included. In domestic cats, most cats' infections are likely to be asymptomatic, and 46% of the reported infected animals were symptomatic and predominantly presented respiratory signs such as sneezing and coughing. In wild felines, respiratory clinical signs were most frequent, and up to 96.5% of the reported affected animals presented coughing. It is noteworthy that, to date, symptomatic animals with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported to belong to two different subfamilies (Phanterinae and Felinae), with up to five different felid species affected within the Felidae family. Reported results evince that the signs developed in felids show similar progression to those occurring in humans, suggesting a relationship between the viral cycle and target tissues of the virus in different species. While viral transmission to humans in contact with animal populations has not been reported, spill-back could result in the emergence of immune-escape mutants that might pose a risk to public health. Despite the clear results in the identification of the typical clinical picture of SARS-CoV-2 infection in felines, the number of detailed academic reports and papers on the subject is scarce. Therefore, further description of these cases will allow for more accurate and statistically robust clinical approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Giraldo-Ramirez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (S.G.-R.); (S.R.-M.); (M.M.-G.)
| | - Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (S.G.-R.); (S.R.-M.); (M.M.-G.)
| | - Javier A. Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (S.G.-R.); (S.R.-M.); (M.M.-G.)
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (S.G.-R.); (S.R.-M.); (M.M.-G.)
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Ekstrand K, Flanagan AJ, Lin IE, Vejseli B, Cole A, Lally AP, Morris RL, Morgan KN. Animal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the Welfare of Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2044. [PMID: 34359172 PMCID: PMC8300090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated pace of research into Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates periodic summaries of current research. The present paper reviews virus susceptibilities in species with frequent human contact, and factors that are best predictors of virus susceptibility. Species reviewed were those in contact with humans through entertainment, pet, or agricultural trades, and for whom reports (either anecdotal or published) exist regarding the SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or the resulting disease state COVID-19. Available literature was searched using an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted engine, as well as via common databases, such as Web of Science and Medline. The present review focuses on susceptibility and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, and polymorphisms in transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that contribute to species differences. Dogs and pigs appear to have low susceptibility, while ferrets, mink, some hamster species, cats, and nonhuman primates (particularly Old World species) have high susceptibility. Precautions may therefore be warranted in interactions with such species, and more selectivity practiced when choosing appropriate species to serve as models for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J. Flanagan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Ilyan E. Lin
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Brendon Vejseli
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Allicyn Cole
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Anna P. Lally
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Robert L. Morris
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Kathleen N. Morgan
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
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42
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Fischhoff IR, Castellanos AA, Rodrigues JP, Varsani A, Han BA. Predicting the zoonotic capacity of mammals to transmit SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.18.431844. [PMID: 33619481 PMCID: PMC7899445 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.18.431844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Back and forth transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and animals may lead to wild reservoirs of virus that can endanger efforts toward long-term control of COVID-19 in people, and protecting vulnerable animal populations that are particularly susceptible to lethal disease. Predicting high risk host species is key to targeting field surveillance and lab experiments that validate host zoonotic potential. A major bottleneck to predicting animal hosts is the small number of species with available molecular information about the structure of ACE2, a key cellular receptor required for viral cell entry. We overcome this bottleneck by combining species' ecological and biological traits with 3D modeling of virus and host cell protein interactions using machine learning methods. This approach enables predictions about the zoonotic capacity of SARS-CoV-2 for over 5,000 mammals - an order of magnitude more species than previously possible. The high accuracy predictions achieved by this approach are strongly corroborated by in vivo empirical studies. We identify numerous common mammal species whose predicted zoonotic capacity and close proximity to humans may further enhance the risk of spillover and spillback transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Our results reveal high priority areas of geographic overlap between global COVID-19 hotspots and potential new mammal hosts of SARS-CoV-2. With molecular sequence data available for only a small fraction of potential host species, predictive modeling integrating data across multiple biological scales offers a conceptual advance that may expand our predictive capacity for zoonotic viruses with similarly unknown and potentially broad host ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya R. Fischhoff
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Box AB Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | | | - João P.G.L.M. Rodrigues
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Box AB Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
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Delahay RJ, de la Fuente J, Smith GC, Sharun K, Snary EL, Flores Girón L, Nziza J, Fooks AR, Brookes SM, Lean FZX, Breed AC, Gortazar C. Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:7. [PMID: 33834160 PMCID: PMC8024038 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a wildlife source with transmission to humans followed by rapid geographic spread throughout the globe and severe impacts on both human health and the global economy. Since the onset of the pandemic, there have been many instances of human-to-animal transmission involving companion, farmed and zoo animals, and limited evidence for spread into free-living wildlife. The establishment of reservoirs of infection in wild animals would create significant challenges to infection control in humans and could pose a threat to the welfare and conservation status of wildlife. We discuss the potential for exposure, onward transmission and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in an initial selection of wild mammals (bats, canids, felids, mustelids, great apes, rodents and cervids). Dynamic risk assessment and targeted surveillance are important tools for the early detection of infection in wildlife, and here we describe a framework for collating and synthesising emerging information to inform targeted surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. Surveillance efforts should be integrated with information from public and veterinary health initiatives to provide insights into the potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ UK
| | - J. de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - G. C. Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ UK
| | - K. Sharun
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - E. L. Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - L. Flores Girón
- Centre de Rehabilitation des Primates de Lwiro, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - J. Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors Inc., P.O. Box 115, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - A. R. Fooks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - S. M. Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - F. Z. X. Lean
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. C. Breed
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- Epidemiology and One Health Section, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, Australia
| | - C. Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Abstract
Within only one year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), nearly 100 million infections were reported in the human population globally, with more than two million fatal cases. While SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated from a natural wildlife reservoir, neither the immediate viral precursor nor the reservoir or intermediate hosts have been identified conclusively. Due to its zoonotic origin, SARS-CoV-2 may also be relevant to animals. Thus, to evaluate the host range of the virus and to assess the risk to act as potential animal reservoir, a large number of different animal species were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 or monitored in the field in the last months. In this review, we provide an update on studies describing permissive and resistant animal species. Using a scoring system based on viral genome detection subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, seroconversion, the development of clinical signs and transmission to conspecifics or humans, the susceptibility of diverse animal species was classified on a semi-quantitative scale. While major livestock species such as pigs, cattle and poultry are mostly resistant, companion animals appear moderately susceptible, while several model animal species used in research, including several Cricetidae species and non-human primates, are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. By natural infections, it became obvious that American minks (Neovison vison) in fur farms, e.g., in the Netherlands and Denmark are highly susceptible resulting in local epidemics in these animals.
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45
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Prince T, Smith SL, Radford AD, Solomon T, Hughes GL, Patterson EI. SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Animals: Reservoirs for Reverse Zoonosis and Models for Study. Viruses 2021; 13:494. [PMID: 33802857 PMCID: PMC8002747 DOI: 10.3390/v13030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought many questions over the origin of the virus, the threat it poses to animals both in the wild and captivity, and the risks of a permanent viral reservoir developing in animals. Animal experiments have shown that a variety of animals can become infected with the virus. While coronaviruses have been known to infect animals for decades, the true intermediate host of the virus has not been identified, with no cases of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The screening of wild, farmed, and domesticated animals is necessary to help us understand the virus and its origins and prevent future outbreaks of both COVID-19 and other diseases. There is intriguing evidence that farmed mink infections (acquired from humans) have led to infection of other farm workers in turn, with a recent outbreak of a mink variant in humans in Denmark. A thorough examination of the current knowledge and evidence of the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect different animal species is therefore vital to evaluate the threat of animal to human transmission and reverse zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK; (T.S.); (G.L.H.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Shirley L. Smith
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Tom Solomon
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK; (T.S.); (G.L.H.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (S.L.S.); (A.D.R.)
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK; (T.S.); (G.L.H.)
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Hedman HD, Krawczyk E, Helmy YA, Zhang L, Varga C. Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface. Pathogens 2021; 10:180. [PMID: 33567598 PMCID: PMC7915269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Summit County Local Public Health Agency, Summit County, Frisco, CO 80443, USA;
| | - Eric Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Jacob Machado D, White RA, Kofsky J, Janies DA. Fundamentals of genomic epidemiology, lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and new directions. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2021; 1:e60. [PMID: 36168505 PMCID: PMC9495640 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was one of the significant causes of death worldwide in 2020. The disease is caused by severe acute coronavirus syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae related to 2 other clinically relevant coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Like other coronaviruses and several other viruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. However, unlike other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a devastating pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic rages on due to viral evolution that leads to more transmissible and immune evasive variants. Technology such as genomic sequencing has driven the shift from syndromic to molecular epidemiology and promises better understanding of variants. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed critical impediments that must be addressed to develop the science of pandemics. Much of the progress is being applied in the developed world. However, barriers to the use of molecular epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain, including lack of logistics for equipment and reagents and lack of training in analysis. We review the molecular epidemiology literature to understand its origins from the SARS epidemic (2002-2003) through influenza events and the current COVID-19 pandemic. We advocate for improved genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV and understanding the pathogen diversity in potential zoonotic hosts. This work will require training in phylogenetic and high-performance computing to improve analyses of the origin and spread of pathogens. The overarching goals are to understand and abate zoonosis risk through interdisciplinary collaboration and lowering logistical barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jacob Machado
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, North Carolina
- Author for correspondence: Denis Jacob Machado, PhD, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, BINF 224, Charlotte, NC28223. E-mail:
| | - Richard Allen White
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, North Carolina
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus (NCRC), Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Janice Kofsky
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Daniel A. Janies
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, North Carolina
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