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He R, Shi Y, Lu X, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Zhang S, Liu A. Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024:10.1007/s11130-024-01229-z. [PMID: 39186142 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Green tea possesses a range of beneficial effects, including anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, owing to its biologically active components, primarily catechins such as epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). However, few studies have investigated the four catechin monomers simultaneously, and the molecular mechanisms of their anti-obesity effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of four catechin monomers on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes of mice. Our findings demonstrated that four catechin monomers EC/ECG/EGC/EGCG (12, 25, 50 µM) dose-dependently inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and reduced triglyceride content. EGCG exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect with an optimal concentration of 50 µM. In addition, transcriptome sequencing and lipidomic analysis of EGCG-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes revealed that Ptgs2 and Pim1 were the most differentially expressed genes involved in regulating adipocyte differentiation. The results suggested that EGCG up-regulated the expression of the Pla2g2e gene and down-regulated the expression of the Pla2g4a and Pla2g2a genes via the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway, which subsequently elevated lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels, influencing the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yufei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ailing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Qi H, Sun M, Terkeltaub R, Merriman TR, Chen H, Li Z, Ji A, Xue X, Sun W, Wang C, Li X, He Y, Cui L, Dalbeth N, Li C. Hyperuricemia Subtypes Classified According to Renal Uric Acid Handling Manifesting Distinct Phenotypic and Genetic Profiles in People With Gout. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:1130-1140. [PMID: 38412854 DOI: 10.1002/art.42838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperuricemia can be stratified into four subtypes according to renal uric acid handling. The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe the biologic characteristics (including genetic background) of clinically defined hyperuricemia subtypes in two large geographically independent gout cohorts. METHODS Hyperuricemia subtype was defined as renal uric acid overload (ROL), renal uric acid underexcretion (RUE), combined, or renal normal. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as gout risk loci or associated with serum urate (SU) concentration in the East Asian population were genotyped. Weighted polygenic risk scores were calculated to assess the cumulative effect of genetic risks on the subtypes. RESULTS Of the 4,873 participants, 8.8% had an ROL subtype, 60.9% RUE subtype, 23.1% combined subtype, and 7.2% normal subtype. The ROL subtype was independently associated with older age at onset, lower SU, tophi, and diabetes mellitus; RUE was associated with lower body mass index (BMI) and non-diabetes mellitus; the combined subtype was associated with younger age at onset, higher BMI, SU, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and smoking; and the normal subtype was independently associated with older age at onset, lower SU, and eGFR. Thirteen SNPs were associated with gout with 6 shared loci and subtype-dependent risk loci patterns. High polygenic risk scores were associated with ROL subtype (odds ratio [OR] = 9.63, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.53-15.12), RUE subtype (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.57-3.03), and combined subtype (OR = 6.32, 95% CI 4.22-9.48) compared with low polygenic risk scores. CONCLUSION Hyperuricemia subtypes classified according to renal uric acid handling have subtype-specific clinical and genetic features, suggesting subtype-unique pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingshu Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Tony R Merriman
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, and University of Alabama Birmingham
| | | | - Zhiqiang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aichang Ji
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomei Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Can Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinde Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuwei He
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Cui
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Changgui Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
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Liang L, Song J, Miao S, Xie Q, Li W, Huang H, Shen D, Zhang W. Modulation of lipid profile by secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA: Verification with a transgenic mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 712-713:149955. [PMID: 38640737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a positive relation of secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) with circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with coronary artery disease, and sPLA2-IIA increased cholesterol efflux in THP-1 cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ)/liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) signaling pathway. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of sPLA2-IIA over-expression on lipid profile in a transgenic mouse model. Fifteen apoE-/- and C57BL/7 female mice received bone marrow transplantation from transgenic SPLA2-IIA mice, and treated with specific PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. High fat diet was given after one week of bone marrow transplantation, and animals were sacrificed after twelve weeks. Immunohistochemical staining showed over-expression of sPLA2-IIA protein in the lung and spleen. The circulating level of HDL-C, but not that of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, or total triglyceride, was increased by sPLA2-IIA over-expression, and was subsequently reversed by GW9662 treatment. Over-expression of sPLA2-IIA resulted in augmented expression of cholesterol transporter ABCA1 at mRNA level in the aortas, and at protein level in macrophages, co-localized with macrophage specific antigen CD68. GW9662 exerted potent inhibitory effects on sPLA2-IIA-induced ABCA1 expression. Conclusively, we demonstrated the effects of sPLA2-IIA on circulating HDL-C level and the expression of ABCA1, possibly through regulation of PPAR-γ signaling in transgenic mouse model, that is in concert with the conditions in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China.
| | - Jing Song
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shisheng Miao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Honglang Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Dongyan Shen
- Cell Therapy Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China.
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Laget J, Vigor C, Nouvel A, Rocher A, Leroy J, Jeanson L, Reversat G, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, Péraldi-Roux S, Azay-Milhau J, Lajoix AD. Reduced production of isoprostanes by peri-pancreatic adipose tissue from Zucker fa/fa rats as a new mechanism for β-cell compensation in insulin resistance and obesity. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:160-170. [PMID: 35227851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During early stages of type 2 diabetes, named prediabetes, pancreatic β-cells compensate for insulin resistance through increased insulin secretion in order to maintain normoglycemia. Obesity leads to the development of ectopic fat deposits, among which peri-pancreatic white adipose tissue (pWAT) can communicate with β-cells through soluble mediators. Thus we investigated whether pWAT produced oxygenated lipids, namely isoprostanes and neuroprostanes and whether they can influence β-cell function in obesity. In the Zucker fa/fa rat model, pWAT and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) displayed different inflammatory profiles. In obese rats, pWAT, but not eWAT, released less amounts of 5-F2t-isoprostanes, 15-F2t-isoprostanes, 4-F4t-neuroprostanes and 10-F4t-neuroprostane compared to lean animals. These differences could be explained by a greater induction of antioxidant defenses enzymes such as SOD-1, SOD-2, and catalase in pWAT of obese animals compared to eWAT. In addition, sPLA2 IIA, involved in the release of isoprostanoids from cellular membranes, was decreased in pWAT of obese animals, but not in eWAT, and may also account for the reduced release of oxidized lipids by this tissue. At a functional level, 15-F2t-isoprostane epimers, but not 5-F2t-isoprostanes, were able to decrease glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic islets from Wistar rats. This effect appeared to be mediated through activation of the thromboxane A2 receptor and reduction of cAMP signaling in pancreatic islets. In conclusion, through the removal of an inhibitory tone exerted by isoprostanes, we have shown, for the first time, a new mechanism allowing β-cells to compensate for insulin resistance in obesity that is linked to a biocommunication between adipose tissue and β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Laget
- Biocommunication in Cardio-Metabolism (BC2M), University of Montpellier, France; RD-Néphrologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
| | - Agathe Nouvel
- Biocommunication in Cardio-Metabolism (BC2M), University of Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Rocher
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
| | - Jérémy Leroy
- Biocommunication in Cardio-Metabolism (BC2M), University of Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Jeanson
- Biocommunication in Cardio-Metabolism (BC2M), University of Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Reversat
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
| | - Sylvie Péraldi-Roux
- Biocommunication in Cardio-Metabolism (BC2M), University of Montpellier, France; Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, France
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5
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Nolasco-Rosales GA, Martínez-Magaña JJ, Juárez-Rojop IE, González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zarate CA, García AR, Sarmiento E, Ruiz-Ramos D, Genis-Mendoza AD, Nicolini H. Association Study among Comethylation Modules, Genetic Polymorphisms and Clinical Features in Mexican Teenagers with Eating Disorders: Preliminary Results. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093210. [PMID: 34579086 PMCID: PMC8470254 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are psychiatric disorders characterized by disturbed eating behaviors. They have a complex etiology in which genetic and environmental factors interact. Analyzing gene-environment interactions could help us to identify the mechanisms involved in the etiology of such conditions. For example, comethylation module analysis could detect the small effects of epigenetic interactions, reflecting the influence of environmental factors. We used MethylationEPIC and Psycharray microarrays to determine DNA methylation levels and genotype from 63 teenagers with eating disorders. We identified 11 comethylation modules in WGCNA (Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis) and correlated them with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and clinical features in our subjects. Two comethylation modules correlated with clinical features (BMI and height) in our sample and with SNPs associated with these phenotypes. One of these comethylation modules (yellow) correlated with BMI and rs10494217 polymorphism (associated with waist-hip ratio). Another module (black) was correlated with height, rs9349206, rs11761528, and rs17726787 SNPs; these polymorphisms were associated with height in previous GWAS. Our data suggest that genetic variations could alter epigenetics, and that these perturbations could be reflected as variations in clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Alberto Nolasco-Rosales
- Biomedical Postgraduate Program, Academic Division of Health Sciences, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa 86000, Mexico; (G.A.N.-R.); (I.E.J.-R.); (D.R.-R.)
| | - José Jaime Martínez-Magaña
- Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 01090, Mexico;
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- Biomedical Postgraduate Program, Academic Division of Health Sciences, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa 86000, Mexico; (G.A.N.-R.); (I.E.J.-R.); (D.R.-R.)
| | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- Genomics Laboratory, Academic Division Jalpa de Mendez, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Jalpa de Mendez 86200, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zarate
- Genomics Laboratory, Comalcalco Multidisciplinary Academic Division, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa 86000, Mexico;
| | - Ana Rosa García
- Children’s Psychiatric Hospital “Dr. Juan N. Navarro”, Mexico City 01090, Mexico; (A.R.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Emmanuel Sarmiento
- Children’s Psychiatric Hospital “Dr. Juan N. Navarro”, Mexico City 01090, Mexico; (A.R.G.); (E.S.)
| | - David Ruiz-Ramos
- Biomedical Postgraduate Program, Academic Division of Health Sciences, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa 86000, Mexico; (G.A.N.-R.); (I.E.J.-R.); (D.R.-R.)
| | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 01090, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.-M.); (H.N.); Tel.: +52-(53)-501900 (ext. 1196/1197) (A.D.G.-M. & H.N.)
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 01090, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.-M.); (H.N.); Tel.: +52-(53)-501900 (ext. 1196/1197) (A.D.G.-M. & H.N.)
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Janovits PM, Leiguez E, Portas V, Teixeira C. A Metalloproteinase Induces an Inflammatory Response in Preadipocytes with the Activation of COX Signalling Pathways and Participation of Endogenous Phospholipases A 2. Biomolecules 2021; 11:921. [PMID: 34206390 PMCID: PMC8301905 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that have been associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and obesity. Adipose tissue in turn is an active endocrine organ capable of secreting a range of proinflammatory mediators with autocrine and paracrine properties, which contribute to the inflammation of adipose tissue and adjacent tissues. However, the potential inflammatory effects of MMPs in adipose tissue cells are still unknown. This study investigates the effects of BmooMPα-I, a single-domain snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), in activating an inflammatory response by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in culture, focusing on prostaglandins (PGs), cytokines, and adipocytokines biosynthesis and mechanisms involved in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release. The results show that BmooMPα-I induced the release of PGE2, prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and adiponectin by preadipocytes. BmooMPα-I-induced PGE2 biosynthesis was dependent on group-IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2-α), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 pathways. Moreover, BmooMPα-I upregulated COX-2 protein expression but not microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) expression. In addition, we demonstrate that the enzymatic activity of BmooMPα-I is essential for the activation of prostanoid synthesis pathways in preadipocytes. These data highlight preadipocytes as important targets for metalloproteinases and provide new insights into the contribution of these enzymes to the inflammation of adipose tissue and tissues adjacent to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Motta Janovits
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Viviane Portas
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
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Zhao C, Chen G, Wang H, Zhao Y, Chai R. Bio-inspired intestinal scavenger from microfluidic electrospray for detoxifying lipopolysaccharide. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1653-1662. [PMID: 33313445 PMCID: PMC7701841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and other gut-derived diseases, and detoxifying LPS is considered to be a fundamental approach to prevent and treat these diseases. Here, inspired by the feeding behaviour of scavenger, novel microfluidic microcapsules with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) encapsulation and the scavenger-like molecular sieve shell are presented for cleaning intestinal LPS. Benefiting from the precisely controlled of the pore size and microfluidic electrospray, the generated microcapsules were imparted with porous molecular-sieve shells and ALP encapsulated active cores. These microcapsules could continuously work as an intestinal scavenger after colonized in intestine. It has been demonstrated that the microcapsules could englobe LPS while inhibit the permeation of digestive enzyme, and this ability contributes to promising ALP's activity, protecting cells at the presence of LPS and reducing inflammation. In addition, this scavenger inspired microcapsule could effectively decrease the LPS in organs, reduce inflammation and regulating fat metabolism in vivo. These features make the ALP encapsulated microcapsules an ideal candidate for treating MetS and other LPS related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Diseases of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, PR China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Diseases of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, PR China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Diseases of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, PR China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Kuefner MS. Secretory Phospholipase A2s in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:732726. [PMID: 34512555 PMCID: PMC8429832 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.732726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipases A2 (PLA2) superfamily encompasses enzymes commonly found in mammalian tissues and snake venom. Many of these enzymes have unique tissue distribution, function, and substrate specificity suggesting distinct biological roles. In the past, much of the research on secretory PLA2s has analyzed their roles in inflammation, anti-bacterial actions, and atherosclerosis. In recent studies utilizing a variety of mouse models, pancreatic islets, and clinical trials, a role for many of these enzymes in the control of metabolism and insulin action has been revealed. In this review, this research, and the unique contributions of the PLA2 enzymes in insulin resistance and metabolism.
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A Representative GIIA Phospholipase A 2 Activates Preadipocytes to Produce Inflammatory Mediators Implicated in Obesity Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121593. [PMID: 33255269 PMCID: PMC7760919 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory mediators which promote systemic and adipose tissue inflammation seen in obesity. Group IIA (GIIA)-secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes are found to be elevated in plasma and adipose tissue from obese patients and are active during inflammation, generating proinflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 exerts anti-lipolytic actions and increases triacylglycerol levels in adipose tissue. However, the inflammatory actions of GIIA sPLA2s in adipose tissue cells and mechanisms leading to increased PGE2 levels in these cells are unclear. This study investigates the ability of a representative GIIA sPLA2, MT-III, to activate proinflammatory responses in preadipocytes, focusing on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, adipocytokines and mechanisms involved in these effects. Our results showed that MT-III induced biosynthesis of PGE2, PGI2, MCP-1, IL-6 and gene expression of leptin and adiponectin in preadipocytes. The MT-III-induced PGE2 biosynthesis was dependent on cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2)-α, cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and COX-2 pathways and regulated by a positive loop via the EP4 receptor. Moreover, MT-III upregulated COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin synthase (mPGES)-1 protein expression. MCP-1 biosynthesis induced by MT-III was dependent on the EP4 receptor, while IL-6 biosynthesis was dependent on EP3 receptor engagement by PGE2. These data highlight preadipocytes as targets for GIIA sPLA2s and provide insight into the roles played by this group of sPLA2s in obesity.
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10
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Kaartinen MT, Arora M, Heinonen S, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Pietiläinen KH. Transglutaminases and Obesity in Humans: Association of F13A1 to Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Adipose Tissue Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8289. [PMID: 33167412 PMCID: PMC7663854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases TG2 and FXIII-A have recently been linked to adipose tissue biology and obesity, however, human studies for TG family members in adipocytes have not been conducted. In this study, we investigated the association of TGM family members to acquired weight gain in a rare set of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for body weight, i.e., heavy-lean twin pairs. We report that F13A1 is the only TGM family member showing significantly altered, higher expression in adipose tissue of the heavier twin. Our previous work linked adipocyte F13A1 to increased weight, body fat mass, adipocyte size, and pro-inflammatory pathways. Here, we explored further the link of F13A1 to adipocyte size in the MZ twins via a previously conducted TWA study that was further mined for genes that specifically associate to hypertrophic adipocytes. We report that differential expression of F13A1 (ΔHeavy-Lean) associated with 47 genes which were linked via gene enrichment analysis to immune response, leucocyte and neutrophil activation, as well as cytokine response and signaling. Our work brings further support to the role of F13A1 in the human adipose tissue pathology, suggesting a role in the cascade that links hypertrophic adipocytes with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari T. Kaartinen
- Faculty of Medicine (Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada;
- Faculty of Dentistry (Biomedical Sciences), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada
| | - Mansi Arora
- Faculty of Medicine (Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0J7, Canada;
| | - Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.H.); (A.R.); (K.H.P.)
- Abdominal Center, Obesity Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Rescue of Hepatic Phospholipid Remodeling Defectin iPLA2β-Null Mice Attenuates Obese but Not Non-Obese Fatty Liver. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091332. [PMID: 32957701 PMCID: PMC7565968 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β or PLA2G6) are positively associated with adiposity, blood lipids, and Type-2 diabetes. The ubiquitously expressed iPLA2β catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids (PLs) to generate a fatty acid and a lysoPL. We studied the role of iPLA2β on PL metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By using global deletion iPLA2β-null mice, we investigated three NAFLD mouse models; genetic Ob/Ob and long-term high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding (representing obese NAFLD) as well as feeding with methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet (representing non-obese NAFLD). A decrease of hepatic PLs containing monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease of the ratio between PLs and cholesterol esters were observed in all three NAFLD models. iPLA2β deficiency rescued these decreases in obese, but not in non-obese, NAFLD models. iPLA2β deficiency elicited protection against fatty liver and obesity in the order of Ob/Ob › HFD » MCD. Liver inflammation was not protected in HFD NAFLD, and that liver fibrosis was even exaggerated in non-obese MCD model. Thus, the rescue of hepatic PL remodeling defect observed in iPLA2β-null mice was critical for the protection against NAFLD and obesity. However, iPLA2β deletion in specific cell types such as macrophages may render liver inflammation and fibrosis, independent of steatosis protection.
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12
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Szostaczuk N, van Schothorst EM, Sánchez J, Priego T, Palou M, Bekkenkamp-Grovenstein M, Faustmann G, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Tiran B, Roob JM, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Keijer J, Palou A, Picó C. Identification of blood cell transcriptome-based biomarkers in adulthood predictive of increased risk to develop metabolic disorders using early life intervention rat models. FASEB J 2020; 34:9003-9017. [PMID: 32474969 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000071rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction during gestation in rats has long-lasting adverse effects in the offspring. It induces metabolic syndrome-related alterations, which are partially reversed by leptin supplementation during lactation. We employed these conditions to identify transcript-based nutrient sensitive biomarkers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) predictive of later adverse metabolic health. The best candidate was validated in humans. Transcriptome analysis of PBMCs from adult male Wistar rats of three experimental groups was performed: offspring of control dams (CON), and offspring of 20% calorie-restricted dams during gestation without (CR) and with leptin supplementation throughout lactation (CR-LEP). The expression of 401 genes was affected by gestational calorie restriction and reversed by leptin. The changes preceded metabolic syndrome-related phenotypic alterations. Of these genes, Npc1 mRNA levels were lower in CR vs CON, and normalized to CON in CR-LEP. In humans, NPC1 mRNA levels in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) were decreased in subjects with mildly impaired metabolic health compared to healthy subjects. Therefore, a set of potential transcript-based biomarkers indicative of a predisposition to metabolic syndrome-related alterations were identified, including NPC1, which was validated in humans. Low NPC1 transcript levels in PBCs are a candidate biomarker of increased risk for impaired metabolic health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Szostaczuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Teresa Priego
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Tiran
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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13
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Ceddia RP, Collins S. A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 PMCID: PMC9137350 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Ceddia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Sheila Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
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14
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Filkin SY, Lipkin AV, Fedorov AN. Phospholipase Superfamily: Structure, Functions, and Biotechnological Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S177-S195. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Olivera A, Rivera J. Paradigm Shifts in Mast Cell and Basophil Biology and Function: An Emerging View of Immune Regulation in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2163:3-31. [PMID: 32766962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0696-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter, we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Juan Rivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Chang JF, Yeh JC, Ho CT, Liu SH, Hsieh CY, Wang TM, Chang SW, Lee IT, Huang KY, Wang JY, Lin WN. Targeting ROS and cPLA2/COX2 Expressions Ameliorated Renal Damage in Obese Mice with Endotoxemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4393. [PMID: 31500176 PMCID: PMC6769974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic endotoxemia, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chronic inflammation, and obese kidney fibrosis. Although the fat-intestine-kidney axis has been documented, the pathomechanism and therapeutic targets of obese kidney fibrosis remain unelucidated. To mimic obese humans with metabolic endotoxemia, high-fat-diet-fed mice (HF group) were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to yield the obese kidney fibrosis-metabolic endotoxemia mouse model (HL group). Therapeutic effects of ROS, cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors were analyzed with a quantitative comparison of immunohistochemistry stains and morphometric approach in the tubulointerstitium of different groups. Compared with basal and HF groups, the HL group exhibited the most prominent obese kidney fibrosis, tubular epithelial lipid vacuoles, and lymphocyte infiltration in the tubulointerstitium. Furthermore, inhibitors of nonspecific ROS, cPLA2 and COX-2 ameliorated the above renal damages. Notably, the ROS-inhibitor-treated group ameliorated not only oxidative injury but also the expression of cPLA2 and COX-2, indicating that ROS functions as the upstream signaling molecule in the inflammatory cascade of obese kidney fibrosis. ROS acts as a key messenger in the signaling transduction of obese kidney fibrosis, activating downstream cPLA2 and COX-2. The given antioxidant treatment ameliorates obese kidney fibrosis resulting from a combined high-fat diet and LPS-ROS could serve as a potential therapeutic target of obese kidney fibrosis with metabolic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Feng Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institution of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Chen Yeh
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Ta Ho
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hao Liu
- Division of Pathology, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yu Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
- Renal Care Joint Foundation, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institution of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institution of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
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17
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Alfazema N, Barrier M, de Procé SM, Menzies RI, Carter R, Stewart K, Diaz AG, Moyon B, Webster Z, Bellamy CO, Arends MJ, Stimson RH, Morton NM, Aitman TJ, Coan PM. Camk2n1 Is a Negative Regulator of Blood Pressure, Left Ventricular Mass, Insulin Sensitivity, and Promotes Adiposity. Hypertension 2019; 74:687-696. [PMID: 31327268 PMCID: PMC6686962 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cause of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Camk2n1 resides in genomic loci for blood pressure, left ventricle mass, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of metabolic syndrome, Camk2n1 expression is cis-regulated in left ventricle and fat and positively correlates with adiposity. Therefore, we knocked out Camk2n1 in spontaneously hypertensive rat to investigate its role in metabolic syndrome. Compared with spontaneously hypertensive rat, Camk2n1-/- rats had reduced cardiorenal CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) activity, lower blood pressure, enhanced nitric oxide bioavailability, and reduced left ventricle mass associated with altered hypertrophic networks. Camk2n1 deficiency reduced insulin resistance, visceral fat, and adipogenic capacity through the altered cell cycle and complement pathways, independent of CaMKII. In human visceral fat, CAMK2N1 expression correlated with adiposity and genomic variants that increase CAMK2N1 expression associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Camk2n1 regulates multiple networks that control metabolic syndrome traits and merits further investigation as a therapeutic target in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neza Alfazema
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Marjorie Barrier
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Sophie Marion de Procé
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Robert I. Menzies
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Roderick Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Kevin Stewart
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Ana Garcia Diaz
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.G.D., B.M., Z.W.)
| | - Ben Moyon
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.G.D., B.M., Z.W.)
| | - Zoe Webster
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (A.G.D., B.M., Z.W.)
| | - Christopher O.C. Bellamy
- Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Centre, United Kingdom (C.O.C.B., M.J.A.)
| | - Mark J. Arends
- Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Centre, United Kingdom (C.O.C.B., M.J.A.)
| | - Roland H. Stimson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Nicholas M. Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.I.M., R.C., K.S., R.H.S., N.M.M.)
| | - Timothy J. Aitman
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
| | - Philip M. Coan
- From the MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.A., M.B., S.M.d.P., T.J.A., P.M.C.)
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18
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Reshidan NH, Abd Muid S, Mamikutty N. The effects of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) leaf water extracts on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:232. [PMID: 31462242 PMCID: PMC6714300 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a non-communicable disease inclusive of risk factors such as central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia. In this present study, we investigated the ability of Pandanus amaryllifolius (PA) leaf water extract to reverse the cluster of diseases in an established rat model induced by fructose in drinking water. METHODS Thirty healthy adult male Wistar rats (150-180 g) were randomly divided into three groups which included control (C; n = 6), PA extract (PAE; n = 6) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS; n = 18). Food and fluid were given ad libitum for 8 weeks. These groups differed in fluid intake whereby rats received tap water, 10% of PA leaf water extracts and 20% of fructose in drinking water in group C, PAE and MetS, respectively. After 8 weeks, the MetS group was further subdivided into three subgroups namely MetS1 (n = 6), MetS2 (n = 6) and MetS3 (n = 6). The C, PAE and MetS1 were sacrificed. MetS1 group was sacrificed as the control for metabolic syndrome. MetS2 and MetS3 groups were treated with only tap water and 10% of PA leaf water extract respectively for another 8 weeks. The parameters for physiological and metabolic changes such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and inflammatory biomarkers (NFκβ p65, TNFα, leptin and adiponectin) were measured. RESULTS The intake of 20% of fructose in drinking water induced full blown of metabolic syndrome symptoms, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in male Wistar rats. Subsequently, treatment with PA leaf water extract improved obesity parameters including BMI, abdominal adipose tissue deposition and adipocytes size, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein with neutral effects on inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Administration of PA in metabolic syndrome rat model attenuates most of the metabolic syndrome symptoms as well as improves obesity. Therefore, PA which is rich in total flavonoids and total phenolic acids can be suggested as a useful dietary supplement to improve metabolic syndrome components induces by fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hidayah Reshidan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suhaila Abd Muid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norshalizah Mamikutty
- Sulaiman Al Rajhi College, Faculty of Medicine, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Bukayriyah, 51941 Saudi Arabia
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19
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Ceddia RP, Downey JD, Morrison RD, Kraemer MP, Davis SE, Wu J, Lindsley CW, Yin H, Daniels JS, Breyer RM. The effect of the EP3 antagonist DG-041 on male mice with diet-induced obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106353. [PMID: 31276827 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP3 receptor has a multifaceted role in metabolism. Drugs targeting EP3 have been proposed as therapeutics for diabetes; however, studies utilizing global EP3 knockout mice suggest that EP3 blockade increases obesity and insulin resistance. The present studies attempt to determine the effect of acute EP3 antagonist treatment on the diabetic phenotype. METHODS DG-041 was confirmed to be a high affinity antagonist at the mouse EP3 receptor by competition radioligand binding and by blockade of EP3-mediated responses. DG-041 pharmacokinetic studies were performed to determine the most efficacious route of administration. Male C57BL/6 × BALB/c (CB6F1) mice were fed diets containing 10%, 45%, or 60% calories from fat to induce obesity. Changes to the metabolic phenotype in these mice were evaluated after one week treatment with DG-041. RESULTS Subcutaneous injections of DG-041 at 20 mg/kg blocked the sulprostone-evoked rise in mean arterial pressure confirming the efficacy of this administration regime. Seven day treatment with DG-041 had minimal effect on body composition or glycemic control. DG-041 administration caused a reduction in skeletal muscle triglyceride content while showing a trend toward increased hepatic triglycerides. CONCLUSION Short term EP3 administration of DG-041 produced effective blockade of the EP3 receptor and decreased skeletal muscle triglyceride content but had no significant effects on the diabetic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Ceddia
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason D Downey
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maria P Kraemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sarah E Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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20
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Mukherjee A, Mehta BK, Sen KK, Banerjee S. Metabolic syndrome-associated cognitive decline in mice: Role of minocycline. Indian J Pharmacol 2018; 50:61-68. [PMID: 30100653 PMCID: PMC6044134 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_110_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to characterize the mechanism associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS)-associated cognitive decline and determine the effect of minocycline on the above condition in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a HFHC diet-induced MetS model in mice. Diagnostic characteristics of MetS including waist circumference, lipid levels, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were measured in these Swiss albino mice. Cognitive parameters were measured using passive avoidance and elevated plus maze test. Hippocampal acetylcholine esterase (AchE), reduced glutathione (GSH), and cytokine levels were measured and histopathological evaluation conducted. The MetS animals were administered minocycline (50 mg/kg; 10 days) and the above parameters were measured. RESULTS: We successfully induced MetS using HFHC diet in mice. Animals showed significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), waist circumference (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), and triglyceride (P < 0.01) and reduced high density lipoprotein levels (P < 0.05) compared to control animals. Both scopolamine and MetS significantly lowered (P < 0.01) step-down latency and increased transfer latency (P < 0.001). MetS animals showed significantly higher AchE (P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001) and Interleukin-1 β (P < 0.01) and lower GSH (P < 0.001) levels and reduced both CA1 (P < 0.001) and CA3 (P < 0.01) neuronal density compared to controls. Minocycline treatment partially reversed the above neurobehavioral and biochemical changes and improved hippocampal neuronal density in MetS animals. CONCLUSION: MetS led to hippocampal oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory changes with a corresponding loss of hippocampal neuronal density and cognitive decline. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property of minocycline may be responsible for its neuroprotective actions in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Bina K Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Kalyan K Sen
- Department of Pharmacology, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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21
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Hallmark B, Karafet TM, Hsieh P, Osipova LP, Watkins JC, Hammer MF. Genomic Evidence of Local Adaptation to Climate and Diet in Indigenous Siberians. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 36:315-327. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hallmark
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - PingHsun Hsieh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ludmila P Osipova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Joseph C Watkins
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Michael F Hammer
- ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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22
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Al-Attar A, Alimova Y, Kirakodu S, Kozal A, Novak MJ, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Martinez M, Ebersole JL, Gonzalez OA. Activation of Notch-1 in oral epithelial cells by P. gingivalis triggers the expression of the antimicrobial protein PLA 2-IIA. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1047-1059. [PMID: 29515164 PMCID: PMC6030509 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
P. gingivalis (Pg) is an oral pathogen with the ability to induce oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which mucosal responses to the oral microbiota in the presence of specific pathogens such as Pg could abrogate the host-microbe symbiotic relationship leading to periodontitis remain unclear. Herein, we identified the Notch-1/PLA2-IIA axis as a new molecular pathway through which Pg could be specifically modulating oral epithelial antimicrobial and inflammatory responses. Pg activated Notch-1, and inhibition or silencing of Notch-1 completely abrogated Pg-induced PLA2-IIA in oral epithelial cells (OECs). Activation of Notch-1 and PLA2-IIA production were associated with Pg-produced gingipains. Other oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative species failed to induce similar responses. Pg enhanced OEC antimicrobial activity through PLA2-IIA. Increased Notch-1 activation correlated with higher PLA2-IIA gingival expression and changes in the abundance of specific oral bacteria phyla during periodontal disease. Oral bacterial species exhibited differential antimicrobial susceptibility to PLA2-IIA. These findings support previous evidence suggesting an important role for epithelial Notch-1 activation and PLA2-IIA production during health and disease at mucosal surfaces, and provide new mechanistic information concerning the regulation of epithelial antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory responses modulated by oral pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Attar
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yelena Alimova
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anastasia Kozal
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Melween Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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23
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Panchal SK, Bliss E, Brown L. Capsaicin in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2018; 10:E630. [PMID: 29772784 PMCID: PMC5986509 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin, the major active constituent of chilli, is an agonist on transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV1). TRPV1 is present on many metabolically active tissues, making it a potentially relevant target for metabolic interventions. Insulin resistance and obesity, being the major components of metabolic syndrome, increase the risk for the development of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In vitro and pre-clinical studies have established the effectiveness of low-dose dietary capsaicin in attenuating metabolic disorders. These responses of capsaicin are mediated through activation of TRPV1, which can then modulate processes such as browning of adipocytes, and activation of metabolic modulators including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Modulation of these pathways by capsaicin can increase fat oxidation, improve insulin sensitivity, decrease body fat, and improve heart and liver function. Identifying suitable ways of administering capsaicin at an effective dose would warrant its clinical use through the activation of TRPV1. This review highlights the mechanistic options to improve metabolic syndrome with capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Panchal
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
| | - Edward Bliss
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
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24
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Bai J, Zhu Y, Dong Y. Obese rats supplemented with bitter melon display marked shifts in the expression of genes controlling inflammatory response and lipid metabolism by RNA-Seq analysis of colonic mucosa. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:561-567. [PMID: 29892950 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to induce pathological changes in the gut and diets rich in complex carbohydrates that resist digestion in the small bowel can alter large bowel ecology. The purposes of this study were to identify the effects of bitter melon powder (BMP) on the global gene expression pattern in the colon mucosa of obese rats. Obese rats were fed a high-fat diet and treated without or with BMP for 8 weeks. Genome-wide expression profiles of the colon mucosa were determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis at the end of experiment. A total of 87 genes were identified as differentially expressed (DE) between these two groups (fold change > 1.2). These results were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR, confirming the high reliability of the RNA-Seq. Interestingly, DE genes implicated in inflammation and lipid metabolism were found to be downregulated by BMP in the colon. Network between genes and the top 15 KEGG pathways showed that PRKCβ (protein kinase C beta) and Pla2g2a (phospholipase A2 group IIA) strongly interacted with surrounding pathways and genes. Results revealed that BMP supplement could remodel key colon functions by altering transcriptomic profile in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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25
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WPP. Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9719584. [PMID: 29643982 PMCID: PMC5831951 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9719584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are different types of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress sources that trigger inflammation. Much information indicates that high intakes of macronutrients can promote oxidative stress and subsequently contribute to inflammation via nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) mediated cell signaling pathways. Dietary carbohydrates, animal-based proteins, and fats are important to highlight here because they may contribute to the long-term consequences of nutritionally mediated inflammation. Oxidative stress is a central player of metabolic ailments associated with high-carbohydrate and animal-based protein diets and excessive fat consumption. Obesity has become an epidemic and represents the major risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, this review aimed to explore how dietary choices exacerbate or dampen the oxidative stress and inflammation. We also discussed the implications of oxidative stress in the adipocyte and glucose metabolism and obesity-associated noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Taken together, a better understanding of the role of oxidative stress in obesity and the development of obesity-related NCDs would provide a useful approach. This is because oxidative stress can be mediated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors, hence providing a plausible means for the prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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26
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Contreras GA, Strieder-Barboza C, de Souza J, Gandy J, Mavangira V, Lock AL, Sordillo LM. Periparturient lipolysis and oxylipid biosynthesis in bovine adipose tissues. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188621. [PMID: 29206843 PMCID: PMC5716552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The periparturient period of dairy cows is characterized by intense lipolysis in adipose tissues (AT), which induces the release of free fatty acids (FFA) into circulation. Among FFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation and can modulate inflammatory responses during lipolysis within AT. Linoleic and arachidonic acid oxidized products (oxylipids) such as hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids (HODE) and hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), were recently identified as products of lipolysis that could modulate AT inflammation during lipolysis. However, the effect of lipolysis intensity during the transition from gestation to lactation on fatty acid substrate availability and subsequent AT oxylipid biosynthesis is currently unknown. We hypothesized that in periparturient dairy cows, alterations in AT and plasma fatty acids and oxylipid profiles coincide with changes in lipolysis intensity and stage of lactation. Blood and subcutaneous AT samples were collected from periparturient cows at -27±7 (G1) and -10±5 (G2) d prepartum and at 8±3 d postpartum (PP). Targeted lipidomic analysis was performed on plasma and AT using HPLC-MS/MS. We report that FFA concentrations increased as parturition approached and were highest at PP. Cows exhibiting high lipolysis rate at PP (FFA>1.0 mEq/L) had higher body condition scores at G1 compared to cows with low lipolysis rate (FFA<1.0 mEq/L). Concentrations of plasma linoleic and arachidonic acids were increased at PP. In AT, 13-HODE, and 5-, 11- and 15-HETE were increased at PP compared to G1 and G2. Concentrations of beta hydroxybutyrate were positively correlated with those of 13-HODE and 15-HETE in AT. Plasma concentrations of 5- and 20-HETE were increased at PP. These data demonstrate that prepartum adiposity predisposes cows to intense lipolysis post-partum and may exacerbate AT inflammation because of increased production of pro-inflammatory oxylipids including 5- and 15-HETE and 13-HODE. These results support a role for certain linoleic and arachidonic acid-derived oxylipids as positive and negative modulators of AT inflammation during periparturient lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Clarissa Strieder-Barboza
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jonas de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jeff Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Vengai Mavangira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Lorraine M. Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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27
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Kuefner MS, Pham K, Redd JR, Stephenson EJ, Harvey I, Deng X, Bridges D, Boilard E, Elam MB, Park EA. Secretory phospholipase A 2 group IIA modulates insulin sensitivity and metabolism. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1822-1833. [PMID: 28663239 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m076141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) is a member of a family of secretory phospholipases that have been implicated in inflammation, atherogenesis, and antibacterial actions. Here, we evaluated the role of PLA2G2A in the metabolic response to a high fat diet. C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice do not express PLA2g2a due to a frameshift mutation. We fed BL/6 mice expressing the human PLA2G2A gene (IIA+ mice) a fat diet and assessed the physiologic response. After 10 weeks on the high fat diet, the BL/6 mice were obese, but the IIA+ mice did not gain weight or accumulate lipid. The lean mass in chow- and high fat-fed IIA+ mice was constant and similar to the BL/6 mice on a chow diet. Surprisingly, the IIA+ mice had an elevated metabolic rate, which was not due to differences in physical activity. The IIA+ mice were more insulin sensitive and glucose tolerant than the BL/6 mice, even when the IIA+ mice were provided the high fat diet. The IIA+ mice had increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), suggesting that PLA2G2A activates mitochondrial uncoupling in BAT. Our data indicate that PLA2G2A has a previously undiscovered impact on insulin sensitivity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuefner
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Kevin Pham
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jeanna R Redd
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Erin J Stephenson
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Innocence Harvey
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiong Deng
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Dave Bridges
- Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eric Boilard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, CHUQ Research Center and Division of Rheumatology, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marshall B Elam
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Edwards A Park
- Departments of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
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28
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Ohira H, Tsutsui W, Mamoto R, Yamaguchi S, Nishida M, Ito M, Fujioka Y. Butyrate attenuates lipolysis in adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages through non-prostaglandin E2-mediated and prostaglandin E2-mediated pathways. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:213. [PMID: 27938411 PMCID: PMC5148837 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between adipocytes and macrophages are associated with metabolic disorders. Production of pro-inflammatory mediators and the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) increase when these cells are co-cultured; butyrate significantly diminishes these effects by suppressing both the macrophage inflammatory and adipocyte lipolysis pathways. Butyrate is known to up-regulate the expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Therefore, we hypothesized that PGE2 is associated with the suppression of lipolysis by butyrate in co-culture. Methods Using contact or transwell co-culture methods with differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages, we investigated the effects of butyrate on the release of PGE2 into the medium and on lipolysis in adipocytes. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we examined the effects of butyrate on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in co-cultured cells, and cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A type 1-α regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) in co-cultured adipocytes. Silent interfering (si)RNA targeting of G-protein–coupled receptor (GPR)41 and 109A was employed to examine the effect on lipolysis in TNF-α–stimulated adipocytes. Results Co-culture increased PGE2 release into the medium, compared with cells cultured separately. Butyrate significantly increased PGE2 production. Co-culture elevated COX2 expression in macrophages and adipocytes, and butyrate further enhanced this effect. Co-culture enhanced cytosolic PLA2 activity in macrophages, which was further enhanced by butyrate. As for lipolysis, co-culture increased the release of FFAs and free glycerol into the medium, whereas butyrate (and to a lesser extent, PGE2) suppressed FFAs and free glycerol release. An inhibition study using a prostaglandin E receptor 3–selective antagonist suggested that approximately 40% of the suppressive effect of butyrate depends on the PGE2-mediated pathway, whereas 60% depends on a non-PGE2–mediated pathway. Co-culture increased cAMP and PRKAR1A levels in adipocytes, whereas butyrate restored the levels to those of the control. Similarly, in TNF-α–stimulated adipocytes, butyrate reduced FFAs and free glycerol release. siRNA inhibition of GPR41 and GPR109A suggested that the GPR109A-mediated pathway predominates, but the GPR41-mediated pathway also regulates the effect of butyrate on lipolysis in TNF-α–stimulated 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions Butyrate attenuates lipolysis in adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages via non-PGE2–mediated and PGE2-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohira
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan.
| | - Wao Tsutsui
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan
| | - Rie Mamoto
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan
| | - Masako Nishida
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan
| | - Miki Ito
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 6512180, Japan
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29
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Monroy-Muñoz IE, Angeles-Martinez J, Posadas-Sánchez R, Villarreal-Molina T, Alvarez-León E, Flores-Dominguez C, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Medina-Urrutia A, Juárez-Rojas JG, Posadas-Romero C, Alarcon GV. PLA2G2A polymorphisms are associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from the genetics of atherosclerotic disease Mexican study. Immunobiology 2016; 222:967-972. [PMID: 27608594 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The secretory phospholipase A2 II A (sPLA2-IIA) encoded by PLA2G2A gene hydrolyzes phospholipids liberating free fatty acids (FFAs) and lysophospholipids. If lipolysis exceeds lipogenesis, the free fatty acids undergo a continuous release into circulation. A sustained excessive increase in this release contributes to metabolic disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of PLA2G2A gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Mexican population. Three PLA2G2A gene polymorphisms (rs876018, rs3753827 and rs11573156) were genotyped by 5' exonuclease TaqMan assays in a group of 338 patients with T2DM, 460 individuals with MetS and 366 healthy controls. Under codominant 1(codom1), dominant (dom) and additive (add) models adjusted by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, and hypertension, the rs876018T allele was associated with increased risk of MetS [Odds Ratio (OR)=1.66, Pcodom1=0.005; OR=1.67, Pdom=0.003; OR=1.49, Padd=0.005] as compared to controls. On the other hand, under several models adjusted by the same variables, the rs3753827A (OR=1.52, Pcodom1=0.039 and OR=1.49, Pdom=0.039) and rs11573156C alleles (OR=6.46, Pcodom1=0.013; OR=6.70, Pcodom2=0.009; OR=6.65, Pdom=0.009) were associated with increased risk of T2DM when compared with controls. In addition, the rs876018T allele was associated with hypercholesterolemia (Pdom=0.017, Padd=0.009) and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) (Pdom=0.041) in MetS when compared with controls. Also, this allele was associated with SA in T2DM patients (Pdom=0.007). The TAG haplotype was significantly associated with increased risk of MetS (OR=1.54, P=0.006). Results suggest that PLA2G2A polymorphisms are involved in the risk of developing MetS and T2D and are associated with SA in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Eloisa Monroy-Muñoz
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinoza de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Angeles-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Teresa Villarreal-Molina
- Cardiovascular Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Alvarez-León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aida Medina-Urrutia
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Posadas-Romero
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas Alarcon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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30
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Murase R, Sato H, Taketomi Y. The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Gene Family in Immunology. Adv Immunol 2016; 132:91-134. [PMID: 27769509 PMCID: PMC7112020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA2 enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA2s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA2s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Murase
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Sato H, Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Metabolic regulation by secreted phospholipase A 2. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:7. [PMID: 29259680 PMCID: PMC5725825 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest family that contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique distributions and specific enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. While sPLA2s have long been implicated in inflammation and atherosclerosis, it has become evident that they are involved in diverse biological events through lipid mediator-dependent or mediator-independent processes in a given microenvironment. In recent years, new biological aspects of sPLA2s have been revealed using their transgenic and knockout mouse models in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to unveil their target substrates and products in vivo. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in metabolic disorders including obesity, hepatic steatosis, diabetes, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
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32
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Abstract
Low-grade inflammation in the obese AT (AT) and the liver is a critical player in the development of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Myeloid as well as lymphoid cells infiltrate the AT and the liver and expand within these metabolic organs as a result of excessive nutrient intake, thereby exacerbating tissue inflammation. Macrophages are the paramount cell population in the field of metabolism-related inflammation; as obesity progresses, a switch takes place within the AT environment from an M2-alternatively activated macrophage state to an M1-inflammatory macrophage-dominated milieu. M1-polarized macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines like TNF in the obese AT; such cytokines contribute to insulin resistance in adipocytes. Besides macrophages, also CD8+ T cells promote inflammation in the AT and the liver and thereby the deterioration of the metabolic balance in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Other cells of the innate immunity, such as neutrophils or mast cells, interfere with metabolic homeostasis as well. On the other hand, eosinophils or T-regulatory cells, the number of which in the AT decreases in the course of obesity, function to maintain metabolic balance by ameliorating inflammatory processes. In addition, eosinophils and M2-polarized macrophages may contribute to "beige" adipogenesis under lean conditions; beige adipocytes are located predominantly in the subcutaneous AT and have thermogenic and optimal energy-dispensing properties like brown adipocytes. This chapter will summarize the different aspects of the regulation of homeostasis of metabolic tissues by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
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33
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Ceddia RP, Lee D, Maulis MF, Carboneau BA, Threadgill DW, Poffenberger G, Milne G, Boyd KL, Powers AC, McGuinness OP, Gannon M, Breyer RM. The PGE2 EP3 Receptor Regulates Diet-Induced Adiposity in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:220-32. [PMID: 26485614 PMCID: PMC4701878 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mice carrying a targeted disruption of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) E-prostanoid receptor 3 (EP3) gene, Ptger3, were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), or a micronutrient matched control diet, to investigate the effects of disrupted PGE2-EP3 signaling on diabetes in a setting of diet-induced obesity. Although no differences in body weight were seen in mice fed the control diet, when fed a HFD, EP3(-/-) mice gained more weight relative to EP3(+/+) mice. Overall, EP3(-/-) mice had increased epididymal fat mass and adipocyte size; paradoxically, a relative decrease in both epididymal fat pad mass and adipocyte size was observed in the heaviest EP3(-/-) mice. The EP3(-/-) mice had increased macrophage infiltration, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-6 expression, and necrosis in their epididymal fat pads as compared with EP3(+/+) animals. Adipocytes isolated from EP3(+/+) or EP3(-/-) mice were assayed for the effect of PGE2-evoked inhibition of lipolysis. Adipocytes isolated from EP3(-/-) mice lacked PGE2-evoked inhibition of isoproterenol stimulated lipolysis compared with EP3(+/+). EP3(-/-) mice fed HFD had exaggerated ectopic lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and liver, with evidence of hepatic steatosis. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were similar between genotypes on a control diet, but when fed HFD, EP3(-/-) mice became hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic when compared with EP3(+/+) fed HFD, demonstrating a more severe insulin resistance phenotype in EP3(-/-). These results demonstrate that when fed a HFD, EP3(-/-) mice have abnormal lipid distribution, developing excessive ectopic lipid accumulation and associated insulin resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Cell Size
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophage Activation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Necrosis
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/immunology
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Panniculitis/etiology
- Panniculitis/immunology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Ceddia
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - DaeKee Lee
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Matthew F Maulis
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Bethany A Carboneau
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs (A.C.P., M.G., R.M.B.), Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine (R.M.B.), Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Departments of Pharmacology (R.P.C., G.M., R.M.B.) and Cell and Developmental Biology (D.L., D.W.T., M.G.); Department of Medicine (M.F.M., G.P., A.C.P., M.G.), Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.A.C., A.C.P., O.P.G., M.G.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.L.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Brown L, Poudyal H, Panchal SK. Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2015; 16:914-41. [PMID: 26345360 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity as part of metabolic syndrome is a major lifestyle disorder throughout the world. Current drug treatments for obesity produce small and usually unsustainable decreases in body weight with the risk of major adverse effects. Surgery has been the only treatment producing successful long-term weight loss. As a different but complementary approach, lifestyle modification including the use of functional foods could produce a reliable decrease in obesity with decreased comorbidities. Functional foods may include fruits such as berries, vegetables, fibre-enriched grains and beverages such as tea and coffee. Although health improvements continue to be reported for these functional foods in rodent studies, further evidence showing the translation of these results into humans is required. Thus, the concept that these fruits and vegetables will act as functional foods in humans to reduce obesity and thereby improve health remains intuitive and possible rather than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - H Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, The Hakubi Centre for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S K Panchal
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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35
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DeClercq V, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Obesity promotes colonic stem cell expansion during cancer initiation. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:336-43. [PMID: 26455770 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanistic links between obesity and colon cancer. Convincing evidence for the role of Lgr5(+) stem cells in colon tumorigenesis has been established; however, the influence of obesity on stem cell maintenance is unknown. We assessed the effects of high fat (HF) feeding on colonic stem cell maintenance during cancer initiation (AOM induced) and the responsiveness of stem cells to adipokine signaling pathways. The number of colonic GFP(+) stem cells was significantly higher in the AOM-injected HF group compared to the LF group. The Lgr5(+) stem cells of the HF fed mice exhibited statistically significant increases in cell proliferation and decreases in apoptosis in response to AOM injection compared to the LF group. Colonic organoid cultures from lean mice treated with an adiponectin receptor agonist exhibited a reduction in Lgr5-GPF(+) stem cell number and an increase in apoptosis; however, this response was diminished in the organoid cultures from obese mice. These results suggest that the responsiveness of colonic stem cells to adiponectin in diet-induced obesity is impaired and may contribute to the stem cell accumulation observed in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V DeClercq
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - D N McMurray
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, MS 2253, Cater Mattil, TX 77843-2253, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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36
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Nasrallah R, Hassouneh R, Hébert RL. PGE2, Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Hypertension and Diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:666-76. [PMID: 26319242 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important measure of cardiovascular health is obtained by evaluating the global cardiovascular risk, which comprises a number of factors, including hypertension and type 2 diabetes, the leading causes of illness and death in the world, as well as the metabolic syndrome. Altered immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress underlie many of the changes associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, and recent efforts have begun to elucidate the contribution of PGE2 in these events. This review summarizes the role of PGE2 in kidney disease outcomes that accelerate cardiovascular disease, highlights the role of cyclooxygenase-2/microsomal PGE synthase 1/PGE2 signaling in hypertension and diabetes, and outlines the contribution of PGE2 to other aspects of the metabolic syndrome, particularly abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and atherogenesis. A clearer understanding of the role of PGE2 could lead to new avenues to improve therapeutic options and disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramzi Hassouneh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hébert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Iyer A, Brown L, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, Fairlie DP. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J 2015; 29:3612-25. [PMID: 26065858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of multicellular organisms depend upon their abilities to acquire and metabolize nutrients, efficiently store and harness energy, and sense and fight infection. Systems for sensing and using nutrients have consequently coevolved alongside systems for sensing and responding to danger signals, including pathogens, and share many of the same cell signaling proteins and networks. Diets rich in carbohydrates and fats can overload these systems, leading to obesity, metabolic dysfunction, impaired immunity, and cardiovascular disease. Excessive nutrient intake promotes adiposity, typically altering adipocyte function and immune cell distribution, both of which trigger metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss novel mechanistic links between metabolism and immunity that underlie metabolic dysfunction in obesity. We aim to stimulate debate about how the endocrine and immune systems are connected through autocrine, paracrine, and neuroendocrine signaling in sophisticated networks that are only now beginning to be resolved. Understanding the expression and action of signaling proteins, together with modulating their receptors or pattern recognition using agonists or antagonists, will enable rational intervention in immunometabolism that may lead to novel treatments for obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Whitehead
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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Metabolomic profiling in liver of adiponectin-knockout mice uncovers lysophospholipid metabolism as an important target of adiponectin action. Biochem J 2015; 469:71-82. [PMID: 25915851 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin mediates anti-diabetic effects via increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity and direct metabolic effects. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive and unbiased metabolomic profiling of liver tissue from AdKO (adiponectin-knockout) mice, with and without adiponectin supplementation, fed on an HFD (high-fat diet) to derive insight into the mechanisms and consequences of insulin resistance. Hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance induced by the HFD were reduced by adiponectin. The HFD significantly altered levels of 147 metabolites, and bioinformatic analysis indicated that one of the most striking changes was the profile of increased lysophospholipids. These changes were largely corrected by adiponectin, at least in part via direct regulation of PLA2 (phospholipase A2) as palmitate-induced PLA2 activation was attenuated by adiponectin in primary hepatocytes. Notable decreases in several glycerolipids after the HFD were reversed by adiponectin, which also corrected elevations in several diacyglycerol and ceramide species. Our data also indicate that stimulation of ω-oxidation of fatty acids by the HFD is enhanced by adiponectin. In conclusion, this metabolomic profiling approach in AdKO mice identified important targets of adiponectin action, including PLA2, to regulate lysophospholipid metabolism and ω-oxidation of fatty acids.
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Paradigm shifts in mast cell and basophil biology and function: an emerging view of immune regulation in health and disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1192:3-31. [PMID: 25149480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1173-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps, the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities towards the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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Peredo HA, Lee H, Donoso AS, Andrade V, Sánchez Eluchans N, Puyó AM. A high-fat plus fructose diet produces a vascular prostanoid alterations in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 34:35-40. [PMID: 25761783 DOI: 10.1111/aap.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the rat, a high-fat (HF) plus fructose (F) diet produces cardiovascular and metabolic alterations that resemble human metabolic syndrome. Prostanoids (PR), cyclo-oxygenase-derived arachidonic acid metabolites, have vasoactive properties and mediate inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of a HF+F diet on blood pressure (BP), metabolic parameters and mesenteric vascular bed PR production in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups were studied over 9 weeks (n = 6 each): control (C), standard diet (SD) and tap water to drink; F+SD and 10% w/v F solution to drink; HF 50% (w/w) bovine fat added to SD and tap water; and HFF, both treatments. PR were determined by HPLC. Blood pressure was elevated in all experimental groups. Triglyceridaemia, insulinaemia and HOMA-IR were increased in the F and HF groups. HF+F animals showed elevated glycaemia, insulinaemia, HOMA-IR and triglyceridaemia. F decreased the vasodilator prostanoids PGI2 and PGE2 in the mesenteric vascular bed. Body weight was not significantly altered. In HFF, production of PGE2 , PGF2 alpha and TXB2 was elevated. The increased BP in HF and HFF could be partly attributed to the imbalance in vascular PR production towards vasoconstrictors. On the other hand, this dietary modification could induce inflammation, which would explain the elevation of PGE2 . In the F group, hypertension could be related to decreased vasodilator PRs. The simultaneous administration of HF and F in the rat produces deleterious effects greater than observed when treatments are applied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Peredo
- CONICET, Cátedra Anatomía Histología and INFIBIOC, Junin 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fac Farm y Bioq UBA, Cátedra Anatomía Histología and INFIBIOC, Junin 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Amisten S, Neville M, Hawkes R, Persaud SJ, Karpe F, Salehi A. An atlas of G-protein coupled receptor expression and function in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:61-93. [PMID: 25242198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue function, but the total number of GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as their function and interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. We have constructed an atlas of all GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue: the 'adipose tissue GPCRome', to support the exploration of novel control nodes in metabolic and endocrine functions. This atlas describes how adipose tissue GPCRs regulate lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. We also discuss how adipose tissue GPCRs interact with their endogenous ligands and with GPCR-targeting drugs, with a focus on how drug/receptor interactions may affect lipolysis, and present a model predicting how GPCRs with unknown effects on lipolysis might modulate cAMP-regulated lipolysis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue expresses 163 GPCRs, a majority of which have unknown effects on lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. These GPCRs are activated by 180 different endogenous ligands, and are the targets of a large number of clinically used drugs. We identified 119 drugs, acting on 23 GPCRs, that are predicted to stimulate lipolysis and 173 drugs, acting on 25 GPCRs, that are predicted to inhibit lipolysis. This atlas highlights knowledge gaps in the current understanding of adipose tissue GPCR function, and identifies GPCR/ligand/drug interactions that might affect lipolysis, which is important for understanding and predicting metabolic side effects of drugs. This approach may aid in the design of new, safer therapeutic agents, with fewer undesired effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Amisten
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Ross Hawkes
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical Science, UMAS, Clinical Research Center, University of Lund, Sweden
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The adipocyte-inducible secreted phospholipases PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E play distinct roles in obesity. Cell Metab 2014; 20:119-32. [PMID: 24910243 PMCID: PMC4079757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including obesity and insulin resistance, have their basis in dysregulated lipid metabolism and low-grade inflammation. In a microarray search of unique lipase-related genes whose expressions are associated with obesity, we found that two secreted phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s), PLA2G5 and PLA2G2E, were robustly induced in adipocytes of obese mice. Analyses of Pla2g5(-/-) and Pla2g2e(-/-) mice revealed distinct roles of these sPLA2s in diet-induced obesity. PLA2G5 hydrolyzed phosphatidylcholine in fat-overladen low-density lipoprotein to release unsaturated fatty acids, which prevented palmitate-induced M1 macrophage polarization. As such, PLA2G5 tipped the immune balance toward an M2 state, thereby counteracting adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. PLA2G2E altered minor lipoprotein phospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and moderately facilitated lipid accumulation in adipose tissue and liver. Collectively, the identification of "metabolic sPLA2s" adds this gene family to a growing list of lipolytic enzymes that act as metabolic coordinators.
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Gehrke S, Brueckner B, Schepky A, Klein J, Iwen A, Bosch TCG, Wenck H, Winnefeld M, Hagemann S. Epigenetic regulation of depot-specific gene expression in adipose tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82516. [PMID: 24340035 PMCID: PMC3855576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, adipose tissue is distributed in subcutaneous abdominal and subcutaneous gluteal depots that comprise a variety of functional differences. Whereas energy storage in gluteal adipose tissue has been shown to mediate a protective effect, an increase of abdominal adipose tissue is associated with metabolic disorders. However, the molecular basis of depot-specific characteristics is not completely understood yet. Using array-based analyses of transcription profiles, we identified a specific set of genes that was differentially expressed between subcutaneous abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. To investigate the role of epigenetic regulation in depot-specific gene expression, we additionally analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in abdominal and gluteal depots. By combining both data sets, we identified a highly significant set of depot-specifically expressed genes that appear to be epigenetically regulated. Interestingly, the majority of these genes form part of the homeobox gene family. Moreover, genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were also differentially expressed. Therefore we suppose that changes in gene expression profiles might account for depot-specific differences in lipid composition. Indeed, triglycerides and fatty acids of abdominal adipose tissue were more saturated compared to triglycerides and fatty acids in gluteal adipose tissue. Taken together, our results uncover clear differences between abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue on the gene expression and DNA methylation level as well as in fatty acid composition. Therefore, a detailed molecular characterization of adipose tissue depots will be essential to develop new treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gehrke
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Klein
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Department of Medicine I, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Iwen
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Department of Medicine I, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Horst Wenck
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Winnefeld
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hagemann
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lim J, Iyer A, Liu L, Suen JY, Lohman RJ, Seow V, Yau MK, Brown L, Fairlie DP. Diet-induced obesity, adipose inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction correlating with PAR2 expression are attenuated by PAR2 antagonism. FASEB J 2013; 27:4757-67. [PMID: 23964081 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-232702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive uptake of fatty acids and glucose by adipose tissue triggers adipocyte dysfunction and infiltration of immune cells. Altered metabolic homeostasis in adipose tissue promotes insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory and metabolic processes are mediated by certain proteolytic enzymes that share a common cellular target, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). This study showed that human and rat obesity correlated in vivo with increased expression of PAR2 in adipose tissue, primarily in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) including macrophages. PAR2 was expressed more than other PARs on human macrophages and was increased by dietary fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, and myristic). A novel PAR2 antagonist, GB88 (5-isoxazoyl-Cha-Ile-spiroindene-1,4-piperidine), given orally at 10 mg/kg/d (wk 8-16) reduced body weight by ∼10% in obese rats fed a high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet for 16 wk, and strongly attenuated adiposity, adipose tissue inflammation, infiltrated macrophages and mast cells, insulin resistance, and cardiac fibrosis and remodeling; while reversing liver and pancreatic dysfunction and normalizing secretion of PAR2-directed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 β cells. In summary, PAR2 is a new biomarker for obesity, and its expression is stimulated by dietary fatty acids; PAR2 is a substantial contributor to inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction; and a PAR2 antagonist inhibits diet-induced obesity and inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Lim
- 2D.P.F., Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Sharma P, Thakran S, Deng X, Elam MB, Park EA. Nuclear corepressors mediate the repression of phospholipase A2 group IIa gene transcription by thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16321-16333. [PMID: 23629656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIa (PLA2g2a) is associated with inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and atherogenesis. Transcription of the PLA2g2a gene is induced by multiple cytokines. Here, we report the surprising observation that thyroid hormone (T3) inhibited PLA2g2a gene expression in human and rat hepatocytes as well as in rat liver. Moreover, T3 reduced the cytokine-mediated induction of PLA2g2a, suggesting that the thyroid status may modulate aspects of the inflammatory response. In an effort to dissect the mechanism of repression by T3, we cloned the PLA2g2a gene and identified a negative T3 response element in the promoter. This T3 receptor (TRβ)-binding site differed considerably from consensus T3 stimulatory elements. Using in vitro and in vivo binding assays, we found that TRβ bound directly to the PLA2g2a promoter as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor. Knockdown of nuclear corepressor or silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors by siRNA blocked the T3 inhibition of PLA2g2a. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that nuclear corepressor and silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors were associated with the PLA2g2a gene in the presence of T3. In contrast with the established role of T3 to promote coactivator association with TRβ, our experiments demonstrate a novel inverse recruitment mechanism in which liganded TRβ recruits corepressors to inhibit PLA2g2a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Shalini Thakran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Xiong Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Marshall B Elam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Edwards A Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: a patent review (2010 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:333-44. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.754425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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