1
|
Zhang Y, Li S, Chu H, Li J, Lu S, Zheng B. A novel mRNA vaccine, TGGT1_278620 mRNA-LNP, prolongs the survival time in BALB/c mice with acute toxoplasmosis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0286623. [PMID: 38038457 PMCID: PMC10783036 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02866-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasite, can infect about one-third of the world's population. One vaccine, Toxovax, has been developed and licensed commercially; however, it is only used in the sheep industry to reduce the losses caused by congenital toxoplasmosis. Various other vaccine approaches have been explored, including excretory secretion antigen vaccines, subunit vaccines, epitope vaccines, and DNA vaccines. However, current research has not yet developed a safe and effective vaccine for T. gondii. Here, we generated an mRNA vaccine candidate against T. gondii. We investigated the efficacy of vaccination with a novel identified candidate, TGGT1_278620, in a mouse infection model. We screened T. gondii-derived protective antigens at the genome-wide level, combined them with mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine technology against T. gondii, and investigated immune-related factors and mechanisms. Our findings might contribute to developing vaccines for immunizing humans and animals against T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongkun Chu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Lu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su N, Hu CB, Shao T, Jin CY, Li H, Ji JF, Qin LL, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Functional role of CD40 and CD154 costimulatory signals in IgZ-mediated immunity against bacterial infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
3
|
CD40-CD154: A perspective from type 2 immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101528. [PMID: 34810089 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 (CD40 ligand) is central in immunology, participating in CD4+ T cell priming by dendritic cells (DC), CD4+ T cell help to B cells and classical macrophage activation by CD4+ T cells. However, its role in the Th2 side of immunology including helminth infection remains incompletely understood. Contrary to viral and bacterial stimuli, helminth products usually do not cause CD40 up-regulation in DC, and exogenous CD40 ligation drives Th2-biased systems towards Th1. On the other hand, CD40 and CD154 are necessary for induction of most Th2 responses. We attempt to reconcile these observations, mainly by proposing that (i) CD40 up-regulation in DC in Th2 systems is mostly induced by alarmins, (ii) the Th2 to Th1 shift induced by exogenous CD40 ligation is related to the capacity of such ligation to enhance IL-12 production by myeloid cells, and (iii) signals elicited by endogenous CD154 available in Th2 contexts and by exogenous CD40 ligation are probably different. We stress that CD40-CD154 is important beyond cognate cellular interactions. In such a context, we argue that the proliferation response of B-cells to IL-4 plus CD154 reflects a Th2-specific mechanism for polyclonal B-cell amplification and IgE production at infection sites. Finally, we argue that CD154 is a general immune activation signal across immune polarization including Th2, and propose that competition for CD154 at tissue sites may provide negative feedback on response induction at each site.
Collapse
|
4
|
Webb LM, Phythian-Adams AT, Costain AH, Brown SL, Lundie RJ, Forde-Thomas J, Cook PC, Jackson-Jones LH, Marley AK, Smits HH, Hoffmann KF, Tait Wojno ED, MacDonald AS. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Facilitate Th Cell Cytokine Responses throughout Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:721-732. [PMID: 34462311 PMCID: PMC8881908 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are potent producers of type I IFN (IFN-I) during viral infection and respond to IFN-I in a positive feedback loop that promotes their function. IFN-I shapes dendritic cell responses during helminth infection, impacting their ability to support Th2 responses. However, the role of pDCs in type 2 inflammation is unclear. Previous studies have shown that pDCs are dispensable for hepatic or splenic Th2 responses during the early stages of murine infection with the trematode Schistosoma mansoni at the onset of parasite egg laying. However, during S. mansoni infection, an ongoing Th2 response against mature parasite eggs is required to protect the liver and intestine from acute damage and how pDCs participate in immune responses to eggs and adult worms in various tissues beyond acute infection remains unclear. We now show that pDCs are required for optimal Th2 cytokine production in response to S. mansoni eggs in the intestinal-draining mesenteric lymph nodes throughout infection and for egg-specific IFN-γ at later time points of infection. Further, pDC depletion at chronic stages of infection led to increased hepatic and splenic pathology as well as abrogated Th2 cell cytokine production and activation in the liver. In vitro, mesenteric lymph node pDCs supported Th2 cell responses from infection-experienced CD4+ T cells, a process dependent on pDC IFN-I responsiveness, yet independent of Ag. Together, these data highlight a previously unappreciated role for pDCs and IFN-I in maintaining and reinforcing type 2 immunity in the lymph nodes and inflamed tissue during helminth infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Webb
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
| | | | - Alice H Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila L Brown
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Josephine Forde-Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy H Jackson-Jones
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; and
| | - Angela K Marley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Poncet AF, Blanchard N, Marion S. Toxoplasma and Dendritic Cells: An Intimate Relationship That Deserves Further Scrutiny. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:870-886. [PMID: 31492624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, infects a wide range of animals, including humans. A hallmark of Tg infection is the subversion of host responses, which is thought to favor parasite persistence and propagation to new hosts. Recently, a variety of parasite-secreted modulatory effectors have been uncovered in fibroblasts and macrophages, but the specific interplay between Tg and dendritic cells (DCs) is just beginning to emerge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on Tg-DC interactions, including innate recognition, cytokine production, and antigen presentation, and discuss open questions regarding how Tg-secreted effectors may shape DC functions to perturb innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs F Poncet
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France. @inserm.fr
| | - Sabrina Marion
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France. @pasteur-lille.fr
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morrell CN, Pariser DN, Hilt ZT, Vega Ocasio D. The Platelet Napoleon Complex-Small Cells, but Big Immune Regulatory Functions. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 37:125-144. [PMID: 30485751 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have dual physiologic roles as both cellular mediators of thrombosis and immune modulatory cells. Historically, the thrombotic function of platelets has received significant research and clinical attention, but emerging research indicates that the immune regulatory roles of platelets may be just as important. We now know that in addition to their role in the acute thrombotic event at the time of myocardial infarction, platelets initiate and accelerate inflammatory processes that are part of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction expansion. Furthermore, it is increasingly apparent from recent studies that platelets impact the pathogenesis of many vascular inflammatory processes such as autoimmune diseases, sepsis, viral infections, and growth and metastasis of many types of tumors. Therefore, we must consider platelets as immune cells that affect all phases of immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA;
| | - Daphne N Pariser
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA;
| | - Zachary T Hilt
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA;
| | - Denisse Vega Ocasio
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Platelets Enhance Dendritic Cell Responses against Staphylococcus aureus through CD40-CD40L. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00186-18. [PMID: 29914928 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00186-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that can cause mild to severe life-threatening infections in many tissues and organs. Platelets are known to participate in protection against S. aureus by direct killing and by enhancing the activities of neutrophils and macrophages in clearing S. aureus infection. Platelets have also been shown to induce monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells and to enhance activation of dendritic cells. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the role of platelets in enhancing bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) function against S. aureus We observed a significant increase in dendritic cell phagocytosis and intracellular killing of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain (USA300) by thrombin-activated platelets or their releasates. Enhancement of bacterial uptake and killing by DCs is mediated by platelet-derived CD40L. Coculture of USA300 and BMDCs in the presence of thrombin-activated platelet releasates invokes upregulation of the maturation marker CD80 on DCs and enhanced production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-6. Overall, these observations support our hypothesis that platelets play a critical role in the host defense against S. aureus infection. Platelets stimulate DCs, leading to direct killing of S. aureus and enhanced DC maturation, potentially leading to adaptive immune responses against S. aureus.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopes DM, de Almeida TVVS, de Souza RDP, Ribeiro LEV, Page B, Fernandes JDS, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Susceptibility of dendritic cells from individuals with schistosomiasis to infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:173-183. [PMID: 29197260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection with leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis has been associated with increased time to healing of cutaneous lesions of leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Leishmania braziliensis infection on co-cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) with autologous lymphocytes from patients with schistosomiasis and patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. MoDCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes, isolated by magnetic beads, infected with L. braziliensis, and co-cultured with autologous lymphocytes. Expression of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, and the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) on MoDCs as well as CD28, CD40L, CD25, and CTLA-4 on lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. The production of the cytokines IL-10, TNF, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ were evaluated by sandwich ELISA of the culture supernatant. The infectivity evaluation was performed by light microscopy after concentration of cells by cytospin and Giemsa staining. It was observed that the frequency of MoDCs expressing CD83, CD80, and CD86 as well as the MFI of HLA-DR were smaller in the group of patients with schistosomiasis compared to the group of patients with leishmaniasis. On the other hand, the frequency of IL-10R on MoDCs was higher in patients with schistosomiasis than in patients with leishmaniasis. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with schistosomiasis presented a lower frequency of CD28 and a higher frequency of CTLA-4 compared to lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis. Levels of IL-10 were higher in the supernatants of co-cultures from individuals with schistosomiasis compared to those with leishmaniasis. However, levels of TNF, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ were lower in the group of individuals with schistosomiasis. Regarding the frequency of MoDCs infected by L. braziliensis after 72h in culture, it was observed that higher frequencies of cells from patients with schistosomiasis were infected compared to cells from patients with leishmaniasis. It was concluded that MoDCs from patients with schistosomiasis are more likely to be infected by L. braziliensis, possibly due to a lower degree of activation and a regulatory profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Vila Verde S de Almeida
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Robson da Paixão de Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luís Eduardo Viana Ribeiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Webb LM, Lundie RJ, Borger JG, Brown SL, Connor LM, Cartwright AN, Dougall AM, Wilbers RH, Cook PC, Jackson-Jones LH, Phythian-Adams AT, Johansson C, Davis DM, Dewals BG, Ronchese F, MacDonald AS. Type I interferon is required for T helper (Th) 2 induction by dendritic cells. EMBO J 2017; 36:2404-2418. [PMID: 28716804 PMCID: PMC5556270 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation is a defining feature of infection with parasitic worms (helminths), as well as being responsible for widespread suffering in allergies. However, the precise mechanisms involved in T helper (Th) 2 polarization by dendritic cells (DCs) are currently unclear. We have identified a previously unrecognized role for type I IFN (IFN‐I) in enabling this process. An IFN‐I signature was evident in DCs responding to the helminth Schistosoma mansoni or the allergen house dust mite (HDM). Further, IFN‐I signaling was required for optimal DC phenotypic activation in response to helminth antigen (Ag), and efficient migration to, and localization with, T cells in the draining lymph node (dLN). Importantly, DCs generated from Ifnar1−/− mice were incapable of initiating Th2 responses in vivo. These data demonstrate for the first time that the influence of IFN‐I is not limited to antiviral or bacterial settings but also has a central role to play in DC initiation of Th2 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Webb
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel J Lundie
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jessica G Borger
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sheila L Brown
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adam Nr Cartwright
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annette M Dougall
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health, Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Ruud Hp Wilbers
- Plant Sciences Department, Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucy H Jackson-Jones
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health, Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lundie RJ, Webb LM, Marley AK, Phythian-Adams AT, Cook PC, Jackson-Jones LH, Brown S, Maizels RM, Boon L, O'Keeffe M, MacDonald AS. A central role for hepatic conventional dendritic cells in supporting Th2 responses during helminth infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:400-10. [PMID: 26657145 PMCID: PMC4817239 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key initiators of T-helper (Th) 2 immune responses against the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni. Although the liver is one of the main sites of antigen deposition during infection with this parasite, it is not yet clear how distinct DC subtypes in this tissue respond to S. mansoni antigens in vivo, or how the liver microenvironment might influence DC function during establishment of the Th2 response. In this study, we show that hepatic DC subsets undergo distinct activation processes in vivo following murine infection with S. mansoni. Conventional DCs (cDCs) from schistosome-infected mice upregulated expression of the costimulatory molecule CD40 and were capable of priming naive CD4(+) T cells, whereas plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) upregulated expression of MHC class II, CD86 and CD40 but were unable to support the expansion of either naive or effector/memory CD4(+) T cells. Importantly, in vivo depletion of pDCs revealed that this subset was dispensable for either maintenance or regulation of the hepatic Th2 effector response during acute S. mansoni infection. Our data provides strong evidence that S. mansoni infection favors the establishment of an immunogenic, rather than tolerogenic, liver microenvironment that conditions cDCs to initiate and maintain Th2 immunity in the context of ongoing antigen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Lundie
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela K Marley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Peter C Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucy H Jackson-Jones
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sheila Brown
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Louis Boon
- EPIRUS Biopharmaceuticals, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25360134 PMCID: PMC4197778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are credited with being the major selective force driving the evolution of the so-called “type 2” immune responses in vertebrate animals, with their size and infection strategies presenting unique challenges to the immune system. Originally, type 2 immune responses were defined by the presence and activities of the CD4+ T-helper 2 subset producing the canonical cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. This picture is now being challenged by the discovery of a more complex pattern of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets that appear during infection, including Tregs, Th17, Tfh, and more recently, Th22, Th9, and ThGM. In addition, a clearer view of the mechanisms by which helminths and their products selectively prime the CD4+ T-cell subsets is emerging. In this review, we have focused on recent data concerning the selective priming, differentiation, and functional role of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets in the context of helminth infection. We argue for a re-evaluation of the original Th2 paradigm and discuss how the observed plasticity of the T-helper subsets may enable the parasitized host to achieve an appropriate compromise between elimination, tissue repair, containment, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Type II Toxoplasma gondii induction of CD40 on infected macrophages enhances interleukin-12 responses. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4047-55. [PMID: 25024369 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01615-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause severe neurological disease in infected humans. CD40 is a receptor on macrophages that plays a critical role in controlling T. gondii infection. We examined the regulation of CD40 on the surface of T. gondii-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMdMs). T. gondii induced CD40 expression both at the transcript level and on the cell surface, and interestingly, the effect was parasite strain specific: CD40 levels were dramatically increased in type II T. gondii-infected BMdMs compared to type I- or type III-infected cells. Type II induction of CD40 was specific to cells harboring intracellular parasites and detectable as early as 6 h postinfection (hpi) at the transcript level. CD40 protein expression peaked at 18 hpi. Using forward genetics with progeny from a type II × type III cross, we found that CD40 induction mapped to a region of chromosome X that included the gene encoding the dense granule protein 15 (GRA15). Using type I parasites stably expressing the type II allele of GRA15 (GRA15II), we found that type I GRA15II parasites induced the expression of CD40 on infected cells in an NF-κB-dependent manner. In addition, stable expression of hemagglutinin-tagged GRA15II in THP-1 cells resulted in CD40 upregulation in the absence of infection. Since CD40 signaling contributes to interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, we examined IL-12 from infected macrophages and found that CD40L engagement of CD40 amplified the IL-12 response in type II-infected cells. These data indicate that GRA15II induction of CD40 promotes parasite immunity through the production of IL-12.
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos PDA, Lorena VMB, Fernandes É, Sales IRF, Albuquerque MCP, Gomes Y, Costa VMA, Souza VMO. Maternal schistosomiasis alters costimulatory molecules expression in antigen-presenting cells from adult offspring mice. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:62-7. [PMID: 24657585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adult offspring of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice showed alterations in immunity to a heterologous antigen, ovalbumin (OA). Prior breastfeeding induced increased production of anti-OA antibodies, while pregnancy impaired it. Here, we investigated the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the adult offspring of S. mansoni-infected mothers in response to OA. Newborn mice were divided into three groups: animals Born Infected Mothers (BIM) suckled by non-infected mothers; animals from non-infected mothers Suckled Infected Mothers (SIM); and another group of mice born from and suckled by non-infected mothers (CONTROL). The adult offspring were immunized with subcutaneous OA+adjuvant, and 3-8days following immunization, double labeling was performed (CD45R/B220 or CD11c and CD80, CD86, CD40 or HLA-DR) on spleen cells. In comparison to the CONTROL group, an early increased frequency of CD40+/CD80+ B cells was observed in SIM mice (p<0.001/p<0.05), but no alteration of CD11c+ cells was observed. In contrast, in BIM mice, the frequency of CD86+/CD11c+ cells (p<0.05) and CD40+/CD80+/CD86+ B cells (p<0.01/p<0.01/p<0.05) was drastically reduced. In conclusion, previous suckling by S. mansoni-infected mothers enabled improved antigen presentation by B cells in adult offspring, whereas gestation in these mothers imprinted offspring with weak antigen presentation by APCs during the immune response to a non-related antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia d'Emery Alves Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Iana Rafaela Fernandes Sales
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica Camelo Pessoa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Yara Gomes
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (CPqAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Valdênia Maria Oliveira Souza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Diao W, Zhou H, Pan W, Liu H, Shen Y, Xu Y, Li X, Cao J. Expression and immune characterization of a novel enzyme, protein arginine methyltransferase 1, from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:919-24. [PMID: 24343727 PMCID: PMC3932173 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is an arginine-specific protein methyltransferase that methylates a number of proteins involved in transcription and RNA metabolism in all parasitic helminths, including the human blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. To characterize the role of PRMT1 in the development of S. japonicum and to investigate its influence on parasite–host interactions, we cloned and expressed the protein from an existing cDNA library. We report that the clone encoded a polypeptide comprising 360 amino acids with a predictive Mr of 42 kDa. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that there were many potential B cell epitopes and T cell epitopes associated with SjcPRMT1, suggesting it is a potential candidate molecule for vaccine development. The purified recombinant protein of S. japonicum (Chinese strain) (rSjcPRMT1) was found to be immunogenic, eliciting a high antibody titer in mice. Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that the protein could be recognized by the sera of infected mice. Using flow cytometry, we showed that rSjcPRMT1 slightly upregulated the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II molecules of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC), indicating that rSjcPRMT1 could induce mouse BMDC to mature and, therefore, activate their immune response. Overall, our findings provide evidence that rSjcPRMT1 could serve as an effective candidate molecule for the development of a vaccine against infection with S. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rui Jin Er Lu 207, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii stimulates its host’s immune response to achieve quiescent chronic infection. Central to this goal are host dendritic cells. The parasite exploits dendritic cells to disseminate through the body, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, present its antigens to the immune system and yet at the same time subvert their signaling pathways in order to evade detection. This carefully struck balance by Toxoplasma makes it the most successful parasite on this planet. Recent progress has highlighted specific parasite and host molecules that mediate some of these processes particularly in dendritic cells and in other cells of the innate immune system. Critically, there are several important factors that need to be taken into consideration when concluding how the dendritic cells and the immune system deal with a Toxoplasma infection, including the route of administration, parasite strain and host genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sanecka
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute of Medical Research, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Montesinos MM, Alamino VA, Mascanfroni ID, Susperreguy S, Gigena N, Masini-Repiso AM, Rabinovich GA, Pellizas CG. Dexamethasone counteracts the immunostimulatory effects of triiodothyronine (T3) on dendritic cells. Steroids 2012; 77:67-76. [PMID: 22056479 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. Several studies have indicated the important role of dendritic cells (DCs), highly specialized antigen-presenting and immunomodulatory cells, in GC-mediated suppression of adaptive immune responses. Recently, we demonstrated that triiodothyronine (T3) has potent immunostimulatory effects on bone marrow-derived mouse DCs through a mechanism involving T3 binding to cytosolic thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β1, rapid and sustained Akt activation and IL-12 production. Here we explored the impact of GCs on T3-mediated DC maturation and function and the intracellular events underlying these effects. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic GC, potently inhibited T3-induced stimulation of DCs by preventing the augmented expression of maturation markers and the enhanced IL-12 secretion through mechanisms involving the GC receptor. These effects were accompanied by increased IL-10 levels following exposure of T3-conditioned DCs to Dex. Accordingly, Dex inhibited the immunostimulatory capacity of T3-matured DCs on naive T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production while increased IL-10 synthesis by allogeneic T cell cultures. A mechanistic analysis revealed the ability of Dex to dampen T3 responses through modulation of Akt phosphorylation and cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, Dex decreased TRβ1 expression in both immature and T3-maturated DCs through mechanisms involving the GC receptor. Thus GCs, which are increased during the resolution of inflammatory responses, counteract the immunostimulatory effects of T3 on DCs and their ability to polarize adaptive immune responses toward a T helper (Th)-1-type through mechanisms involving, at least in part, NF-κB- and TRβ1-dependent pathways. Our data provide an alternative mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs with critical implications in immunopathology at the cross-roads of the immune-endocrine circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María M Montesinos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mavroudi I, Papadaki HA. The role of CD40/CD40 ligand interactions in bone marrow granulopoiesis. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:2011-9. [PMID: 22125452 PMCID: PMC3217605 DOI: 10.1100/2011/671453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD40 are two molecules belonging to the TNF/TNF receptor superfamily, and their role in adaptive immune system has widely been explored. However, the wide range of expression of these molecules on hematopoietic as well as nonhematopoietic cells has revealed multiple functions of the CD40/CD40L interactions on different cell types and processes such as granulopoiesis. CD40 triggering on stromal cells has been documented to enhance the expression of granulopoiesis growth factors such as granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte/monocyte-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and upon disruption of the CD40/CD40L-signaling pathway, as in the case of X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M (IgM) syndrome (XHIGM), it can lead to neutropenia. In chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) of adults, however, under the influence of an inflammatory microenvironment, CD40L plays a role in granulocytic progenitor cell depletion, providing thus a pathogenetic cause of CIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mavroudi
- Department of Hematology, University of Crete School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1352, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang R, Zhang S, Li M, Chen C, Yao Q. Incorporation of CD40 ligand into SHIV virus-like particles (VLP) enhances SHIV-VLP-induced dendritic cell activation and boosts immune responses against HIV. Vaccine 2010; 28:5114-27. [PMID: 20471443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of CD40 with CD40L induces dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation, thereby promoting immune responses. The objective of this study was to investigate whether immunization with chimeric CD40L/SHIV virus-like particles (CD40L/SHIV-VLP) could enhance immune responses to SIV Gag and HIV Env proteins by directly activating DCs. We found that CD83, CD40, and CD86 were significantly up-regulated and significantly increased cytokines production were observed after hCD40L/SHIV-VLP treatment in human CD14(+) monocyte-derived DCs as compared to SHIV-VLP treatment. Mice immunized with mCD40L/SHIV-VLP showed more than a two-fold increase in HIV Env-specific IgG antibody production, an increase in SIV Gag and HIV Env-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 producing cells, and an increase in HIV Env-specific cytotoxic activity compared to that in SHIV-VLP immunized mice. Furthermore, multifunctional CD4(+) Th1 cells, which simultaneously produce IFN-gamma, IL-2 and TNF-alpha triple cytokines, and CD8(+) T-cells, which produce IFN-gamma were elevated in the mCD40L/SHIV-VLP immunized group. These data demonstrate that chimeric CD40L/SHIV-VLP potently induce DC activation and enhance the magnitude of both humoral and cellular immune responses to the SIV Gag and HIV Env proteins in the mouse model. Therefore, incorporation of CD40L into VLP may represent a novel strategy to develop effective HIV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Zhang
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Similarity and diversity in macrophage activation by nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:262609. [PMID: 20145705 PMCID: PMC2817371 DOI: 10.1155/2010/262609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of macrophages in helminth infections, with a focus not only on delineating the striking similarities in macrophage phenotype between diverse infections but also on highlighting the differences. Findings from many different labs illustrate that macrophages in helminth infection can act as anti-parasite effectors but can also act as powerful immune suppressors. The specific role for their alternative (Th2-mediated) activation in helminth killing or expulsion versus immune regulation remains to be determined. Meanwhile, the rapid growth in knowledge of alternatively activated macrophages will require an even more expansive view of their potential functions to include repair of host tissue and regulation of host metabolism.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mascanfroni ID, Del Mar Montesinos M, Alamino VA, Susperreguy S, Nicola JP, Ilarregui JM, Masini-Repiso AM, Rabinovich GA, Pellizas CG. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent thyroid hormone receptor beta1 expression controls dendritic cell function via Akt signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:9569-9582. [PMID: 20018842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.071241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in our understanding of the interplay between immune and endocrine systems, the role of thyroid hormones and their receptors in the control of adaptive immunity is still uncertain. Here, we investigated the role of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta(1) signaling in modulating dendritic cell (DC) physiology and the intracellular mechanisms underlying these immunoregulatory effects. Exposure of DCs to triiodothyronine (T(3)) resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in Akt phosphorylation independently of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation, which was essential for supporting T(3)-induced DC maturation and interleukin (IL)-12 production. This effect was dependent on intact TR beta(1) signaling as small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of TR beta(1) expression prevented T(3)-induced DC maturation and IL-12 secretion as well as Akt activation and I kappaB-epsilon degradation. In turn, T(3) up-regulated TR beta(1) expression through mechanisms involving NF-kappaB, suggesting an autocrine regulatory loop to control hormone-dependent TR beta(1) signaling. These findings were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, which disclosed a new functional NF-kappaB consensus site in the promoter region of the TRB1 gene. Thus, a T(3)-induced NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism controls TR beta(1) expression, which in turn signals DCs to promote maturation and function via an Akt-dependent but PI3K-independent pathway. These results underscore a novel unrecognized target that regulates DC maturation and function with critical implications in immunopathology at the cross-roads of the immune-endocrine circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván D Mascanfroni
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba
| | - María Del Mar Montesinos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba
| | - Vanina A Alamino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba
| | - Sebastián Susperreguy
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba
| | - Juan P Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba
| | - Juan M Ilarregui
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Masini-Repiso
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Pellizas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 regulates many aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. The CD40-CD154 pathway is important for resistance against a variety of parasites. Studies done with these pathogens have provided important insight into the various mechanisms by which this pathway enhances host protection, mechanisms by which pathogens subvert CD40 signaling, conditions in which the CD40-CD154 pathway promotes disease and on modulation of this pathway for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Improvement of a dendritic cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccine with components of Toxoplasma gondii. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1393-8. [PMID: 19656994 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00199-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) as a cellular adjuvant is a promising approach to the immunotherapy of cancer. It has previously been demonstrated that DCs pulsed ex vivo with Toxoplasma gondii antigens trigger a systemic Th1-biased specific immune response and induce protective and specific antitoxoplasma immunity. In the present study, we demonstrate that tumor antigen-pulsed DCs matured in the presence of Toxoplasma gondii components induce a potent antitumor response in a mouse model of fibrosarcoma. Bone-marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) were cultured in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. After 5 days, tumor lysates with or without the T. gondii lysate were added to the culture for another 2 days. The cytokine production in the BMDC culture and the coculture supernatants of DCs and splenic cells was evaluated. For immunization, 7 days after tumor challenge, different groups of BALB/c mice received different kinds of DCs subcutaneously around the tumor site. Tumor growth was monitored, and 2 weeks after DC immunotherapy, the cytotoxic activity and the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells were monitored in different groups. According to the findings, immunotherapy with T. gondii-matured DCs led to a significant increase in the activity of cytotoxic T cells and decreased the rate of growth of the tumor in immunized animals. Immature DCs did not cause any change in cytotoxic activity or the tumor growth rate compared to that in the healthy controls. The current study suggests that a specific antitumor immune response can be induced by DCs matured with T. gondii components and provide the basis for the use of T. gondii in DC-targeted clinical therapies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jenkins SJ, Perona-Wright G, MacDonald AS. Full development of Th2 immunity requires both innate and adaptive sources of CD154. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8083-92. [PMID: 18523272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD40-CD154 interaction is critical for Th2 response generation during helminth infection and following immunization with helminth-conditioned dendritic cells, yet the key cellular sources of these molecules have still to be defined in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that the requirement for CD40 expression during murine Th2 response induction is restricted exclusively to the Ag-bearing dendritic cells. In contrast, development of full Th2 immunity required CD154 expression on multiple populations. In this respect, optimal production of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 was dependent upon CD154 expression by both CD4(+) T cells and non-lymphoid cells. IL-4 production had less stringent costimulatory requirements, with expression of CD154 on either non-lymphoid cells or T cells alone being sufficient to enable production of this archetypal Th2 cytokine. Disparities in CD154 requirements for T cell and B cell responses were revealed during experimental schistosomiasis where, even in the face of robust Th2 generation, B cell class-switching was entirely dependent upon expression of CD154 by the lymphoid compartment. These data help define the costimulatory interactions that occur during the generation of Th2 immunity, and challenge the widely held view that CD154 expressing T cells are the sole contributors in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Jenkins
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rutjens E, Vermeulen J, Verstrepen B, Hofman S, Prins JM, Srivastava I, Heeney JL, Koopman G. Chimpanzee CD4+ T cells are relatively insensitive to HIV-1 envelope-mediated inhibition of CD154 up-regulation. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1164-72. [PMID: 18383039 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD40-CD154 interaction forms a key event in regulation of crosstalk between dendritic cells and CD4 T cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected patients CD154 expression is impaired, and the resulting loss of immune responsiveness by CD4+ T cells contributes to a progressive state of immunodeficiency in humans. Although chimpanzees are susceptible to chronic HIV-1/SIVcpz infection, they are relatively resistant to the onset of AIDS. This relative resistance is characterized by maintenance of CD4+ T cell populations and function, which is highly compromised in human patients. In our cohort of chronically HIV-1- and SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees, we demonstrated the capacity to produce IL-2, following CD3/CD28 stimulation, as well as preserved CD154 up-regulation. Cross-linking of CD4 with mAb was found to inhibit CD3/CD28-induced up-regulation of CD154 equally in chimpanzees and humans. However, specific cross-linking with trimeric recombinant HIV-1 gp140 revealed reduced sensitivity for inhibition of CD154 up-regulation in chimpanzees, requiring fourfold higher concentrations of viral protein. Chimpanzee CD4+ T cells are thus less sensitive to the immune-suppressive effect of low-dose HIV-1 envelope protein than human CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rutjens
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Virology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Introduction of a CD40L genomic fragment via a human artificial chromosome vector permits cell-type-specific gene expression and induces immunoglobulin secretion. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:447-453. [PMID: 18322642 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy using cDNA driven by an exogenous promoter is not suited for genetic disorders that require intrinsic expression of a transgene, such as hyperimmunoglobulin (Ig)M syndrome (HIGM), which is caused by mutations in the CD40L gene. The human artificial chromosome (HAC) vector has the potential to solve this problem, because it can be used to transfer large genomic fragments containing their own regulatory elements. In this study, we examined whether introduction of a genomic fragment of CD40L via the HAC vector permits intrinsic expression of the transgene and has an effect on immunoglobulin secretion. We constructed an HAC vector carrying the mouse CD40L genomic fragment (mCD40L-HAC) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and transferred the mCD40L-HAC vector into a human CD4-positive active T-cell line (Jurkat) and a human myeloid cell line (U937) via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT). The mCD40L-HAC vector permits mCD40L expression in human active T cells but not in human myeloid cells. The mCD40L-HAC also functions to stimulate mouse B cells derived from CD40L(-/-) mice, inducing secretion of IgG. This study may be an initial step toward the therapeutic application of HAC vectors for intrinsic expression of genes, a potential new direction for genome-based gene therapy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mascanfroni I, Montesinos MDM, Susperreguy S, Cervi L, Ilarregui JM, Ramseyer VD, Masini-Repiso AM, Targovnik HM, Rabinovich GA, Pellizas CG. Control of dendritic cell maturation and function by triiodothyronine. FASEB J 2007; 22:1032-42. [PMID: 17991732 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8652com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a functional crosstalk between immune and endocrine mechanisms in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the impact of thyroid hormones (THs) in the initiation of adaptive immune responses has not yet been examined. Here we investigated the presence of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and the impact of THs in the physiology of mouse dendritic cells (DCs), specialized antigen-presenting cells with the unique capacity to fully activate naive T cells and orchestrate adaptive immunity. Both immature and lipopolysaccharide-matured bone marrow-derived DCs expressed TRs at mRNA and protein levels, showing a preferential cytoplasmic localization. Remarkably, physiological levels of triiodothyronine (T3) stimulated the expression of DC maturation markers (major histocompatibility complex II, CD80, CD86, and CD40), markedly increased the secretion of interleukin-12, and stimulated the ability of DCs to induce naive T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production in allogeneic T cell cultures. Analysis of the mechanisms involved in these effects revealed the ability of T3 to influence the cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of nuclear factor-kappaB on primed DCs. Our study provides the first evidence for the presence of TRs on bone marrow-derived DCs and the ability of THs to regulate DC maturation and function. These results have profound implications in immunopathology, including cancer and autoimmune manifestations of the thyroid gland at the crossroads of the immune and endocrine systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mascanfroni
- CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Obregon D, Hou H, Bai Y, Nikolic WV, Mori T, Luo D, Zeng J, Ehrhart J, Fernandez F, Morgan D, Giunta B, Town T, Tan J. CD40L disruption enhances Abeta vaccine-mediated reduction of cerebral amyloidosis while minimizing cerebral amyloid angiopathy and inflammation. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 29:336-53. [PMID: 18055209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) immunization efficiently reduces amyloid plaque load and memory impairment in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Active Abeta immunization has also yielded favorable results in a subset of AD patients. However, a small percentage of patients developed severe aseptic meningoencephalitis associated with brain inflammation and infiltration of T-cells. We have shown that blocking the CD40-CD40 ligand (L) interaction mitigates Abeta-induced inflammatory responses and enhances Abeta clearance. Here, we utilized genetic and pharmacologic approaches to test whether CD40-CD40L blockade could enhance the efficacy of Abeta(1-42) immunization, while limiting potentially damaging inflammatory responses. We show that genetic or pharmacologic interruption of the CD40-CD40L interaction enhanced Abeta(1-42) immunization efficacy to reduce cerebral amyloidosis in the PSAPP and Tg2576 mouse models of AD. Potentially deleterious pro-inflammatory immune responses, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and cerebral microhemorrhage were reduced or absent in these combined approaches. Pharmacologic blockade of CD40L decreased T-cell neurotoxicity to Abeta-producing neurons. Further reduction of cerebral amyloidosis in Abeta-immunized PSAPP mice completely deficient for CD40 occurred in the absence of Abeta immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies or efflux of Abeta from brain to blood, but was rather correlated with anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles and reduced plasma soluble CD40L. These results suggest CD40-CD40L blockade promotes anti-inflammatory cellular immune responses, likely resulting in promotion of microglial phagocytic activity and Abeta clearance without generation of neurotoxic Abeta-reactive T-cells. Thus, combined approaches of Abeta immunotherapy and CD40-CD40L blockade may provide for a safer and more effective Abeta vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Obregon
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim DK, Joo KH, Chung MS. Changes of cytokine mRNA expression and IgG responses in rats infected with Capillaria hepatica. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2007; 45:95-102. [PMID: 17570971 PMCID: PMC2526303 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA expression of several cytokines was evaluated in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Capillaria hepatica by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR until week 12 after infection. IgG1 and IgG2a, which are associated with Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were also assessed by ELISA. The results indicated that the majority of cytokines, including the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL- 10) were expressed at maximal levels during the early stage of infection (after week 1-2), and the ELISA data also evidenced a similar pattern of changes in IgG1 and IgG2a. Th1 and Th2 cytokines responded in a similar fashion in this rat model. The expression of cytokines in splenocytes was significantly higher than that in MLN cells, thereby indicating that cytokine production is controlled more by spleen than by MLN. In addition, the observation that IFN-gamma expression increased unexpectedly at the time of maximal egg production (6 weeks after infection) indicated that IFN- gamma is a cytokine reacting against egg production. However, increased IL-5 expression occurring in tandem with worm activity indicated that the activity of C. hepatica might be controlled by IL-5 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kwan Kim
- Department of Parasitology and the Institute of Travel Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jirmanova L, Jankovic D, Fornace AJ, Ashwell JD. Gadd45α Regulates p38-Dependent Dendritic Cell Cytokine Production and Th1 Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4153-8. [PMID: 17371971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gadd45alpha inhibits the activation of p38 by the T cell alternative pathway involving phosphorylation of p38 Tyr(323). Given that T cell p38 may play a role in Th1 development, the response to Th-skewing Ags was analyzed in Gadd45alpha(-/-) mice. Despite constitutively increased p38 activity in Gadd45alpha(-/-) T cells, the Th1 immune response to Toxoplasma gondii Ag (STAg), was diminished. In contrast to T cells, dendritic cells (DC) lacked the alternative p38 activation pathway. Gadd45alpha(-/-) DCs responded to STAg with low levels of MAP kinase cascade-dependent p38 activation, IL-12 production, and CD40 expression. Wild-type T cells transferred into Gadd45alpha(-/-) recipients had a diminished Th1 response to STAg, whereas Gadd45alpha(-/-) T cells transferred into wild-type hosts behaved normally. Therefore, Gadd45alpha has tissue-specific and opposing functions on p38 activity, and Gadd45alpha-regulated p38 activation in DCs is a critical event in Th1 polarization in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Jirmanova
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aosai F, Rodriguez Pena MS, Mun HS, Fang H, Mitsunaga T, Norose K, Kang HK, Bae YS, Yano A. Toxoplasma gondii-derived heat shock protein 70 stimulates maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 4. Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 11:13-22. [PMID: 16572725 PMCID: PMC1400610 DOI: 10.1379/csc-138r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii-derived heat shock protein 70 (T.g.HSP70) induced maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice as evidenced by an increase in surface expression of MHC class I and II molecules and costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86. Functionally, decreased phagocytic ability and increased alloreactive T cell stimulatory ability were observed in T.g.HSP70-stimulated DCs. These phenotypic and functional changes of T.g.HSP70-stimulated DCs were demonstrated in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2- and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-deficient but not TLR4-deficient C57BL/6 mice. DCs from WT and TLR2-deficient but not TLR4-deficient mice produced IL-12 after T.g.HSP70 stimulation. T.g.HSP70-stimulated DCs from WT, TLR2-deficient, and MyD88-deficient, but not TLR4-deficient mice expressed IFN-beta mRNA. Thus, T.g.HSP70 stimulates murine DC maturation via TLR4 through the MyD88-independent signal transduction cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Aosai
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ji MJ, Su C, Wang Y, Wu HW, Cai XP, Li GF, Zhu X, Wang XJ, Zhang ZS, Wu GL. Characterization of CD4+ T cell responses in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:327-34. [PMID: 16680373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the interaction between Schistosoma japonicum and its murine host, we characterized the immune response of CD4+ T cells generated during an experimental S. japonicum infection based on different key aspects, from gene expression to cell behavior. Mouse oligonucleotide microarrays were used to compare gene expression profiles of CD4+ T cells from spleens of mice at 0, 3, 6 and 13 weeks post-infection. Flow cytometry analysis was used to determine type 1 and type 2 cytokine-secreting CD4+ T cells, to test apoptosis of CD4+ T cells and to count CD4+CD25+ T cells, a kind of regulatory subpopulation of CD4+ T cells. The percentage of interleukin-4-producing CD4+ T cells was found to be much higher than that of gamma-interferon-producing cells, especially after stimulation with S. japonicum egg antigen, which was consistent with type 1 and type 2 cytokine gene expression in the genechip. Microarray data also showed that S. japonicum induced the increased expression of Th2 response-related genes, whereas some transcripts related to the Th1 responsive pathway were depressed. Flow cytometry analysis showed a marked increase in the apoptotic CD4+ T cells from 6 weeks post-infection and in the ratio of CD4+CD25+ to CD4+ T cells in infected mice after 13 weeks. We therefore concluded that experimental infection of mice with S. japonicum resulted in a Th2-skewed immune response, which was to a great extent monitored by the immune regulatory network, including cytokine cross-modulation, cell apoptosis and the subpopulation of regulatory cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Perona-Wright G, Jenkins SJ, MacDonald AS. Dendritic cell activation and function in response to Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:711-21. [PMID: 16696981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are uniquely specialised for both antigen acquisition and presentation, linking innate and adaptive immunity. Their central role in the activation of naïve T cells gives DC a strategic position in the control of immune responses. While the mechanisms by which viral, bacterial or protozoal pathogens interact with and activate DC are increasingly understood, much less is known about how these cells react to more complex organisms such as schistosomes. Recent studies have examined the impact on DC of antigens from different life cycle stages of Schistosoma mansoni and have revealed a DC phenotype quite distinct to that of conventional activation. Schistosome antigens elicit little of the cytokine secretion and costimulation that are abundantly triggered in DC by unicellular, proinflammatory pathogens and indeed may even actively inhibit such events. The DC response is not a null one, however, since S. mansoni-exposed DC still act as potent antigen presenting cells capable of generating a powerful Th2 immune response. Understanding the interaction between schistosomes and DC is therefore not only addressing fundamental questions of DC biology and immunity to multicellular parasites but also opens the way to therapeutic manipulation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Perona-Wright
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, 212B Ashworth Labs, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen CC, Louie S, McCormick BA, Walker WA, Shi HN. Helminth-primed dendritic cells alter the host response to enteric bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:472-83. [PMID: 16365440 PMCID: PMC4144328 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether intestinal helminth infection may be a risk factor for enteric bacterial infection, a murine model was established using the intestinal helminth Heligomosomoides polygyrus and a murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which causes infectious colitis. Using this model we recently have shown that coinfection with the Th2-inducing H. polygyrus and C. rodentium promotes bacterial-associated disease and colitis. In this study, we expand our previous observations and examine the hypothesis that dendritic cells (DC) stimulated by helminth infection may play an important role in the regulation of the intestinal immune response to concurrent C. rodentium infection as well as in the modulation of the bacterial pathogenesis. We show that H. polygyrus infection induces DC activation and IL-10 expression, and that adoptive transfer of parasite-primed DC significantly impairs host protection to C. rodentium infection, resulting in an enhanced bacterial infection and in the development of a more severe colonic injury. Furthermore, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of parasite-primed IL-10-deficient DCs fails to result in the development of a significantly enhanced C. rodentium-mediated colitis. Similarly, when the DC IL-10 response was neutralized by anti-IL-10 mAb treatment in mice that received parasite-primed DC, no deleterious effect of the parasite-primed DC on the host intestinal response to C. rodentium was detected. Thus, our results provide evidence to indicate that the H. polygyrus-dependent modulation of the host response to concurrent C. rodentium infection involves IL-10-producing DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chang Chen
- Chang Gung Children’s Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Steve Louie
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - W. Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hai Ning Shi, Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114 16th Street, Room 3504, Charlestown, MA 02129.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Urban BC, Ing R, Stevenson MM. Early interactions between blood-stage plasmodium parasites and the immune system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 297:25-70. [PMID: 16265902 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29967-x_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence provides strong support for the importance of innate immunity in shaping the subsequent adaptive immune response to blood-stage Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. Early interactions between blood-stage parasites and cells of the innate immune system, including dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and gamma6 T cells, are important in the timely control of parasite replication and in the subsequent elimination and resolution of the infection. The major role of innate immunity appears to be the production of immunoregulatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, which are critical for the development of type 1 immune responses involving CD4+ Thl cells, B cells, and effector cells which mediate cell-mediated and antibody-dependent adaptive immune responses. In addition, it is likely that cells of the innate immune system, especially dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells. Here, we review recent data from rodent models of blood-stage malaria and from human studies, and outline the early interactions of infected red blood cells with the innate immune system. We compare and contrast the results derived from studies in infected laboratory mice and humans. These host species are sufficiently different with respect to the identity of the infecting Plasmodium species, the resulting pathologies, and immune responses, particularly where the innate immune response is concerned. The implications of these findings for the development of an effective and safe malaria vaccine are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Urban
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Layland LE, Wagner H, da Costa CUP. Lack of antigen-specific Th1 response alters granuloma formation and composition in Schistosoma mansoni-infected MyD88-/- mice. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3248-57. [PMID: 16276483 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of the innate immune system during schistosomiasis in vivo, we infected myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-deficient mice with Schistosoma mansoni and analyzed their pathognomonic formation of hepatic granulomas and T cell responses. Even though the differences between knockout and wild-type mice in terms of mortality, liver damage, serum IgE and parasite burden were insignificant, the liver granulomas in the MyD88-deficient mice were significantly smaller, less cellular and contained a reduced percentage of eosinophils. Histologically, these granulomas revealed stronger fibrosis, confirmed also by increased levels of soluble collagen and IL-13, implying a Th2 bias. Spleen cells from infected MyD88-deficient mice also produced significantly less IFN-gamma than their wild-type controls upon restimulation with Schistosoma-egg-antigen (SEA). Furthermore, SEA-loaded APC from naive wild-type or MyD88-deficient mice induced equal amounts of proliferation and cytokine secretion by T cells from wild-type infected mice. In contrast, Ag-specific T cells from infected MyD88-deficient mice produced hardly any IFN-gamma but considerably more IL-10, again regardless of the APC type. These findings indicate that the loss of IFN-gamma production is not due to impaired antigen presentation but may perhaps is due to suppression by IL-10-producing T cells. Thus, MyD88 plays an important role in cellular infiltration, granuloma composition and T cell responses during schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sundquist M, Wick MJ. TNF-alpha-dependent and -independent maturation of dendritic cells and recruited CD11c(int)CD11b+ Cells during oral Salmonella infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3287-98. [PMID: 16116221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) is crucial for their ability to induce adaptive immunity. Although several mediators of DC maturation have been found, their contributions to DC maturation during infection are poorly understood. In this study we show that murine conventional (CD11c(high)) DC up-regulate costimulatory molecules in a subset-specific manner after oral Salmonella infection. Although both CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- subsets increase CD86 expression, CD40 was preferentially up-regulated on CD8alpha+ DC, and CD80 was preferentially increased on CD8alpha- DC. In addition, high levels of CD80 and CD86 were found on CD11c(int)CD11b+ cells that accumulated in infected organs. Costimulatory molecules were simultaneously induced on CD11c(high) and CD11c(int)CD11b+ cells in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen 5 days after infection despite different kinetics of peak bacterial burden in these organs. Up-regulation of costimulatory molecules occurred on all DC within the respective subset. Moreover, <1% of CD11c-expressing cells associated with Salmonella expressing enhanced GFP in vivo. Thus, DC maturation did not depend on bacterial uptake. Rather, infection-induced up-regulation of CD80, CD86, and CD40 on CD11c-expressing cells of mesenteric lymph nodes was dependent on TNFR type I (TNFRI) signaling. Although indirect up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on DC and CD11c(int)CD11b+ cells was TNFRI dependent, cells directly associated with Salmonella were able to mature independently of TNFRI signaling. Thus, Salmonella-induced TNF-alpha is an important mediator of indirect DC maturation during infection, whereas a TNF-alpha-independent maturation pathway contributes to direct maturation of bacteria-associated DC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Sundquist
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Feder-Mengus C, Schultz-Thater E, Oertli D, Marti WR, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC, Zajac P. Nonreplicating recombinant vaccinia virus expressing CD40 ligand enhances APC capacity to stimulate specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:348-60. [PMID: 15812230 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant poxviruses expressing immunomodulatory molecules together with specific antigens represent powerful vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, we and others have demonstrated, in vitro and in vivo, that coexpression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules enhances the immunogenic capacity of a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) encoding different tumor-associated antigens. To further investigate the capacity of these vectors to provide ligands for different costimulatory pathways relevant in the generation of T cell responses, we constructed a recombinant virus (rVV) expressing CD40 ligand or CD154 (CD154rVV). Upon binding the CD40 receptor expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC), this molecule, physiologically expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, increases their antigen presentation and immunostimulatory capacities. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of CD154rVV infection on APC activation and its consequences on T cell stimulation. CD154rVV infection of autologous fibroblasts, monocytes, or iDC promoted the expression of a number of cytokines, including GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-15 in iDC. Most importantly, IL-12 p40 gene expression and protein secretion were induced by CD154rVV but not by wild-type VV (WT VV) in either CD14+ cells or iDC, and these effects could be blocked by anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, phenotypic characterization of CD154rVV infected iDC revealed enhanced expression of CD83 and CD86 surface markers as compared with wild-type vaccinia virus infection. As expected, VV infection triggered cytokines gene expression in cultures including APC and T cells from VV immune donors. However, cytokine genes typically expressed by T cell receptor triggered T cells such as those encoding IL-2 and IFN-gamma, or T cell proliferation, were detectable to a significantly higher extent in CD154rVV infected cultures, as compared with WT VV. Activation of specific CD8+ T cells was then investigated using MART-1/Melan-A(27-35) epitope as the model of tumor-associated antigen (TAA). In the presence of CD154rVV activated APCs, significantly higher numbers of specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were detected, as compared with cultures performed in the presence of WT VV or in the absence of virus. Taken together, these data indicate that functional CD154 expression from rVV infected cells promotes APC activation, thereby enhancing antigen-specific T cell generation. Such a recombinant vector might help bypass the requirement for activated helper cells during CTL priming, thus qualifying as a potentially relevant vector in the generation of CD8+ T cell responses in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Feder-Mengus
- Oncology Group, Department of Surgery, Institut für Chirurgische Forschung und Spitalmanagement, Basel University Hospital Research Center, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a chronic disease caused by infection with helminths of the genus Schistosoma mansoni. Adult schistosomes live intravascularly, and for transmission of this infection it is necessary for parasite eggs to traverse the endothelium, and migrate to the intestinal lumen, from where they can exit the body to continue the lifecycle. This process is dependent on an intact host CD4 T helper (Th) cell response to egg antigens. Perhaps because of this, eggs have evolved to be highly immunogenic and capable of inducing potent Th responses. The egg-induced Th response is unusual in that it is highly Th2-polarized. The selective pressure on the host to mount a Th2 response against eggs is apparent in the fact that Th2 response-defective mice develop acutely lethal disease when infected with schistosomes. In this review I will focus on the underlying basis for the Th2 bias in the immune response to egg antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Pearce
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Denkers EY, Butcher BA, Del Rio L, Kim L. Manipulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB-signaling cascades during intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection. Immunol Rev 2005; 201:191-205. [PMID: 15361242 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii exerts profound effects on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)- and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling cascades in macrophages. During early infection, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB is blocked, and later, the cells display defects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MAPK phosphorylation after undergoing initial activation in response to Toxoplasma itself. Infected macrophages that are subjected to triggering through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with LPS display defective production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-12 (IL-12) that likely reflects interference with NF-kappaB- and MAPK-signaling cascades. Nevertheless, T. gondii possesses molecules that themselves induce eventual proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. For interleukin-12, this occurs through both myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent and chemokine receptor CCR5-dependent pathways. The balance between activation and interference with proinflammatory signaling is likely to reflect the need to achieve an appropriate level of immunity that allows the host and parasite to maintain a stable interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Denkers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kane CM, Cervi L, Sun J, McKee AS, Masek KS, Shapira S, Hunter CA, Pearce EJ. Helminth antigens modulate TLR-initiated dendritic cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:7454-61. [PMID: 15585871 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that helminth infections can ameliorate proinflammatory conditions. In part, this is due to their inherent ability to induce Th2 and, perhaps, regulatory T cell responses. However, recent evidence indicates that helminths also have direct anti-inflammatory effects on innate immune responses. In this study, we address this issue and show that soluble molecules from the eggs of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni (SEA) suppress LPS-induced activation of immature murine dendritic cells, including MHC class II, costimulatory molecule expression, and IL-12 production. SEA-augmented LPS-induced production of IL-10 is in part responsible for the observed reduction in LPS-induced IL-12 production. However, analyses of IL-10(-/-) DC revealed distinct IL-10-independent suppressive effects of SEA. IL-10-independent mechanisms are evident in the suppression of TLR ligand-induced MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Microarray analyses demonstrate that SEA alone uniquely alters the expression of a small subset of genes that are not up-regulated during conventional TLR-induced DC maturation. In contrast, the effects of SEA on TLR ligand-induced DC activation were striking: when mixed with LPS, SEA significantly affects the expression of >100 LPS-regulated genes. These findings indicate that SEA exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects by directly regulating the ability of DC to respond to TLR ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Kane
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Colley DG, Sasser LE, Reed AM. PD-L2+ dendritic cells and PD-1+ CD4+ T cells in schistosomiasis correlate with morbidity. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:45-53. [PMID: 15813722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical antigen-presenting cells for the induction and control of immune responses. PD-L2 (B7-DC) is a regulatory ligand on subpopulations of DC, and binds to the co-regulatory receptor PD-1, present on some activated T lymphocytes, leading to down-regulation. We now show that very early during experimental schistosomiasis (by 5 weeks) a significantly higher proportion of splenic CD11c+/B220- DC express PD-L2, and by 6 weeks after infection a higher proportion of splenic CD4 T cells express PD-1. In this CBA/J mouse/Schistosoma mansoni chronic infection model we have shown that most mice develop moderate morbidity (Moderate Splenomegaly Syndrome, MSS), while some parallel-infected mice express different immune characteristics and die or develop severe morbidity (Hypersplenomegaly Syndrome, HSS). We now report a positive correlation between the proportion of splenic CD11c+/B220- DC that express PD-L2 and showing MSS. In contrast, there is an inverse correlation between the proportion of splenic CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes that express PD-1 and showing MSS. The data demonstrate that schistosomes can induce sustained elevated percentages of PD-L2-expressing, B220-negative DC. Furthermore, when this potentially immunoregulatory environment occurs chronically, infected mice are most likely to have developed MSS, expressing moderate morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Colley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and the Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Aksoy E, Zouain CS, Vanhoutte F, Fontaine J, Pavelka N, Thieblemont N, Willems F, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Goldman M, Capron M, Ryffel B, Trottein F. Double-stranded RNAs from the Helminth Parasite Schistosoma Activate TLR3 in Dendritic Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:277-83. [PMID: 15519998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411223200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs) by the egg stage of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni activates a signaling pathway resulting in type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Here, we demonstrate that S. mansoni eggs disjointedly activate myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways in DCs. Inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-kappa B activation in DCs from MyD88-deficient mice were impaired, whereas signaling transducer activator of transcription (STAT) 1(Tyr701) phosphorylation and ISG expression were intact in MyD88 or Toll-like receptor (TLR)4-deficient counterparts. Accordingly, we analyzed distinct TLR members for their ability to respond to schistosome eggs and established that TLR3 resulted in the activation of NF-kappa B and the positive regulatory domain III-I site from IFN-beta promoter. Unexpectedly, egg-derived RNA possessed RNase A-resistant and RNase III-sensitive structures capable of triggering TLR3 activation, suggesting the involvement of double-stranded (ds) structures. Moreover, DCs from TLR3-deficient mice displayed a complete loss of signaling transducer activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation and ISG expression in response to egg-derived dsRNA. Finally, TLR3-deficient DCs showed a reduced response to schistosome eggs relative to wild-type cells. Collectively, our data suggest for the first time that dsRNA from a non-viral pathogen may act as an inducer of the innate immune system through TLR3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Aksoy
- INSERM U547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille 59019, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Andersson TN, Ekman GJ, Grönlund H, Buentke E, Eriksson TLJ, Scheynius A, Van Hage-Hamsten M, Gafvelin G. A novel adjuvant-allergen complex, CBP-rFel d 1, induces up-regulation of CD86 expression and enhances cytokine release by human dendritic cells in vitro. Immunology 2004; 113:253-9. [PMID: 15379986 PMCID: PMC1782568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is commonly performed with allergen extracts adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide (alum). The undesirable effects associated with the use of alum, including granuloma formation at the site of injection and stimulation of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine production, has generated interest in alternative allergen carriers, one being carbohydrate-based particles (CBPs). Here, we have investigated the in vitro effects of the recombinant major cat allergen Fel d 1 (rFel d 1) coupled to CBPs (CBP-rFel d 1) on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) obtained from healthy blood donors. A majority of the CD1a(+) MDDCs internalized fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled CBP-rFel d 1, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Furthermore, an up-regulation of the expression of the costimulatory molecule, CD86, on the MDDCs was induced by CBP-rFel d 1, but not by rFel d 1 or CBPs alone. Finally, three- and fourfold increases in the release of interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, respectively, were observed when MDDCs were cultured in the presence of CBP-rFel d 1. Altogether, our results indicate that the use of CBPs as an allergen carrier and adjuvant is a promising candidate for the improvement of allergen-specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pearce EJ, M Kane C, Sun J, J Taylor J, McKee AS, Cervi L. Th2 response polarization during infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Immunol Rev 2004; 201:117-26. [PMID: 15361236 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 2 (Th2) cell responses play a critical role in protection against helminth infections. In the case of Schistosoma mansoni, an important helminth parasite of man, data from a mouse model of human disease have shown that Th2 responses are essential to allow host survival. In this infection, parasite eggs are the primary stimulus for Th2 response development. Recent work has shown that egg molecules exert multiple levels of control over the development of host interferon-gamma-associated inflammatory responses. Soluble egg antigen inhibits the ability of dendritic cells to make interleukin-12 and induces Th2-polarized adaptive immune responses that in combination with regulatory T-cell responses effectively limit Th1 response development. In this article, we discuss the factors influencing Th2 response polarization during infection with S. mansoni.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
In schistosomiasis mansoni, the chronic egg-induced granulomatous response in the liver and intestines may eventually cause extensive tissue scarring and development of portal hypertension. Indeed, much of the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease is directly attributable to the deposition of connective tissue elements in affected tissues. Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the severity of schistosomiasis has been a major research objective over the past several years. Research conducted with DNA microarrays as well as investigations with a variety of gene knock-out mice have been particularly helpful in achieving this goal. A notable accomplishment in the past few years was the identification of interleukin-13 (IL-13) and the IL-13 receptor complex as central regulators of disease progression in schistosomiasis. Liver fibrogenesis is severely decreased in infected IL-13-deficient mice as well as in wildtype animals treated with IL-13 antagonists. In contrast, IL-13 effector function increases dramatically in IL-13 receptor alpha2 (IL-13Ralpha2)-deficient mice. These mice develop severe hepatic fibrosis, fail to downregulate granuloma formation in the chronic phase of S. mansoni infection, and succumb to the disease at an accelerated rate; thus, identifying the 'decoy' IL-13 receptor as a critical life sustaining 'off' switch for tissue damaging egg-induced inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
McKee AS, Dzierszinski F, Boes M, Roos DS, Pearce EJ. Functional inactivation of immature dendritic cells by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2632-40. [PMID: 15294980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its noted ability to induce strong cellular immunity, and its known susceptibility to IFN-gamma-dependent immune effector mechanisms, the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful parasite, able to replicate, disseminate, and either kill the host or, more commonly, establish resistant encysted life forms before the emergence of protective immune responses. We sought to understand how the parasite gains the advantage. Using transgenic clonal parasite lines engineered to express fluorescent markers in combination with dendritic cells (DC) grown from the bone marrow of wild-type mice or transgenic mice expressing fluorescent protein-tagged MHC class II molecules, we used flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to analyze the responses of infected DC to both invasion by the parasite and subsequent DC maturation signals. We found that T. gondii preferentially invades immature dendritic cells but fails to activate them in the process, and renders them resistant to subsequent activation by TLR ligands or the immune-system-intrinsic maturation signal CD40L. The functional consequences of T. gondii-mediated suppression of DC activation are manifested in a relative inability of infected immature DC to activate naive CD4(+) Th lymphocytes, or to secrete cytokines, such IL-12 and TNF-alpha, that play important roles in innate and/or adaptive immunity. The findings reveal that T. gondii suppresses the ability of immature DC to participate in innate immunity and to induce adaptive immune responses. The ability of T. gondii to temporarily evade recognition could provide a selective advantage that permits dissemination and establishment before adaptive immune response initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S McKee
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kandula S, Abraham C. LFA-1 on CD4+ T Cells Is Required for Optimal Antigen-Dependent Activation In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4443-51. [PMID: 15383575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte-specific integrin, LFA-1, plays a critical role in trafficking of T cells to both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. However, the role of LFA-1 in T cell activation in vivo has been less well understood. Although there have been reports describing LFA-1-deficient T cell response defects in vivo, due to impaired migration to lymphoid structures and to sites of effector function in the absence of LFA-1, it has been difficult to assess whether T cells also have a specific activation defect in vivo. We examined the role of LFA-1 in CD4(+) T cell activation in vivo by using a system that allows for segregation of the migration and activation defects through the adoptive transfer of LFA-1-deficient (CD18(-/-)) CD4(+) T cells from DO11.10 Ag-specific TCR transgenic mice into wild-type BALB/c mice. We find that in addition to its role in trafficking to peripheral lymph nodes, LFA-1 is required for optimal CD4(+) T cell priming in vivo upon s.c. immunization. CD18(-/-) DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells primed in the lymph nodes demonstrate defects in IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. In addition, recipient mice adoptively transferred with CD18(-/-) DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells demonstrate a defect in OVA-specific IgG2a production after s.c. immunization. The defect in priming of CD18(-/-) CD4(+) T cells persists even in the presence of proliferating CD18(+/-) CD4(+) T cells and in lymphoid structures to which there is no migration defect. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LFA-1 is required for optimal CD4(+) T cell priming in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Kandula
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Peiser M, Wanner R, Kolde G. Human epidermal Langerhans cells differ from monocyte-derived Langerhans cells in CD80 expression and in secretion of IL-12 after CD40 cross-linking. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:616-22. [PMID: 15178702 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0703327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) represent an immature population of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). As a result of their unique Birbeck granules (BGs), langerin expression, and heterogeneous maturation process, they differ from other immature DCs. Monocyte-derived LCs (MoLCs) mimic epidermal LCs. MoLCs with characteristic BGs are generated by culturing blood-derived monocytes with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-4, and transforming growth factor-beta1. Here, we compare maturation-induced antigen expression and cytokine release of LCs with MoLCs. To achieve comparable cell populations, LCs and MoLCs were isolated by CD1c cell sorting, resulting in high purity. In unstimulated cells, CD40 was expressed at equal levels. After stimulation with CD40 ligand (CD40L), LCs and MoLCs acquired CD83 and increased CD86. High CD80 expression was exclusively detected in CD1c-sorted MoLCs. Human leukocyte antigen-DR and CD54 expression was found in all cell populations, however, at different intensities. CD40 triggering increased the potency of LCs and MoLCs to stimulate CD4+ T cell proliferation. Activated MoLCs released IL-12p70 and simultaneously, anti-inflammatory IL-10. The application of the Toll-like receptor ligands peptidoglycan, flagellin, and in particular, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the corelease of these cytokines. LCs secreted IL-10 at a comparable level with MoLCs but failed to produce high amounts of IL-12p70 after application of danger signals. These data indicate that MoLCs as well as LCs display no maturation arrest concerning CD83 and CD86 expression. In difference to MoLCs, LCs resisted activation by CD40L and LPS in terms of IL-12 production. This shows that natural and generated LCs share similar features but differ in relevant functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peiser
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Smith P, Walsh CM, Mangan NE, Fallon RE, Sayers JR, McKenzie ANJ, Fallon PG. Schistosoma mansoni worms induce anergy of T cells via selective up-regulation of programmed death ligand 1 on macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1240-8. [PMID: 15240716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pathogens can selectively stimulate activation or suppression of T cells to facilitate their survival within humans. In this study we demonstrate that the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni has evolved with two distinct mechanisms to suppress T cell activation. During the initial 4- to 12-wk acute stages of a worm infection both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are anergized. In contrast, infection with male and female worms induced T cell anergy at 4 wk, which was replaced after egg laying by T cell suppression via a known NO-dependent mechanism, that was detected for up to 40 wk after infection. Worm-induced anergy was mediated by splenic F4/80(+) macrophages (Mphi) via an IL-4-, IL-13-, IL-10-, TGF-beta-, and NO-independent, but cell contact-dependent, mechanism. F4/80(+) Mphi isolated from worm-infected mice were shown to induce anergy of naive T cells in vitro. Furthermore, naive Mphi exposed to live worms in vitro also induced anergy in naive T cells. Flow cytometry on in vivo and in vitro worm-modulated Mphi revealed that of the family of B7 costimulatory molecules, only programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was selectively up-regulated. The addition of inhibitory mAb against PD-L1, but not PD-L2, to worm-modulated Mphi completely blocked the ability of these cells to anergize T cells. These data highlight a novel mechanism through which S. mansoni worms have usurped the natural function of PD-L1 to reduce T cell activation during early acute stages of infection before the subsequent emergence of egg-induced T cell suppression in the chronic stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tahara M, Pergolizzi RG, Kobayashi H, Krause A, Luettich K, Lesser ML, Crystal RG. Trans-splicing repair of CD40 ligand deficiency results in naturally regulated correction of a mouse model of hyper-IgM X-linked immunodeficiency. Nat Med 2004; 10:835-41. [PMID: 15273748 DOI: 10.1038/nm1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM (HIGM1), characterized by failure of immunoglobulin isotype switching, is caused by mutations of the CD40 ligand (CD40L), which is normally expressed on activated CD4(+) T cells. As constitutive expression of CD40L induces lymphomas, we corrected the mutation while preserving the natural regulation of CD40L using pre-mRNA trans-splicing. Bone marrow from mice lacking CD40L was modified with a lentivirus trans-splicer encoding the normal CD40L exons 2-5 and was administered to syngenic CD40L-knockout mice. Recipient mice had corrected CD40L mRNA, antigen-specific IgG1 responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization, regulated CD4(+) T-cell CD40L expression after CD3 stimulation in primary and secondary transplanted mice, attenuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and no evidence of lymphoproliferative disease over 1 year. Thus, HIGM1 can be corrected by CD40L trans-splicing, leading to functional correction of the genetic defect without the adverse consequences of unregulated expression of the CD40L gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tahara
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|