1
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Wolnick NQ, Dickson MR, Webster TA, Connolly RP, Fernandes N, Encheva V, Crittenden H, Hodgkins J, Hadley BC, Palermo G, Hendrick SJ, Newell RA, Gray G, Siltanen C, Armstrong J, Downey BJ, Mason C. Impact of fed-batch process intensification on the productivity and product quality of two CHO cell lines expressing unique novel molecular format proteins. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024:10.1007/s00449-024-02997-3. [PMID: 38653840 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
While monospecific antibodies have long been the foundational offering of protein therapeutics, recent advancements in antibody engineering have allowed for the development of far more complex antibody structures. Novel molecular format (NMF) proteins, such as bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), are structures capable of multispecific binding, allowing for expanded therapeutic functionality. As demand for NMF proteins continues to rise, biomanufacturers face the challenge of increasing bioreactor process productivity while simultaneously maintaining consistent product quality. This challenge is exacerbated when producing structurally complex proteins with asymmetric modalities, as seen in NMFs. In this study, the impact of a high inoculation density (HID) fed-batch process on the productivity and product quality attributes of two CHO cell lines expressing unique NMFs, a monospecific antibody with an Fc-fusion protein and a bispecific antibody, compared to low inoculation density (LID) platform fed-batch processes was evaluated. It was observed that an intensified platform fed-batch process increased product concentrations by 33 and 109% for the two uniquely structured complex proteins in a shorter culture duration while maintaining similar product quality attributes to traditional fed-batch processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Fernandes
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brian C Hadley
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Roy A Newell
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, NH, USA
| | - Genevieve Gray
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carrie Mason
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, NH, USA
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2
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Poskute R, Sankaran PK, Sewell L, Lepore G, Shrubsall R, Dewis L, Watanabe Y, Wong V, Pascual Fernandez L, Mishra R, Holt A, Sou S, Harris C, Moreno Rodriguez C, Cankorur-Cetinkaya A, Smith J, Lonska N, Powell A, Cui T, Cheeks M, Lindo V. Identification and quantification of chain-pairing variants or mispaired species of asymmetric monovalent bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody format using reverse-phase polyphenyl chromatography coupled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124085. [PMID: 38513430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing a knob-into-hole asymmetric bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) poses manufacturing challenges due to the expression of chain pairing variants, also called mispaired species, in the desired product. The incorrect pairing of light and heavy chains could result in heterogeneous mispaired species of homodimers, heterodimers, light chain swapping, and low molecular weight species (LMWS). Standard chromatography, capillary electrophoretic, or spectroscopic methods poorly resolve these from the main variants. Here, we report a highly sensitive reverse-phase polyphenyl ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method to accurately measure mispaired species of Duet mAb format, an asymmetric IgG1 bispecific mAb, for both process development and quality control analytical tests. Coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), it enabled direct online characterization of mispaired species. This single direct assay detected diverse mispaired IgG-like species and LMWS. The method resolved eight disulfide bonds dissociated LMWS and three mispaired LMWS. It also resolved three different types of IgG-like mispaired species, including two homodimers and one heterodimer. The characterization and quantification simultaneously enabled the cell line selection that produces a lesser heterogeneity and lower levels of mispaired species with the desired correctly paired product. The biological activity assessment of samples with increased levels of these species quantified by the method exhibited a linear decline in potency with increasing levels of mispaired species in the desired product. We also demonstrated the utility of the technique for testing in-process intermediate materials to determine and assess downstream purification process capability in removing diverse mispaired IgG-like species and LMWS to a certain level during the downstream purification process. Our investigation demonstrates that adopting this method was vital in developing asymmetric bispecific mAb from the initial stage of cell line development to manufacturing process development. Therefore, this tool could be used in the control strategy to monitor and control mispaired species during manufacturing, thus improving the quality control of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryte Poskute
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Laura Sewell
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giordana Lepore
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Shrubsall
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lydia Dewis
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rahul Mishra
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Holt
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susie Sou
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Harris
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Moreno Rodriguez
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ayca Cankorur-Cetinkaya
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikola Lonska
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Powell
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tingting Cui
- Purification Process Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Lee Z, Wan J, Shen A, Barnard G. Gene copy number, gene configuration and LC/HC mRNA ratio impact on antibody productivity and product quality in targeted integration CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3433. [PMID: 38321634 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The augmentation of transgene copy numbers is a prevalent approach presumed to enhance transcriptional activity and product yield. CHO cell lines engineered via targeted integration (TI) offer an advantageous platform for investigating the interplay between gene copy number, mRNA abundance, product yield, and product quality. Our investigation revealed that incrementally elevating the gene copy numbers of both IgG heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) concurrently resulted in the attainment of plateaus in mRNA levels and product titers, notably occurring beyond four to five gene copies integrated at the same TI site. Furthermore, maintaining a fixed gene copy number while varying the position of genes within the vector influenced the LC/HC mRNA ratio, which subsequently exerted a substantial impact on product titer. Moreover, manipulation of the LC/HC gene ratio through the introduction of surplus LC gene copies led to heightened LC mRNA expression and a reduction in the levels of high molecular weight species. It is noteworthy that the effects of excess LC on product titer were dependent on the specific molecule under consideration. The strategic utilization of PCR tags enabled precise quantification of transcription from each expression slot within the vector, facilitating the identification of highly expressive and less expressive slots. Collectively, these findings significantly enhance our understanding of stable antibody production in TI CHO cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zion Lee
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gavin Barnard
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Yao X, Xie M, Ben Y, Zhu Y, Yang G, Kwong SCW, Zhang Z, Chiu ML. Large scale controlled Fab exchange GMP process to prepare bispecific antibodies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1298890. [PMID: 38283167 PMCID: PMC10812119 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1298890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have demonstrated significant therapeutic impacts for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases that include oncology, auto-immune, and infectious diseases. However, the large-scale production of clinical batches of bispecific antibodies still has many challenges that include having low yield, poor stability, and laborious downstream purification processes. To address such challenges, we describe the optimization of the controlled Fab arm exchange (cFAE) process for the efficient generation of BsAbs. Methods: The process optimization of a large-scale good manufacturing practice (GMP) cFAE strategy to prepare BsAbs was based on screening the parameters of temperature, reduction, oxidation, and buffer exchange. We include critical quality standards for the reducing agent cysteamine hydrochloride. Results: This large-scale production protocol enabled the generation of bispecific antibodies with >90% exchange yield and at >95% purity. The subsequent downstream processing could use typical mAb procedures. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the bispecific generation protocol can be scaled up to ∼60 L reaction scale using parental monoclonal antibodies that were expressed in a 200 L bioreactor. Conclusion: We presented a robust development strategy for the cFAE process that can be used for a larger scale GMP BsAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yao
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yixiang Zhu
- Bioworkshops (Suzhou) Limited, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Mark L. Chiu
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Suzhou, China
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Lower Gwynedd, PA, United States
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5
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Heinzelmann D, Lindner B, Renner B, Fischer S, Schulz P, Schmidt M. Droplet digital PCR: A comprehensive tool for genetic analysis and prediction of bispecific antibody assembly during cell line development. N Biotechnol 2023; 78:42-51. [PMID: 37797917 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biological methods have emerged as inevitable tools to accompany the process of cell line development for the generation of stable and highly productive manufacturing cell lines in the biopharmaceutical industry. PCR-based methods are especially useful for screening and characterization of cell lines due to their low cost, scalability, precision and propensity for multidimensional read-outs. In this study, the diverse applications of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as a molecular biological tool for cell line development are demonstrated. Specifically, it is shown that ddPCR can be used to enable precise, sensitive and reproducible absolute quantification of genomically integrated transgene copies during cell line development and cell bank characterization. Additionally, an amplitude multiplexing approach is applied to simultaneously run multiple assays on different genetic targets in a single reaction and advance clonal screening by measuring gene expression profiles to predict the assembly and homogeneity of difficult-to-express (DTE) proteins. The implementation of ddPCR-based assays during cell line development allows for early screening at a transcriptional level, particularly for complex, multidomain proteins, where balanced polypeptide chain ratios are of primary importance. Moreover, it is demonstrated that ddPCR-based genomic characterization improves the robustness, efficiency and comparability of absolute transgene copy number quantification, an essential genetic parameter that must be demonstrated to regulatory authorities during clinical trial and market authorization application submissions to support genetic stability and consistency of the selected cell substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heinzelmann
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Renner
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
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6
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Wachter S, Angevin T, Bubna N, Tan A, Cichy A, Brown D, Wolfe LS, Sappington R, Lilla E, Berry L, Grismer D, Orth C, Blanusa M, Mostafa S, Kaufmann H, Felderer K. Application of platform process development approaches to the manufacturing of Mabcalin™ bispecifics. J Biotechnol 2023; 377:13-22. [PMID: 37820750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific biotherapeutics offer potent and highly specific treatment options in oncology and immuno-oncology. However, many bispecific formats are prone to high levels of aggregation and instability, leading to prolonged development timelines, inefficient manufacturing, and high costs. The novel class of Mabcalin™ molecules consist of Anticalin® proteins fused to an IgG and are currently being evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Here, we describe a robust high-yield manufacturing platform for these therapeutic fusion proteins providing data up to commercially relevant scales. A platform upstream process was established for one of the Mabcalin bispecifics and then applied to other clinically relevant drug candidates with different IgG target specificities. Process performance was compared in 3 L bioreactors and production was scaled-up to up to 1000 L for confirmation. The Mabcalin proteins' structural and biophysical similarities enabled a downstream platform approach consisting of initial protein A capture, viral inactivation, mixed-mode anion exchange polishing, second polishing by cation exchange or hydrophobic interaction chromatography, viral filtration, buffer exchange and concentration by ultrafiltration/diafiltration. All three processes met their target specifications and achieved comparable clearance of impurities and product yields across scales. The described platform approach provides a fast and economic path to process confirmation and is well comparable to classical monoclonal antibody approaches in terms of costs and time to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wachter
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany.
| | - Thibaut Angevin
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
| | - Niket Bubna
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Adelene Tan
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
| | - Adam Cichy
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
| | - David Brown
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Leslie S Wolfe
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Ryan Sappington
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Edward Lilla
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Luke Berry
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Dane Grismer
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Christian Orth
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
| | - Milan Blanusa
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
| | - Sigma Mostafa
- KBI Biopharma, 4117 Emperor Blvd, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Hitto Kaufmann
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
| | - Karin Felderer
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Zeppelinstr. 3, Hallbergmoos 85399 Germany
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7
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Pomarici ND, Fischer ALM, Hoerschinger VJ, Kroell KB, Riccabona JR, Kamenik AS, Loeffler JR, Ferguson JA, Perrett HR, Liedl KR, Han J, Ward AB. Structure and Dynamics Guiding Design of Antibody Therapeutics and Vaccines. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 37873864 PMCID: PMC10594513 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and other new antibody-like formats have emerged as one of the most rapidly growing classes of biotherapeutic proteins. Understanding the structural features that drive antibody function and, consequently, their molecular recognition is critical for engineering antibodies. Here, we present the structural architecture of conventional IgG antibodies alongside other formats. We emphasize the importance of considering antibodies as conformational ensembles in solution instead of focusing on single-static structures because their functions and properties are strongly governed by their dynamic nature. Thus, in this review, we provide an overview of the unique structural and dynamic characteristics of antibodies with respect to their antigen recognition, biophysical properties, and effector functions. We highlight the numerous technical advances in antibody structure prediction and design, enabled by the vast number of experimentally determined high-quality structures recorded with cryo-EM, NMR, and X-ray crystallography. Lastly, we assess antibody and vaccine design strategies in the context of structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nancy D. Pomarici
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena M. Fischer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentin J. Hoerschinger
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina B. Kroell
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob R. Riccabona
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna S. Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes R. Loeffler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James A. Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hailee R. Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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8
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Khosla AA, Jatwani K, Singh R, Reddy A, Jaiyesimi I, Desai A. Bispecific Antibodies in Lung Cancer: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1461. [PMID: 37895932 PMCID: PMC10609957 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have emerged as a promising class of therapeutics in the field of oncology, offering an innovative approach to target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. These antibodies are designed to bind two different antigens, enabling them to bridge immune cells with cancer cells, resulting in enhanced tumor cell killing and improved treatment responses. This review article summarizes the current landscape of bispecific antibodies in lung cancer, including their mechanisms of action, clinical development, and potential applications in other solid tumor malignancies. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities associated with their use in the clinic are discussed, along with future directions for research and development in this exciting area of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atulya Aman Khosla
- Division of Internal Medicine, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA;
| | - Karan Jatwani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rohit Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Aswanth Reddy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mercy Clinic, Fort Smith, AR 72903, USA
| | - Ishmael Jaiyesimi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Aakash Desai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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9
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Abdeldaim DT, Schindowski K. Fc-Engineered Therapeutic Antibodies: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2402. [PMID: 37896162 PMCID: PMC10610324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal therapeutic antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Fc engineering aims to enhance the effector functions or half-life of therapeutic antibodies by modifying their Fc regions. Recent advances in the Fc engineering of modern therapeutic antibodies can be considered the next generation of antibody therapy. Various strategies are employed, including altering glycosylation patterns via glycoengineering and introducing mutations to the Fc region, thereby enhancing Fc receptor or complement interactions. Further, Fc engineering strategies enable the generation of bispecific IgG-based heterodimeric antibodies. As Fc engineering techniques continue to evolve, an expanding portfolio of Fc-engineered antibodies is advancing through clinical development, with several already approved for medical use. Despite the plethora of Fc-based mutations that have been analyzed in in vitro and in vivo models, we focus here in this review on the relevant Fc engineering strategies of approved therapeutic antibodies to finetune effector functions, to modify half-life and to stabilize asymmetric bispecific IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia T. Abdeldaim
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
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10
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Misorin AK, Chernyshova DO, Karbyshev MS. State-of-the-Art Approaches to Heterologous Expression of Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Solid Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1215-1231. [PMID: 37770390 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are some of the most promising biotherapeutics due to the versatility provided by their structure and functional features. bsAbs simultaneously bind two antigens or two epitopes on the same antigen. Moreover, they are capable of directing immune effector cells to cancer cells and delivering various compounds (radionuclides, toxins, and immunologic agents) to the target cells, thus offering a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Current review is focused on the technologies used in bsAb engineering, current progress and prospects of these antibodies, and selection of various heterologous expression systems for bsAb production. We also discuss the platforms development of bsAbs for the therapy of solid tumors.
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11
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Dong W, Li Y. Complementary methods for monitoring hole-hole homodimer associated with a WuXiBody-based asymmetric bispecific antibody. Protein Expr Purif 2023:106316. [PMID: 37271410 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
WuXiBody is a bispecific antibody (bsAb) platform developed by WuXi Biologics. Its key feature is the replacement of one parental antibody's CH1/CL region with the T-cell receptor (TCR) constant domain, which prevents mispairing between non-cognate heavy chain and light chain. In addition, heavy chain heterodimerization in asymmetric WuXiBody molecule is promoted by the knobs-into-holes (KiH) technology. Despite the great success of KiH strategy in improving heterodimer formation, homodimers (especially the hole-hole homodimer) can still be generated at low levels. In general, detection and monitoring of homodimers during KiH bsAb purification are challenging as homodimers share similar physicochemical properties with the target heterodimeric bsAb. Nevertheless, the unique design of WuXiBody allows homodimers to be effectively detected and monitored by multiple methods. In the current work, with an asymmetric WuXiBody case study, we demonstrated that hole-hole homodimer can be effectively monitored by six chromatography methods including hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), reversed phase (RP), cation exchange (CEX), KappaSelect, CaptureSelect CH1-XL and Protein L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyuan Dong
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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12
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Villafuerte-Vega RC, Li HW, Slaney TR, Chennamsetty N, Chen G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding of Designed Bispecific Antibody Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6962-6970. [PMID: 37067470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a critically important class of emerging therapeutics capable of targeting two different antigens simultaneously. As such, bsAbs have been developed as effective treatment agents for diseases that remain challenging for conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics to access. Despite these advantages, bsAbs are intricate molecules, requiring both the appropriate engineering and pairing of heavy and light chains derived from separate parent mAbs. Current analytical tools for tracking the bsAb construction process have demonstrated a limited ability to robustly probe the higher-order structure (HOS) of bsAbs. Native ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) have proven to be useful tools in probing the HOS of mAb therapeutics. In this report, we describe a series of detailed and quantitative IM-MS and CIU data sets that reveal HOS details associated with a knob-into-hole (KiH) bsAb model system and its corresponding parent mAbs. We find that quantitative analysis of CIU data indicates that global KiH bsAb stability occupies an intermediate space between the stabilities recorded for its parent mAbs. Furthermore, our CIU data identify the hole-containing half of the KiH bsAb construct to be the least stable, thus driving much of the overall stability of the KiH bsAb. An analysis of both intact bsAb and enzymatic fragments allows us to associate the first and second CIU transitions observed for the intact KiH bsAb to the unfolding Fab and Fc domains, respectively. This result is likely general for CIU data collected for low charge state mAb ions and is supported by data acquired for deglycosylated KiH bsAb and mAb constructs, each of which indicates greater destabilization of the second CIU transition observed in our data. When integrated, our CIU analysis allows us to link changes in the first CIU transition primarily to the Fab region of the hole-containing halfmer, while the second CIU transition is likely strongly connected to the Fc region of the knob-containing halfmer. Taken together, our results provide an unprecedented road map for evaluating the domain-level stabilities and HOS of both KiH bsAb and mAb constructs using CIU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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13
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Segaliny AI, Jayaraman J, Chen X, Chong J, Luxon R, Fung A, Fu Q, Jiang X, Rivera R, Ma X, Ren C, Zimak J, Hedde PN, Shang Y, Wu G, Zhao W. A high throughput bispecific antibody discovery pipeline. Commun Biol 2023; 6:380. [PMID: 37029216 PMCID: PMC10082157 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) represent an emerging class of immunotherapy, but inefficiency in the current discovery has limited their broad clinical availability. Here we report a high throughput, agnostic, single-cell-based functional screening pipeline, comprising molecular and cell engineering for efficient generation of BsAb library cells, followed by functional interrogation at the single-cell level to identify and sort positive clones and downstream sequence identification and functionality characterization. Using a CD19xCD3 bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) as a model, we demonstrate that our single-cell platform possesses a high throughput screening efficiency of up to one and a half million variant library cells per run and can isolate rare functional clones at a low abundance of 0.008%. Using a complex CD19xCD3 BiTE-expressing cell library with approximately 22,300 unique variants comprising combinatorially varied scFvs, connecting linkers and VL/VH orientations, we have identified 98 unique clones, including extremely rare ones (~ 0.001% abundance). We also discovered BiTEs that exhibit novel properties and insights to design variable preferences for functionality. We expect our single-cell platform to not only increase the discovery efficiency of new immunotherapeutics, but also enable identifying generalizable design principles based on an in-depth understanding of the inter-relationships between sequence, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayapriya Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Ryan Luxon
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Audrey Fung
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Qiwei Fu
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Xianzhi Jiang
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Xiaoya Ma
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Ci Ren
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jan Zimak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Per Niklas Hedde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yonglei Shang
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - George Wu
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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14
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Harwardt J, Carrara SC, Bogen JP, Schoenfeld K, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Generation of a symmetrical trispecific NK cell engager based on a two-in-one antibody. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170042. [PMID: 37081888 PMCID: PMC10110854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To construct a trispecific IgG-like antibody at least three different binding moieties need to be combined, which results in a complex architecture and challenging production of these molecules. Here we report for the first time the construction of trispecific natural killer cell engagers based on a previously reported two-in-one antibody combined with a novel anti-CD16a common light chain module identified by yeast surface display (YSD) screening of chicken-derived immune libraries. The resulting antibodies simultaneously target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD16a with two Fab fragments, resulting in specific cellular binding properties on EGFR/PD-L1 double positive tumor cells and a potent ADCC effect. This study paves the way for further development of multispecific therapeutic antibodies derived from avian immunization with desired target combinations, valencies, molecular symmetries and architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania C. Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Biologics Technology and Development, Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan P. Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Biologics Technology and Development, Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Biologics Technology and Development, Ferring Biologics Innovation Centre, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Harald Kolmar,
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15
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Structural mechanism of Fab domain dissociation as a measure of interface stability. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:201-215. [PMID: 36918473 PMCID: PMC10049950 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-023-00501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies should not only recognize antigens specifically, but also need to be free from developability issues, such as poor stability. Thus, the mechanistic understanding and characterization of stability are critical determinants for rational antibody design. In this study, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the melting process of 16 antigen binding fragments (Fabs). We describe the Fab dissociation mechanisms, showing a separation in the VH-VL and in the CH1-CL domains. We found that the depths of the minima in the free energy curve, corresponding to the bound states, correlate with the experimentally determined melting temperatures. Additionally, we provide a detailed structural description of the dissociation mechanism and identify key interactions in the CDR loops and in the CH1-CL interface that contribute to stabilization. The dissociation of the VH-VL or CH1-CL domains can be represented by conformational changes in the bend angles between the domains. Our findings elucidate the melting process of antigen binding fragments and highlight critical residues in both the variable and constant domains, which are also strongly germline dependent. Thus, our proposed mechanisms have broad implications in the development and design of new and more stable antigen binding fragments.
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16
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Vamva E, Ozog S, Leaman DP, Yu-Hong Cheng R, Irons NJ, Ott A, Stoffers C, Khan I, Goebrecht GK, Gardner MR, Farzan M, Rawlings DJ, Zwick MB, James RG, Torbett BE. A lentiviral vector B cell gene therapy platform for the delivery of the anti-HIV-1 eCD4-Ig-knob-in-hole-reversed immunoadhesin. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:366-384. [PMID: 36879849 PMCID: PMC9984920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Barriers to effective gene therapy for many diseases include the number of modified target cells required to achieve therapeutic outcomes and host immune responses to expressed therapeutic proteins. As long-lived cells specialized for protein secretion, antibody-secreting B cells are an attractive target for foreign protein expression in blood and tissue. To neutralize HIV-1, we developed a lentiviral vector (LV) gene therapy platform for delivery of the anti-HIV-1 immunoadhesin, eCD4-Ig, to B cells. The EμB29 enhancer/promoter in the LV limited gene expression in non-B cell lineages. By engineering a knob-in-hole-reversed (KiHR) modification in the CH3-Fc eCD4-Ig domain, we reduced interactions between eCD4-Ig and endogenous B cell immunoglobulin G proteins, which improved HIV-1 neutralization potency. Unlike previous approaches in non-lymphoid cells, eCD4-Ig-KiHR produced in B cells promoted HIV-1 neutralizing protection without requiring exogenous TPST2, a tyrosine sulfation enzyme required for eCD4-Ig-KiHR function. This finding indicated that B cell machinery is well suited to produce therapeutic proteins. Lastly, to overcome the inefficient transduction efficiency associated with VSV-G LV delivery to primary B cells, an optimized measles pseudotyped LV packaging methodology achieved up to 75% transduction efficiency. Overall, our findings support the utility of B cell gene therapy platforms for therapeutic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vamva
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stosh Ozog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene Yu-Hong Cheng
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Irons
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andee Ott
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard G. James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Koehnlein W, Holzgreve A, Schwendner K, Skudas R, Schelter F. Purification of hydrophobic complex antibody formats using a moderately hydrophobic mixed mode cation exchange resin. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463696. [PMID: 36508767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins of complex formats possess great potential for increased biopharmaceutical efficacy. However, challenges arise during their purification as the removal of numerous product-related impurities typically requires several expensive chromatographic steps. Additionally, many complex antibody formats have a high hydrophobicity which impairs the use of conventional mixed mode chromatography. In the present study, both of these challenges were addressed through the development of an innovative mixed mode resin with 2-amino-4methylpentanoic acid ligands that combines weak cation exchange with moderate hydrophobic interactions. Supported by high throughput partition coefficient screens for identification of preferable pH and salt concentration ranges in bind and elute mode, this mixed mode resin successfully demonstrated efficient impurity separation from an extremely hydrophobic bispecific antibody with a single unit operation. High purity (>97%) was obtained as a result of significant reduction of product-related impurities as well as process-related host cell proteins (>3 log scale), while maintaining satisfactory recovery (70%). This also supports that highly hydrophobic antibody formats can be efficiently purified using a resin with moderate hydrophobic characteristics. Studies involving additional antibodies possessing different formats and a wide range of hydrophobicity confirmed the broad applicability of the new resin. In view of its high selectivity and robust operating ranges, as well as the elimination of the need for an additional column step, the novel resin enables simplified downstream processing and economic manufacturing of complex antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romas Skudas
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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18
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Wang Y, Qiu H, Minshull J, Tam W, Hu X, Mieczkowski C, Zheng W, Chu C, Liu W, Boldog F, Gustafsson C, Gries JM, Xu W. An innovative platform to improve asymmetric bispecific antibody assembly, purity, and expression level in stable pool and cell line development. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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19
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Rezvani K, WuDunn D, Hunter AK, Aspelund MT. Leveraging light chain binding avidity for control of mispaired byproducts during production of asymmetric bispecific antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Kang J, Sun T, Zhang Y. Immunotherapeutic progress and application of bispecific antibody in cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020003. [PMID: 36341333 PMCID: PMC9630604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are artificial antibodies with two distinct antigen-binding sites that can bind to different antigens or different epitopes on the same antigen. Based on a variety of technology platforms currently developed, bsAbs can exhibit different formats and mechanisms of action. The upgrading of antibody technology has promoted the development of bsAbs, which has been effectively used in the treatment of tumors. So far, 7 bsAbs have been approved for marketing in the world, and more than 200 bsAbs are in clinical and preclinical research stages. Here, we summarize the development process of bsAbs, application in tumor treatment and look forward to the challenges in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Kang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tonglin Sun
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Chen SW, Hoi KM, Mahfut FB, Yang Y, Zhang W. Effective flow-through polishing strategies for knob-into-hole bispecific antibodies. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:98. [PMID: 38647877 PMCID: PMC10992779 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), though possessing great therapeutic potential, are extremely challenging to obtain at high purity within a limited number of scalable downstream processing steps. Complementary to Protein A chromatography, polishing strategies play a critical role at removing the remaining high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) species, as well as host cell proteins (HCP) in order to achieve a final product of high purity. Here, we demonstrate using two knob-into-hole (KiH) bsAb constructs that two flow-through polishing steps utilising Capto Butyl ImpRes and Capto adhere resins, performed after an optimal Protein A affinity chromatography step can further reduce the HCP by 17- to 35-fold as well as HMW and LMW species with respect to monomer by ~ 4-6% and ~ 1%, respectively, to meet therapeutical requirement at 30-60 mg/mL-resin (R) load. This complete flow-through polishing strategy, guided by Design of Experiments (DoE), eliminates undesirable aggregation problems associated with the higher aggregation propensity of scFv containing bsAbs that may occur in the bind and elute mode, offering an improved ease of overall process operation without additional elution buffer preparation and consumption, thus aligning well with process intensification efforts. Overall, we demonstrate that through the employment of (1) Protein A chromatography step and (2) flow-through polishing steps, a final product containing < 1% HMW species, < 1% LMW species and < 100 ppm HCP can be obtained with an overall process recovery of 56-87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene W Chen
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong Meng Hoi
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farouq Bin Mahfut
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Warmuth S, Gunde T, Snell D, Brock M, Weinert C, Simonin A, Hess C, Tietz J, Johansson M, Spiga FM, Heiz R, Flückiger N, Wagen S, Zeberer J, Diem D, Mahler D, Wickihalder B, Muntwiler S, Chatterjee B, Küttner B, Bommer B, Yaman Y, Lichtlen P, Urech D. Engineering of a trispecific tumor-targeted immunotherapy incorporating 4-1BB co-stimulation and PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2022; 10:2004661. [PMID: 35844969 PMCID: PMC9278964 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2004661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulatory 4-1BB receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells are a compelling target for overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but initial clinical studies of 4-1BB agonist mAbs were accompanied by liver toxicity. We sought to engineer a tri-specific antibody-based molecule that stimulates intratumoral 4-1BB and blocks PD-L1/PD-1 signaling without systemic toxicity and with clinically favorable pharmacokinetics. Recombinant fusion proteins were constructed using scMATCH3 technology and humanized antibody single-chain variable fragments against PD-L1, 4-1BB, and human serum albumin. Paratope affinities were optimized using single amino acid substitutions, leading to design of the drug candidate NM21-1480. Multiple in vitro experiments evaluated pharmacodynamic properties of NM21-1480, and syngeneic mouse tumor models assessed antitumor efficacy and safety of murine analogues. A GLP multiple-dose toxicology study evaluated its safety in non-human primates. NM21-1480 inhibited PD-L1/PD-1 signaling with a potency similar to avelumab, and it potently stimulated 4-1BB signaling only in the presence of PD-L1, while exhibiting an EC50 that was largely independent of PD-L1 density. NM21-1480 exhibited high efficacy for co-activation of pre-stimulated T cells and dendritic cells. In xenograft models in syngeneic mice, NM21-1480 induced tumor regression and tumor infiltration of T cells without causing systemic T-cell activation. A GLP toxicology study revealed no evidence of liver toxicity at doses up to 140 mg/kg, and pharmacokinetic studies in non-human primates suggested a plasma half-life in humans of up to 2 weeks. NM21-1480 has the potential to overcome checkpoint resistance by co-activating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes without liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Gunde
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Tietz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robin Heiz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Dania Diem
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dana Mahler
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Urech
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
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23
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Segués A, Huang S, Sijts A, Berraondo P, Zaiss DM. Opportunities and challenges of bi-specific antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:45-70. [PMID: 35777864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent clinical approval of different Bi-specific antibodies (BsAbs) has revealed the great therapeutic potential of this novel class of biologicals. For example, the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), Blinatumomab, demonstrated the unique capacity of BsAbs to link T-cells with tumor cells, inducing targeted tumor cell removal. Additionally, Amivantamab, recognizing the EGFR and cMet in cis, revealed a substantial improvement of therapeutic efficacy by concomitantly targeting two tumor antigens. Cis-targeting BsAbs furthermore allow discerning cell populations which concurrently express two antigens, for which each antigen expression pattern in itself might not be selective. In this way, BsAbs harbor the great prospect of being more specific and showing fewer side effects than monoclonal antibodies. Nevertheless, BsAbs have also faced major obstacles, for instance, in ensuring reliable assembly and clinical-grade purification. In this review, we summarize the different available antibody platforms currently used for the generation of IgG-like and non-IgG-like BsAbs and explain which approaches have been used to assemble those BsAbs which are currently approved for clinical application. By focusing on the example of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the different, ongoing approaches to develop BsAbs specifically targeting Tregs within the tumor microenvironment, our review highlights the huge potential as well as the pitfalls BsAb face in order to emerge as one of the most effective therapeutic biologicals targeting desired cell populations in a highly selective way. Such BsAb may improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects, thereby opening novel treatment opportunities for a range of different diseases, such as cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Segués
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shuyu Huang
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Immune Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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24
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Chen SW, Hoi KM, Mahfut FB, Yang Y, Zhang W. Excellent removal of knob-into-hole bispecific antibody byproducts and impurities in a single-capture chromatography. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:72. [PMID: 38647639 PMCID: PMC10992212 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are therapeutically promising due to their ability to bind to two different antigens. However, the bsAb byproducts and impurities, including mispaired homodimers, half-antibodies, light chain mispairings, antibody fragments and high levels of high molecular weight (HMW) species, all pose unique challenges to their downstream processing. Here, using two knob-into-hole (KiH) constructs of bsAbs as model molecules, we demonstrate the excellent removal of bsAb byproducts and impurities in a single Protein A chromatography under optimized conditions, including hole-hole homodimer mispaired products which are physicochemically very similar to the target bsAbs and still present even with the use of the KiH format, though at reduced levels. The removal occurs through the incorporation of an intermediate low-pH wash step and optimal elution conditions, achieving ~ 60% monomeric purity increase in a single Protein A step, without the introduction of sequence-specific bsAb modifications to specifically induce differential Protein A binding. Our results also suggest that the higher aggregation propensity of bsAbs may cause aggregation during the column process, hence an optimization of the appropriate loading amount, which may be lower than that of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), is required. With the use of loading at 50% of 10% breakthrough (QB10) at 6-min residence time, we show that an overall high monomer purity of 92.1-93.2% can be achieved with good recovery of 78.4-90.6% within one capture step, which is a significant improvement from a monomer purity of ~ 30% in the cell culture supernatant (CCS). The results presented here would be an insightful guidance to all researchers working on the purification process development to produce bispecific antibodies, especially for knob-into-hole bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene W Chen
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong Meng Hoi
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farouq Bin Mahfut
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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25
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Underwood DJ, Bettencourt J, Jawad Z. The manufacturing considerations of bispecific antibodies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1043-1065. [PMID: 35771976 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2095900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody therapies have made huge strides in providing safe and efficacious drugs for autoimmune, cancer and infectious disease. These bispecific antibodies can be assembled from the basic building blocks of IgGs, resulting in dozens of formats. AREAS COVERED It is important to consider the manufacturability of these formats early in the antibody discovery phases. Broadly categorizing bispecific antibodies into IgG-like, fragment-based, appended and hybrid formats can help in looking at early manufacturability considerations. EXPERT OPINION Ideally, bispecific antibody manufacturing should contain a minimal number of steps, with processes that give high yields of protein with no contaminants. Many of these have been determined for the fragment-based bispecific blinatumomab and the IgG-like bispecifics from hybridomas. However, for new formats, these need to be considered early in the research and development pipeline. The hybrid formats offer an unusual alternative in generating high pure yields of bispecific molecules if the engineering challenges can be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Jawad
- Agenus inc., 3 Forbes Road, Lexington, MA, 02421-7305, United States.,Creasallis ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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26
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Shin HG, Yang HR, Yoon A, Lee S. Bispecific Antibody-Based Immune-Cell Engagers and Their Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5686. [PMID: 35628495 PMCID: PMC9146966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. Harnessing the power of immune cells is a promising strategy to improve the antitumor effect of cancer immunotherapy. Recent progress in recombinant DNA technology and antibody engineering has ushered in a new era of bispecific antibody (bsAb)-based immune-cell engagers (ICEs), including T- and natural-killer-cell engagers. Since the first approval of blinatumomab by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), various bsAb-based ICEs have been developed for the effective treatment of patients with cancer. Simultaneously, several potential therapeutic targets of bsAb-based ICEs have been identified in various cancers. Therefore, this review focused on not only highlighting the action mechanism, design and structure, and status of bsAb-based ICEs in clinical development and their approval by the US FDA for human malignancy treatment, but also on summarizing the currently known and emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. This review provides insights into practical considerations for developing next-generation ICEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Gyeong Shin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.S.); (H.R.Y.)
| | - Ha Rim Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.S.); (H.R.Y.)
| | - Aerin Yoon
- R&D Division, GC Biopharma, Yongin 16924, Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.S.); (H.R.Y.)
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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27
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Kroell KB, Grunewald LJ, Fischer ALM, Riccabona JR, Liedl KR. CDR loop interactions can determine heavy and light chain pairing preferences in bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2024118. [PMID: 35090383 PMCID: PMC8803122 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2024118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As the current biotherapeutic market is dominated by antibodies, the design of different antibody formats, like bispecific antibodies, is critical to the advancement of the field. In contrast to monovalent antibodies, which consist of two identical antigen-binding sites, bispecific antibodies can target two different epitopes by containing two different antigen-binding sites. Thus, the rise of new formats as successful therapeutics has reignited the interest in advancing and facilitating the efficient production of bispecific antibodies. Here, we investigate the influence of point mutations in the antigen-binding site, the paratope, on heavy and light chain pairing preferences by using molecular dynamics simulations. In agreement with experiments, we find that specific residues in the antibody variable domain (Fv), i.e., the complementarity-determining region (CDR) L3 and H3 loops, determine heavy and light chain pairing preferences. Excitingly, we observe substantial population shifts in CDR-H3 and CDR-L3 loop conformations in solution accompanied by a decrease in bispecific IgG yield. These conformational changes in the CDR3 loops induced by point mutations also influence all other CDR loop conformations and consequentially result in different CDR loop states in solution. However, besides their effect on the obtained CDR loop ensembles, point mutations also lead to distinct interaction patterns in the VH-VL interface. By comparing the interaction patterns among all investigated variants, we observe specific contacts in the interface that drive heavy and light chain pairing. Thus, these findings have broad implications in the field of antibody engineering and design because they provide a mechanistic understanding of antibody interfaces, by identifying critical factors driving the pairing preferences, and thus can help to advance the design of bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina B Kroell
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas J Grunewald
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena M Fischer
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob R Riccabona
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Duivelshof BL, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Bispecific antibody characterization by a combination of intact and site-specific/chain-specific LC/MS techniques. Talanta 2022; 236:122836. [PMID: 34635226 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are considered as an important class of biopharmaceutical drugs, with about 160 products in clinical trials. From an analytical point of view, the correct chain-association is one of the most critical challenge to monitor during bsAbs development and production. In the present study, a full analytical workflow has been developed based on the use of various chromatographic modes: size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEX), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), all combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (MS). This analytical strategy was applied to Hemlibra® (emicizumab), which is certainly the most successful commercial bsAb to date. Using this strategy, it was possible to monitor the presence of mispaired bsAb species and detect and identify additional post-translational modifications (PTMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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29
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Yanakieva D, Pekar L, Evers A, Fleischer M, Keller S, Mueller-Pompalla D, Toleikis L, Kolmar H, Zielonka S, Krah S. Beyond bispecificity: Controlled Fab arm exchange for the generation of antibodies with multiple specificities. MAbs 2022; 14:2018960. [PMID: 35014603 PMCID: PMC8757479 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2018960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled Fab arm exchange (cFAE) has proven to be a generic and versatile technology for the efficient generation of IgG-like bispecific antibodies (DuoBodies or DBs), with several in clinical development and one product, amivantamab, approved by the Food and Drug Administration. In this study, we expand the cFAE-toolbox by incorporating VHH-modules at the C-termini of DB-IgGs, termed DB-VHHs. This approach enables the combinatorial generation of tri- and tetraspecific molecules with flexible valencies in a straightforward fashion. Using cFAE, a variety of multispecific molecules was produced and assessed for manufacturability and physicochemical characteristics. In addition, we were able to generate DB-VHHs that efficiently triggered natural killer cell mediated lysis of tumor cells, demonstrating the utility of this format for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Evers
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Fleischer
- Protein and Cell Sciences, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Keller
- Protein and Cell Sciences, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Lars Toleikis
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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30
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Estes B, Sudom A, Gong D, Whittington DA, Li V, Mohr C, Li D, Riley TP, Shi SDH, Zhang J, Garces F, Wang Z. Next generation Fc scaffold for multispecific antibodies. iScience 2021; 24:103447. [PMID: 34877503 PMCID: PMC8633962 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (Bispecifics) demonstrate exceptional clinical potential to address some of the most complex diseases. However, Bispecific production in a single cell often requires the correct pairing of multiple polypeptide chains for desired assembly. This is a considerable hurdle that hinders the development of many immunoglobulin G (IgG)-like bispecific formats. Our approach focuses on the rational engineering of charged residues to facilitate the chain pairing of distinct heavy chains (HC). Here, we deploy structure-guided protein design to engineer charge pair mutations (CPMs) placed in the CH3-CH3' interface of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of an antibody (Ab) to correctly steer heavy chain pairing. When used in combination with our stable effector functionless 2 (SEFL2.2) technology, we observed high pairing efficiency without significant losses in expression yields. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between CPMs and the sequence diversity in the parental antibodies, proposing a rational strategy to deploy these engineering technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Estes
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Athena Sudom
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Douglas A. Whittington
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Vivian Li
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Christopher Mohr
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Danqing Li
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Timothy P. Riley
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Stone D.-H. Shi
- Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Fernando Garces
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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31
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Ghalamfarsa F, Khatami SH, Vakili O, Taheri-Anganeh M, Tajbakhsh A, Savardashtaki A, Fazli Y, Uonaki LR, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Ghalamfarsa G. Bispecific antibodies in colorectal cancer therapy: recent insights and emerging concepts. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1355-1367. [PMID: 34641708 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is identified as a life-threatening malignancy. Despite several efforts and proceedings available for CRC therapy, it is still a health concern. Among a vast array of novel therapeutic procedures, employing bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is currently considered to be a promising approach for cancer therapy. BsAbs, as a large family of molecules designed to realize two distinct epitopes or antigens, can be beneficial microgadgets to target the tumor-associated antigen pairs. On the other hand, applying the immune system's capabilities to attack malignant cells has been proven as a tremendous development in cancer therapeutic projects. The current study has attempted to overview some of the approved BsAbs in CRC therapy and those under clinical trials. For this purpose, reputable scientific search engines and databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, etc., were explored using the keywords 'bispecific antibodies', 'colorectal cancer', 'immunotherapy' and 'tumor markers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yousef Fazli
- Dena Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Leila Rezaei Uonaki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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32
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Xiao Y, Chen P, Luo C, Xu Z, Li X, Liu L, Zhao L. Discovery of a novel anti PD-L1 X TIGIT bispecific antibody for the treatment of solid tumors. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100467. [PMID: 34598062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly based on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of cancer. Despite the huge clinical success ICIs have achieved, about 70% of patients still showed de novo and adaptive resistance. Exploring novel and complementary immune checkpoint molecules in addition to PD-1/PD-L1 is in great urgency. T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a co-inhibitory molecule containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) within its cytoplasmic tail, and is highly expressed on regulatory T cells and activated CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells. We generated a novel single chain Fab heterodimeric bispecific IgG antibody format targeting PD-L1 and TIGIT with one binding site for each target antigen. The bispecifc antibody BiAb-1 is based on "knob-into-hole" technology for heavy chain heterodimerization with a glycine serine linker connecting the 3' end of Cκand the 5' end of VH to prevent wrong pairing of light chains. BiAb-1 was produced with high expression yields and show simultaneous binding to PD-L1 and TIGIT with high affinity. Importantly, cytokine production was enhanced by BiAb-1 from staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) stimulated PBMCs. BiAb-1 also demonstrated potent anti-tumor efficacy in multiple tumor models and superior activity to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade molecules. In conclusion, we have applied rational antibody engineering technology to develop a monovalent heterodimeric bispecifc antibody, which combines the blockade of both PD-1/PD-L1 and TIGIT/CD155 pathways simultaneously and results in superior anti-tumor efficacy in multiple tumor models over existing anti PD-1/PD-L1 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China.
| | - Peiran Chen
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China; Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xue Li
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China
| | - Liqiong Liu
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China
| | - Liwen Zhao
- Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 221116, China
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33
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Functionally diverse heteromeric traps for ligands of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18341. [PMID: 34526551 PMCID: PMC8443706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily are important targets for therapeutic intervention but present challenges because they signal combinatorially and exhibit overlapping activities in vivo. To obtain agents capable of sequestering multiple TGF-β superfamily ligands with novel selectivity, we generated soluble, heterodimeric ligand traps by pairing the extracellular domain (ECD) of the native activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) alternately with the ECDs of native type I receptors activin receptor-like kinase 4 (ALK4), ALK7, or ALK3. Systematic analysis of these heterodimeric constructs by surface plasmon resonance, and comparison with their homodimeric counterparts, revealed that each type I receptor partner confers a distinct ligand-binding profile to the heterodimeric construct. Additional characterization in cell-based reporter gene assays confirmed that the heterodimeric constructs possessed different profiles of signaling inhibition in vitro, which translated into altered patterns of pharmacological activity when constructs were administered systemically to wild-type mice. Our results detail a versatile platform for the modular recombination of naturally occurring receptor domains, giving rise to inhibitory ligand traps that could aid in defining the physiological roles of TGF-β ligand sets or be directed therapeutically to human diseases arising from dysregulated TGF-β superfamily signaling.
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34
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Huckaby JT, Landoni E, Jacobs TM, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Lai SK. Bispecific binder redirected lentiviral vector enables in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002737. [PMID: 34518288 PMCID: PMC8438880 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown considerable promise as a personalized cellular immunotherapy against B cell malignancies. However, the complex and lengthy manufacturing processes involved in generating CAR T cell products ex vivo result in substantial production time delays and high costs. Furthermore, ex vivo expansion of T cells promotes cell differentiation that reduces their in vivo replicative capacity and longevity. Methods Here, to overcome these limitations, CAR-T cells are engineered directly in vivo by administering a lentivirus expressing a mutant Sindbis envelope, coupled with a bispecific antibody binder that redirects the virus to CD3+ human T cells. Results This redirected lentiviral system offers exceptional specificity and efficiency; a single dose of the virus delivered to immunodeficient mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells generates CD19-specific CAR-T cells that markedly control the growth of an aggressive pre-established xenograft B cell tumor. Conclusions These findings underscore in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells as a promising approach for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Huckaby
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy M Jacobs
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA .,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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35
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Antonarelli G, Giugliano F, Corti C, Repetto M, Tarantino P, Curigliano G. Research and Clinical Landscape of Bispecific Antibodies for the Treatment of Solid Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:884. [PMID: 34577584 PMCID: PMC8468026 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors adopt multiple mechanisms to grow, evade immune responses, and to withstand therapeutic approaches. A major breakthrough in the armamentarium of anti-cancer agents has been the introduction of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), able to inhibit aberrantly activated pathways and/or to unleash antigen (Ag)-specific immune responses. Nonetheless, mAb-mediated targeted pressure often fails due to escape mechanisms, mainly Ag loss/downregulation, ultimately providing therapy resistance. Hence, in order to target multiple Ag at the same time, and to facilitate cancer-immune cells interactions, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) have been developed and are being tested in clinical trials, yielding variable safety/efficacy results based on target selection and their structure. While in hematologic cancers the bsAb blinatumomab recently reached the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approval for B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, bsAbs use in solid tumors faces considerable challenges, such as target Ag selection, biodistribution, and the presence of an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review will focus on the state-of-the art, the design, and the exploitation of bsAbs against solid malignancies, delineating their mechanisms of action, major pitfalls, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Antonarelli
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.G.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (P.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giugliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.G.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (P.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Corti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.G.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (P.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Repetto
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.G.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (P.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tarantino
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.G.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (P.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (F.G.); (C.C.); (M.R.); (P.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Kerns SJ, Belgur C, Petropolis D, Kanellias M, Barrile R, Sam J, Weinzierl T, Fauti T, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Eckmann J, Hage C, Geiger M, Ng PR, Tien-Street W, Manatakis DV, Micallef V, Gerard R, Bscheider M, Breous-Nystrom E, Schneider A, Giusti AM, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Grant HS, Roth AB, Hamilton GA, Singer T, Karalis K, Moisan A, Bruenker P, Klein C, Bacac M, Gjorevski N, Cabon L. Human immunocompetent Organ-on-Chip platforms allow safety profiling of tumor-targeted T-cell bispecific antibodies. eLife 2021; 10:e67106. [PMID: 34378534 PMCID: PMC8373379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional drug safety assessment often fails to predict complications in humans, especially when the drug targets the immune system. Here, we show the unprecedented capability of two human Organs-on-Chips to evaluate the safety profile of T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) targeting tumor antigens. Although promising for cancer immunotherapy, TCBs are associated with an on-target, off-tumor risk due to low levels of expression of tumor antigens in healthy tissues. We leveraged in vivo target expression and toxicity data of TCBs targeting folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to design and validate human immunocompetent Organs-on-Chips safety platforms. We discovered that the Lung-Chip and Intestine-Chip could reproduce and predict target-dependent TCB safety liabilities, based on sensitivity to key determinants thereof, such as target expression and antibody affinity. These novel tools broaden the research options available for mechanistic understandings of engineered therapeutic antibodies and assessing safety in tissues susceptible to adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Riccardo Barrile
- Emulate IncBostonUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Tina Weinzierl
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Tanja Fauti
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | | | - Jan Eckmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center MunichPenzbergGermany
| | - Carina Hage
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center MunichPenzbergGermany
| | - Martina Geiger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Micallef
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Regine Gerard
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael Bscheider
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Anneliese Schneider
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Adrian B Roth
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Annie Moisan
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Peter Bruenker
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Nikolce Gjorevski
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Lauriane Cabon
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center BaselBaselSwitzerland
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37
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Haberger M, Heidenreich AK, Hook M, Fichtl J, Lang R, Cymer F, Adibzadeh M, Kuhne F, Wegele H, Reusch D, Bonnington L, Bulau P. Multiattribute Monitoring of Antibody Charge Variants by Cation-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2062-2071. [PMID: 33687195 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the product variants of a therapeutic T-cell bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody (TCB Mab, ∼200 kDa, asymmetric) and to develop an online cation-exchange chromatography native electrospray mass spectrometry method (CEC-UV-MS) for direct TCB Mab charge variant monitoring during bioprocess and formulation development. For the identification and functional evaluation of the diverse and complex TCB Mab charge variants, offline fractionation combined with comprehensive analytical testing was applied. The offline fractionation of abundant product variant peaks enabled identification of coeluting acid charge variants such as asparagine deamidation, primary and secondary Fab glycosylation (with and without sialic acid), and the presence of O-glycosylation in the G4S-linker region. Consequently, a new nonconsensus N-glycosylation motif (N-338-FG) in the heavy chain CDR region was discovered. Functional evaluation by cell-based potency testing demonstrated a clear and negative impact of both asparagine deamidations, whereas the O-glycosylation did not affect the TCB Mab biological activity. We established an online native CEC-UV-MS method, with an ammonium acetate buffer and pH gradient, to directly monitor the TCB Mab charge variants. All abundant chemical degradations and post-translational amino acid modifications already identified by offline fraction experiments and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry peptide mapping could also be monitored by the online CEC-UV-MS method. The herein reported online native CEC-UV-MS methodology represents a complementary or even alternative approach for multiattribute monitoring of biologics, offering multiple benefits, including increased throughput and reduced sample handling and intact protein information in the near-native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fichtl
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Lang
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Florian Cymer
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., c, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Adibzadeh
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., c, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lea Bonnington
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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Guo C, Chen F, Xiao Q, Catterall HB, Robinson JH, Wang Z, Mock M, Hubert R. Expression liabilities in a four-chain bispecific molecule. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3744-3759. [PMID: 34110008 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies, often composed of three to five polypeptide chains, have become increasingly relevant in the development of biotherapeutics. These molecules have mechanisms of action that include redirecting T cells to tumors and blocking multiple pathogenic mediators simultaneously. One of the major challenges for asymmetric multispecific antibodies is generating a high proportion of the correctly paired antibody during production. To understand the causes and effects of chain mispairing impurities in a difficult to express multispecific hetero-IgG, we investigated consequences of individual and pairwise chain expression in mammalian transient expression hosts. We found that one of the two light chains (LC) was not secretion competent when transfected individually or cotransfected with the noncognate heavy chain (HC). Overexpression of this secretion impaired LC reduced cell growth while inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) expression. The majority of this LC was observed as monomer with incomplete intrachain disulfide bonds when expressed individually. Russell bodies (RB) were induced when this LC was co-expressed with the cognate HC. Moreover, one HC paired promiscuously with noncognate LC. These results identify the causes for the low product quality observed from stable cell lines expressing this heteroIgG and suggest mitigation strategies to improve overall process productivity of the correctly paired multispecific antibody. The approach described here provides a general strategy for identifying the molecular and cellular liabilities associated with difficult to express multispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Guo
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Fuyi Chen
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Hannah B Catterall
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - John H Robinson
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marissa Mock
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - René Hubert
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Rajendran S, Balasubramanian S, Webster L, Lee M, Vavilala D, Kulikov N, Choi J, Tang C, Hunter M, Wang R, Kaur H, Karunakaran S, Sitaraman V, Minshull J, Boldog F. Accelerating and de-risking CMC development with transposon-derived manufacturing cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2301-2311. [PMID: 33704772 PMCID: PMC8252637 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly productive, genetically stable manufacturing cell lines is on the critical path to IND filing for protein-based biologic drugs. Here, we describe the Leap-In Transposase® platform, a novel transposon-based mammalian (e.g., Chinese hamster ovary) cell line development system that produces high-titer stable pools with productivity and product quality attributes that are highly comparable to clones that are subsequently derived therefrom. The productivity distributions of clones are strongly biased toward high producers, and genetic and expression stability is consistently high. By avoiding the poor integration rates, concatemer formation, detrimental transgene recombination, low average expression level, unpredictable product quality, and inconsistent genetic stability characteristic of nonhomologous recombination methods, Leap-In provides several opportunities to de-risk programs early and reduce timelines and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Rajendran
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sowmya Balasubramanian
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lynn Webster
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maggie Lee
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Divya Vavilala
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicolay Kulikov
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jessica Choi
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Calvin Tang
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Molly Hunter
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rebecca Wang
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Surya Karunakaran
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Varsha Sitaraman
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeremy Minshull
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ferenc Boldog
- Cell Line DevelopmentProtein Purification and Protein Analytical Departments of ATUM, Inc.NewarkCaliforniaUSA
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40
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Ren T, Tan Z, Ehamparanathan V, Lewandowski A, Ghose S, Li ZJ. Antibody disulfide bond reduction and recovery during biopharmaceutical process development-A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2829-2844. [PMID: 33844277 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody disulfide bond reduction has been a challenging issue in monoclonal antibody manufacturing. It could lead to a decrease of product purity and failure to meet the targeted product profile and/or specifications. More importantly, disulfide bond reduction could also impact drug safety and efficacy. Scientists across the industry have been examining the root causes and developing mitigation strategies to address the challenge. In recent years, with the development of high titer mammalian cell culture processes to meet the rapidly growing demand for antibody biopharmaceuticals, disulfide bond reduction has been observed more frequently. Thus, it is necessary to continue evolving the disulfide reduction mitigation strategies and developing novel approaches to maintain high product quality. Additionally, in recent years as more complex molecules (such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies) emerge, the molecular heterogeneity due to incomplete formation of the interchain disulfide bonds becomes a more imperative challenging issue. Given the disulfide reduction challenges that biotech industry is facing, in this review, we provide a comprehensive scientific summary of the root cause analysis of disulfide reduction during process development of antibody therapeutics, mitigation strategies and its potential remediated recovery based on published papers. First, this paper intends to highlight different aspects of the root cause for disulfide reduction. Secondly, to provide a broader understanding of the disulfide bond reduction in downstream process, this paper discusses disulfide bond reduction impact on product stability, associated analytical methods for disulfide bond reduction detection and characterization, process control strategies as well as their manufacturing implementation. In addition, brief perspectives on the development of future mitigation strategies are also reviewed, including platform alignment, mitigation strategy application for the emerging new modalities such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies as well as using machine learning to identify molecule susceptibility of disulfide bond reduction. The data in this review are originated from the published papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Ren
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Vivekh Ehamparanathan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Lewandowski
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
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41
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Bogen JP, Carrara SC, Fiebig D, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Design of a Trispecific Checkpoint Inhibitor and Natural Killer Cell Engager Based on a 2 + 1 Common Light Chain Antibody Architecture. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669496. [PMID: 34040611 PMCID: PMC8141644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell engagers gained enormous interest in recent years due to their potent anti-tumor activity and favorable safety profile. Simultaneously, chicken-derived antibodies entered clinical studies paving the way for avian-derived therapeutics. In this study, we describe the affinity maturation of a common light chain (cLC)-based, chicken-derived antibody targeting EGFR, followed by utilization of the same light chain for the isolation of CD16a- and PD-L1-specific monoclonal antibodies. The resulting binders target their respective antigen with single-digit nanomolar affinity while blocking the ligand binding of all three respective receptors. Following library-based humanization, bispecific and trispecific variants in a standard 1 + 1 or a 2 + 1 common light chain format were generated, simultaneously targeting EGFR, CD16a, and PD-L1. The trispecific antibody mediated an elevated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in comparison to the EGFR×CD16a bispecific variant by effectively bridging EGFR/PD-L1 double-positive cancer cells with CD16a-positive effector cells. These findings represent, to our knowledge, the first detailed report on the generation of a trispecific 2 + 1 antibodies exhibiting a common light chain and illustrate synergistic effects of trispecific antigen binding. Overall, this generic procedure paves the way for the engineering of tri- and oligospecific therapeutic antibodies derived from avian immunizations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Design
- Epitopes
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/immunology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania C. Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ferring International Center S.A., Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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42
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Chen SW, Zhang W. Current trends and challenges in the downstream purification of bispecific antibodies. Antib Ther 2021; 4:73-88. [PMID: 34056544 PMCID: PMC8155696 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a highly promising class of biotherapeutic modality. The downstream processing of this class of antibodies is therefore of crucial importance in ensuring that these products can be obtained with high purity and yield. Due to the various fundamental structural similarities between bsAbs and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), many of the current bsAb downstream purification methodologies are based on the established purification processes of mAbs, where affinity, charge, size, hydrophobicity and mixed-mode-based purification are frequently employed. Nevertheless, the downstream processing of bsAbs presents a unique set of challenges due to the presence of bsAb-specific byproducts, such as mispaired products, undesired fragments and higher levels of aggregates, that are otherwise absent or present in lower levels in mAb cell culture supernatants, thus often requiring the design of additional purification strategies in order to obtain products of high purity. Here, we outline the current major purification methods of bsAbs, highlighting the corresponding solutions that have been proposed to circumvent the unique challenges presented by this class of antibodies, including differential affinity chromatography, sequential affinity chromatography and the use of salt additives and pH gradients or multistep elutions in various modes of purification. Finally, a perspective towards future process development is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene W Chen
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore
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Ching KH, Berg K, Reynolds K, Pedersen D, Macias A, Abdiche YN, Harriman WD, Leighton PA. Common light chain chickens produce human antibodies of high affinity and broad epitope coverage for the engineering of bispecifics. MAbs 2021; 13:1862451. [PMID: 33491549 PMCID: PMC7849766 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1862451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are an important and growing segment in antibody therapeutics, particularly in the immuno-oncology space. Manufacturing of a bispecific antibody with two different heavy chains is greatly simplified if the light chains can be the same for both arms of the antibody. Here, we introduce a strain of common light chain chickens, called OmniClic®, that produces antibody repertoires largely devoid of light chain diversity. The antibody repertoire in these chickens is composed of diverse human heavy chain variable regions capable of high-affinity antigen-specific binding and broad epitope diversity when paired with the germline human kappa light chain. OmniClic birds can be used in immunization campaigns for discovery of human heavy chains to different targets. Subsequent pairing of the heavy chain with a germline human kappa light chain serves to facilitate bispecific antibody production by increasing the efficiency of correct pairing. Abbreviations: AID: activation-induced cytidine deaminase; bsAb: bispecific antibody; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CL: light chain constant region; CmLC: common light chain; D: diversity region; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; Fc: fragment crystallizable; FcRn: neonatal Fc receptor; FR: framework region; GEM: gel-encapsulated microenvironment; Ig: immunoglobulin; IMGT: the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®; J: joining region; KO: knockout; mAb: monoclonal antibody; NGS: next-generation sequencing; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PGC: primordial germ cell; PGRN: progranulin; TCR: T cell receptor; V: variable region; VK: kappa light chain variable region; VL: light chain variable region; VH: heavy chain variable region
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Ching
- Department of Research and Development, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Kimberley Berg
- Department of Research and Development, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Emeryville, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Reynolds
- Department of Research and Development, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Darlene Pedersen
- Department of Research and Development, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Alba Macias
- Department of Structural Biology, Vernalis , Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasmina N Abdiche
- Department of Research and Development, Carterra, Inc. Salt LakeCity, USA(Currently at ImmunoPrecise Antibodies , Fargo, UT, USA
| | - William D Harriman
- Department of Research and Development, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Leighton
- Department of Research and Development, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Emeryville, CA, USA
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Lim SA, Gramespacher JA, Pance K, Rettko NJ, Solomon P, Jin J, Lui I, Elledge SK, Liu J, Bracken CJ, Simmons G, Zhou XX, Leung KK, Wells JA. Bispecific VH/Fab antibodies targeting neutralizing and non-neutralizing Spike epitopes demonstrate enhanced potency against SARS-CoV-2. MAbs 2021; 13:1893426. [PMID: 33666135 PMCID: PMC7939556 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1893426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neutralizing antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, and most directly block binding of the viral Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). Here, we deliberately exploit non-neutralizing RBD antibodies, showing they can dramatically assist in neutralization when linked to neutralizing binders. We identified antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) by phage display that bind RBD, but do not block ACE2 or neutralize virus as IgGs. When these non-neutralizing Fabs were assembled into bispecific VH/Fab IgGs with a neutralizing VH domain, we observed a ~ 25-fold potency improvement in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 compared to the mono-specific bi-valent VH-Fc alone or the cocktail of the VH-Fc and IgG. This effect was epitope-dependent, reflecting the unique geometry of the bispecific antibody toward Spike. Our results show that a bispecific antibody that combines both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes on Spike-RBD is a promising and rapid engineering strategy to improve the potency of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion A. Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Josef A. Gramespacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Rettko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susanna K. Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Colton J. Bracken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xin X. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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The Confluence of Innovation in Therapeutics and Regulation: Recent CMC Considerations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3524-3534. [PMID: 32971125 PMCID: PMC7505112 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of human therapeutics has expanded tremendously from small molecules to complex biological modalities, and this trend has accelerated in the last two decades with a greater diversity in the types and applications of novel modalities, accompanied by increasing sophistication in drug delivery technology. These innovations have led to a corresponding increase in the number of therapies seeking regulatory approval, and as the industry continues to evolve regulations will need to adapt to the ever-changing landscape. The growth in this field thus represents a challenge for regulatory authorities as well as for sponsors. This review provides a brief description of novel biologics, including innovative antibody therapeutics, genetic modification technologies, new developments in vaccines, and multifunctional modalities. It also describes a few pertinent drug delivery mechanisms such as nanoparticles, liposomes, coformulation, recombinant human hyaluronidase for subcutaneous delivery, pulmonary delivery, and 3D printing. In addition, it provides an overview of the current CMC regulatory challenges and discusses potential methods of accelerating regulatory mechanisms for more efficient approvals. Finally, we look at the future of biotherapeutics and emphasize the need to bring these modalities to the forefront of patient care from a global perspective as effectively as possible.
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Protein L chromatography: A useful tool for monitoring/separating homodimers during the purification of IgG-like asymmetric bispecific antibodies. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Huang S, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Sijts AJAM, van Elsas A. Bispecific antibodies targeting dual tumor-associated antigens in cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3111-3122. [PMID: 32989604 PMCID: PMC7679314 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a leading drug class for cancer therapy and are becoming increasingly of interest for therapeutic applications. As of April 2020, over 123 BsAbs are under clinical evaluation for use in oncology (including the two marketed BsAbs Blinatumomab and Catumaxomab). The majority (82 of 123) of BsAbs under clinical evaluation can be categorized as bispecific immune cell engager whereas a second less well-discussed subclass of BsAbs targets two tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). In this review, we summarize the clinical development of dual TAAs targeting BsAbs and provide an overview of critical considerations when designing dual TAA targeting BsAbs. METHODS Herein the relevant literature and clinical trials published in English until April 1st 2020 were searched using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database. BsAbs were considered to be active in clinic if their clinical trials were not terminated, withdrawn or completed before 2018 without reporting results. Data missed by searching ClinicalTrials.gov was manually curated. RESULTS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs offer several advantages including increased tumor selectivity, potential to concurrently modulate two functional pathways in the tumor cell and may yield improved payload delivery. CONCLUSIONS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs represent a valuable class of biologics and early stage clinical studies have demonstrated promising anti-tumor efficacy in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Huang
- Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Guo G, Han J, Wang Y, Li Y. A potential downstream platform approach for WuXiBody-based IgG-like bispecific antibodies. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 173:105647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Geiger M, Stubenrauch KG, Sam J, Richter WF, Jordan G, Eckmann J, Hage C, Nicolini V, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Ritter M, Lauer ME, Stahlberg H, Ringler P, Patel J, Sullivan E, Grau-Richards S, Endres S, Kobold S, Umaña P, Brünker P, Klein C. Protease-activation using anti-idiotypic masks enables tumor specificity of a folate receptor 1-T cell bispecific antibody. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3196. [PMID: 32581215 PMCID: PMC7314773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) crosslink tumor and T-cells to induce tumor cell killing. While TCBs are very potent, on-target off-tumor toxicity remains a challenge when selecting targets. Here, we describe a protease-activated anti-folate receptor 1 TCB (Prot-FOLR1-TCB) equipped with an anti-idiotypic anti-CD3 mask connected to the anti-CD3 Fab through a tumor protease-cleavable linker. The potency of this Prot- FOLR1-TCB is recovered following protease-cleavage of the linker releasing the anti-idiotypic anti-CD3 scFv. In vivo, the Prot-FOLR1-TCB mediates antitumor efficacy comparable to the parental FOLR1-TCB whereas a noncleavable control Prot-FOLR1-TCB is inactive. In contrast, killing of bronchial epithelial and renal cortical cells with low FOLR1 expression is prevented compared to the parental FOLR1-TCB. The findings are confirmed for mesothelin as alternative tumor antigen. Thus, masking the anti-CD3 Fab fragment with an anti-idiotypic mask and cleavage of the mask by tumor-specific proteases can be applied to enhance specificity and safety of TCBs.
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Grants
- SK is supported by grants from the Wilhelm Sander Stiftung (grant number 2014.018.1 to SE and SK), the international doctoral program “i-Target: Immunotargeting of cancer” funded by the Elite Network of Bavaria (to SK and SE), the Melanoma Research Alliance (grant number N269626 to SE and 409510 to SK), the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie “Training Network for the Immunotherapy of Cancer (IMMUTRAIN)” funded by the H2020 program of the European Union (to SE and SK), by LMU Munich‘s Institutional Strategy LMUexcellent within the framework of the German Excellence Initiative (to SE and SK), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (project Oncoattract to SE and SK).
- SK and SE are supported by grants from the Wilhelm Sander Stiftung (grant number 2014.018.1 to SE and SK), the international doctoral program “i-Target: Immunotargeting of cancer” funded by the Elite Network of Bavaria (to SK and SE), the Melanoma Research Alliance (grant number N269626 to SE and 409510 to SK), the Marie-Sklodowska-Curie “Training Network for the Immunotherapy of Cancer (IMMUTRAIN)” funded by the H2020 program of the European Union (to SE and SK), the Else Kröner- Fresenius-Stiftung (to SK), the German Cancer Aid (to SK), the Ernst-Jung-Stiftung (to SK), by LMU Munich‘s Institutional Strategy LMUexcellent within the framework of the German Excellence Initiative (to SE and SK), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (project Oncoattract to SE and SK), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the José-Carreras Leukämie Stiftung, the Hector-Foundation (all to SK) and the European Research Council (ERC, grant 756017, ARMOR-T to SK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Geiger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstraße 2a, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82372, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Jordan
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82372, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Eckmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82372, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carina Hage
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82372, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Ritter
- Roche Diagnostics, CPS Research and Development, Nonnenwald 2, 82372, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Matthias E Lauer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ringler
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jigar Patel
- Roche Sequencing, NimbleGen, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
- Nimble Therapeutics Inc., 500S Rosa Rd, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Eric Sullivan
- Roche Sequencing, NimbleGen, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
- Nimble Therapeutics Inc., 500S Rosa Rd, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Sandra Grau-Richards
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstraße 2a, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstraße 2a, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brünker
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 10, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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