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Hisano M, Ghazoul J, Chen X, Chen HYH. Functional diversity enhances dryland forest productivity under long-term climate change. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadn4152. [PMID: 38657059 PMCID: PMC11042740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Short-term experimental studies provided evidence that plant diversity increases ecosystem resilience and resistance to drought events, suggesting diversity to serve as a nature-based solution to address climate change. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of diversity are momentary or still hold over the long term in natural forests to ensure that the sustainability of carbon sinks. By analyzing 57 years of inventory data from dryland forests in Canada, we show that productivity of dryland forests decreased at an average rate of 1.3% per decade, in concert with the temporally increasing temperature and decreasing water availability. Increasing functional trait diversity from its minimum (monocultures) to maximum value increased productivity by 13%. Our results demonstrate the potential role of tree functional trait diversity in alleviating climate change impacts on dryland forests. While recognizing that nature-based climate mitigation (e.g., planting trees) can only be partial solutions, their long-term (decadal) efficacy can be improved by enhancing functional trait diversity across the forest community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Ecosystem Management, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Ecosystem Management, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xinli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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2
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Yang BY, Ali A, Xu MS, Guan MS, Li Y, Zhang XN, He XM, Yang XD. Large plants enhance aboveground biomass in arid natural forest and plantation along differential abiotic and biotic conditions. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:999793. [PMID: 36311080 PMCID: PMC9612956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Big-sized trees, species diversity, and stand density affect aboveground biomass in natural tropical and temperate forests. However, these relationships are unclear in arid natural forests and plantations. Here, we hypothesized that large plants (a latent variable of tall-stature and big-crown, which indicated the effect of big-sized trees on ecosystem function and structure) enhance aboveground biomass in both arid natural forests and plantations along the gradients of climate water availability and soil fertility. To prove it, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the influences of large plants located in 20% of the sequence formed by individual size (a synthetical value calculated from tree height and crown) on aboveground biomass in natural forests and plantations while considering the direct and indirect influences of species diversity as well as climatic and soil conditions, using data from 73 natural forest and 30 plantation plots in the northwest arid region of China. The results showed that large plants, species diversity, and stand density all increased aboveground biomass. Soil fertility declined aboveground biomass in natural forest, whereas it increased biomass in plantation. Although climatic water availability had no direct impact on aboveground biomass in both forests, it indirectly controlled the change of aboveground biomass via species diversity, stand density, and large plants. Stand density negatively affects large plants in both natural forests and plantations. Species diversity positively affects large plants on plantations but not in natural forests. Large plants increased slightly with increasing climatic water availability in the natural forest but decreased in plantation, whereas soil fertility inhibited large plants in plantation only. This study highlights the extended generality of the big-sized trees hypothesis, scaling theory, and the global importance of big-sized tree in arid natural forests and plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yu Yang
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Forest Ecology Research Group, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ming-Shan Xu
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Min-Sha Guan
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue-Ni Zhang
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue-Min He
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Institute of East China Sea, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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3
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Aspinwall MJ, Chieppa J, Gray E, Golden-Ebanks M, Davidson L. Warming impacts on photosynthetic processes in dominant plant species in a subtropical forest. Physiol Plant 2022; 174:e13654. [PMID: 35233781 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming could shift some subtropical regions to a tropical climate in the next 30 years. Yet, climate warming impacts on subtropical species and ecosystems remain unclear. We conducted a passive warming experiment in a subtropical forest in Florida, USA, to determine warming impacts on four species differing in their climatic distribution, growth form, and functional type: Serenoa repens (palm), Andropogon glomeratus (C4 grass), Pinus palustris (needled evergreen tree), and Quercus laevis (broadleaved deciduous tree). We hypothesized that warming would have neutral-positive effects on photosynthetic processes in monocot species with warmer climatic distributions or adaptations to warmer temperatures, but negative effects on photosynthesis in tree species. We also hypothesized that periods of low soil moisture would alter photosynthetic responses to warming. In both monocot species, warming had no significant effect on net photosynthesis (A) or stomatal conductance (gs ) measured at prevailing temperatures, or photosynthetic capacity measured at a common temperature. In P. palustris, warming reduced A (-15%) and gs (-28%), and caused small reductions in Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration. Warming had little effect on photosynthetic processes in Q. laevis. Interestingly, A. glomeratus showed little sensitivity to reduced soil moisture, and all C3 species reduced A and gs as soil moisture declined and did so consistently across temperature treatments. In subtropical forests of the southeastern US, we conclude that climate warming may have neutral or slightly positive effects on the performance of grasses and broadleaved species but negative effects on P. palustris seedlings, foreshadowing possible changes in community and ecosystem properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeff Chieppa
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Eve Gray
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Lynsae Davidson
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Bauman D, Fortunel C, Cernusak LA, Bentley LP, McMahon SM, Rifai SW, Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Oliveras I, Bradford M, Laurance SGW, Delhaye G, Hutchinson MF, Dempsey R, McNellis BE, Santos-Andrade PE, Ninantay-Rivera HR, Chambi Paucar JR, Phillips OL, Malhi Y. Tropical tree growth sensitivity to climate is driven by species intrinsic growth rate and leaf traits. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:1414-1432. [PMID: 34741793 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of how climate affects growth in tree species is essential for improved predictions of forest dynamics under climate change. Long-term climate averages (mean climate) drive spatial variations in species' baseline growth rates, whereas deviations from these averages over time (anomalies) can create growth variation around the local baseline. However, the rarity of long-term tree census data spanning climatic gradients has so far limited our understanding of their respective role, especially in tropical systems. Furthermore, tree growth sensitivity to climate is likely to vary widely among species, and the ecological strategies underlying these differences remain poorly understood. Here, we utilize an exceptional dataset of 49 years of growth data for 509 tree species across 23 tropical rainforest plots along a climatic gradient to examine how multiannual tree growth responds to both climate means and anomalies, and how species' functional traits mediate these growth responses to climate. We show that anomalous increases in atmospheric evaporative demand and solar radiation consistently reduced tree growth. Drier forests and fast-growing species were more sensitive to water stress anomalies. In addition, species traits related to water use and photosynthesis partly explained differences in growth sensitivity to both climate means and anomalies. Our study demonstrates that both climate means and anomalies shape tree growth in tropical forests and that species traits can provide insights into understanding these demographic responses to climate change, offering a promising way forward to forecast tropical forest dynamics under different climate trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauman
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa P Bentley
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Sami W Rifai
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt Bradford
- CSIRO Land and Water, Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guillaume Delhaye
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael F Hutchinson
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Raymond Dempsey
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon E McNellis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Cao J, Liu H, Zhao B, Li Z, Liang B, Shi L, Wu L, Cressey EL, Quine TA. High forest stand density exacerbates growth decline of conifers driven by warming but not broad-leaved trees in temperate mixed forest in northeast Asia. Sci Total Environ 2021; 795:148875. [PMID: 34247087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperature over recent decades is expected to positively impact tree growth in humid regions. However, high stand density could increase the negative effects of warming-induced drought through inter-tree competition. How neighborhood competition impacts tree growth responding to climate change remains unclear. Here, we utilized the Changbai Mountain region in northeastern Asia as our study area. We quantified individual tree growth using tree-ring samples collected from three dominant tree species growing in three forest stand density levels. We estimated the effects of climate warming and forest stand density on growth processes and tested for a species-specific response to climate. Our results demonstrated that overall 25% of Korean pine, but only ~3% of Mongolian oak and ~ 4% of Manchurian ash experienced growth reduction. Increased forest density can also exacerbate growth reduction. We identified a climate turning point in 1984, where warming rapidly increased, and defined two groups, "enhance group" (EG) and "decline group" (DG), according to the individual tree growth trend after 1984. For the EG, climate warming increased temperature sensitivity, but the temperature sensitivity declined with increasing stand density for the whole study period. For the DG, tree growth sensitivity shifted from temperature to precipitation after 1984, driven by increased competition pressure under climate warming. Our study concludes that growth decline from warming-induced drought might be amplified by high forest stand density, was especially pronounced in conifer trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boyi Liang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China; Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth L Cressey
- Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Quine
- Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Jin Y, Li J, Bai X, Zhao Y, Cui D, Chen Z. High temperatures constrain latewood formation in Larix gmelinii xylem in boreal forests. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021; 30:e01767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Luoto M, Scheffers BR, Zellweger F, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, Christiansen DM, Decocq G, De Pauw K, Govaert S, Greiser C, Gril E, Hampe A, Jucker T, Klinges DH, Koelemeijer IA, Lembrechts JJ, Marrec R, Meeussen C, Ogée J, Tyystjärvi V, Vangansbeke P, Hylander K. Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:2279-2297. [PMID: 33725415 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Forest microclimates contrast strongly with the climate outside forests. To fully understand and better predict how forests' biodiversity and functions relate to climate and climate change, microclimates need to be integrated into ecological research. Despite the potentially broad impact of microclimates on the response of forest ecosystems to global change, our understanding of how microclimates within and below tree canopies modulate biotic responses to global change at the species, community and ecosystem level is still limited. Here, we review how spatial and temporal variation in forest microclimates result from an interplay of forest features, local water balance, topography and landscape composition. We first stress and exemplify the importance of considering forest microclimates to understand variation in biodiversity and ecosystem functions across forest landscapes. Next, we explain how macroclimate warming (of the free atmosphere) can affect microclimates, and vice versa, via interactions with land-use changes across different biomes. Finally, we perform a priority ranking of future research avenues at the interface of microclimate ecology and global change biology, with a specific focus on three key themes: (1) disentangling the abiotic and biotic drivers and feedbacks of forest microclimates; (2) global and regional mapping and predictions of forest microclimates; and (3) the impacts of microclimate on forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the face of climate change. The availability of microclimatic data will significantly increase in the coming decades, characterizing climate variability at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales relevant to biological processes in forests. This will revolutionize our understanding of the dynamics, drivers and implications of forest microclimates on biodiversity and ecological functions, and the impacts of global changes. In order to support the sustainable use of forests and to secure their biodiversity and ecosystem services for future generations, microclimates cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Juha Aalto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael B Ashcroft
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ditte M Christiansen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Karen De Pauw
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Caroline Greiser
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Gril
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Arndt Hampe
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David H Klinges
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Irena A Koelemeijer
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ronan Marrec
- UMR 7058 CNRS "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vilna Tyystjärvi
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Roy J, Rineau F, De Boeck HJ, Nijs I, Pütz T, Abiven S, Arnone JA, Barton CVM, Beenaerts N, Brüggemann N, Dainese M, Domisch T, Eisenhauer N, Garré S, Gebler A, Ghirardo A, Jasoni RL, Kowalchuk G, Landais D, Larsen SH, Leemans V, Le Galliard J, Longdoz B, Massol F, Mikkelsen TN, Niedrist G, Piel C, Ravel O, Sauze J, Schmidt A, Schnitzler J, Teixeira LH, Tjoelker MG, Weisser WW, Winkler B, Milcu A. Ecotrons: Powerful and versatile ecosystem analysers for ecology, agronomy and environmental science. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1387-1407. [PMID: 33274502 PMCID: PMC7986626 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems integrity and services are threatened by anthropogenic global changes. Mitigating and adapting to these changes require knowledge of ecosystem functioning in the expected novel environments, informed in large part through experimentation and modelling. This paper describes 13 advanced controlled environment facilities for experimental ecosystem studies, herein termed ecotrons, open to the international community. Ecotrons enable simulation of a wide range of natural environmental conditions in replicated and independent experimental units while measuring various ecosystem processes. This capacity to realistically control ecosystem environments is used to emulate a variety of climatic scenarios and soil conditions, in natural sunlight or through broad-spectrum lighting. The use of large ecosystem samples, intact or reconstructed, minimizes border effects and increases biological and physical complexity. Measurements of concentrations of greenhouse trace gases as well as their net exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere are performed in most ecotrons, often quasi continuously. The flow of matter is often tracked with the use of stable isotope tracers of carbon and other elements. Equipment is available for measurements of soil water status as well as root and canopy growth. The experiments ran so far emphasize the diversity of the hosted research. Half of them concern global changes, often with a manipulation of more than one driver. About a quarter deal with the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and one quarter with ecosystem or plant physiology. We discuss how the methodology for environmental simulation and process measurements, especially in soil, can be improved and stress the need to establish stronger links with modelling in future projects. These developments will enable further improvements in mechanistic understanding and predictive capacity of ecotron research which will play, in complementarity with field experimentation and monitoring, a crucial role in exploring the ecosystem consequences of environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J.W. Carroll
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort CollinsColorado80526USA
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort CollinsColorado80526USA
| | - Patrick H. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver Colorado80208USA
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10
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Morin X, Bugmann H, Coligny F, Martin‐StPaul N, Cailleret M, Limousin J, Ourcival J, Prevosto B, Simioni G, Toigo M, Vennetier M, Catteau E, Guillemot J. Beyond forest succession: A gap model to study ecosystem functioning and tree community composition under climate change. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Morin
- CEFECNRSUniv. MontpellierEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - François Coligny
- AMAP UMR931, Botany and Computational Plant Architecture Université de Montpellier – CIRAD – CNRS – INRAE – IRD Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nicolas Martin‐StPaul
- INRAEURFMDomaine Saint PaulINRAE Centre de recherche PACADomaine Saint‐Paul Site Agroparc France
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE Aix‐en‐ProvenceAix Marseille UniversitéUMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean‐Marc Limousin
- CEFECNRSUniv. MontpellierEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Marc Ourcival
- CEFECNRSUniv. MontpellierEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Bernard Prevosto
- INRAE Aix‐en‐ProvenceAix Marseille UniversitéUMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 5 France
| | - Guillaume Simioni
- INRAEURFMDomaine Saint PaulINRAE Centre de recherche PACADomaine Saint‐Paul Site Agroparc France
| | - Maude Toigo
- CEFECNRSUniv. MontpellierEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Michel Vennetier
- INRAE Aix‐en‐ProvenceAix Marseille UniversitéUMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence Cedex 5 France
| | | | - Joannès Guillemot
- CIRADUMR Eco&Sols Montpellier France
- Eco&SolsUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAE, MontpellierSupAgro Montpellier France
- Department of Forest Sciences ESALQUniversity of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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11
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Rozendaal DMA, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Alvarez-Davila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Bánki O, Brienen RJW, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon Junior BH, Marshall AR, Neill DA, Núñez Vargas P, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Reitsma J, Silveira M, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Taedoumg H, Ter Steege H, Terborgh JW, Umetsu RK, van der Heijden GMF, Vilanova E, Vos V, White LJT, Willcock S, Zemagho L, Vanderwel MC. Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa. Ecology 2020; 101:e03052. [PMID: 32239762 PMCID: PMC7379300 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree's growth rate and probability of mortality, but large-scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree-level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10-cm diameter across 151 ~1-ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot-level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot-level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot-level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment-mediated variation in basal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Esteban Alvarez-Davila
- Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil.,Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Olaf Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - José Luis C Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, 22405, Virginia, USA.,Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, 20560-0705, D.C., USA
| | - Marie Noël Djuikouo Kamdem
- Department of Botany & Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 063, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Timothy J Killeen
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Marimon Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Australia.,Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.,Flamingo Land Ltd., Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 6UX, UK
| | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60605-2496, Illinois, USA.,Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90381, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg, P.O. Box 365, 4100 AJ, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Acre, Brazil
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Terry Sunderland
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia.,Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W Terborgh
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia.,Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo K Umetsu
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma de Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Lee J T White
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, BP 20379, Gabon.,Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, BP 13354, Gabon.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Lise Zemagho
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mark C Vanderwel
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Ali A, Sanaei A, Li M, Nalivan OA, Ahmadaali K, Pour MJ, Valipour A, Karami J, Aminpour M, Kaboli H, Askari Y. Impacts of climatic and edaphic factors on the diversity, structure and biomass of species-poor and structurally-complex forests. Sci Total Environ 2020; 706:135719. [PMID: 31940728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of multiple climatic and edaphic factors on forest diversity, structure and biomass is crucial to predicting how forests will react to global environmental change. Here, we addressed how do forest structural attributes (i.e. top 1% big, top 25% big medium and small trees; in terms of tree height, diameter, and crown), species richness, and aboveground biomass respond to temperature-related and water-related climatic factors as well as to edaphic factors. By assuming disturbance as a constant factor in the study forests, we hypothesize that water-related and temperature-related climatic factors play contrasting roles whereas edaphic factors play an additional role in shaping forest diversity, structure and aboveground biomass in species-poor and structurally-complex forests. We used forest inventory and environmental factors data from 248 forest plots (moist temperate, semi-humid, and semi-arid) across 12 sites in Iran. We developed multiple linear mixed-effect models for each response variable by using multiple climatic and edaphic factors as fixed effects whereas sites as a random effect. Top 1% big, top 25% big, medium, and small trees enhanced with mean annual temperature but declined with water-related climatic (i.e. mean annual precipitation, cloud cover, potential evapotranspiration, and wet day frequency) factors, whereas soil texture (i.e. sand content) and pH were of additional importance. Species richness increased with precipitation and cloud cover but decreased with temperature, potential evapotranspiration, soil fertility and sand content. Aboveground biomass increased along temperature gradient but decreased with potential evapotranspiration, clay and sand contents. Temperature seemed to be the main driver underlying the increase in forest structure (i.e. diameter-related attributes) and biomass whereas precipitation did so for species richness. We argue that the impacts of multiple climatic factors on forest structural attributes, diversity and biomass should be properly evaluated in order to better understand the responses of species-poor forests to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ali
- Department of Forest Resources Management, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Anvar Sanaei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Mingshi Li
- Department of Forest Resources Management, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Omid Asadi Nalivan
- Natural Resources Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - Khaled Ahmadaali
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Valipour
- Department of Forestry and The Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros Forestry, University of Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Jalil Karami
- Natural Resources Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aminpour
- Natural Resources and Watershed Management Office, West Azerbaijan Province, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hasan Kaboli
- Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Yousef Askari
- Research Division of Natural Resources, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yasouj, Iran
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13
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Hinko-Najera N, Najera Umaña JC, Smith MG, Löw M, Griebel A, Bennett LT. Relationships of intra-annual stem growth with climate indicate distinct growth niches for two co-occurring temperate eucalypts. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:991-1004. [PMID: 31302562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forests are an important global carbon sink but their responses to climate change are uncertain. Tree stems, as the predominant carbon pool, represent net productivity in temperate eucalypt forests but the drivers of growth in these evergreen forests remain poorly understood partly because the dominant tree species lack distinct growth rings. Disentangling eucalypt species' growth responses to climate from other factors, such as competition and disturbances like fire, remains challenging due to a lack of long-term growth data. We measured monthly stem-diameter changes (as basal area increment, BAI) of two co-occurring dominant eucalypts from different sub-genera (Eucalyptus obliqua and E. rubida) over nearly four years. Our study included seven sites in a natural temperate forest of south-eastern Australia, and we used linear mixed-effects models to examine the relative importance to monthly BAI of species, monthly climate variables (temperature and rainfall), inter-tree competition, and recent fire history (long-unburnt, prescribed fire, wildfire). Monthly BAI peaked in spring and autumn and was significantly different between species during spring and summer. BAI variation was most clearly associated with temperature, increasing in hyperbolic response curves up to maximum mean temperatures of ~ 15-17 °C and thereafter decreasing. Temperature optima for maximum monthly BAI were 1 to 2 °C warmer for E. rubida than E. obliqua. While less important than temperature, rainfall, particularly autumn rainfall, also helped explain patterns in monthly BAI, with inter-tree competition and recent fire history of comparatively minor importance. Our study provides the first comprehensive field-based evidence of different growth niches for eucalypts from different subgenera in natural temperate mixed forests. It highlights the importance of intra-annual climate to understanding productivity variation in temperate evergreen forests and provides insights into the mechanisms underpinning the successful co-existence of different tree species as well as their relative vulnerabilities to changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia.
| | - Julio C Najera Umaña
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Merryn G Smith
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Markus Löw
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Lauren T Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
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14
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Cui L, Jiao Z, Dong Y, Sun M, Zhang X, Yin S, Ding A, Chang Y, Guo J, Xie R. Estimating Forest Canopy Height Using MODIS BRDF Data Emphasizing Typical-Angle Reflectances. Remote Sensing 2019; 11:2239. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11192239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest-canopy height is an important parameter for the estimation of forest biomass and terrestrial carbon flux and climate-change research at regional and global scales. Currently, various methods combining Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data with various auxiliary data, particularly satellite remotely sensed reflectances, have been widely used to produce spatially continuous canopy-height products. However, current methods in use for remote sensing reflectances mainly focus on the nadir view direction, while anisotropic reflectances, which are theoretically more sensitive to the forest canopy height in the multiangle remote sensing field, have rarely been explored. Here, we attempted to examine the potential of using modeled multiangle reflectances at three typical viewing angles (i.e., from the hotspot, darkspot, and nadir directions) to estimate forest-canopy height as auxiliary data sources. First, the sensitivities of the typical angular reflectances as a function of forest canopy height were fully examined using the Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) method based on the 4-scale Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model simulations. This indicated that reflectances in the off-nadir viewing directions are generally sensitive to canopy-height variations. Then, the canopy heights were extracted from airborne Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) data, which were further divided into training and validation data. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) multiangle reflectances at typical viewing angles were calculated from the MODIS BRDF parameter product (MCD43A1, version 6) as partial training-input data, based on a hotspot-adjusted, kernel-driven linear BRDF model. Subsequently, the Random Forest (RF) machine learning model was trained to acquire the relationship between the extracted canopy heights and the corresponding MODIS typical viewing reflectances. The trained model was further applied to estimate the canopy height metrics in the study areas of Howland Forest, Harvard Forest, and Bartlett Forest. Finally, the estimated canopy heights were independently validated by canopy heights extracted from the LVIS data. The results indicate that the canopy heights modeled through this method exhibit generally high accordance with the LVIS-derived canopy heights (R = 0.65−0.67; RMSE = 3.63−5.78). The results suggest that the MODIS multiangle reflectance data at typical observation angles contain important information regarding forest canopy height and can, therefore, be used to estimate forest canopy height for various ecological applications.
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15
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Carnicer J, Domingo-Marimon C, Ninyerola M, Camarero JJ, Bastos A, López-Parages J, Blanquer L, Rodríguez-Fonseca B, Lenton TM, Dakos V, Ribas M, Gutiérrez E, Peñuelas J, Pons X. Regime shifts of Mediterranean forest carbon uptake and reduced resilience driven by multidecadal ocean surface temperatures. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2825-2840. [PMID: 31012512 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms translating global circulation changes into rapid abrupt shifts in forest carbon capture in semi-arid biomes remain poorly understood. Here, we report unprecedented multidecadal shifts in forest carbon uptake in semi-arid Mediterranean pine forests in Spain over 1950-2012. The averaged carbon sink reduction varies between 31% and 37%, and reaches values in the range of 50% in the most affected forest stands. Regime shifts in forest carbon uptake are associated with climatic early warning signals, decreased forest regional synchrony and reduced long-term carbon sink resilience. We identify the mechanisms linked to ocean multidecadal variability that shape regime shifts in carbon capture. First, we show that low-frequency variations of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean induce shifts in the non-stationary effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on regional forest carbon capture. Modelling evidence supports that the non-stationary effects of ENSO can be propagated from tropical areas to semi-arid Mediterranean biomes through atmospheric wave trains. Second, decadal changes in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) significantly alter sea-air heat exchanges, modifying in turn ocean vapour transport over land and land surface temperatures, and promoting sustained drought conditions in spring and summer that reduce forest carbon uptake. Third, we show that lagged effects of AMO on the winter North Atlantic Oscillation also contribute to the maintenance of long-term droughts. Finally, we show that the reported strong, negative effects of ocean surface temperature (AMO) on forest carbon uptake in the last decades are unprecedented over the last 150 years. Our results provide new, unreported explanations for carbon uptake shifts in these drought-prone forests and review the expected impacts of global warming on the profiled mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Carnicer
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Domingo-Marimon
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Geography, Grumets Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Ninyerola
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Grumets Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Ana Bastos
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munchen, München, Germany
| | | | - Laura Blanquer
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Timothy M Lenton
- Earth System Science group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Montserrat Ribas
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Pons
- Department of Geography, Grumets Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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González de Andrés E. Interactions between Climate and Nutrient Cycles on Forest Response to Global Change: The Role of Mixed Forests. Forests 2019; 10:609. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented changes in environmental conditions due to global change impacts. Modification of global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen, and the subsequent climate change are affecting forest functions at different scales, from physiology and growth of individual trees to cycling of nutrients. This review summarizes the present knowledge regarding the impact of global change on forest functioning not only with respect to climate change, which is the focus of most studies, but also the influence of altered nitrogen cycle and the interactions among them. The carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect on tree growth is expected to be constrained by nutrient imbalances resulting from high N deposition rates and the counteractive effect of increasing water deficit, which interact in a complex way. At the community level, responses to global change are modified by species interactions that may lead to competition for resources and/or relaxation due to facilitation and resource partitioning processes. Thus, some species mixtures can be more resistant to drought than their respective pure forests, albeit it depends on environmental conditions and species’ functional traits. Climate change and nitrogen deposition have additional impacts on litterfall dynamics, and subsequent decomposition and nutrient mineralization processes. Elemental ratios (i.e., stoichiometry) are associated with important ecosystem traits, including trees’ adaptability to stress or decomposition rates. As stoichiometry of different ecosystem components are also influenced by global change, nutrient cycling in forests will be altered too. Therefore, a re-assessment of traditional forest management is needed in order to cope with global change. Proposed silvicultural systems emphasize the key role of diversity to assure multiple ecosystem services, and special attention has been paid to mixed-species forests. Finally, a summary of the patterns and underlying mechanisms governing the relationships between diversity and different ecosystems functions, such as productivity and stability, is provided.
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17
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Ren H, Zhou Q, He J, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Rodrigues JLM, Cobb AB, Wilson GWT, Hu J, Zhang Y. Determining landscape-level drivers of variability for over fifty soil chemical elements. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:279-286. [PMID: 30543977 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Syntheses of large datasets have allowed increased clarity of distribution patterns and variation in soil major and trace elements. However, the drivers of variation in topsoil elements across biogeographical scales are not well understood. Our aim was to (1) identify how landscape-scale climate, geographical features, and edaphic factors influence soil elements, and (2) determine key environmental thresholds for shifts in soil element concentration. We analyzed patterns of variation in topsoil elements using 9830 samples collected across 39,000km2 in subtropical land in southeast China. Canonical correlations and multiple linear regressions were used to model variations of each element across mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), land use, spatial topography, and soil pH. Element concentrations show significant latitudinal and longitudinal trends, and are significantly influenced by climate, land use, spatial topography, and soil pH. Longitude, pH, MAT, and MAP were the environmental factors most tightly correlated with element concentrations. Climate and soil pH drove positive or negative alterations in soil elements, with threshold indicators of MAP=1000mm/1500mm, MAT=17.8°C/18.0°C, and pH=5.8/5.0, respectively. Our results indicate topsoil elements have structural and functional thresholds of climate and soil pH in relatively wet and acidic environments. Our findings can facilitate holistic soil element concentration predictions and help elucidate the specific influences of climate and soil pH, enabling development of more complete biogeochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ren
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Quanping Zhou
- Nanjing Institute Geological & Mineral Resources, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbo He
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuehua Jiang
- Nanjing Institute Geological & Mineral Resources, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jorge L M Rodrigues
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Adam B Cobb
- Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Gail W T Wilson
- Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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18
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Song X, Zeng X, Tian D. Allocation of forest net primary production varies by forest age and air temperature. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12163-12172. [PMID: 30598808 PMCID: PMC6303727 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon partition among plant parts has a vital influence not only on the growth of individual plants but also on decomposition, carbon and nitrogen sequestration, and plant-atmosphere water exchange. Although many studies have tried to reveal plant growth mechanisms using observational living biomass or the biomass ratio among different organs, knowledge and understanding about carbon partition is still scarce and exists much uncertainty. In this work, a dataset about 1,089 sample plots of natural forests downloaded from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) was used to explore the dependences of net primary production (NPP) partition among foliage, stem and branch, and root on forest age, and mean annual temperature (MAT). The results found that (a) for all forest types, NPP partition had a significant relationship with forest age (p < 0.0001), that is, younger plants usually allocated a higher proportion of the NPP to stems, branches, and roots. As plants aged, an increasing proportion of the NPP was allocated to foliage; (b) MAT was negatively correlated with the proportions of the NPP allocated to foliage (F leaf; %) and roots (F root; %), while proportions of the NPP allocated to stems and branches (F stbr; %) were positively dependent on MAT; (c) independent effect analysis demonstrated that forest age had a larger direct influence on F leaf and F root, while MAT was relatively important for F stbr; and (d) forest age and MAT had a stronger combined effect on NPP allocation for broad-leaved forests, while for needled-leaved forests, the influences of forest age and MAT existed large differences among different forest types. This work not only is important for understanding the contribution of climatic factor and forest age on forest NPP partition, but also provides valuable ideas for developing ecological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Song
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaodong Zeng
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological DisastersNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dongxiao Tian
- Beijing Meteorological Information CenterBeijingChina
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19
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Bartlett MK, Detto M, Pacala SW. Predicting shifts in the functional composition of tropical forests under increased drought and
CO
2
from trade‐offs among plant hydraulic traits. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:67-77. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 109 Eno Hall Princeton NJ08544 USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute Princeton University 129 Guyot Lane Princeton NJ08544 USA
| | - Matteo Detto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 109 Eno Hall Princeton NJ08544 USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute Princeton University 129 Guyot Lane Princeton NJ08544 USA
| | - Stephen W. Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 109 Eno Hall Princeton NJ08544 USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute Princeton University 129 Guyot Lane Princeton NJ08544 USA
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20
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Ammer C, Fichtner A, Fischer A, Gossner MM, Meyer P, Seidl R, Thomas FM, Annighöfer P, Kreyling J, Ohse B, Berger U, Feldmann E, Häberle KH, Heer K, Heinrichs S, Huth F, Krämer-Klement K, Mölder A, Müller J, Mund M, Opgenoorth L, Schall P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Seidel D, Vogt J, Wagner S. Key ecological research questions for Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Andivia E, Madrigal-González J, Villar-Salvador P, Zavala MA. Do adult trees increase conspecific juvenile resilience to recurrent droughts? Implications for forest regeneration. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Andivia
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Madrigal-González
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
- Climate Change impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA); Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE); University of Geneva; 66 Boulevard Carl Vogt 1205 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel A. Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Alcalá; Campus Universitario; Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6 Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain
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22
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Wan JZ, Wang CJ, Qu H, Liu R, Zhang ZX. Vulnerability of forest vegetation to anthropogenic climate change in China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:1633-1641. [PMID: 29122346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
China has large areas of forest vegetation that are critical to biodiversity and carbon storage. It is important to assess vulnerability of forest vegetation to anthropogenic climate change in China because it may change the distributions and species compositions of forest vegetation. Based on the equilibrium assumption of forest communities across different spatial and temporal scales, we used species distribution modelling coupled with endemics-area relationship to assess the vulnerability of 204 forest communities across 16 vegetation types under different climate change scenarios in China. By mapping the vulnerability of forest vegetation to climate change, we determined that 78.9% and 61.8% of forest vegetation should be relatively stable in the low and high concentration scenarios, respectively. There were large vulnerable areas of forest vegetation under anthropogenic climate change in northeastern and southwestern China. The vegetation of subtropical mixed broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forest, cold-temperate and temperate mountains needleleaf forest, and temperate mixed needleleaf and broadleaf deciduous forest types were the most vulnerable under climate change. Furthermore, the vulnerability of forest vegetation may increase due to high greenhouse gas concentrations. Given our estimates of forest vegetation vulnerability to anthropogenic climate change, it is critical that we ensure long-term monitoring of forest vegetation responses to future climate change to assess our projections against observations. We need to better integrate projected changes of temperature and precipitation into climate-adaptive conservation strategies for forest vegetation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Zhong Wan
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chun-Jing Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Qu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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23
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García-Valdés R, Bugmann H, Morin X. Climate change-driven extinctions of tree species affect forest functioning more than random extinctions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García-Valdés
- CREAF; E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Catalonia Spain
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS; Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science; Forest Ecology; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS; Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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24
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Morin X, Fahse L, Jactel H, Scherer-Lorenzen M, García-Valdés R, Bugmann H. Long-term response of forest productivity to climate change is mostly driven by change in tree species composition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5627. [PMID: 29618754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change affects ecosystem functioning directly through impacts on plant physiology, resulting in changes of global productivity. However, climate change has also an indirect impact on ecosystems, through changes in the composition and diversity of plant communities. The relative importance of these direct and indirect effects has not been evaluated within a same generic approach yet. Here we took advantage of a novel approach for disentangling these two effects in European temperate forests across a large climatic gradient, through a large simulation-based study using a forest succession model. We first showed that if productivity positively correlates with realized tree species richness under a changed climate, indirect effects appear pivotal to understand the magnitude of climate change impacts on forest productivity. We further detailed how warmer and drier conditions may affect the diversity-productivity relationships (DPRs) of temperate forests in the long term, mostly through effects on species recruitment, ultimately enhancing or preventing complementarity in resource use. Furthermore, losing key species reduced the strength of DPRs more severely in environments that are becoming climatically harsher. By disentangling direct and indirect effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning, these findings explain why high-diversity forests are expected to be more resilient to climate change.
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25
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Hisano M, Searle EB, Chen HYH. Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:439-456. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Eric B. Searle
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay P7B 5E1 Canada
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26
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Mason NWH, Palmer DJ, Romera A, Waugh D, Mudge PL. Combining field experiments and predictive models to assess potential for increased plant diversity to climate-proof intensive agriculture. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4907-4918. [PMID: 28690818 PMCID: PMC5496536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural production systems face increasing threats from more frequent and extreme weather fluctuations associated with global climate change. While there is mounting evidence that increased plant community diversity can reduce the variability of ecosystem functions (such as primary productivity) in the face of environmental fluctuation, there has been little work testing whether this is true for intensively managed agricultural systems. Using statistical modeling techniques to fit environment–productivity relationships offers an efficient means of leveraging hard‐won experimental data to compare the potential variability of different mixtures across a wide range of environmental contexts. We used data from two multiyear field experiments to fit climate–soil–productivity models for two pasture mixtures under intensive grazing—one composed of two drought‐sensitive species (standard), and an eight‐species mixture including several drought‐resistant species (complex). We then used these models to undertake a scoping study estimating the mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of annual productivity for long‐term climate data covering all New Zealand on soils with low, medium, or high water‐holding capacity. Our results suggest that the complex mixture is likely to have consistently lower CV in productivity, irrespective of soil type or climate regime. Predicted differences in mean annual productivity between mixtures were strongly influenced by soil type and were closely linked to mean annual soil water availability across all soil types. Differences in the CV of productivity were only strongly related to interannual variance in water availability for the lowest water‐holding capacity soil. Our results show that there is considerable scope for mixtures including drought‐tolerant species to enhance certainty in intensive pastoral systems. This provides justification for investing resources in a large‐scale distributed experiment involving many sites under different environmental contexts to confirm these findings.
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27
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Wu J, Duan H, Liu W, Wei X, Liao Y, Fan H. Individual size but not additional nitrogen regulates tree carbon sequestration in a subtropical forest. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46293. [PMID: 28425494 DOI: 10.1038/srep46293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that tree carbon accumulation in subtropical forests has been negatively affected by global change phenomena such as warming and drought. However, the long-term effect of nitrogen addition on plant carbon storage remains poorly understood in these regions. In this study, we conducted a 10-year field experiment examining the effect of experimental N addition on plant growth and carbon storage in a subtropical Chinese fir forest. The N levels were 0 (control), 60, 120, and 240 kg ha−1 yr−1, and the N effects on tree carbon were divided into stand and individual levels. The results indicated that tree carbon storage at the stand scale was not affected by long-term N addition in the subtropical forest. By contrast, significant impacts of different tree size classes on carbon sequestration were found under different N treatments, which indicated that the amount of plant carbon sequestration was significantly enhanced with tree size class. Our findings highlight the importance of community structure and growth characteristics in Chinese fir forests, in which individual size but not additional N regulates tree carbon sequestration in this subtropical forest.
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28
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Bohn FJ, Huth A. The importance of forest structure to biodiversity-productivity relationships. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:160521. [PMID: 28280550 PMCID: PMC5319316 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While various relationships between productivity and biodiversity are found in forests, the processes underlying these relationships remain unclear and theory struggles to coherently explain them. In this work, we analyse diversity-productivity relationships through an examination of forest structure (described by basal area and tree height heterogeneity). We use a new modelling approach, called 'forest factory', which generates various forest stands and calculates their annual productivity (above-ground wood increment). Analysing approximately 300 000 forest stands, we find that mean forest productivity does not increase with species diversity. Instead forest structure emerges as the key variable. Similar patterns can be observed by analysing 5054 forest plots of the German National Forest Inventory. Furthermore, we group the forest stands into nine forest structure classes, in which we find increasing, decreasing, invariant and even bell-shaped relationships between productivity and diversity. In addition, we introduce a new index, called optimal species distribution, which describes the ratio of realized to the maximal possible productivity (by shuffling species identities). The optimal species distribution and forest structure indices explain the obtained productivity values quite well (R2 between 0.7 and 0.95), whereby the influence of these attributes varies within the nine forest structure classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich J. Bohn
- Department for Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, German
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 12, 49076 Osnabrück, German
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department for Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, German
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 12, 49076 Osnabrück, German
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Kimball S, Funk JL, Spasojevic MJ, Suding KN, Parker S, Goulden ML. Can functional traits predict plant community response to global change? Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kimball
- Center for Environmental Biology University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Funk
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Chapman University Orange California 92866 USA
| | - Marko J. Spasojevic
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri 63130 USA
| | - Katharine N. Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Scot Parker
- Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Michael L. Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
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30
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Holdaway RJ, Easdale TA, Carswell FE, Richardson SJ, Peltzer DA, Mason NWH, Brandon AM, Coomes DA. Nationally Representative Plot Network Reveals Contrasting Drivers of Net Biomass Change in Secondary and Old-Growth Forests. Ecosystems 2017; 20:944-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Madrigal-González J, Ruiz-Benito P, Ratcliffe S, Calatayud J, Kändler G, Lehtonen A, Dahlgren J, Wirth C, Zavala MA. Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32233. [PMID: 27571971 PMCID: PMC5004187 DOI: 10.1038/srep32233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglecting tree size and stand structure dynamics might bias the interpretation of the diversity-productivity relationship in forests. Here we show evidence that complementarity is contingent on tree size across large-scale climatic gradients in Europe. We compiled growth data of the 14 most dominant tree species in 32,628 permanent plots covering boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forest biomes. Niche complementarity is expected to result in significant growth increments of trees surrounded by a larger proportion of functionally dissimilar neighbours. Functional dissimilarity at the tree level was assessed using four functional types: i.e. broad-leaved deciduous, broad-leaved evergreen, needle-leaved deciduous and needle-leaved evergreen. Using Linear Mixed Models we show that, complementarity effects depend on tree size along an energy availability gradient across Europe. Specifically: (i) complementarity effects at low and intermediate positions of the gradient (coldest-temperate areas) were stronger for small than for large trees; (ii) in contrast, at the upper end of the gradient (warmer regions), complementarity is more widespread in larger than smaller trees, which in turn showed negative growth responses to increased functional dissimilarity. Our findings suggest that the outcome of species mixing on stand productivity might critically depend on individual size distribution structure along gradients of environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Madrigal-González
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences.University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Ratcliffe
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig (ULE, Germany)
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.,Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Gerald Kändler
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg (FVA, Germany)
| | | | - Jonas Dahlgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU, Sweden)
| | - Christian Wirth
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig (ULE, Germany).,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv, Germany)
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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32
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Liu L, Yang H, Xu Y, Guo Y, Ni J. Forest Biomass and Net Primary Productivity in Southwestern China: A Meta-Analysis Focusing on Environmental Driving Factors. Forests 2016; 7:173. [DOI: 10.3390/f7080173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Chen HYH, Luo Y, Reich PB, Searle EB, Biswas SR. Climate change-associated trends in net biomass change are age dependent in western boreal forests of Canada. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1150-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Yong Luo
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre); Natural Resources Canada; 506 Burnside Road West Victoria BC V8Z 1M5 Canada
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N. St. Paul MN 55108-6112 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; University of Western Sydney; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Eric B. Searle
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Shekhar R. Biswas
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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34
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Dziedek C, Härdtle W, von Oheimb G, Fichtner A. Nitrogen Addition Enhances Drought Sensitivity of Young Deciduous Tree Species. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1100. [PMID: 27499761 PMCID: PMC4957528 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how trees respond to global change drivers is central to predict changes in forest structure and functions. Although there is evidence on the mode of nitrogen (N) and drought (D) effects on tree growth, our understanding of the interplay of these factors is still limited. Simultaneously, as mixtures are expected to be less sensitive to global change as compared to monocultures, we aimed to investigate the combined effects of N addition and D on the productivity of three tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, Pseudotsuga menziesii) in relation to functional diverse species mixtures using data from a 4-year field experiment in Northwest Germany. Here we show that species mixing can mitigate the negative effects of combined N fertilization and D events, but the community response is mainly driven by the combination of certain traits rather than the tree species richness of a community. For beech, we found that negative effects of D on growth rates were amplified by N fertilization (i.e., combined treatment effects were non-additive), while for oak and fir, the simultaneous effects of N and D were additive. Beech and oak were identified as most sensitive to combined N+D effects with a strong size-dependency observed for beech, suggesting that the negative impact of N+D becomes stronger with time as beech grows larger. As a consequence, the net biodiversity effect declined at the community level, which can be mainly assigned to a distinct loss of complementarity in beech-oak mixtures. This pattern, however, was not evident in the other species-mixtures, indicating that neighborhood composition (i.e., trait combination), but not tree species richness mediated the relationship between tree diversity and treatment effects on tree growth. Our findings point to the importance of the qualitative role ('trait portfolio') that biodiversity play in determining resistance of diverse tree communities to environmental changes. As such, they provide further understanding for adaptive management strategies in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dziedek
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of LüneburgLüneburg, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of LüneburgLüneburg, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Dresden University of TechnologyTharandt, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of LüneburgLüneburg, Germany
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35
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Gough CM, Curtis PS, Hardiman BS, Scheuermann CM, Bond‐Lamberty B. Disturbance, complexity, and succession of net ecosystem production in North America's temperate deciduous forests. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Gough
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Peter S. Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Brady S. Hardiman
- Forestry and Natural Resources and Environmental and Ecological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | | | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Joint Global Change Research Institute College Park Maryland 20740 USA
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Jucker T, Sanchez AC, Lindsell JA, Allen HD, Amable GS, Coomes DA. Drivers of aboveground wood production in a lowland tropical forest of West Africa: teasing apart the roles of tree density, tree diversity, soil phosphorus, and historical logging. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4004-17. [PMID: 27516859 PMCID: PMC4875916 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests currently play a key role in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle and abating climate change by storing carbon in wood. However, there remains considerable uncertainty as to whether tropical forests will continue to act as carbon sinks in the face of increased pressure from expanding human activities. Consequently, understanding what drives productivity in tropical forests is critical. We used permanent forest plot data from the Gola Rainforest National Park (Sierra Leone) – one of the largest tracts of intact tropical moist forest in West Africa – to explore how (1) stand basal area and tree diversity, (2) past disturbance associated with past logging, and (3) underlying soil nutrient gradients interact to determine rates of aboveground wood production (AWP). We started by statistically modeling the diameter growth of individual trees and used these models to estimate AWP for 142 permanent forest plots. We then used structural equation modeling to explore the direct and indirect pathways which shape rates of AWP. Across the plot network, stand basal area emerged as the strongest determinant of AWP, with densely packed stands exhibiting the fastest rates of AWP. In addition to stand packing density, both tree diversity and soil phosphorus content were also positively related to productivity. By contrast, historical logging activities negatively impacted AWP through the removal of large trees, which contributed disproportionately to productivity. Understanding what determines variation in wood production across tropical forest landscapes requires accounting for multiple interacting drivers – with stand structure, tree diversity, and soil nutrients all playing a key role. Importantly, our results also indicate that logging activities can have a long‐lasting impact on a forest's ability to sequester and store carbon, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding old‐growth tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Jucker
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EA UK
| | - Aida Cuni Sanchez
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge Sandy Bedfordshire SG19 2DL UK; Department of Biology Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jeremy A Lindsell
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge Sandy Bedfordshire SG19 2DL UK; A Rocha International 89 Worship Street London EC2A 2BF UK
| | - Harriet D Allen
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Downing Place Cambridge CB2 3EN UK
| | - Gabriel S Amable
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Downing Place Cambridge CB2 3EN UK
| | - David A Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EA UK
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Fargeon H, Aubry-kientz M, Brunaux O, Descroix L, Gaspard R, Guitet S, Rossi V, Hérault B. Vulnerability of Commercial Tree Species to Water Stress in Logged Forests of the Guiana Shield. Forests 2016; 7:105. [DOI: 10.3390/f7050105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Merganič J, Merganičová K, Marušák R, Tipmann L, Šálek L, Dragoun L, Stolariková R. Relation between forest stand diversity and anticipated log quality in managed Central European forests. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2016.1150883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Merganič
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Merganičová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Marušák
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Tipmann
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Šálek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Dragoun
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Stolariková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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39
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Vanderwel MC, Zeng H, Caspersen JP, Kunstler G, Lichstein JW. Demographic controls of aboveground forest biomass across North America. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:414-23. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Vanderwel
- Department of Biology; University of Regina; 3737 Wascana Pkwy Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Hongcheng Zeng
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; 33 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - John P. Caspersen
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; 33 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Irstea; UR EMGR; 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76 St-Martin-d'Hères F-38402 France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38402 France
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Chu C, Bartlett M, Wang Y, He F, Weiner J, Chave J, Sack L. Does climate directly influence NPP globally? Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:12-24. [PMID: 26442433 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for rigorous analyses of climate impacts has never been more crucial. Current textbooks state that climate directly influences ecosystem annual net primary productivity (NPP), emphasizing the urgent need to monitor the impacts of climate change. A recent paper challenged this consensus, arguing, based on an analysis of NPP for 1247 woody plant communities across global climate gradients, that temperature and precipitation have negligible direct effects on NPP and only perhaps have indirect effects by constraining total stand biomass (Mtot ) and stand age (a). The authors of that study concluded that the length of the growing season (lgs ) might have a minor influence on NPP, an effect they considered not to be directly related to climate. In this article, we describe flaws that affected that study's conclusions and present novel analyses to disentangle the effects of stand variables and climate in determining NPP. We re-analyzed the same database to partition the direct and indirect effects of climate on NPP, using three approaches: maximum-likelihood model selection, independent-effects analysis, and structural equation modeling. These new analyses showed that about half of the global variation in NPP could be explained by Mtot combined with climate variables and supported strong and direct influences of climate independently of Mtot , both for NPP and for net biomass change averaged across the known lifetime of the stands (ABC = average biomass change). We show that lgs is an important climate variable, intrinsically correlated with, and contributing to mean annual temperature and precipitation (Tann and Pann ), all important climatic drivers of NPP. Our analyses provide guidance for statistical and mechanistic analyses of climate drivers of ecosystem processes for predictive modeling and provide novel evidence supporting the strong, direct role of climate in determining vegetation productivity at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Chu
- SYSU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Megan Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Youshi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fangliang He
- SYSU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Jérôme Chave
- CNRS, ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Chi X, Tang Z, Xie Z, Guo Q, Zhang M, Ge J, Xiong G, Fang J. Effects of size, neighbors, and site condition on tree growth in a subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, China. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5149-5161. [PMID: 30151120 PMCID: PMC6102529 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful growth of a tree is the result of combined effects of biotic and abiotic factors. It is important to understand how biotic and abiotic factors affect changes in forest structure and dynamics under environmental fluctuations. In this study, we explored the effects of initial size [diameter at breast height (DBH)], neighborhood competition, and site condition on tree growth, based on a 3-year monitoring of tree growth rate in a permanent plot (120 × 80 m) of montane Fagus engleriana-Cyclobalanopsis multiervis mixed forest on Mt. Shennongjia, China. We measured DBH increments every 6 months from October 2011 to October 2014 by field-made dendrometers and calculated the mean annual growth rate over the 3 years for each individual tree. We also measured and calculated twelve soil properties and five topographic variables for 384 grids of 5 × 5 m. We defined two distance-dependent neighborhood competition indices with and without considerations of phylogenetic relatedness between trees and tested for significant differences in growth rates among functional groups. On average, trees in this mixed montane forest grew 0.07 cm year-1 in DBH. Deciduous, canopy, and early-successional species grew faster than evergreen, small-statured, and late-successional species, respectively. Growth rates increased with initial DBH, but were not significantly related to neighborhood competition and site condition for overall trees. Phylogenetic relatedness between trees did not influence the neighborhood competition. Different factors were found to influence tree growth rates of different functional groups: Initial DBH was the dominant factor for all tree groups; neighborhood competition within 5 m radius decreased growth rates of evergreen trees; and site condition tended to be more related to growth rates of fast-growing trees (deciduous, canopy, pioneer, and early-successional species) than the slow-growing trees (evergreen, understory, and late-successional species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Chi
- Department of EcologyCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Department of EcologyCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 20 Nanxincun, XiangshanBeijing100093China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of EcologyCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Mi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 20 Nanxincun, XiangshanBeijing100093China
| | - Jielin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 20 Nanxincun, XiangshanBeijing100093China
| | - Gaoming Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 20 Nanxincun, XiangshanBeijing100093China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Department of EcologyCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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42
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Chen HYH, Luo Y. Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:3675-84. [PMID: 26136379 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass change of the world's forests is critical to the global carbon cycle. Despite storing nearly half of global forest carbon, the boreal biome of diverse forest types and ages is a poorly understood component of the carbon cycle. Using data from 871 permanent plots in the western boreal forest of Canada, we examined net annual aboveground biomass change (ΔAGB) of four major forest types between 1958 and 2011. We found that ΔAGB was higher for deciduous broadleaf (DEC) (1.44 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) , 95% Bayesian confidence interval (CI), 1.22-1.68) and early-successional coniferous forests (ESC) (1.42, CI, 1.30-1.56) than mixed forests (MIX) (0.80, CI, 0.50-1.11) and late-successional coniferous (LSC) forests (0.62, CI, 0.39-0.88). ΔAGB declined with forest age as well as calendar year. After accounting for the effects of forest age, ΔAGB declined by 0.035, 0.021, 0.032 and 0.069 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) per calendar year in DEC, ESC, MIX and LSC forests, respectively. The ΔAGB declines resulted from increased tree mortality and reduced growth in all forest types except DEC, in which a large biomass loss from mortality was accompanied with a small increase in growth. With every degree of annual temperature increase, ΔAGB decreased by 1.00, 0.20, 0.55 and 1.07 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) in DEC, ESC, MIX and LSC forests, respectively. With every cm decrease of annual climatic moisture availability, ΔAGB decreased 0.030, 0.045 and 0.17 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) in ESC, MIX and LSC forests, but changed little in DEC forests. Our results suggest that persistent warming and decreasing water availability have profound negative effects on forest biomass in the boreal forests of western Canada. Furthermore, our results indicate that forest responses to climate change are strongly dependent on forest composition with late-successional coniferous forests being most vulnerable to climate changes in terms of aboveground biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Yong Luo
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
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Ruiz-Benito P, Madrigal-González J, Young S, Mercatoris P, Cavin L, Huang TJ, Chen JC, Jump AS. Climatic Stress during Stand Development Alters the Sign and Magnitude of Age-Related Growth Responses in a Subtropical Mountain Pine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126581. [PMID: 25973854 PMCID: PMC4431836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of typical age-related growth by environmental changes is poorly understood, In part because there is a lack of consensus at individual tree level regarding age-dependent growth responses to climate warming as stands develop. To increase our current understanding about how multiple drivers of environmental change can modify growth responses as trees age we used tree ring data of a mountain subtropical pine species along an altitudinal gradient covering more than 2,200 m of altitude. We applied mixed-linear models to determine how absolute and relative age-dependent growth varies depending on stand development; and to quantify the relative importance of tree age and climate on individual tree growth responses. Tree age was the most important factor for tree growth in models parameterised using data from all forest developmental stages. Contrastingly, the relationship found between tree age and growth became non-significant in models parameterised using data corresponding to mature stages. These results suggest that although absolute tree growth can continuously increase along tree size when trees reach maturity age had no effect on growth. Tree growth was strongly reduced under increased annual temperature, leading to more constant age-related growth responses. Furthermore, young trees were the most sensitive to reductions in relative growth rates, but absolute growth was strongly reduced under increased temperature in old trees. Our results help to reconcile previous contrasting findings of age-related growth responses at the individual tree level, suggesting that the sign and magnitude of age-related growth responses vary with stand development. The different responses found to climate for absolute and relative growth rates suggest that young trees are particularly vulnerable under warming climate, but reduced absolute growth in old trees could alter the species' potential as a carbon sink in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Madrigal-González
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Young
- School of Medicine and Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pierre Mercatoris
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Cavin
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Tsurng-Juhn Huang
- School of Medicine and Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Chang Chen
- Department of Forestry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Nei Pu Hsiang, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Alistair S. Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Jucker
- Forest Ecology and Conservation group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Forestry Faculty University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava Suceava Romania
| | - David A. Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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