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Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota modulates the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapy, most notably immunotherapy and its immune-related adverse effects. The poor response to immunotherapy in patients treated with antibiotics supports this influential role of the microbiota. Until recently, results pertaining to the identification of the microbial species responsible for these effects were incongruent, and relatively few studies analysed the underlying mechanisms. A better understanding of the taxonomy of the species involved and of the mechanisms of action has since been achieved. Defined bacterial species have been shown to promote an improved response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors by producing different products or metabolites. However, a suppressive effect of Gram-negative bacteria may be dominant in some unresponsive patients. Machine learning approaches trained on the microbiota composition of patients can predict the ability of patients to respond to immunotherapy with some accuracy. Thus, interest in modulating the microbiota composition to improve patient responsiveness to therapy has been mounting. Clinical proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated that faecal microbiota transplantation or dietary interventions might be utilized clinically to improve the success rate of immunotherapy in patients with cancer. Here, we review recent advances and discuss emerging strategies for microbiota-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Fernandes
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel G F Costa
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicia M Cole
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Hyler AR, Cole AM, Barua R, Dzutsev AK, Schmelz EM. Abstract 1687: Cyto R1 Platform enriches samples’ viability for single-cell sequencing and downstream assays. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Single-cell level investigations such as DNA and RNA sequencing, protein analyses, and phenotypic studies require an input sample with a high rate of viability (>90%). If too many dead cells are present in the input, degraded proteins and ambient DNA or RNA can increase background noise that may lead to missing identification of crucial targets. Since the cost for single-cell sequencing experiments still remains high, it is critical to ensure the input sample is optimized for high viability to ensure cost-effective and reproducible data. Current bead assays or other sample viability enrichment techniques used in preparation for single-cell analyses typically result in a significant sample loss, sometimes sacrificing 80% of the starting sample, and these preparation steps require multiple passes (> 45 minutes time) and costly kits. These beads or kits can be biased and change the cell population, subject cells to unwanted stresses, and diminish sample integrity with the time needed for preparations. Here, we investigate sample cell viability enrichment on the Cyto R1 Platform, a label-free, cell enrichment, sorting, and recovery platform. At the core, the Cyto R1 uses Cyto Chips, microfluidic technologies with electrical fields, to phenotypically enrich and sort various cells based upon cells’ unique physical structures and subcellular features. Thus, the Cyto R1 ensures native cell recovery without any unwanted cell tagging to maximize sample integrity. In this work, a variety of single cell solutions derived from T cell lymphoma tumors, ascites fluid, and organ tissues were enriched for viable cells to obtain a final sample viability over 90%. Additionally, we aimed to achieve a minimum of 50,000 viable cells, a common target for single-cell sequencing, in as rapid a timeframe as possible. In one sample origin tested, murine T cell lymphomas, the average starting viability was 65 ± 6.5%, and the final viability after enrichment on the Cyto R1 Platform was 95.8 ± 1.8%. Similarly, murine ascites cell mixtures were enriched from average viabilities below 55% up to 91.6 ± 4.2%. For all samples tested, >50,000 viable cells were obtained in under 30 minutes. This work demonstrates that the Cyto R1 can effectively and efficiently enrich a variety of starting samples for high viability (>90%) as required for downstream assays and single-cell sequencing.
Citation Format: Alexandra R. Hyler, Alicia M. Cole, Ridi Barua, Amiran K. Dzutsev, Eva M. Schmelz. Cyto R1 Platform enriches samples’ viability for single-cell sequencing and downstream assays [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1687.
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McCulloch JA, Davar D, Rodrigues RR, Badger JH, Fang JR, Cole AM, Balaji AK, Vetizou M, Prescott SM, Fernandes MR, Costa RGF, Yuan W, Salcedo R, Bahadiroglu E, Roy S, DeBlasio RN, Morrison RM, Chauvin JM, Ding Q, Zidi B, Lowin A, Chakka S, Gao W, Pagliano O, Ernst SJ, Rose A, Newman NK, Morgun A, Zarour HM, Trinchieri G, Dzutsev AK. Intestinal microbiota signatures of clinical response and immune-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1. Nat Med 2022; 28:545-556. [PMID: 35228752 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that the gut microbiome is a tumor-extrinsic factor associated with antitumor response to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) therapy, but inconsistencies exist between published microbial signatures associated with clinical outcomes. To resolve this, we evaluated a new melanoma cohort, along with four published datasets. Time-to-event analysis showed that baseline microbiota composition was optimally associated with clinical outcome at approximately 1 year after initiation of treatment. Meta-analysis and other bioinformatic analyses of the combined data show that bacteria associated with favorable response are confined within the Actinobacteria phylum and the Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae families of Firmicutes. Conversely, Gram-negative bacteria were associated with an inflammatory host intestinal gene signature, increased blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and unfavorable outcome. Two microbial signatures, enriched for Lachnospiraceae spp. and Streptococcaceae spp., were associated with favorable and unfavorable clinical response, respectively, and with distinct immune-related adverse effects. Despite between-cohort heterogeneity, optimized all-minus-one supervised learning algorithms trained on batch-corrected microbiome data consistently predicted outcomes to programmed cell death protein-1 therapy in all cohorts. Gut microbial communities (microbiotypes) with nonuniform geographical distribution were associated with favorable and unfavorable outcomes, contributing to discrepancies between cohorts. Our findings shed new light on the complex interaction between the gut microbiome and response to cancer immunotherapy, providing a roadmap for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McCulloch
- Genetics and Microbiome Core, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Genetics and Microbiome Core, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Genetics and Microbiome Core, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer R Fang
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicia M Cole
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ascharya K Balaji
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marie Vetizou
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie M Prescott
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam R Fernandes
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel G F Costa
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wuxing Yuan
- Genetics and Microbiome Core, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rosalba Salcedo
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erol Bahadiroglu
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Soumen Roy
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richelle N DeBlasio
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Morrison
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joe-Marc Chauvin
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Quanquan Ding
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bochra Zidi
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ava Lowin
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Saranya Chakka
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wentao Gao
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ornella Pagliano
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scarlett J Ernst
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Rose
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nolan K Newman
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Hassane M Zarour
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Amiran K Dzutsev
- Cancer Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Davar D, Dzutsev A, McCulloch JA, Rodrigues RR, Chauvin JM, Morrison RM, Deblasio RN, Menna C, Ding Q, Pagliano O, Zidi B, Zhang S, Badger JH, Vetizou M, Cole AM, Fernandes MR, Prescott S, Costa RG, Balaji AK, Morgun A, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Wang H, Borhani AA, Schwartz MB, Dubner HM, Ernst SJ, Rose A, Najjar YG, Belkaid Y, Kirkwood JM, Trinchieri G, Zarour HM. Abstract LB062: Efficacy of Responder-derived Fecal Microbiota Transplant (R-FMT) and Pembrolizumab in Anti-PD-1 Refractory Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor provide durable long-term benefit in a subset of patients (pts) with advanced melanoma with response rates of 35-42% and 4-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 27%. Separately, the composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to correlate with anti-PD-1 efficacy in human cancer pts with melanoma, renal cell cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) although the precise organisms differ considerably across various studies. In preclinical models, responder-derived fecal microbiome and microbiome consortia produce anti-tumor responses. The effect of microbiome modulation in pts with anti-PD-1 refractory melanoma has not been evaluated. Methods: To evaluate whether primary resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy could be overcome by intestinal microbiome modulation, we designed and conducted a phase II study (NCT03341143). We enrolled pts with primary refractory metastatic melanoma with best response of short-term stable disease (≤6 months) or progressive disease (PD) to prior anti-PD-1 based immunotherapy. Pts received single-administration of responder-derived fecal microbiota transplantation (R-FMT) together with pembrolizumab. Candidate donors were pts with advanced melanoma treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with durable partial or complete response (PR, CR). Pembrolizumab was continued till intolerable toxicity or disease progression. Safety and clinical activity (based on RECIST v1.1) were main objectives; while progression-free survival (PFS) was a key secondary endpoint. Results: As of December 1, 2020, 16 pts with primary refractory melanoma were enrolled, of whom 15 were evaluable. LDH was elevated in 14/15 pts; and the median number of prior therapies was 2. Recipient pts were seromatched to receive a single R-FMT from one of eight candidate donors (5 CR; 3 PR; median PFS 58 months, range 43-70). R-FMT was administered via colonoscopy after bowel preparation with no use of antibiotics. Pembrolizumab was administered IV per label. R-FMT/pembrolizumab was well-tolerated, with no unusual toxicity signals. R-FMT induced rapid and durable microbiota perturbation in most pts; while 6 of 15 evaluable pts had evidence of clinical benefit. Response to R-FMT/pembrolizumab was associated with an increased abundance of taxa previously shown to be associated with response to anti-PD-1, increased CD8+ T cell activation, and decreased frequency of IL-8 expressing myeloid cells. Responders had distinct proteomic and metabolomic signatures, and transkingdom network analyses confirmed that the gut microbiome regulated these changes. Conclusions: In pts with anti-PD-1 primary refractory melanoma, R-FMT/pembrolizumab changed the gut microbiome and reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Response was associated with CD8 T cell induction and reduction of IL-8 expressing myeloid cells.
Citation Format: Diwakar Davar, Amiran Dzutsev, John A. McCulloch, Richard R. Rodrigues, Joe-Marc Chauvin, Robert M. Morrison, Richelle N. Deblasio, Carmine Menna, Quanquan Ding, Ornella Pagliano, Bochra Zidi, Shuowen Zhang, Jonathan H. Badger, Marie Vetizou, Alicia M. Cole, Miriam R. Fernandes, Stephanie Prescott, Raquel G. Costa, Ascharya K. Balaji, Andrey Morgun, Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin, Hong Wang, Amir A. Borhani, Marc B. Schwartz, Howard M. Dubner, Scarlett J. Ernst, Amy Rose, Yana G. Najjar, Yasmine Belkaid, John M. Kirkwood, Giorgio Trinchieri, Hassane M. Zarour. Efficacy of Responder-derived Fecal Microbiota Transplant (R-FMT) and Pembrolizumab in Anti-PD-1 Refractory Patients with Advanced Melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB062.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Wang
- 1University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amir A. Borhani
- 6Northwestern University - The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Amy Rose
- 1University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Yasmine Belkaid
- 7National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, DC
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5
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Davar D, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch JA, Rodrigues RR, Chauvin JM, Morrison RM, Deblasio RN, Menna C, Ding Q, Pagliano O, Zidi B, Zhang S, Badger JH, Vetizou M, Cole AM, Fernandes MR, Prescott S, Costa RGF, Balaji AK, Morgun A, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Wang H, Borhani AA, Schwartz MB, Dubner HM, Ernst SJ, Rose A, Najjar YG, Belkaid Y, Kirkwood JM, Trinchieri G, Zarour HM. Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients. Science 2021; 371:595-602. [PMID: 33542131 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy provides long-term clinical benefits to patients with advanced melanoma. The composition of the gut microbiota correlates with anti-PD-1 efficacy in preclinical models and cancer patients. To investigate whether resistance to anti-PD-1 can be overcome by changing the gut microbiota, this clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of responder-derived fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) together with anti-PD-1 in patients with PD-1-refractory melanoma. This combination was well tolerated, provided clinical benefit in 6 of 15 patients, and induced rapid and durable microbiota perturbation. Responders exhibited increased abundance of taxa that were previously shown to be associated with response to anti-PD-1, increased CD8+ T cell activation, and decreased frequency of interleukin-8-expressing myeloid cells. Responders had distinct proteomic and metabolomic signatures, and transkingdom network analyses confirmed that the gut microbiome regulated these changes. Collectively, our findings show that FMT and anti-PD-1 changed the gut microbiome and reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance to anti-PD-1 in a subset of PD-1 advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Davar
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amiran K Dzutsev
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Genetics and Microbiome Core, Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joe-Marc Chauvin
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert M Morrison
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Richelle N Deblasio
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carmine Menna
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Quanquan Ding
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ornella Pagliano
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bochra Zidi
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shuowen Zhang
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Vetizou
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alicia M Cole
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miriam R Fernandes
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie Prescott
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raquel G F Costa
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ascharya K Balaji
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Biostatistics Facility, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amir A Borhani
- Division of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marc B Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Howard M Dubner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scarlett J Ernst
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amy Rose
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yana G Najjar
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hassane M Zarour
- Department of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Hakakian D, Del Rosario AG, Bogdanovski DA, Cole AM, Curran T, DiFazio LT, Rolandelli RH, Nemeth ZH. Analysis of Injury Patterns Due to Tree-Related Trauma. Am Surg 2018; 84:e407-e410. [PMID: 30454516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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7
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Bird TG, Müller M, Boulter L, Vincent DF, Ridgway RA, Lopez-Guadamillas E, Lu WY, Jamieson T, Govaere O, Campbell AD, Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Cole AM, Hay T, Simpson KJ, Clark W, Hedley A, Clarke M, Gentaz P, Nixon C, Bryce S, Kiourtis C, Sprangers J, Nibbs RJB, Van Rooijen N, Bartholin L, McGreal SR, Apte U, Barry ST, Iredale JP, Clarke AR, Serrano M, Roskams TA, Sansom OJ, Forbes SJ. TGFβ inhibition restores a regenerative response in acute liver injury by suppressing paracrine senescence. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaan1230. [PMID: 30111642 PMCID: PMC6420144 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury results in rapid regeneration through hepatocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. However, after acute severe injury, such as acetaminophen poisoning, effective regeneration may fail. We investigated how senescence may underlie this regenerative failure. In human acute liver disease, and murine models, p21-dependent hepatocellular senescence was proportionate to disease severity and was associated with impaired regeneration. In an acetaminophen injury mouse model, a transcriptional signature associated with the induction of paracrine senescence was observed within 24 hours and was followed by one of impaired proliferation. In mouse genetic models of hepatocyte injury and senescence, we observed transmission of senescence to local uninjured hepatocytes. Spread of senescence depended on macrophage-derived transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) ligand. In acetaminophen poisoning, inhibition of TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1) improved mouse survival. TGFβR1 inhibition reduced senescence and enhanced liver regeneration even when delivered beyond the therapeutic window for treating acetaminophen poisoning. This mechanism, in which injury-induced senescence impairs liver regeneration, is an attractive therapeutic target for developing treatments for acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Bird
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
| | - Miryam Müller
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | | | - Elena Lopez-Guadamillas
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | - Olivier Govaere
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sofía Ferreira-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Alicia M Cole
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Trevor Hay
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Kenneth J Simpson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - William Clark
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mairi Clarke
- Institute for Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Pauline Gentaz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Steven Bryce
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Christos Kiourtis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joep Sprangers
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute for Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon I University UMR S 1052, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Steven R McGreal
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Simon T Barry
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, UK
| | - John P Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
- University of Bristol, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Alan R Clarke
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania A Roskams
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, UK
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8
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Lu WY, Bird TG, Boulter L, Tsuchiya A, Cole AM, Hay T, Guest RV, Wojtacha D, Man TY, Mackinnon A, Ridgway RA, Kendall T, Williams MJ, Jamieson T, Raven A, Hay DC, Iredale JP, Clarke AR, Sansom OJ, Forbes SJ. Hepatic progenitor cells of biliary origin with liver repopulation capacity. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:971-983. [PMID: 26192438 PMCID: PMC4612439 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes self-renew following liver injury. Following severe injury hepatocytes are increasingly senescent, but whether hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) then contribute to liver regeneration is unclear. Here, we describe a mouse model where the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 is inducibly deleted in more than 98% of hepatocytes, causing apoptosis, necrosis and senescence with nearly all hepatocytes expressing p21. This results in florid HPC activation, which is necessary for survival, followed by complete, functional liver reconstitution. HPCs isolated from genetically normal mice, using cell surface markers, were highly expandable and phenotypically stable in vitro. These HPCs were transplanted into adult mouse livers where hepatocyte Mdm2 was repeatedly deleted, creating a non-competitive repopulation assay. Transplanted HPCs contributed significantly to restoration of liver parenchyma, regenerating hepatocytes and biliary epithelia, highlighting their in vivo lineage potency. HPCs are therefore a potential future alternative to hepatocyte or liver transplantation for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Lu
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Thomas G Bird
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Alicia M Cole
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Trevor Hay
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, CF24 4HQ
| | - Rachel V Guest
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Davina Wojtacha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Tak Yung Man
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Alison Mackinnon
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Timothy Kendall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU
| | - Michael J Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Thomas Jamieson
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Alex Raven
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - John P Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, CF24 4HQ
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
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9
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Evans DV, Cole AM, Norris TE. Colonoscopy in rural communities: a systematic review of the frequency and quality. Rural Remote Health 2015; 15:3057. [PMID: 25987252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this systematic review, the authors review studies of rural colonoscopy to determine specialty types providing rural colonoscopy and the quality of these procedures. METHODS A systematic MEDLINE search was conducted for articles pertaining to rural colonoscopy. Inclusion criteria were rural location, report of quality outcomes, or report of endoscopy workforce in rural areas. Two investigators independently reviewed and abstracted included articles. The following information was obtained from each study: author identification, citation, study design, source of funding, study duration and follow-up, study population, sample size, study setting, population characteristics, outcomes and results. Standard abstraction forms were used to summarize and assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS From 121 articles in the MEDLINE search, 11 met inclusion criteria. One additional article found from a reference list was included. Eleven articles from three countries reported on 8703 colonoscopies performed by 25 rural generalists. Reach-the-cecum rates (RCR) ranged from 36% to 96.5% with more recent studies showing higher RCRs. Adenoma detection rates ranged from 16.6% to 46%. The rate of complications was low in all studies. One study of the rural endoscopist workforce reported that general surgeons performed most rural colonoscopies in Canada. CONCLUSIONS Rural generalist physicians can safely and effectively perform colonoscopies. More research is needed on the rural endoscopist workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Evans
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - A M Cole
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - T E Norris
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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10
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Phesse TJ, Myant KB, Cole AM, Ridgway RA, Pearson H, Muncan V, van den Brink GR, Vousden KH, Sears R, Vassilev LT, Clarke AR, Sansom OJ. Endogenous c-Myc is essential for p53-induced apoptosis in response to DNA damage in vivo. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:956-66. [PMID: 24583641 PMCID: PMC4013513 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that C-MYC may be an excellent therapeutic cancer target and a number of new agents targeting C-MYC are in preclinical development. Given most therapeutic regimes would combine C-MYC inhibition with genotoxic damage, it is important to assess the importance of C-MYC function for DNA damage signalling in vivo. In this study, we have conditionally deleted the c-Myc gene in the adult murine intestine and investigated the apoptotic response of intestinal enterocytes to DNA damage. Remarkably, c-Myc deletion completely abrogated the immediate wave of apoptosis following both ionizing irradiation and cisplatin treatment, recapitulating the phenotype of p53 deficiency in the intestine. Consistent with this, c-Myc-deficient intestinal enterocytes did not upregulate p53. Mechanistically, this was linked to an upregulation of the E3 Ubiquitin ligase Mdm2, which targets p53 for degradation in c-Myc-deficient intestinal enterocytes. Further, low level overexpression of c-Myc, which does not impact on basal levels of apoptosis, elicited sustained apoptosis in response to DNA damage, suggesting c-Myc activity acts as a crucial cell survival rheostat following DNA damage. We also identify the importance of MYC during DNA damage-induced apoptosis in several other tissues, including the thymus and spleen, using systemic deletion of c-Myc throughout the adult mouse. Together, we have elucidated for the first time in vivo an essential role for endogenous c-Myc in signalling DNA damage-induced apoptosis through the control of the p53 tumour suppressor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Phesse
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff.CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K B Myant
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A M Cole
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R A Ridgway
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Pearson
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff.CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK
| | - V Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K H Vousden
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - L T Vassilev
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - A R Clarke
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff.CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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11
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Cole AM, Ridgway RA, Derkits SE, Parry L, Barker N, Clevers H, Clarke AR, Sansom OJ. p21 loss blocks senescence following Apc loss and provokes tumourigenesis in the renal but not the intestinal epithelium. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:472-86. [PMID: 20976827 PMCID: PMC3394507 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence has been implicated as an important mechanism of tumour suppression in a number of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, we still have a relatively poor understanding of how the underlying mutations that occur in cancer cause senescence and its relevance in vivo. The Apc gene is mutated in approximately 80% of CRC as the initiating event, but rarely elsewhere. In this study we have examined the capacity of Apc loss to induce senescence in the intestinal epithelium compared to the renal epithelium. Within the renal epithelium, loss of Apc function led to an induction of senescence, however, bypassing senescence through combined Apc and p21 or Ink4A gene deletion rapidly initiated renal carcinoma. Within the intestinal epithelium, loss of Apc did not induce senescence. Moreover, combined Apc and p21 or Ink4A loss had no impact upon tumourigenesis. Taken together, these results show that Apc loss in vivo invokes a senescence program in a context-dependent fashion, and implies senescence may play a key barrier to tumourigenesis in the kidney. However, in CRC, escape from senescence is likely to only be a barrier in cancers initiated by other mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee Parry
- School of Biosciences, University of CardiffCardiff, UK
| | - Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alan R Clarke
- School of Biosciences, University of CardiffCardiff, UK
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12
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Cole AM, Myant K, Reed KR, Ridgway RA, Athineos D, Van den Brink GR, Muncan V, Clevers H, Clarke AR, Sicinski P, Sansom OJ. Cyclin D2-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 is required for efficient proliferation and tumorigenesis following Apc loss. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8149-58. [PMID: 20736363 PMCID: PMC2974087 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the Apc gene is recognized as the key early event in the development of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), where its loss leads to constitutive activation of β-catenin/T-cell factor 4 signaling and hence transcription of Wnt target genes such as c-Myc. Our and other previous studies have shown that although cyclin D1 is required for adenoma formation, it is not immediately upregulated following Apc loss within the intestine, suggesting that proliferation following acute Apc loss may be dependent on another D-type cyclin. In this study, we investigated the expression and functional relevance of cyclin D2 following Apc loss in the intestinal epithelium. Cyclin D2 is upregulated immediately following Apc loss, which corresponded with a significant increase in cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and hyperphosphorylated Rb levels. Deficiency of cyclin D2 resulted in a reduction in enterocyte proliferation and crypt size within Apc-deficient intestinal epithelium. Moreover, cyclin D2 dramatically reduced tumor growth and development in Apc(Min/+) mice. Importantly, cyclin D2 knockout did not affect proliferation of normal enterocytes, and furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibition also suppressed the proliferation of adenomatous cells and not normal cells from Apc(Min/+) mice. Taken together, these results indicate that cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes are required for the efficient proliferation of cells with deregulated Wnt signaling, and inhibiting this complex may be an effective chemopreventative strategy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Cole
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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13
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Sansom OJ, Meniel V, Wilkins JA, Cole AM, Oien KA, Marsh V, Jamieson TJ, Guerra C, Ashton GH, Barbacid M, Clarke AR. Loss of Apc allows phenotypic manifestation of the transforming properties of an endogenous K-ras oncogene in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14122-7. [PMID: 16959882 PMCID: PMC1599922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604130103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the K-ras gene occur in approximately 50% of human colorectal cancers. However, the precise role that K-ras oncogenes play in tumor formation is still unclear. To address this issue, we have conditionally expressed an oncogenic K-ras(V12) allele in the small intestine of adult mice either alone or in the context of Apc deficiency. We found that expression of K-ras(V12) does not affect normal intestinal homeostasis or the immediate phenotypes associated with Apc deficiency. Mechanistically we failed to find activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which may be a consequence of the up-regulation of a number of negative feedback loops. However, K-ras(V12) expression accelerates intestinal tumorigenesis and confers invasive properties after Apc loss over the long term. In renal epithelium, expression of the oncogenic K-ras(V12) allele in the absence of Apc induces the rapid development of renal carcinoma. These tumors, unlike those of intestinal origin, display activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that normal intestinal and kidney epithelium are resistant to malignant transformation by an endogenous K-ras oncogene. However, activation of K-ras(V12) after Apc loss results in increased tumorigenesis with distinct kinetics. Whereas the effect of K-ras oncogenes in the intestine can been observed only after long latencies, they result in rapid carcinogenesis in the kidney epithelium. These data imply a window of opportunity for anti-K-ras therapies after tumor initiation in preventing tumor growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom.
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14
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Muncan V, Sansom OJ, Tertoolen L, Phesse TJ, Begthel H, Sancho E, Cole AM, Gregorieff A, de Alboran IM, Clevers H, Clarke AR. Rapid loss of intestinal crypts upon conditional deletion of the Wnt/Tcf-4 target gene c-Myc. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8418-26. [PMID: 16954380 PMCID: PMC1636776 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00821-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the mutationally activated Wnt cascade in colorectal cancer cell lines induces a rapid G1 arrest and subsequent differentiation. This arrest can be overcome by maintaining expression of a single Tcf4 target gene, the proto-oncogene c-Myc. Since colorectal cancer cells share many molecular characteristics with proliferative crypt progenitors, we have assessed the physiological role of c-Myc in adult crypts by conditional gene deletion. c-Myc-deficient crypts are lost within weeks and replaced by c-Myc-proficient crypts through a fission process of crypts that have escaped gene deletion. Although c-Myc(-/-) crypt cells remain in the cell cycle, they are on average much smaller than wild-type cells, cycle slower, and divide at a smaller cell size. c-Myc appears essential for crypt progenitor cells to provide the necessary biosynthetic capacity to successfully progress through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Muncan
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Nederlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Cole AM. Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 306:199-230. [PMID: 16909923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Host defense responses of the human female genital tract mucosa to pathogenic microbes and viruses are mediated in part by the release of antimicrobial substances into the overlying mucosal fluid. While host defense has long been considered a prominent function of vaginal and cervical mucosae, evidence that cationic antimicrobial peptides and proteins have fundamental roles in the innate host defense of this tissue has only recently become available. This chapter explores elements of the physical and chemical defense barriers of the cervicovaginal mucosa, which protect against infections of the lower genital tract. Cationic antimicrobial and antiviral polypeptide components of cervicovaginal fluid are discussed in detail, with special emphasis placed on the defensin family of peptides as well as polypeptides that are active against viruses such as HIV-1. The reader should be cognizant that each polypeptide by itself does not provide complete protection of the genital tract. On the contrary, the abundance and multiplicity of antimicrobial peptides and proteins suggest protection of the cervicovaginal mucosa may be best realized from the aggregate effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32816-2364, USA.
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16
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Owen SM, Rudolph D, Wang W, Cole AM, Sherman MA, Waring AJ, Lehrer RI, Lal RB. A theta-defensin composed exclusively of d-amino acids is active against HIV-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 63:469-76. [PMID: 15175019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of certain theta-defensins, including retrocyclin-1, to protect human cells from infection by HIV-1 marks them as potentially useful molecules. Theta-defensins composed of L-amino acids are likely to be unstable in environments that contain host and microbial proteases. This study compared the properties of two enantiomeric theta-defensins, retrocyclin-1, and RC-112. Although these peptides have identical sequences, RC-112 is composed exclusively of D-amino acids, whereas retrocyclin-1 contains only L-amino acids. We compared the ability of these peptides to protect JC53-BL human cells from infection by 30 primary HIV-1 isolates. JC53-BL cells are modified HeLa cells that express surface CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5. They also contain reporter cassettes that are driven by the HIV-1 LTR, and express beta-galactosidase and luciferase. The HIV-1 isolates varied in co-receptor specificity and included subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01-AE, and G. RC-112 was several fold more potent than retrocyclin-1 across the entire HIV-1 panel. Although RC-112 bound immobilized gp120 and CD4 with lower affinity than did retrocyclin-1, surface plasmon resonance experiments performed with 1 microg/mL of RC-112 and retrocyclin-1 revealed that both glycoproteins were bound to a similar extent. The superior antiviral performance of RC-112 most likely reflected its resistance to degradation by surface-associated or secreted proteases of the JC53-BL target cells. Theta-defensins composed exclusively of D-amino acids merit consideration as starting points for designing microbicides for topical application to the vagina or rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Owen
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Services, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a risk factor for community-acquired and nosocomial infections. We screened 230 donors of diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds and identified 62 (27%) whose nasal secretions were colonized by S. aureus. In 18 donors in whom the various regions of the nasal luminal surface were separately sampled, the predominant region of S. aureus colonization was the moist squamous epithelium on the septum adjacent to the nasal ostium. Nasal fluid from carriers was defective in killing endogenous S. aureus and nasal carrier isolates of S. aureus but not a laboratory S. aureus strain. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that S. aureus isolates incubated in nasal fluid from carriers for 2 h at 37 degrees C were less damaged than those incubated in noncarrier fluid and were coated with an electron-dense layer. Compared with that from healthy donors and patients with acute rhinitis, nasal fluid from carriers contained elevated concentrations of the neutrophil-derived defensins human neutrophil peptides 1 to 3 (47- and 4-fold increases, respectively), indicative of a neutrophil-mediated inflammatory host response to S. aureus colonization. The concentration of the inducible epithelial antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 was also highly elevated compared to that in healthy donors, in whom the level was below the detection limit, or patients with acute rhinitis (sixfold increase). Thus, nasal carriage of S. aureus takes hold in nasal fluid that is permissive for colonization and induces a local inflammatory response that fails to clear the colonizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1960, USA
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18
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Abstract
The human airways are protected from pathogenic colonization by a blanket of fluid impregnated with innate antimicrobial effector molecules. Among several previously uncharacterized components, we isolated a peptide that had activity primarily targeting Gram-negative bacteria. We named the peptide 'calcitermin' since its amino acid sequence and mass were equivalent to the 15 C-terminal residues of the S100 protein, calgranulin C. The antimicrobial activity of calcitermin was enhanced in acidic buffers (pH 5.4) and in the presence of micromolar concentrations of ZnCl(2). Analysis revealed a putative zinc-binding consensus sequence as well as an alpha-helical conformation in structure-promoting solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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19
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Cole AM, Ganz T, Liese AM, Burdick MD, Liu L, Strieter RM. Cutting edge: IFN-inducible ELR- CXC chemokines display defensin-like antimicrobial activity. J Immunol 2001; 167:623-7. [PMID: 11441062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports highlighted the chemotactic activities of antimicrobial peptide defensins whose structure, charge, and size resemble chemokines. By assaying representative members of the four known families of chemokines we explored the obverse: whether some chemokines exert antimicrobial activity. In a radial diffusion assay, only recombinant monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG/CXCL9), IFN-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10/CXCL10), and IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11), members of the IFN-gamma-inducible tripeptide motif Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR)(-) CXC chemokines, were antimicrobial against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Similar to human defensins, antimicrobial activities of the chemokines were inhibited by 50 and 100 mM NaCl. The concentration of MIG/CXCL9 and IP-10/CXCL10 released from IFN-gamma-stimulated PBMC in 24 h were, respectively, 35- and 28-fold higher than from unstimulated cells. Additionally, the amounts of chemokines released per monocyte suggest that, in tissues with mononuclear cell infiltration, IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines may reach concentrations necessary for microbicidal activity. IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines may directly inactivate microbes before attracting other host defense cells to the area of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Ceccarelli AV, Cole AM, Park AK, Tahk S, Yoshioka D, Ganz T. Therapeutic effect of a pig-derived peptide antibiotic on porcine wound infections. Comp Med 2001; 51:75-9. [PMID: 11926306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the therapeutic potential of the pig-derived antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1 (PG-1) against porcine skin wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a porcine skin wound model, PG-1 was added to the wound fluid either at the time of P. aeruginosa inoculation, four hours after inoculation or 24 hours after inoculation. Wound fluids were analyzed 20-24 hours later by use of colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, semiquantitative immunoblot analysis for PG-1, and radial diffusion assays (RDA) for residual in vitro activity. RESULTS Results of the CFU assays indicated a 10,000-fold decrease in the number of bacteria when PG-1 was added at the time of inoculation, a 120-fold decrease when added 4 hours after inoculation and a 10-fold decrease when added 24 hours after inoculation. Results of immunoblot analysis and RDA indicated that PG-1 concentrations for each of the three conditions remained increased in wound fluid 20 to 24 hours after treatment, and correlated with increased residual in vitro antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSIONS These results document that the endogenous antibiotic PG-1 significantly prevented the colonization of P. aeruginosa in wounds and reduced the in vivo bacterial concentration in established wound infections. Therapeutics used in the same animal species from which they were derived are a promising means for preventing and treating localized infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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21
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Cole AM, Shi J, Ceccarelli A, Kim YH, Park A, Ganz T. Inhibition of neutrophil elastase prevents cathelicidin activation and impairs clearance of bacteria from wounds. Blood 2001; 97:297-304. [PMID: 11133774 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host defense roles of neutrophil elastase in a porcine skin wound chamber model were explored. Analysis of wound fluid by acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and bacterial overlay confirmed that the neutrophil-derived protegrins constituted the major stable antimicrobial polypeptide in the wound fluid. The application to the wound of 0.10 and 0.25 mM N-methoxysuccinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-valine (AAPV) chloromethyl ketone, a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor (NEI), blocked the proteolytic activation of protegrins and diminished the associated antimicrobial activity as detected by radial diffusion assay against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans or by bacterial gel overlay against S epidermidis and E coli. The application of the related cathepsin G inhibitor (CGI), benzyloxycarbonyl-glycine-leucine-phenylalanine (ZGLF) chloromethyl ketone, had no effect. In wound chambers that received 10(6) colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of S epidermidis, the presence of NEI significantly decreased the 24-hour clearance of bacteria from the wound compared to wounds treated with CGI or solvent only. Neither inhibitor, at 0.10 or 0.25 mM concentration, affected leukocyte accumulation or degranulation in the wound chambers. The in vitro microbicidal decrement due to NEI was restored by an amount of the specific protegrin (PG-1), which was equivalent to the measured difference of protegrin between control and inhibited chambers. Administration of 1 microg/mL exogenous PG-1 4 hours after chamber preparation was sufficient to normalize in vivo antimicrobial activity. Although pharmacologic NEIs are promising candidates as anti-inflammatory drugs, they may impair host defense in part by inhibiting the activation of cathelicidins by neutrophil elastase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are innate host defense molecules that have a direct effect on bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. They are found in evolutionarily diverse species ranging from prokaryotes and plants to invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Humans express several families of antimicrobial peptides in myeloid cells and on various epithelial surfaces where they are poised to defend against pathogens. Recently, antimicrobial peptides from animals and plants have served as templates for the design of new therapeutic antibiotics. This review provides an introduction to the biology of human antimicrobial peptides, followed by a more detailed discussion of their isolation from tissues and biological fluids, their purification by gel electrophoresis and chromatography and assays of their antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90095-1690, USA.
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Cole AM, Darouiche RO, Legarda D, Connell N, Diamond G. Characterization of a fish antimicrobial peptide: gene expression, subcellular localization, and spectrum of activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2039-45. [PMID: 10898673 PMCID: PMC90011 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.8.2039-2045.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are proposed to act as the first line of mucosal host defense by exerting broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against pathogenic microbes. Pleurocidin, a new 25-residue linear antimicrobial peptide, was recently isolated from the skin secretions of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). The present study identifies the cDNA and gene encoding pleurocidin. The pleurocidin gene comprises four exons. Its upstream region demonstrates consensus binding sequences for transcription factors found in host defense genes in mammals, including sequences identical to the NF-IL6 and alpha and gamma interferon response elements. Pleurocidin is predicted to exist as a 68-residue prepropeptide that undergoes proteolytic cleavage of its amino-terminal signal and carboxy-terminal anionic propiece to form the active, mature peptide. Transmission electron microscopy localized pleurocidin to the mucin granules of skin and intestinal goblet cells. Significant synergy was shown to occur between pleurocidin and D-cycloserine targeting Mycobacterium smegmatis. Pleurocidin was functionally active at physiologic concentrations of magnesium and calcium; however, high concentrations of these divalent cations ablated pleurocidin's activity against a standard test strain, Escherichia coli D31. Pleurocidin was tested against bacterial and fungal clinical isolates and showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Together, these data support the hypothesis that pleurocidin participates in innate mucosal immunity, and it may prove to be a beneficial therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Injury Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Abstract
Host defense responses of animals and plants to pathogenic microbes are mediated in part by the release of antimicrobial substances into tissue fluids. Exploration of the antimicrobial properties of tissue fluids is often limited by their small quantity. We have developed assays of antimicrobial activity that require only 1 microl of fluid. Using normal nasal secretions as a model mucosal fluid we demonstrated that the kinetics of the 1 microl colony-forming unit (CFU) assays were equivalent to the larger CFU assays. The handling of viscous mucin-containing fluids was facilitated by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a treatment that did not alter the performance of the assay. This low-volume assay will facilitate studies of the antimicrobial properties of scarce biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and the Will Rogers Institute for Pulmonary Research, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1690, USA
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Abstract
Minimally manipulated nasal secretions, an accessible form of airway surface fluid, were tested against indigenous and added bacteria by using CFU assays. Antimicrobial activity was found to vary between donors and with different target bacteria and was markedly diminished by dilution of the airway secretions. Donor-to-donor differences in electrophoresis patterns of nasal secretions in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and acid urea-PAGE analyses were readily observed, suggesting that polymorphic genes encode the secreted proteins. Three donors (of twenty-four total), whose nasal fluid yielded similar protein band patterns and did not kill indigenous bacteria, were determined to be heavy nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Their fluid was deficient in microbicidal activity toward a colonizing strain of S. aureus but the defect was corrected in vitro by a 1:1 addition of nasal fluid from noncarriers. The microbicidal activity of normal fluid was inactivated by heating it for 10 min to 100 degrees C and could not be restored solely by the addition of two major nasal antimicrobial proteins, lysozyme and lactoferrin. Several other known antimicrobial proteins and peptides, including statherin, secretory phospholipase A2, and defensins, were identified in nasal secretions and likely contribute to their total antimicrobial properties. Nasal fluid may serve as a useful model for the analysis of lower-airway secretions and their role in host defense against airway colonization and pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and the Will Rogers Institute for Pulmonary Research, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Cole AM, Weis P, Diamond G. Isolation and characterization of pleurocidin, an antimicrobial peptide in the skin secretions of winter flounder. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:12008-13. [PMID: 9115266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.18.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are found in both myeloid cells and mucosal tissues of many vertebrates and invertebrates. These peptides are predicted to operate as a first-line host defense mechanism exerting broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and enveloped viruses. We report the characterization of a novel 25-residue linear antimicrobial peptide found in the skin mucous secretions of the winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). This peptide was purified through multiple chromatographic methods to obtain a single peak by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. This purified peptide, which we named pleurocidin, exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli in a bacterial cell lysis plate assay. Mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence analysis indicated that it is 25 amino acids in length. Pleurocidin is predicted to assume an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation similar to many other linear antimicrobial peptides. There is a high degree of homology between pleurocidin and two antimicrobial peptides, ceratotoxin from the Mediterranean fruit fly and dermaseptin from the skin of a hylid frog. The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of pleurocidin were determined against 11 different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Immunohistochemistry locates pleurocidin in the epithelial mucous cells of flounder skin. Pleurocidin represents a novel antimicrobial peptide found in fish and may play a role in innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cole
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Injury Sciences, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Abstract
Tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) is a member of the beta-defensin family of antibiotic peptides found in the tracheal mucosa of the cow. TAP gene expression in the bovine airway is inducible by lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory mediators, suggesting that it functions to protect the upper airway from infection. Limited availability of bovine TAP (bTAP) has precluded investigation of its potential utility in agriculture and medicine. To overcome this problem, transgenic mice expressing bTAP using an expression vector driven by control sequences from the murine whey acidic protein (WAP) gene have been generated. The WAP/bTAP transcript was detected in RNA isolated from mammary tissue of transgenic females. bTAP was purified to homogeneity from milk via acid precipitation, reverse-phase HPLC, and ion-exchange chromatography. This milk-derived bTAP had antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Amino-terminal peptide sequencing confirmed the identity of this material as a bTAP isoform. bTAP available from a mammary gland bioreactor will allow evaluation of bTAP for use as an antibiotic in agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yarus
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare elderly co-resident caregivers of stroke and dementia patients on measures of burden and psychological morbidity. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Caregivers interviewed at home. SUBJECTS Convenience sample, 99 co-resident caregivers of dementia and stroke patients registered with a community rehabilitation and geriatric service and who were 60 years or over. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Caregiver burden as measured by self-administered questionnaire and subsequent interview, using the Relatives Stress Scale (RSS) and psychological morbidity as measured on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). RESULTS Forty-six percent of caregivers had significant psychological morbidity (GHQ greater than 4). Mean RSS score was 12.2 (SD 5.4). No significant differences were found between stroke and dementia caregivers on these measures. Caregiver burden was significantly correlated with psychological morbidity in both caregiver groups. Behavior and mood disturbance in the patient was significantly correlated with burden (dementia caregivers r = 0.66; stroke caregivers r = 0.49, P less than 0.0001) and psychological morbidity (dementia caregivers r = 0.44, P less than 0.01; stroke caregivers r = 0.30, P less than 0.05). Caregiver's dissatisfaction with participation in life activities was correlated with burden (dementia caregivers r = 0.58; stroke caregivers r = 0.63, P less than 0.0001) and psychological morbidity (dementia caregivers r = 0.67, stroke caregivers r = 0.56, P, 0.0001). CONCLUSION Elderly co-resident caregivers for stroke and dementia patients experience similar degrees of burden and high levels of psychological morbidity. Psychiatric aspects of chronic disability, rather than physical aspects, were found to be more stressful to caregivers. All assessments of the disabled elderly should include measures of caregiver burden and psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Draper
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Katrak PH, Cole AM, Poulos CJ, McCauley JC. Objective assessment of spasticity, strength, and function with early exhibition of dantrolene sodium after cerebrovascular accident: a randomized double-blind study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73:4-9. [PMID: 1729971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine whether early exhibition of Dantrium (Dantrolene Sodium) in patients with cerebrovascular accidents, before the onset of significant spasticity, would enhance the functional outcome of rehabilitation. Thirty-eight patients were enrolled in the trial and 31 satisfactorily completed the study. A modified Cybex isokinetic dynamometer was used to gather information on strength and muscle tone. Clinical, functional, and biochemical data were also collected. It was found that Dantrium reduced strength in the unaffected limbs but did not alter strength in the paretic limbs. Dantrium produced no alteration in clinical tone, functional outcome, or biochemical tests at the dosage (200 mg per day) used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Katrak
- Royal South Sydney Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Cole AM, Newcomb GM, Nixon KC. Dark-field microscopy and patient education. Aust Dent J 1984; 29:394-7. [PMID: 6398998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1984.tb05308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cole AM, Griffin AE, Burke W. All-or-nothing and graded slow waves in the lateral geniculate nucleus to stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation. Exp Neurol 1980; 69:528-42. [PMID: 7409063 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(80)90049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
This study compared three tests to determine the degree to which they might be measuring a single construct: Rotter's Internal-External Reinforcement Scale, Rest's adaptation of Kohlberg's test of moral development, and selected scales from Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory. All three scales were expected to show positive relationships with a measure of personal adjustment, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Numerous significant correlations were found among these instruments, suggesting some commonality in the personality dimensions being measured. There were enough differences to suggest continued refinement and to mitigate against substitution of one test for another without loss of information.
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