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Ren L, Jäger C, Schorn S, Pergolini I, Göß R, Safak O, Kießler M, Martignoni ME, Novotny AR, Friess H, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Arterial Resection for Pancreatic Cancer: Feasibility and Current Standing in a High-Volume Center. Ann Surg Open 2023; 4:e302. [PMID: 37746627 PMCID: PMC10513225 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial resection (AR) during pancreatectomy for curative R0 resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a controversial procedure with high morbidity. Objective To investigate the feasibility and oncological outcomes of pancreatectomy combined with AR at a high-volume center for pancreatic surgery. Methods We retrospectively analyzed our experience in PDAC patients, who underwent pancreatic resection with AR and/or venous resection (VR) between 2007 and 2021. Results In total 259 PDAC patients with borderline resectable (n = 138) or locally advanced (n = 121) PDAC underwent vascular resection during tumor resection. From these, 23 patients had AR (n = 4 due to intraoperative injury, n = 19 due to suspected arterial infiltration). However, 12 out of 23 patients (52.2%) underwent simultaneous VR including 1 case with intraoperative arterial injury. In comparison, 11 patients (47.8%) underwent AR only including 3 intraoperative arterial injury patients. Although the operation time and bleeding rate of patients with AR were respectively longer and higher than in VR, no significant difference was detected in postoperative complications between VR and AR (P = 0.11). The final histopathological findings of PDAC patients were similar, including M stage, regional lymph node metastases, and R0 margin resection. The mortality of the entire cohort was 6.2% (16/259), with a tendency to increase mortality in the AR cohort, yet without statistical significance (VR: 5% vs AR: 21.1%; P = 0.05). Although 19 (82.6%) patients had PDAC in the final histopathology, only 6 were confirmed to have infiltrated arteria. The microscopic distribution of PDAC in these infiltrated arterial walls on hematoxylin-eosin staining was classified into 3 patterns. Strikingly, the perivascular nerves frequently exhibited perineural invasion. Conclusions AR can be performed in high-volume centers for pancreatic surgery with an acceptable morbidity, which is comparable to that of VR. However, the likelihood of arterial infiltration seems to be rather overestimated, and as such, AR might be avoidable or replaced by less invasive techniques such as divestment during PDAC surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schorn
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilaria Pergolini
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Göß
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Okan Safak
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kießler
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E. Martignoni
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander R. Novotny
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O. Ceyhan
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- From the Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Else Kröner Clinician Scientist Professor for Translational Pancreatic Surgery, Munich, Germany
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Chovsepian A, Prokopchuk O, Petrova G, Gjini T, Kuzi H, Heisz S, Janssen KP, Martignoni ME, Friess H, Hauner H, Rohm M. Diabetes increases mortality in patients with pancreatic and colorectal cancer by promoting cachexia and its associated inflammatory status. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101729. [PMID: 37094629 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer is considered an emerging diabetes complication, with higher incidence and worse prognosis in patients with diabetes. Cancer is frequently associated with cachexia, a systemic metabolic disease causing wasting. It is currently unclear how diabetes affects the development and progression of cachexia. METHODS We investigated the interplay between diabetes and cancer cachexia retrospectively in a cohort of 345 patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer. We recorded body weight, fat mass, muscle mass, clinical serum values, and survival of these patients. Patients were grouped either into diabetic/non-diabetic groups based on previous diagnosis, or into obese/non-obese groups based on body mass index (BMI≥30kg/m2 was considered obese). RESULTS The pre-existence of type 2 diabetes, but not obesity, in patients with cancer led to increased cachexia incidence (80%, compared to 61% without diabetes, p≤0.05), higher weight loss (8.9 % vs. 6.0 %, p≤0.001), and reduced survival probability (median survival days: 689 vs. 538, Chi square=4.96, p≤0.05) irrespective of the initial body weight or tumor progression. Patients with diabetes and cancer showed higher serum levels of C-reactive protein (0.919 μg/mL vs. 0.551 μg/mL, p≤0.01) and interleukin 6 (5.98 pg/mL vs. 3.75 pg/mL, p≤0.05) as well as lower serum albumin levels (3.98 g/dL vs. 4.18 g/dL, p≤0.05) than patients with cancer without diabetes. In a sub-analysis of patients with pancreatic cancer, pre-existing diabetes worsened weight loss (9.95% vs. 6.93%, p≤0.01), and increased the duration of hospitalization (24.41 days vs. 15.85 days, p≤0.001). Further, diabetes aggravated clinical manifestations of cachexia, as changes in the aforementioned biomarkers were more pronounced in patients with diabetes and cachexia co-existence, compared to cachectic patients without diabetes (C-reactive protein: 2.300 μg/mL vs. 0.571 μg/mL, p≤0.0001; hemoglobin: 11.24 g/dL vs. 12.52 g/dL, p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that pre-existing diabetes aggravates cachexia development in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer. This is important when considering cachexia biomarkers and weight management in patients with co-existing diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chovsepian
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Petrova
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tefta Gjini
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Kuzi
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Heisz
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maria Rohm
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Demir E, Yilmaz BS, Jäger C, Rothe K, Schorn S, Pergolini I, Göß R, Safak O, Wilhelm D, Martignoni ME, Novotny AR, Friess H, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Bacterial content of the human pancreatic duct: An observational study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bachmann J, Feith M, Schlag C, Abdelhafez M, Martignoni ME, Friess H. Anastomotic leakage following resection of the esophagus-introduction of an endoscopic grading system. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:104. [PMID: 35354483 PMCID: PMC8969387 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant tumors of the esophagus are the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Postoperative leakage of the esophago-gastrostomy leads to mediastinal sepsis, which is still associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The aim of this study was to describe the endoscopic view of the different severity grades of an anastomotic leakage. Methods Patients Between June 2016 and September 2018, 144 patients were operated upon in the Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Germany. Among these patients, 34 (23.6%) presented with a leakage of the anastomosis. Endoscopy In this retrospective analysis, the focus is to describe different patterns of leakage of the anastomosis. Results We studied 34 patients in whom post-esophagectomy leakage of the anastomosis was detected and treated with an endoluminal vacuum sponge system. The leakage healed in 26 of 29 patients (success rate 89.7%). With the increasing severity of leakage, the treatment time and the in-hospital mortality correspondingly increased. Furthermore, the incidence of the development of a fistula to the tracheobronchial system increased with higher grades of leakage. Conclusions Exact descriptions of leakage are necessary to compare the cases and to prove post-treatment improvement. This is, to our knowledge, the first publication to present a leakage grading score in patients after esophagectomy including reconstruction with a gastric tube. This new grading system needs to be tested in further analyses, with a special focus on prospective analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Bachmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Marcus Feith
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr, 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Abdelhafez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr, 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Prokopchuk O, Hermann CD, Schoeps B, Nitsche U, Prokopchuk OL, Knolle P, Friess H, Martignoni ME, Krüger A. A novel tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1/liver/cachexia score predicts prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:378-392. [PMID: 33590974 PMCID: PMC8061407 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia, a devastating syndrome in cancer patients, critically determines survival and life quality. It is characterized by impaired homeostasis of multiple organs including the liver, involves tissue wasting, and is conventionally diagnosed and classified by weight loss (WL). However, recent studies pointed at the problem that WL is not sufficient for precise classification of cancer patients according to disease severity (i.e. prognosis). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is an easily accessible cachexia-associated biomarker in the blood, known to alter liver homeostasis. Here, we investigated the value of combining blood levels of TIMP-1 with parameters of liver functionality towards establishment of a cachexia-associated clinical score, which predicts survival of cancer patients, reflects the clinical manifestation of cachexia, and is easily accessible in the clinic. METHODS The TIMP-1/liver cachexia (TLC) score, expressed as numerical value ranging from 0 to 1, was calculated by categorizing the blood levels of TIMP-1 and parameters of liver functionality (C-reactive protein, ferritin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, albumin, and total protein) for each patient as below/above a certain risk threshold. The TLC score was tested in a cohort of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 82, 35.4% women, 64.6% men, median age: 70 years) and validated in a cohort of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients (n = 84, 54.8% women, 45.2% men, median age: 69 years). RESULTS In CRC patients, the TLC score positively correlated with presence of cachexia-related symptoms (WL, impaired liver function), predicted survival [P < 0.001, hazard ratio (HR): 96.91 (9.85-953.90)], and allowed classification of three prognostically distinct patient subpopulations [low (LO)-risk, intermediate (IM)-risk, and high (HI)-risk groups; LO vs. IM: P = 0.003, LO vs. HI: P < 0.001, IM vs. HI: P = 0.029]. The prognostic power of the cachexia-associated TLC score [P < 0.001, HR: 7.37 (2.80-19.49)] and its application to define risk groups (LO vs. IM: P = 0.032, LO vs. HI: P < 0.001, IM vs. HI: P = 0.014) was confirmed in a cohort of PC patients. The prognostic power of the TLC score was independent of presence of liver metastases in CRC or PC patients and was superior to clinically established staging classifications. CONCLUSIONS The TLC score, a result of straightforward determination of blood parameters, is an objective cachexia-associated clinical tool for precise survival prediction of gastrointestinal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Prokopchuk
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris D Hermann
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schoeps
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oleksii L Prokopchuk
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- School of Medicine, Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kunzke T, Buck A, Prade VM, Feuchtinger A, Prokopchuk O, Martignoni ME, Heisz S, Hauner H, Janssen KP, Walch A, Aichler M. Derangements of amino acids in cachectic skeletal muscle are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:226-240. [PMID: 31965747 PMCID: PMC7015243 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is the direct cause of at least 20% of cancer-associated deaths. Muscle wasting in skeletal muscle results in weakness, immobility, and death secondary to impaired respiratory muscle function. Muscle proteins are massively degraded in cachexia; nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms related to this process are poorly understood. Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the amino acid abundances in cachectic skeletal muscle tissues. There is a clear need to identify the molecular processes of muscle metabolism in the context of cachexia, especially how different types of molecules are involved in the muscle wasting process. METHODS New in situ -omics techniques were used to produce a more comprehensive picture of amino acid metabolism in cachectic muscles by determining the quantities of amino acids, proteins, and cellular metabolites. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging, we determined the in situ concentrations of amino acids and proteins, as well as energy and other cellular metabolites, in skeletal muscle tissues from genetic mouse cancer models (n = 21) and from patients with cancer (n = 6). Combined results from three individual MALDI mass spectrometry imaging methods were obtained and interpreted. Immunohistochemistry staining for mitochondrial proteins and myosin heavy chain expression, digital image analysis, and transmission electron microscopy complemented the MALDI mass spectrometry imaging results. RESULTS Metabolic derangements in cachectic mouse muscle tissues were detected, with significantly increased quantities of lysine, arginine, proline, and tyrosine (P = 0.0037, P = 0.0048, P = 0.0430, and P = 0.0357, respectively) and significantly reduced quantities of glutamate and aspartate (P = 0.0008 and P = 0.0124). Human skeletal muscle tissues revealed similar tendencies. A majority of altered amino acids were released by the breakdown of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Decreased energy charge was observed in cachectic muscle tissues (P = 0.0101), which was related to the breakdown of specific proteins. Additionally, expression of the cationic amino acid transporter CAT1 was significantly decreased in the mitochondria of cachectic mouse muscles (P = 0.0133); this decrease may play an important role in the alterations of cationic amino acid metabolism and decreased quantity of glutamate observed in cachexia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction has a substantial influence on amino acid metabolism in cachectic skeletal muscles, which appears to be triggered by diminished CAT1 expression, as well as the degradation of mitochondrial proteins. These findings provide new insights into the pathobiochemistry of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kunzke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Verena M Prade
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Heisz
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Nutritional Medicine Unit, TUM, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Nutritional Medicine Unit, TUM, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Marquart K, Prokopchuk O, Wilhelm D, Worek F, Thiermann H, Martignoni ME, Wille T. Human small bowel as model for poisoning with organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marquart K, Prokopchuk O, Worek F, Thiermann H, Martignoni ME, Wille T. Human small bowel as a useful tool to investigate smooth muscle effects of potential therapeutics in organophosphate poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:235-240. [PMID: 29154801 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolated organs proofed to be a robust tool to study effects of (potential) therapeutics in organophosphate poisoning. Small bowel samples have been successfully used to reveal smooth muscle relaxing effects. In the present study, the effects of obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MB 327 were investigated on human small bowel tissue and compared with rat data. Hereby, the substances were tested in at least seven different concentrations in the jejunum or ileum both pre-contracted with carbamoylcholine. Additionally, the cholinesterase activity of native tissue was determined. Human small intestine specimens showed classical dose response-curves, similar to rat tissue, with MB 327 exerting the most potent smooth muscle relaxant effect in both species (human EC50=0.7×10-5M and rat EC50=0.7×10-5M). The AChE activity for human and rat samples did not differ significantly (rat jejunum=1351±166 mU/mg wet weight; rat ileum=1078±123 mU/mg wet weight; human jejunum=1030±258 mU/mg wet weight; human ileum=1293±243 mU/mg wet weight). Summarizing, our isolated small bowel setup seems to be a solid tool to investigate the effects of (potential) therapeutics on pre-contracted smooth muscle, with data being transferable between rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marquart
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany.
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Gianotti L, Besselink MG, Sandini M, Hackert T, Conlon K, Gerritsen A, Griffin O, Fingerhut A, Probst P, Abu Hilal M, Marchegiani G, Nappo G, Zerbi A, Amodio A, Perinel J, Adham M, Raimondo M, Asbun HJ, Sato A, Takaori K, Shrikhande SV, Del Chiaro M, Bockhorn M, Izbicki JR, Dervenis C, Charnley RM, Martignoni ME, Friess H, de Pretis N, Radenkovic D, Montorsi M, Sarr MG, Vollmer CM, Frulloni L, Büchler MW, Bassi C. Nutritional support and therapy in pancreatic surgery: A position paper of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery 2018; 164:1035-1048. [PMID: 30029989 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal nutritional therapy in the field of pancreatic surgery is still debated. METHODS An international panel of recognized pancreatic surgeons and pancreatologists decided that the topic of nutritional support was of importance in pancreatic surgery. Thus, they reviewed the best contemporary literature and worked to develop a position paper to provide evidence supporting the integration of appropriate nutritional support into the overall management of patients undergoing pancreatic resection. Strength of recommendation and quality of evidence were based on the approach of the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation Working Group. RESULTS The measurement of nutritional status should be part of routine preoperative assessment because malnutrition is a recognized risk factor for surgery-related complications. In addition to patient's weight loss and body mass index, measurement of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity should be considered in the preoperative evaluation because they are strong predictors of poor short-term and long-term outcomes. The available data do not show any definitive nutritional advantages for one specific type of gastrointestinal reconstruction technique after pancreatoduodenectomy over the others. Postoperative early resumption of oral intake is safe and should be encouraged within enhanced recovery protocols, but in the case of severe postoperative complications or poor tolerance of oral food after the operation, supplementary artificial nutrition should be started at once. At present, there is not enough evidence to show the benefit of avoiding oral intake in clinically stable patients who are complicated by a clinically irrelevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (a so-called biochemical leak), while special caution should be given to feeding patients with clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula orally. When an artificial nutritional support is needed, enteral nutrition is preferred whenever possible over parenteral nutrition. After the operation, regardless of the type of pancreatic resection or technique of reconstruction, patients should be monitored carefully to assess for the presence of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Although fecal elastase-1 is the most readily available clinical test for detection of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, its sensitivity and specificity are low. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy should be initiated routinely after pancreatoduodenectomy and in patients with locally advanced disease and continued for at least 6 months after surgery, because untreated pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in severe nutritional derangement. CONCLUSION The importance of this position paper is the consensus reached on the topic. Concentrating on nutritional support and therapy is of utmost value in pancreatic surgery for both short- and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gianotti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, and Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Sandini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, and Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Conlon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arja Gerritsen
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oonagh Griffin
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abe Fingerhut
- University of Graz Hospital, Surgical Research Unit, Graz, Austria
| | - Pascal Probst
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Giovanni Marchegiani
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Nappo
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zerbi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Amodio
- Unit of Gastroenterology, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Julie Perinel
- Department of Digestive Surgery, E. Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Adham
- Department of Digestive Surgery, E. Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Raimondo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Horacio J Asbun
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Asahi Sato
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Takaori
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit - Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) - Karolinska Institutet at Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic-Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic-Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christos Dervenis
- University of Cyprus and Department of Surgical Oncology and HPB Surgery Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard M Charnley
- Department of HPB & Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | | | - Dejan Radenkovic
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia and School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Montorsi
- Department of Surgery, Humanitas University, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael G Sarr
- Department of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Charles M Vollmer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca Frulloni
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of General and Pancreatic Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
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Prokopchuk O, Grünwald B, Nitsche U, Jäger C, Prokopchuk OL, Schubert EC, Friess H, Martignoni ME, Krüger A. Elevated systemic levels of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1 correlate with clinical markers of cachexia in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:128. [PMID: 29394913 PMCID: PMC5797345 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we determined the possible association of systemic TIMP-1 levels with cachexia and jaundice, two common PDAC-associated conditions. METHODS Plasma TIMP-1 was measured by ELISA in patients diagnosed with PDAC (n = 36) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) (n = 25). Patients without pancreatic pathologies and known malignancies of other origin served as controls (n = 13). TIMP-1 levels in these patients were tested for asscociation with jaundice and chachexia, and furthermore correlated with cachexia-related clinical parameters such as weight loss and ferritin, parameters of lung function, hemoglobin and liver synthesis parameters. RESULTS TIMP-1 plasma levels were mostly higher in CP and PDAC patients with concomitant jaundice or cachexia. Elevated plasma TIMP-1 levels were also associated with clinical cachexia markers, including absolute and relative values of weight loss and lung function, as well as ferritin, hemoglobin, and cholinesterase levels. TIMP-1 levels significantly correlated with cachexia only in patients without jaundice. Jaundice also impaired the use of TIMP-1 as a prognostic marker in cancer patients. Relating to cachexia status alone, a slightly improved association of TIMP-1 levels with survival of PDAC patients was observed. CONCLUSION This retrospective study reports for the first time that plasma levels of TIMP-1 are associated with pancreatic lesion-induced cachexia in patients without jaundice. TIMP-1 is counterindicated as a survival marker in patients with jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Prokopchuk
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Barbara Grünwald
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Elaine C Schubert
- Institut für Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie und Experimentelle Onkologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Peri- and postoperative nutrition in colorectal cancer patients Abstract. The long multimodal therapy regimens for colorectal cancer require a sufficient nutritional status of the patient. The "Enhanced Recovery After Surgery" concept aims for minimization of the interruption of nutrient intake and has been validated prospectively. Preoperative malnutrition as a strong risk factor for complications should be detected and treated early after cancer diagnosis by screening tools as the "Nutritional Risk Screening" (NRS-2002) or the "Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool" (MUST). High-caloric oral supplementation, enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition are possible measures, which should be escalated stepwise. The recent concept of "prehabilitation" additionally includes short‑term optimization of the physical and psychological status. Postoperative attention should be paid to possible deficiency syndromes of single nutrients due to reduced resorption after bowel segment resection or stoma creation. Risk- and preventive factors in primary prevention of colorectal carcinoma are well-known, in secondary prevention knowledge is less clear. There is only low evidence for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids, coffee, high-fiber diet and vitamin D in secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma, requiring further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reischl
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Dirk F Wilhelm
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Philipp-Alexander Neumann
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Helmut Friess
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Deutschland
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12
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Mueller TC, Schirren R, Kehl V, Friess H, Reim D, Martignoni ME. Parenteral nutrition during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with non-metastatic gastric or esophago-gastric cancer to reduce postoperative morbidity (PERCOG): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:621. [PMID: 29282145 PMCID: PMC5745916 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of patients with gastric or esophago-gastric cancer are at risk for malnutrition. Preoperative malnutrition was shown to increase the incidence of postoperative complications following abdominal surgery. However, it remains unclear if preoperative parenteral nutritional support during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) may be effective to reduce the rate of postoperative complications in these patients. Methods/Design The PERCOG trial is a randomized controlled multicenter observer-blinded trial, investigating if the improvement of the general condition of patients with non-metastasized gastric cancer or cancer of the esophago-gastric junction during NACT by supplemental parenteral nutrition can decrease the postoperative Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI). Statistical analysis of the primary endpoint measure (CCI on postoperative day 30) will be based on the intention-to-treat population. The global level of significance is set at 5% and the sample size (n = 150) is determined to assure a power of 80%. Discussion The results of the PERCOG trial will provide high-level evidence for clinical recommendations regarding the administration of preoperative supportive parenteral nutrition and provide all participating patients the opportunity of an improved treatment. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00009451. Registered on 3 July 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2388-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Mueller
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Rebekka Schirren
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Victoria Kehl
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Daniel Reim
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany.
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany
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13
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Prokopchuk O, Steinacker JM, Nitsche U, Otto S, Bachmann J, Schubert EC, Friess H, Martignoni ME. IL-4 mRNA Is Downregulated in the Liver of Pancreatic Cancer Patients Suffering from Cachexia. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:84-91. [PMID: 27897439 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1247885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-4 (IL-4) together with interleukin-13 (IL-13) play an important role in inflammation and wound repair, and are known to be upregulated in human skeletal muscle after strenuous physical exercise. Additionally, these cytokines may act as autocrine growth factors in pancreatic cancer cells. We hypothesize that IL-4, IL-13, and their corresponding receptors are involved in mechanism of cancer cachexia. METHODS Tissue samples from human skeletal muscle, white fat, liver, healthy pancreas, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-13, IL-4 receptor α, and IL-13 receptor α1. RESULTS We demonstrate for the first time that liver IL-4 mRNA is downregulated in vivo in patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia. Additionally, IL-4 mRNA in the liver inversely correlated with musculus psoas thickness. CONCLUSION We speculate that suppression of IL-4 is involved in cancer cachexia, although the exact mechanisms have to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Prokopchuk
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- b Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Stephanie Otto
- b Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Jeannine Bachmann
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Elaine C Schubert
- c Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
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Bassani-Sternberg M, Bräunlein E, Klar R, Engleitner T, Sinitcyn P, Audehm S, Straub M, Weber J, Slotta-Huspenina J, Specht K, Martignoni ME, Werner A, Hein R, H. Busch D, Peschel C, Rad R, Cox J, Mann M, Krackhardt AM. Direct identification of clinically relevant neoepitopes presented on native human melanoma tissue by mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13404. [PMID: 27869121 PMCID: PMC5121339 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mutations may represent attractive targets for immunotherapy, direct identification of mutated peptide ligands isolated from human leucocyte antigens (HLA) on the surface of native tumour tissue has so far not been successful. Using advanced mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, we survey the melanoma-associated immunopeptidome to a depth of 95,500 patient-presented peptides. We thereby discover a large spectrum of attractive target antigen candidates including cancer testis antigens and phosphopeptides. Most importantly, we identify peptide ligands presented on native tumour tissue samples harbouring somatic mutations. Four of eleven mutated ligands prove to be immunogenic by neoantigen-specific T-cell responses. Moreover, tumour-reactive T cells with specificity for selected neoantigens identified by MS are detected in the patient's tumour and peripheral blood. We conclude that direct identification of mutated peptide ligands from primary tumour material by MS is possible and yields true neoepitopes with high relevance for immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Eva Bräunlein
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Richard Klar
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- IInd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Pavel Sinitcyn
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Stefan Audehm
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Melanie Straub
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- IInd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
- MRI-TUM-Biobank at the Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Marc E. Martignoni
- Surgery Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Angelika Werner
- Surgery Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hein
- Dermatology Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str 29, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christian Peschel
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- IInd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Angela M. Krackhardt
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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15
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Mueller TC, Bachmann J, Prokopchuk O, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Molecular pathways leading to loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer cachexia--can findings from animal models be translated to humans? BMC Cancer 2016; 16:75. [PMID: 26856534 PMCID: PMC4746781 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cachexia is a multi-factorial, systemic syndrome that especially affects patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, and leads to reduced treatment response, survival and quality of life. The most important clinical feature of cachexia is the excessive wasting of skeletal muscle mass. Currently, an effective treatment is still lacking and the search for therapeutic targets continues. Even though a substantial number of animal studies have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the loss of skeletal muscle mass, subsequent clinical trials of potential new drugs have not yet yielded any effective treatment for cancer cachexia. Therefore, we questioned to which degree findings from animal studies can be translated to humans in clinical practice and research. Discussion A substantial amount of animal studies on the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia has been conducted in recent years. This extensive review of the literature showed that most of their observations could not be consistently reproduced in studies on human skeletal muscle samples. However, studies on human material are scarce and limited in patient numbers and homogeneity. Therefore, their results have to be interpreted critically. Summary More research is needed on human tissue samples to clarify the signaling pathways that lead to skeletal muscle loss, and to confirm pre-selected drug targets from animal models in clinical trials. In addition, improved diagnostic tools and standardized clinical criteria for cancer cachexia are needed to conduct standardized, randomized controlled trials of potential drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Mueller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jeannine Bachmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
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Görner K, Bachmann J, Holzhauer C, Kirchner R, Raba K, Fischer JC, Martignoni ME, Schiemann M, Alunni-Fabbroni M. Genetic analysis of circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer patients: A pilot study. Genomics 2015; 106:7-14. [PMID: 25812950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors, mainly due to an aggressive metastasis spreading. In recent years, circulating tumor cells became associated to tumor metastasis. Little is known about their expression profiles. The aim of this study was to develop a complete workflow making it possible to isolate circulating tumor cells from patients with pancreatic cancer and their genetic characterization. RESULTS We show that the proposed workflow offers a technical sensitivity and specificity high enough to detect and isolate single tumor cells. Moreover our approach makes feasible to genetically characterize single CTCs. CONCLUSIONS Our work discloses a complete workflow to detect, count and genetically analyze individual CTCs isolated from blood samples. This method has a central impact on the early detection of metastasis development. The combination of cell quantification and genetic analysis provides the clinicians with a powerful tool not available so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Görner
- Beckman Coulter Biomedical GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jeannine Bachmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Katharina Raba
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapy, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes C Fischer
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapy, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Mueller TC, Burmeister MA, Bachmann J, Martignoni ME. Cachexia and pancreatic cancer: Are there treatment options? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9361-9373. [PMID: 25071331 PMCID: PMC4110568 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is frequently described in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is associated with reduced survival and quality of life. Unfortunately, the therapeutic options of this multi-factorial and complex syndrome are limited. This is due to the fact that, despite extensive preclinical and clinical research, the underlying pathological mechanisms leading to PDAC-associated cachexia are still not fully understood. Furthermore, there is still a lack of consensus on the definition of cachexia, which complicates the standardization of diagnosis and treatment as well as the analysis of the current literature. In order to provide an efficient therapy for cachexia, an early and reliable diagnosis and consistent monitoring is required, which can be challenging especially in obese patients. Although many substances have been tested in clinical and preclinical settings, so far none of them have been proven to have a long-term effect in ameliorating cancer-associated cachexia. However, recent studies have demonstrated that multidimensional therapeutic modalities are able to alleviate pancreatic cancer-associated cachexia and ultimately improve patients’ outcome. In this current review, we propose a stepwise and pragmatic approach to facilitate and standardize the treatment of cachexia in pancreatic cancer patients. This strategy consists of nutritional, dietary, pharmacological, physical and psychological methods.
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Bachmann J, Büchler MW, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Cachexia in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: impact on survival and outcome. Nutr Cancer 2014; 65:827-33. [PMID: 23909726 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.804580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are the most common diseases of the pancreas. Cachexia-weight loss exceeding 10% of stable body weight-is present in up to 80% of patients with PDAC. Because the mechanisms of cachexia are not well known, this provides a possibility to compare clinical courses of benign and malignant cachexia. In this study, 382 patients-242 with a PDAC stage UICC II/ 140 with CP-were documented regarding the prevalence of cachexia and its influence on perioperative morbidity and mortality with a special interest to postoperative weight gain and survival. Cachexia was present in 41.4% of CP and 31% of cancer patients. We could demonstrate more pronounced systemic effects of cachexia in patients with PDAC. Weight loss was faster in PDAC patients, the amount of weight loss did not differ significantly between the groups. Cachexia had a significant impact on survival and the postoperative course in patients with PDAC and tumor resection. The development of cachexia is faster in patients with a malignant disease and the systemic effects are more pronounced. Therefore, tumor cachexia should be considered as a different entity than cachexia in benign diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Bachmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Mihaljevic AL, Rieger A, Belloni B, Hein R, Okur A, Scheidhauer K, Schuster T, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Transferring innovative freehand SPECT to the operating room: first experiences with sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant melanoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 40:42-8. [PMID: 24084086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to report on the first experiences with freehand single-photon emission-computed tomography (freehand SPECT) in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with malignant melanoma. Freehand SPECT is a novel imaging modality combining gamma probes, surgical navigation systems, and emission tomography algorithms, designed to overcome some of the limitations of conventional gamma probes. METHODS In this study 20 patients with malignant melanoma underwent conventional planar scintigraphy prior to surgery. In the operating room, the number and location of separable SLNs were detected first by a pre-incisional scan with freehand SPECT to render a 3D-image of the target site and afterwards by a scan with a conventional gamma probe. After SLNB another scan was performed to document the removal of all targeted SLNs. RESULTS Planar scintigraphy identified 40 SLNs in 26 nodal basins. Pre-incisional freehand SPECT mapped 38 of these nodes as well as one additional node in one patient (95.0% node based sensitivity). The results of freehand SPECT were identical to those of planar scintigraphy in 25 basins, while it missed one basin (96.2% basin based sensitivity). In comparison, the gamma probe failed to detect 7 nodes in 4 basins (82.5% node based sensitivity and 84.6% basin based sensitivity). After resection freehand SPECT detected 9 remaining radioactive spots, two of whichwere resected as they matched the position of SLNs detected on preoperative planar scintigraphy. CONCLUSIONS Freehand SPECT provides a real-time, intraoperative 3D-image of the radioactive labelled SLNs, facilitating their detection and resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mihaljevic
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - A Rieger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - B Belloni
- Department of Dermatology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - R Hein
- Department of Dermatology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - A Okur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - K Scheidhauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - T Schuster
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - H Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - M E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Skorokhod A, Bachmann J, Giese NA, Martignoni ME, Krakowski-Roosen H. Real-imaging cDNA-AFLP transcript profiling of pancreatic cancer patients: Egr-1 as a potential key regulator of muscle cachexia. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:265. [PMID: 22721276 PMCID: PMC3465185 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cachexia is a progressive wasting syndrome and the most prevalent characteristic of cancer in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We hypothesize that genes expressed in wasted skeletal muscle of pancreatic cancer patients may determine the initiation and severity of cachexia syndrome. Experimental design We studied gene expression in skeletal muscle biopsies from pancreatic cancer patients with and without cachexia utilizing Real-Imaging cDNA-AFLP-based transcript profiling for genome-wide expression analysis. Results Our approach yielded 183 cachexia-associated genes. Ontology analysis revealed characteristic changes for a number of genes involved in muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, protein degradation, tissue hypoxia, immediate early response and acute-phase response. Conclusions We demonstrate that Real-Imaging cDNA-AFLP analysis is a robust method for high-throughput gene expression studies of cancer cachexia syndrome in patients with pancreatic cancer. According to quantitative RT-PCR validation, the expression levels of genes encoding the acute-phase proteins α-antitrypsin and fibrinogen α and the immediate early response genes Egr-1 and IER-5 were significantly elevated in the skeletal muscle of wasted patients. By immunohistochemical and Western immunoblotting analysis it was shown, that Egr-1 expression is significantly increased in patients with cachexia and cancer. This provides new evidence that chronic activation of systemic inflammatory response might be a common and unifying factor of muscle cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Skorokhod
- Division of Preventive Oncology (G110), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rieger
- Chirurgische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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Rieger A, Saeckl J, Belloni B, Hein R, Okur A, Scheidhauer K, Wendler T, Traub J, Friess H, Martignoni ME. First Experiences with Navigated Radio-Guided Surgery Using Freehand SPECT. Case Rep Oncol 2011; 4:420-5. [PMID: 21941492 PMCID: PMC3177799 DOI: 10.1159/000330273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in melanoma using one-dimensional gamma probes is a standard of care worldwide. Reports on the performance are claimed by most groups to successfully detect the SLNs during the surgical procedure in almost 100% of the patients. In clinical practice, however, several issues remain which are usually not addressed: the difficulty of intraoperative detection of deeply located nodes, SLN detection in obese patients or in the groin and the impossibility to make a scan of the entire wound after SLN resection to avoid false negative testing for eventually remaining SLNs. Materials and Methods The concept behind freehand SPECT is to combine a gamma probe as used for conventional radio-guided surgery with a tracking system as used in neurosurgical navigation. From this combination and a proper algorithm framework the 3D reconstruction of radioactivity distributions and displaying these intraoperatively is possible. Conclusion In summary, the feasibility of freehand SPECT could be shown and provides an image-guided SLNB and a truly minimally invasive and optimized surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rieger
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, and, Munich, Germany
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Büchler MW, Martignoni ME, Friess H, Malfertheiner P. A proposal for a new clinical classification of chronic pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:93. [PMID: 20003450 PMCID: PMC2804657 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical course of chronic pancreatitis is still unpredictable, which relates to the lack of the availability of a clinical classification. Therefore, patient populations cannot be compared, the course and the outcome of the disease remain undetermined in the individual patient, and treatment is not standardized. AIM To establish a clinical classification for chronic pancreatitis which is user friendly, transparent, relevant, prognosis- as well as treatment-related and offers a frame for future disease evaluation. METHODS Diagnostic requirements will include one clinical criterion, in combination with well defined imaging or functional abnormalities. RESULTS A classification system consisting of three stages (A, B and C) is presented, which fulfils the above-mentioned criteria. Clinical criteria are: pain, recurrent attacks of pancreatitis, complications of chronic pancreatitis (e.g. bile duct stenosis), steatorrhea, and diabetes mellitus. Imaging criteria consist of ductal or parenchymal changes observed by ultrasonography, ERCP, CT, MRI, and/or endosonography. CONCLUSION A new classification of chronic pancreatitis, based on combination of clinical signs, morphology and function, is presented. It is easy to handle and an instrument to study and to compare the natural course, the prognosis and treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis.
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Bachmann J, Ketterer K, Marsch C, Fechtner K, Krakowski-Roosen H, Büchler MW, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Pancreatic cancer related cachexia: influence on metabolism and correlation to weight loss and pulmonary function. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:255. [PMID: 19635171 PMCID: PMC2741486 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dramatic weight loss is an often underestimated symptom in pancreatic cancer patients. Cachexia- defined as an unintended loss of stable weight exceeding 10% – is present in up to 80% of patients with cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and has a significant influence on survival. The aim of the study was to show the multiple systemic effects of cachexia in pancreatic cancer patients, in terms of resection rate, effects on pulmonary function, amount of fat and muscle tissue, as well as changes in laboratory parameters. Methods In patients with pancreatic cancer, clinical appearance was documented, including the amount of weight loss. Laboratory parameters and lung-function tests were evaluated, and the thickness of muscle and fat tissue was measured with computed tomography scans. Statistical analysis, including multivariate analysis, was performed using SPSS software. Survival curves were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test. To test for significant differences between the examined groups we used Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results Of 198 patients with a ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, 70% were suffering from weight loss when they presented for operation, and in 40% weight loss exceeded 10% of the stable weight. In patients with cachexia, metastases were diagnosed significantly more often (47% vs. 24%, P < 0.001), leading to a significantly reduced resection rate in these patients. Patients with cachexia had significantly reduced fat tissue amounts. Hence, dramatic weight loss in a patient with pancreatic cancer may be a hint of a more progressed or more aggressive tumour. Conclusion Pancreatic cancer patients with cachexia had a higher rate of more progressed tumour stages and a worse nutritional status. Furthermore, patients with cachexia had an impaired lung function and a reduction in fat tissue. Patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia had significantly reduced survival. If weight loss exceeded 5% there was a significantly reduced resection rate to detect, but the changes were significantly more substantial if weight loss was 10% or more. We propose that a weight loss of 10% be defined as significant in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Bachmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Martignoni ME, Dimitriu C, Bachmann J, Krakowski-Rosen H, Ketterer K, Kinscherf R, Friess H. Liver macrophages contribute to pancreatic cancer-related cachexia. Oncol Rep 2009; 21:363-369. [PMID: 19148509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating process especially in pancreatic cancer patients and contributes to their poor survival. We attempted to clarify the pathological and molecular changes that occur in the liver during the development of cachexia. Using immunohistochemistry we investigated the infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in liver biopsies of pancreatic cancer patients with or without cachexia, and the potential relevance of the cells for the nutritional and inflammatory status. Additionally, these findings were compared with the patients' clinical parameters. We found a significantly higher amount of CD68 immunoreactive macrophages in liver cross sections of patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia. The number of CD68-positive macrophages was significantly inversely correlated with the nutritional status. Additionally, in these CD68-positive areas a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-1 immunoreactive cells was localized. Moreover, we found significantly increased areas of CD68-positive macrophages in liver biopsies of patients with a more dedifferentiated (aggressive) grading of the tumor. In conclusion, these results suggest that a crucial interaction between the tumor, PBMCs, and the liver may play a central role in the development and regulation of cachexia. Furthermore, pancreatic cancer may be able to alter systemic organ function even without obvious metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E Martignoni
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, I81675 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Cachexia is a term used to describe the poor status of a patient suffering from a benign disease (Crohn's disease, chronic heart and kidney failure) as well as from a malignant disease. Cachexia has an important impact on the survival and morbidity in patients with cancer. The aim of this study is to elucidate the pathophysiology in cancer cachexia with a special emphasis on pancreatic cancer. The dramatic weight loss in malignant diseases is due to anorexia resulting in malnutrition and is characterised by a progressive loss of muscle and fat tissue. Different cytokines like TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-6 are involved in this process. Via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, in which also the proteolysis inducing factor (PIF) is involved, the majority of protein is degraded. In patients with cancer cachexia we find an elevated level of lipases, which indicates that rather fat catabolism and not reduced fat synthesis is the main factor in fat metabolism. The development of an effective (pharmacological) treatment is still the main challenge. As yet, none of the used therapies show a long-lasting effect on weight stabilisation and survial. Cachexia is an important issue, especially in pancreatic cancer; it influences the qualitiy of life and has an important impact on survival. Today, there are only a few different pharmacological therapies used in the treatment of cancer cachexia, but each and every single treatment has failed to show a persistent effect on survival. The aim of research and treatment is to interrupt the natural clinical course of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bachmann
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar
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Hartel M, Narla G, Wente MN, Giese NA, Martignoni ME, Martignetti JA, Friess H, Friedman SL. Increased alternative splicing of the KLF6 tumour suppressor gene correlates with prognosis and tumour grade in patients with pancreatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1895-903. [PMID: 18691883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to correlate the status of the KLF6 tumour suppressor gene including loss of heterozygosity (LOH), mutation and alternative splicing in human pancreatic cancer with tumour grade and survival. Whereas neither KLF6 loss nor mutation was identified, expression of the KLF6 alternative splice forms was significantly increased in pancreatic tumour samples and cell lines. These cancers demonstrated marked cytoplasmic KLF6 expression, consistent with over-expression and accumulation of KLF6 splice form(s), which lack a nuclear localisation signal. In addition, KLF6 splicing correlated significantly with tumour stage and survival. In summary, pancreatic cancer displays a novel pattern of KLF6 dysregulation through selectively increased expression of KLF6 splice variants. Therefore, determination of KLF6 mRNA splicing levels may represent a novel biomarker predicting prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hartel
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
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Bachmann J, Heiligensetzer M, Krakowski-Roosen H, Büchler MW, Friess H, Martignoni ME. Cachexia worsens prognosis in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:1193-201. [PMID: 18347879 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries with a poor prognosis (5-year survival rates, 25% in patients after tumor resection with adjuvant treatment; overall, the 5-year survival rate is about 4%; Jemal et al., CA Cancer J Clin, 55:10-30, 2005). Many patients develop a cachectic status during the progression of the disease, and this syndrome accounts for up to 80% of deaths in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Remarkably, there are only a few data available on the impact of cachexia in patients with pancreatic cancer scheduled for tumor resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Therefore, in this study, 227 consecutive patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were documented over an 18-month period regarding the prevalence of cachexia and its influence on perioperative morbidity and mortality with a special interest to postoperative weight gain and survival in a prospectively designed database and followed up. RESULTS In 40.5% of the patients, cachexia was already present at the time of operation. The cachectic patients did present in a worse nutritional status, represented by lower protein, albumins, and hemoglobin levels. Despite no significant differences in tumor size, lymph node status, and CA19-9 levels, the resection rate in patients with cachexia was reduced (77.8% vs. 48.9%) due to a higher rate of metastatic disease in patients with cachexia. The morbidity and in-hospital mortality revealed no significant difference. However, patients with and without cachexia lost weight after operation, and the weight gain started not until 6 months after operation. The survival in patients with cachexia was significantly reduced in patients undergoing tumor resection as well as in palliative treated patients. CONCLUSION Cachexia has a significant impact on survival and performance status in palliative patients as well as in patients operated for pancreatic cancer. But tumor-related cachexia is not necessarily dependent on tumor size or load and that metastatic dedifferentiation of the tumor might be a critical step in the development of tumor-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Bachmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Hartel M, Hoffmann G, Wente MN, Martignoni ME, Büchler MW, Friess H. Randomized clinical trial of the influence of local water-filtered infrared A irradiation on wound healing after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2006; 93:952-60. [PMID: 16845694 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Postoperative local water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiation improves tissue oxygen partial pressure, tissue perfusion and tissue temperature, which are important in wound healing.
Methods
The effect of wIRA irradiation on abdominal wound healing following elective gastrointestinal surgery was evaluated. Some 111 patients undergoing moderate to major abdominal surgery were randomized into one of two groups: wIRA and visible light irradiation (wIRA group) or visible light irradiation alone (control group). Uncovered wounds were irradiated twice a day for 20 min from days 2–10 after operation.
Results
Irradiation with wIRA improved postoperative wound healing in comparison to visible light irradiation alone. Main variables of interest were: wound healing assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) by the surgeon (median 88·6 versus 78·5 respectively; P < 0·001) or patient (median 85·8 versus 81·0; P = 0·040), postoperative pain (median decrease in VAS score during irradiation 13·4 versus 0; P < 0·001), subcutaneous oxygen tension after irradiation (median 41·6 versus 30·2 mmHg; P < 0·001) and subcutaneous temperature after irradiation (median 38·9 versus 36·4 °C; P < 0·001). The overall result, in terms of wound healing, pain and cosmesis, measured on a VAS by the surgeon (median 79·0 versus 46·8; P < 0·001) or patient (79·0 versus 50·2; P < 0·001) was better after wIRA irradiation.
Conclusion
Postoperative irradiation with wIRA can improve normal postoperative wound healing and may reduce costs in gastrointestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hartel
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helmut Friess
- Department of General Surgery, University of HeidelbergGermany
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Fröhlich B, Martignoni ME, Friess H. [Cytokine traps: a new promising approach to treatment?]. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 41:1177-8. [PMID: 16335494 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-45271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Fröhlich
- Abteilung für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Unfallchirurgie, Universität Heidelberg
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Martignoni ME, Kunze P, Hildebrandt W, Künzli B, Berberat P, Giese T, Klöters O, Hammer J, Büchler MW, Giese NA, Friess H. Role of Mononuclear Cells and Inflammatory Cytokines in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Cachexia. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5802-8. [PMID: 16115919 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanism behind aggressive development of cachexia in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer is not well understood. In this study, we investigated which factors are associated with the cachectic status of the patients and evaluated cachexia-promoting capacity of cancer and inflammatory cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR were used to screen for cachexia-associated factors in pancreatic specimens obtained from noncachectic and cachetic patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The expression pattern of the most prominently altered cachexia-associated factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), was further analyzed in patients sera by ELISA, in pancreatic specimens by immunohistochemistry, and in a coculture system by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR using pancreatic cancer cell lines T3M4 (IL-6 positive) and Panc-1 (IL-6 negative) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from donors and noncachectic and cachectic patients. RESULTS Among numerous analyzed factors, IL-6 was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic specimens and elevated in serum of cachectic patients. The coculture system revealed that pancreatic cancer T3M4 cells but not Panc-1 cells were able to stimulate IL-6 exclusively in cachectic PBMC (by 14-fold) and this triggering was reduced by half in the presence of IL-6-neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSION IL-6 represents a prominent cachexia-associated factor in pancreatic cancer. IL-6 overexpression in cachectic patients is related to the ability of certain tumors to sensitize PBMC and induce cytokine expression in cachectic PBMC.
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Dimitriu C, Martignoni ME, Bachmann J, Fröhlich B, Tintărescu G, Buliga T, Lică I, Constantinescu G, Beuran M, Friess H. Clinical impact of cachexia on survival and outcome of cancer patients. Rom J Intern Med 2005; 43:173-85. [PMID: 16812978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Approximately one half of all cancer patients experience a complex metabolic status involving progressive exhaustion of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. This condition, known as cachexia, is responsible for more than 20% of the overall deaths in cancer patients. Although its main mechanisms remain unknown, several hypotheses have been proposed. One of the pathogenic mechanisms involves leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide-containing pathways. Orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides are down-regulated respectively upregulated as a result of cancer. Other pathogenic theories consider tumour derived factors, such as LMF (Lipid Mobilising Factor) and PIF (Proteolysis-inducing Factor), to be responsible for the weight losing pattern of cancer patients via activation of various catabolic pathways (e.g. ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic-pathway, etc.). Despite the controversial discussion of cachexia-inducing mechanisms it is clear that proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, IFNgamma, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, are linked to all pathways that induce cachexia. Although only limited treatment exists for patients with cancer cachexia, recent studies with eicosapaentanoic acid showed promising effects in reversing weight losing pattern of cachectic patients. Cytokine targeted monoclonal antibodies, cytokine traps and genetic therapies are also evaluated for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dimitriu
- Surgical Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania
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Martignoni ME, Ceyhan GO, Ayuni E, Kondo Y, Zimmermann A, Büchler MW, Friess H. Endothelin receptor antagonists are not beneficial in the therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2004; 389:184-92. [PMID: 15127205 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-004-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Due to increased capillary permeability and the early appearance of vasoactive and toxic agents, patients suffering from necrotizing pancreatitis frequently develop a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, is thought to play a major role in these changes via the regulation of microcirculation. An improved outcome of acute experimental necrotizing pancreatitis by blocking the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB, either selectively (only ETA) or unselectively (ETA and ETB), has been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate further the beneficial effects of new, highly potent endothelin-receptor (ET-R) antagonists in acute experimental pancreatitis. METHODS The influence of the selective ET-RA antagonist BSF208075 (1 mg/kg) on mortality was studied in three severity groups of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (retrograde injection of 4%, 5% and 6% of sodium taurocholate into the main pancreatic duct). The effects of the selective ET-RA antagonists LU135252 (LU13) and BSF208075 (BSF20) and of the unselective endothelin receptor (ET-R(A/B)) antagonist BSF420627 (BSF42) were additionally analyzed in 4% taurocholate-induced necrotizing pancreatitis. Furthermore, the significance of variable doses of the endothelin receptor antagonist LU13 (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) was determined in a 4% sodium taurocholate model and in a cerulein pancreatitis model. RESULTS Prophylactic ET-R antagonism increased the mortality rate in the 4% sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis. No reduction in pancreatic damage after induction of taurocholate pancreatitis was found by ET-R blockage. Application of ET-R antagonists had no beneficial influence in ascites development. However, administration of LU13 (100 mg/kg) resulted in a non-significant increase in pancreatic oedema, whereas peritoneal necrosis was not affected. CONCLUSION The selective and unselective ET-R antagonists BSF20, BSF42 and LU13 failed to improve survival and pancreatic damage during acute experimental pancreatitis. Therefore, previously reported beneficial effects of ET-R antagonists in experimental acute pancreatitis have to be critically evaluated before conclusions for further clinical development are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Martignoni
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Shrikhande SV, Martignoni ME, Shrikhande M, Kappeler A, Ramesh H, Zimmermann A, Büchler MW, Friess H. Comparison of histological features and inflammatory cell reaction in alcoholic, idiopathic and tropical chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2004; 90:1565-72. [PMID: 14648737 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that immune mechanisms may be crucial in the development of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. However, it is not known whether differences in underlying aetiology influence the inflammatory reaction in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The histological features and the pattern of inflammatory cell infiltration were studied in three aetiological forms of chronic pancreatitis: alcoholic, idiopathic and tropical pancreatitis. METHODS Forty-three patients, ten with alcoholic, 12 with idiopathic and 21 with tropical chronic pancreatitis, were evaluated for the pattern of pancreatic inflammatory cell infiltration and histological features. Ten organ donors served as controls. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections were used for histological evaluation. For immunohistochemical characterization of the inflammatory reaction, four antibodies-CD4, CD8, CD45 and CD68-were used. Quantitative evaluation of the various cell infiltrates was performed with computer-assisted image analysis. The inflammatory cell infiltration pattern was also evaluated. RESULTS The degree of endophlebitis and the overall density of plasma cells were greater in tropical than in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. The grade of intralobular fibrosis was significantly higher in tropical chronic pancreatitis compared with the idiopathic form. No significant quantitative differences in the specific cellular infiltrates (CD4, CD8, CD45, CD68) were observed in the three different groups. However, the perivascular inflammation number score was significantly higher in alcoholic compared with idiopathic pancreatitis (P = 0.037), and the perivascular inflammation area score was significantly lower in idiopathic than in alcoholic (P = 0.024) or tropical (P = 0.020) pancreatitis. CONCLUSION Different aetiological forms of chronic pancreatitis result in similar histological features and a comparable inflammatory cell reaction, indicating that the disease, independent of the underlying aetiology, reaches a common immunological stage beyond which it appears to progress as a single distinctive entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shrikhande
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Martignoni ME, Kated H, Stiegler M, Büchler MW, Friess H, Zimmermann A, Schirp U, Nitzsche EU. Nesidioblastosis with glucagon-reactive islet cell hyperplasia: a case report. Pancreas 2003; 26:402-5. [PMID: 12717275 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200305000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Martignoni
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Tang WH, Friess H, Kekis PB, Martignoni ME, Fukuda A, Roggo A, Zimmerman A, Büchler MW. Serine proteinase activation in esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res 2001; 21:2249-58. [PMID: 11724279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the plasminogen/plasmin system seems to contribute to tumor aggressiveness and shorter post-operative survival. In the present study we examined the relation of uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator), uPAR (uPA receptor) and PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1) to the biological growth behavior of esophageal cancer, as well as their influence on survival in esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression and distribution of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 were analyzed by Northern blot analysis and immunostaining in 41 resected esophageal cancers and in normal esophagi. RESULTS Northern blot analysis revealed a 5.0-, 3.6- and 5.4-fold increase in uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA levels in esophageal cancer, respectively, in comparison to normal controls (p<0.01). These mRNA moieties were concomitantly increased in 86% of the tumors. uPA activity was 2.3-fold increased in esophageal cancer compared with normal controls (p<0.01). Statistical analysis revealed no differences in uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 immunoreactivity between well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated tumors. Furthermore, survival analysis showed no difference in patients whose tumors exhibited positive uPA and uPAR immunostaining (median 11 months, range 4-36 months) versus patients whose tumors exhibited negative uPA and uPAR immunostaining (median 11 months, range 3-51 months). CONCLUSION Our data revealed that overexpression of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 is often present in human esophageal carcinomas. However, up-regulation of these factors is not correlated with tumor differentiation or survival. These findings indicate that, unlike other tumors, uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 seem not to be prognostic markers for esophageal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Tang
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality due to severe or necrotizing acute pancreatitis most often results from multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) occurring either early (within the first 14 days) or 2 weeks or more after the onset of symptoms due to septic complications. The aim of this study was to analyse the course of the disease in patients who died from severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS Between January 1994 and August 2000 details of 263 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were entered prospectively into a database. All patients were treated in an intermediate or intensive care unit. RESULTS The overall mortality rate was 4 per cent (ten of 263 patients). The mortality rate was 9 per cent (ten of 106) in patients with necrotizing disease. No patient died within the first 2 weeks of disease onset. The median day of death was 91 (range 15-209). Six patients died from septic MODS. Ranson score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score during the first week of disease, pre-existing co-morbidity, body mass index, infection and extent of necrosis were significantly associated with death (P < 0.01 for all parameters). However, only infection of the necrotic pancreas was an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Early deaths in patients with severe acute pancreatitis are rare, mainly as a result of modern intensive care treatment. Nine of the ten deaths occurred more than 3 weeks after disease onset. Infection of pancreatic necrosis was the main risk factor for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gloor
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Berne, Inselspital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
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Friess H, Guo XZ, Tempia-Caliera AA, Fukuda A, Martignoni ME, Zimmermann A, Korc M, Büchler MW. Differential expression of metastasis-associated genes in papilla of vater and pancreatic cancer correlates with disease stage. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:2422-32. [PMID: 11331321 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.9.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Papilla of Vater cancer has a much better prognosis than pancreatic cancer. It is not known whether this is the result of differences in the tumor biology of the two malignancies. Because metastasis formation is a critical step in tumor progression and a negative prognostic factor, we compared the expression of nm23-H1 and KAI1, two metastasis-suppressing genes, in papilla of Vater cancer and pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Analysis was performed in nine normal human papilla of Vater samples, 27 papilla of Vater cancers, 16 normal pancreatic samples, and 29 pancreatic cancers. Expression of nm23-H1 and KAI1 was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed to localize the respective proteins. RESULTS There was no difference in nm23-H1 and KAI1 mRNA expression levels in normal versus cancerous papilla of Vater samples. In contrast, nm23-H1 and KAI1 RNA expression was upregulated in early tumor stages of pancreatic cancer and reduced in advanced tumor stages. When expression of nm23-H1 and KAI1 RNA was analyzed by use of in situ hybridization, normal epithelial cells of the papilla of Vater exhibited mRNA staining intensity similar to that of papilla of Vater cancer cells. Similar levels of nm23-H1 and KAI1 immunoreactivity also were observed in these samples. In contrast, early stage pancreatic cancer samples exhibited stronger nm23-H1 and KAI1 immunoreactivity than normal controls. Furthermore, early pancreatic cancer stages exhibited higher KAI1 and nm23-H1 immunostaining than advanced tumor stages. CONCLUSION Differences in the expression patterns of the two tumor suppressor genes nm23-H1 and KAI1 may contribute to the different prognoses of papilla of Vater cancer and pancreatic cancer. Our findings support the hypothesis that biologic differences rather than earlier diagnosis influence the different outcomes of these two tumor entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Friess
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presently has an incidence of approximately 8 to 10 cases per 100,000 citizens in European countries, and the incidence has been increasing throughout the last decades. Approximately 30,000 patients die every year from PDAC in Western Europe and most of the newly diagnosed patients present with an already unresectable tumor stage. Self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, and evasion of apoptosis are hallmarks of malignant growth. In PDAC a variety of growth factors are expressed at increased levels. For example, the concomitant presence of the EGF-receptor and its ligands EGF, TGF-alpha, and/or amphiregulin is associated with enhanced tumor aggressiveness and shorter survival periods following tumor resection. In addition, PDACs often exhibit alterations in growth inhibitory pathways such as Smad4 mutations and Smad6 and Smad7 overexpression, and evade apoptosis through p53 mutations and aberrant expression of apoptosis regulating genes such as members of the Bcl family. Taken together, the abundance of growth promoting factors and the disturbance of growth inhibitory and apoptotic pathways give pancreatic cancer cells a distinct growth advantage which clinically results in rapid tumor progression and poor survival prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kleeff
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Berne, Inselspital
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Martignoni ME, Wagner M, Krähenbühl L, Redaelli CA, Friess H, Büchler MW. Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy. Am J Surg 2001; 181:52-9; discussion 87. [PMID: 11248177 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of preoperative biliary drainage in patients with biliary obstruction undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy remains controversial. Several authors failed to show any effect of preoperative biliary drainage, whereas others even reported an increased morbidity following pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed in a consecutive series of 257 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between November 1993 and November 1999. RESULTS Ninety-nine patients (38%) underwent preoperative biliary drainage for a median time period of 10 days (range 1 to 41) prior to resection. Cumulative postoperative morbidity was 47% (120 patients), the reoperation rate was 4.3% (11 patients), and mortality was 2.3% (6 patients). There was no difference in total morbidity, infectious complications, reoperation rate, mortality, or long-term survival between patients with or without preoperative biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative biliary instrumentation and biliary drainage do not affect early or late outcome in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Martignoni
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Shrikhande S, Friess H, Issenegger C, Martignoni ME, Yong H, Gloor B, Yeates R, Kleeff J, Büchler MW. Fluconazole penetration into the pancreas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2569-71. [PMID: 10952621 PMCID: PMC90111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.9.2569-2571.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of antibiotic prophylaxis for necrotizing pancreatitis, the frequency of fungal superinfection in patients with pancreatic necrosis is increasing. In this study we analyzed the penetration of fluconazole into the human pancreas and in experimental acute pancreatitis. In human pancreatic tissues, the mean fluconazole concentration was 8.19 +/- 3.38 microg/g (96% of the corresponding concentration in serum). In experimental edematous and necrotizing pancreatitis, 88 and 91% of the serum fluconazole concentration was found in the pancreas. These data show that fluconazole penetration into the pancreas is sufficient to prevent and/or treat fungal contamination in patients with pancreatic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shrikhande
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Martignoni ME, Friess H, Sell F, Ricken L, Shrikhande S, Kulli C, Büchler MW. Enteral nutrition prolongs delayed gastric emptying in patients after Whipple resection. Am J Surg 2000; 180:18-23. [PMID: 11036133 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed gastric emptying is one of the most frequent postoperative complications after Whipple resection. In the present study we evaluated the role of enteral nutrition in the development of delayed gastric emptying after Whipple resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 1996 and June 1998, 64 patients (30 female, 34 male) underwent a classic (n = 27) or pylorus-preserving (n = 37) Whipple resection. Two patients were excluded; 30 patients received enteral and 32 patients received no-enteral nutrition. RESULTS Delayed gastric emptying occurred significantly more in patients with enteral (17 of 30, 57%) than in patients with no-enteral nutrition (5 of 32, 16%) (P <0.01). Consequently, patients in the enteral nutrition group had a nasogastric tube for a significantly (P<0.01) longer period and had a significantly (P<0.01) longer hospital stay than patients in the no-enteral nutrition group. There were no differences in the frequency of occurrence of other postoperative complications between patients with enteral and no-enteral nutrition. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing a Whipple resection, enteral nutrition is associated with a higher frequency of delayed gastric emptying with no advantages regarding other postoperative complications and should therefore be restricted to specific indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Martignoni
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Berberat PO, Friess H, Martignoni ME, Tempia A, Büchler MW. What should be the standard operation in chronic pancreatitis: Whipple or duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection? Ann Ital Chir 2000; 71:81-6. [PMID: 10829528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Surgical options in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis have undergone both development and controversial discussion in the past decades. Operations such as the classical and pylorus-preserving Whipple resections are more and more being replaced by operations such as the duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection, which preserves extrapancreatic organs like the stomach, the duodenum and the extrapancreatic bile duct. The latter operation preserves a normal food passage and glucose metabolism after surgical intervention. In addition, the duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection provides long-term pain relief and reduction in up to 90% of chronic pancreatitis patients, as well as a general improvement in quality of life. This article will summarize and compare the surgical options in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis and will provide arguments why the duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection should replace the classical and the pylorus-preserving Whipple resections as the standard surgical procedure used to treat chronic pancreatitis-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Berberat
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
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di Mola FF, Friess H, Martignoni ME, Di Sebastiano P, Zimmermann A, Innocenti P, Graber H, Gold LI, Korc M, Büchler MW. Connective tissue growth factor is a regulator for fibrosis in human chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1999; 230:63-71. [PMID: 10400038 PMCID: PMC1420846 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199907000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the parameters that mediate fibrogenesis in chronic pancreatitis (CP). BACKGROUND Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which is regulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), has recently been implicated in skin fibrosis and atherosclerosis. In the present study, the authors analyzed the concomitant presence of TGF-beta1 and its signaling receptors-TGF-beta receptor I, subtype ALK5 (TbetaR-I(ALK5)), and TGF-beta receptor II (TbetaR-II)-as well as CTGF and collagen type I in the pancreatic tissue of patients undergoing surgery for chronic pancreatitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS CP tissue samples were obtained from 40 patients (8 women, 32 men) undergoing pancreatic resection. Tissue samples of 25 previously healthy organ donors (12 women, 13 men) served as controls. The expression of TGF-beta1, TbetaR-I(ALK5), TbetaR-II, CTGF, and collagen type I was studied by Northern blot analysis. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the respective mRNA moieties and proteins were localized in the tissue samples. RESULTS Northern blot analysis showed that CP tissue samples exhibited concomitant enhanced mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 (38-fold), TbetaR-II (5-fold), CTGF (25-fold), and collagen type I (24-fold) compared with normal controls. In addition, TbetaR-I(ALK5) mRNA was increased in 50% of CP tissue samples (1.8-fold). By in situ hybridization, TGF-beta1, TbetaR-I(ALK5), and TbetaR-II mRNA were often seen to be colocalized, especially in the ductal cells and in metaplastic areas where atrophic acinar cells appeared to dedifferentiate into ductal structures. In contrast, CTGF was located in degenerating acinar cells and principally in fibroblasts surrounding these areas. Moreover, CTGF mRNA expression levels correlated positively with the degree of fibrosis in CP tissues. CONCLUSION The concomitant overexpression of CTGF, collagen type I, TGF-beta1, and its signaling receptors in CP suggests that these proteins contribute to enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis and accumulation, resulting finally in the fibrogenesis observed in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F di Mola
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
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Martignoni ME, Friess H. [ICAM-1 antisense therapy: a new treatment concept on Crohn disease? Placebo controlled study of ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotide therapy in Crohn disease]. Z Gastroenterol 1999; 37:313-5. [PMID: 10378368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Martignoni ME, Friess H, Lübke D, Uhl W, Maurer C, Müller M, Richard H, Reubi JC, Büchler MW. Study of a primary gastrinoma in the common hepatic duct - a case report. Digestion 1999; 60:187-90. [PMID: 10095161 DOI: 10.1159/000007645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary endocrine neoplasms of the biliary tract are exceedingly rare. We report on a 60-year-old man with diarrhea, vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux disease, with a primary gastrinoma of the common hepatic duct. The tumor was positive for a variety of immunohistochemical markers. Postoperatively the patient's symptoms disappeared and in the follow-up the patient was symptom free. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature of a primary gastrinoma in the common hepatic duct. The fact that the common hepatic duct is not located within the gastrinoma triangle made the diagnosis difficult and the distinct localization made the surgical treatment demanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Martignoni
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Griego VM, Martignoni ME, Claycomb AE. Inactivation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus subgroup A) by monochromatic UV radiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:709-10. [PMID: 3888111 PMCID: PMC373576 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.3.709-710.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monochromatic radiation at wavelengths of 290, 300, 310, and 320 nm inactivated occluded nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Data indicate that all of the wavelengths are capable of causing virus inactivation; much greater fluences are needed for virus inactivation as the wavelength increases.
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Galinski MS, Kingan T, Rohrmann GF, Martignoni ME, Beaudreau GS. Characterization of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infecting Manduca sexta. Intervirology 1984; 21:167-73. [PMID: 6373659 DOI: 10.1159/000149515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) infecting Manduca sexta was characterized. The genome consisted of ten equimolar RNA segments ranging in estimated molecular mass from 0.7 to 3.84 Mdaltons and with a total estimated molecular mass of 21.75 Mdaltons . The sizes of the individual RNA segments provisionally placed this CPV within the type 8 classification of Payne and Rivers. The polyhedrin protein had an estimated molecular mass of 28 kdaltons . Six virion-associated proteins were observed, ranging in size from 27.1 to 160 kdaltons . The RNA and protein profiles were compared to profiles observed from two other CPVs infecting Orgyia pseudotsugata and Bombyx mori. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence homology, using 32P-labeled cDNA to the total M. sexta CPV genome, demonstrated no homology with the B. mori CPV or the O. pseudotsugata CPV. The M. sexta CPV was transmitted by per os inoculation to O. pseudotsugata larvae.
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Rohrmann GF, Martignoni ME, Beaudreau GS. Quantification of two viruses in technical preparations of Orgyia pseudotsugata baculovirus by means of buoyant density centrifugation of viral deoxyribonucleic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 35:690-3. [PMID: 348107 PMCID: PMC242907 DOI: 10.1128/aem.35.4.690-693.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable method was developed for the quantitative determination of two nuclear polyhcdrosis viruses present in commercially prepared viral insecticides used against Orgyia pseudotsugata. Deoxyribonucleic acids, from nuclear polyhedrosis bundle virus and nuclear polyhedrosis single-rod virus, were separated on CsCl gradients according to their respective buoyant densities, 1.715 and 1.704 g/ml. The proportions of the two viruses were quantified by measuring the relative absorbance at 254 nm of their deoxyribonucleic acid peaks.
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