The role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and miR-196a2 in bronchial asthma pathogenesis and diagnosis

Background

Bronchial asthma is a persistent inflammatory respiratory condition that restricts the passage of air and causes hyperresponsiveness. Chronic asthma can be classified into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe. Remodeling took place as the extracellular matrix accumulated in the walls of the airways. Inflammation occurs as a result of the damage caused by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) to basement membrane type IV collagen. The severity of asthma may be associated with miR-196a2. The objective of our study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance of miR-196a2 and MMP-2 serum levels in relation to the severity of asthma.

Methods

This study recruited 85 controls and 95 asthmatics classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Expression of miR-196a2 was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MMP-2, IL-6, and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the serum of asthmatics of various grades were compared to a control group. MMP-2's diagnostic and prognostic potential was determined using ROC curve analysis. This study also measured blood Eosinophils and PFTs. We examined MMP-2's connections with IgE, blood Eosinophils, and PFTs.

Results

The current investigation found that miR-196a2 expression was significantly higher in the control group than in asthmatic patients as a whole. The study found that severe asthmatics had higher MMP-2, IL-6, and IgE serum levels than healthy controls. We identified the MMP-2 serum concentration cutoff with great sensitivity and specificity. Significant relationships between MMP-2 serum level and miR-196a2 expression in the patient group with severe asthmatics were found. The MMP-2, IL-6, and IgE serum levels were considerably higher in mild, moderate, and severe asthmatics than controls. The miR-196a2 expression and MMP-2 serum concentration correlated positively with IgE and blood eosinophils % and negatively with all lung function tests in the asthmatic patient group.Conclusion: the study revealed that the elevated miR-196a2 expression and serum concentration of MMP-2, IL-6, and IgE associated with elevated blood eosinophils % is associated with pathophysiology and degree of asthma severity. The miR-196a2 expression and MMP-2 serum concentration have a promising diagnostic and prognostic ability in bronchial asthma.

Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, activates AMPK/FOXO3a and suppresses NFκB to mitigate the debilitating effects of diethylnitrosamine exposure in rat liver: Novel mechanistic insights

Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of FOXO3a plays a significant role in the progression of various malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FOXO3a inactivation, driven by oncogenic stimuli, can lead to abnormal cell growth, suppression of apoptosis, and resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, FOXO3a emerges as a potential molecular target for the development of innovative treatments in the era of oncology. Linagliptin (LNGTN), a DPP-4 inhibitor known for its safe profile, has exhibited noteworthy anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in previous in vivo studies. Several potential molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain these effects. However, the capacity of LNGTN to activate FOXO3a through AMPK activation has not been investigated. In our investigation, we examined the potential repurposing of LNGTN as a hepatoprotective agent against diethylnitrosamine (DENA) intoxication. Additionally, we assessed LNGTN's impact on apoptosis and autophagy. Following a 10-week administration of DENA, the liver underwent damage marked by inflammation and early neoplastic alterations. Our study presents the first experimental evidence demonstrating that LNGTN can reinstate the aberrantly regulated FOXO3a activity by elevating the nuclear fraction of FOXO3a in comparison to the cytosolic fraction, subsequent to AMPK activation. Moreover, noteworthy inactivation of NFκB induced by LNGTN was observed. These effects culminated in the initiation of apoptosis, the activation of autophagy, and the manifestation of anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic outcomes. These effects were concomitant with improved liver function and microstructure. In conclusion, our findings open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the AMPK/FOXO3a signaling pathway in the management of chronic liver damage.

Itraconazole halts hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating sonic hedgehog signaling in rats: A novel therapeutic approach

Liver cancer stands as the fourth leading global cause of death, and its prognosis remains grim due to the limited effectiveness of current medical interventions. Among the various pathways implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the hedgehog signaling pathway has emerged as a crucial player. Itraconazole, a relatively safe and cost-effective antifungal medication, has gained attention for its potential as an anticancer agent. Its primary mode of action involves inhibiting the hedgehog pathway, yet its impact on HCC has not been elucidated. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of itraconazole on diethylnitrosamine-induced early-stage HCC in rats. Our findings revealed that itraconazole exhibited a multifaceted arsenal against HCC by downregulating the expression of key components of the hedgehog pathway, shh, smoothened (SMO), and GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1), and GLI2. Additionally, itraconazole extended survival and improved liver tissue structure, attributed mainly to its inhibitory effects on hedgehog signaling. Besides, itraconazole demonstrated a regulatory effect on Notch1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules. Consequently, itraconazole displayed diverse anticancer properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects, as well as the potential to induce autophagy. Moreover, itraconazole exhibited a promise to impede the transformation of epithelial cells into a more mesenchymal-like phenotype. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of targeting the hedgehog pathway with itraconazole as a promising avenue for further exploration in clinical studies related to HCC treatment.

Topiramate affords neuroprotection in diabetic neuropathy model via downregulating spinal GFAP/inflammatory burden and improving neurofilament production

The current study aimed to test the neuroprotective action of topiramate in mouse peripheral diabetic neuropathy (DN) and explored some mechanisms underlying this action. Mice were assigned as vehicle group, DN group, DN + topiramate 10-mg/kg and DN + topiramate 30-mg/kg. Mice were tested for allodynia and hyperalgesia and then spinal cord and sciatic nerves specimens were examined microscopically and neurofilament heavy chain (NEFH) immunostaining was performed. Results indicated that DN mice had lower the hotplate latency time (0.46-fold of latency to licking) and lower von-Frey test pain threshold (0.6-fold of filament size) while treatment with topiramate increased these values significantly. Sciatic nerves from DN control mice showed axonal degeneration while spinal cords showed elevated GFAP (5.6-fold) and inflammatory cytokines (∼3- to 4-fold) but lower plasticity as indicated by GAP-43 (0.25-fold). Topiramate produced neuroprotection and suppressed spinal cord GFAP/inflammation but enhanced GAP-43. This study reinforces topiramate as neuroprotection and explained some mechanisms included in alleviating neuropathy.

Memantine mitigates ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling and protects against mouse diabetic retinopathy: Histopathologic, ultrastructural and bioinformatic studies

Diabetic retinopathy (DRET) triggers vision loss in adults, however, little therapeutic options are existing. Memantine is an anti-Alzheimer drug that antagonizes the activity of glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Glutamate and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) are known to be overexpressed in diabetic retinas and can produce activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) with subsequent secretion of interlukin-1β. This study repurposed memantine for its neuroprotective effect in experimental DRET and tested its impact on ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3. In addition, KEGG pathway database and STRING database identified the protein-protein interaction between glutamate receptors and TXNIP/NLRP3. Male Swiss albino mice received alloxan (180 mg/kg) to induce DRET. After 9 weeks, we divided the mice into groups: (a) saline, (ii) DRET, (iii and iv) DRET + oral memantine (5 or 10 mg per kg) for 28 days. Then, mice were euthanized, and eyeballs were removed. Retinal samples were utilized for biochemical, histopathological, and electron microscopy studies. Retinal levels of glutamate, TXNIP, NLRP3 and interlukin-1β were estimated using ELISA technique as well as retinal malondialdehyde. Histopathological and ultrastructural examination demonstrated that oral memantine attenuated vacuolization and restored normal retinal cell layers. Moreover, memantine reduced TXNIP, NLRP3, interleukin-1β and MDA concentrations. These results provide evidence demonstrating memantine' efficacy in alleviating DRET via suppressing reactive oxygen species/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling cascade. Therefore, memantine might serve as a potential therapy for retinopathy after adequate clinical research.

Ameliorated Stomach Specific Floating Microspheres for Emerging Health Pathologies Using Polymeric Konjac Glucomannan-Based Domperidone

The goal of this study was to use polymeric konjac glucomannan (KGM), Kollidon VA 64 (KVA64), and glutaraldehyde to ameliorate stomach specific floating microspheres (SSFM) using domperidone (DoN) to increase in vivo bioavailability and emerging health pathologies. The SSFM were made using the emulsion cross-linking process, and the polymer was chosen based on its ability to get cross-linked. The thermodynamic parameters were used to determine the AL classes of phase solubility curves using ideal complexes produced with KVA64. The optimal interaction constants at 25 and 37°C were found to be 116.14 and 128.05 M-1, respectively. The prepared SSFM had an average particle size (PS) of 163.71 ± 2.26 mm and a drug content of 96.66 ± 0.32%. It can be determined from in vitro drug release experiments that drug release is good in terms of regulated drug release after 12 h (92.62 ± 2.43%). The SSFMs were approximately sphere-shaped and had smooth surfaces, according to the morphological data. SSFMs were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and no chemical structural changes were identified. The SSFMs produces a considerable gastric residence time with optimal DoN release and absorption in stomach fluid, and the mean residence time (17.36 ± 1.4 h) and t 1/2 (10.47 ± 0.6 h) were considerably longer (p < 0.05) than those obtained following i.v. treatment (MRT = 8.42 ± 1.2 h; t 1/2 = 9.07 ± 0.7 h). The SSFMs maintained good physical stability for three months when stored at room temperature.

Leflunomide Induces Dose-Dependent Lung Injury in Mice via Stimulating Vimentin and NLRP3 Inflammasome Production

Recently, the therapeutic importance of the anti-rheumatic drug, leflunomide, has been increased after the involvement of leflunomide in treating other autoimmune diseases and its promising role in retarding human malignancies. Few studies have focused on the safety in human or animals without clear outlining of the pathologic features on target organs. One clinical study related leflunomide with significant pulmonary complications in predisposed individuals. The current study examined the dose-dependent lung injury produced by leflunomide in healthy mice. Albino mice were allocated into four different groups. Group (1): Vehicle control group, Group (2–4): mice received leflunomide (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg), respectively, for 8 weeks and then lungs were dissected from the mice for histopathological examination and fibrosis evaluation (Masson’s trichrome staining and α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the vimentin and other inflammatory factors in the lung homogenate whereas Western blot analysis was employed to assess α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin and collagen 1. Results indicated that leflunomide induced dose-dependent pulmonary injury and the high dose and increased the vimentin, inflammatory markers (NLRP3 and interlukin-1β). Histologic examination showed distorted architecture, marked inflammatory cells infiltrate and increase collagen content. The findings were supported by Western blotting and the immunohistochemical study which showed greater pulmonary α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin content. In conclusion, the current results highlighted that leflunomide produced dose-dependent pulmonary toxicities that requires further investigation of the nature of injury.

Chemopreventive Effect of 5-Flurouracil Polymeric Hybrid PLGA-Lecithin Nanoparticles against Colon Dysplasia Model in Mice and Impact on p53 Apoptosis

The use of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) is associated with multifaceted challenges and poor pharmacokinetics. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLNs)-based therapy has received attention as efficient carriers for a diversity of drugs. This study evaluated the in vivo chemotherapeutic and anti-proliferative efficacy of 5FU-loaded PLNs against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (Di-MH) prompted colon dysplasia in mice compared to free 5FU. 5FU PLNs were prepared. Male Swiss albino mice were distributed to six experimental groups. Group 1: Saline group. All the other groups were injected weekly with Di-MH [20 mg/kg, s.c.]. Group 2: Di-MH induced colon dysplasia control group. Groups 3 and 4: Di-MH + free 5FU treated group [2.5 and 5 mg/kg]. Groups 5 and 6: Di-MH + 5FU-PLNs treated group [2.5 and 5 mg/kg]. Free 5FU and 5FU-PLNs doses were administered orally, twice weekly. Treatment with 5FU-PLNs induced a higher cytoprotective effect compared to free 5FU as indicated by lower mucosal histopathologic score and reduction in number of Ki-67 immunpositive proliferating nuclei. Additionally, there was significant upregulation of p53 and caspase 3 genes in colon specimens. Our results support the validity of utilizing the PLNs technique to improve the chemopreventive action of 5FU in treating colon cancer.

Association of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G Polymorphism and Susceptibility to SLE in Egyptian Children and Adolescents: A Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a key molecule residing at the nexus between thrombosis and inflammatory processes. Recently, PAI-1 and its gene expression have emerged as a potential candidate for autoimmune disorders such as SLE.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism at position -675 could be a genetic marker for susceptibility to childhood-onset SLE and development of lupus nephritis among Egyptian children and adolescents.

METHODS

Three hundred fifty patients diagnosed with childhood-onset SLE and 350 well-matched healthy controls were included in this multi-center study. All subjects were genotyped for the PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism at position -675 using PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Serum PAI-1 levels were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

The PAI-1 (- 675) 4G/4G genotype was more represented in c-SLE patients, as compared to the control group (38% vs 23%; OR =2.7; [95% CI: 1.47-2.9]; P < 0.001). Patients carrying the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype or 4G allele were more likely to develop lupus nephritis (OR: 3.38; [95% CI: 1.9-5.9]; P <0.001, for the 4G/4G genotype and OR: 2.6; [95% CI: 1.85-3.67]; for the 4G allele; P < 0.01). The PAI-1 4G/4G genotype was associated with higher PAI-1 serum concentrations (mean; 86.6±22.7 ng/mL) as compared to those with a 4G/5G genotype (mean; 48.3±16.5 ng/mL) and the lowest for the 5G/5G genotype (mean; 34.7±11.4 ng/mL); P = 0.004.

CONCLUSION

The PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism may confer susceptibility to childhood-onset SLE and development of lupus nephritis among Egyptian children and adolescents. Moreover, the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype and 4G allele were associated with higher PAI-1 serum levels and higher disease activity scores.

Mechanical characterization of hybrid composites based on flax, basalt and glass fibers

An experimental study on tensile, flexural and impact properties of flax-basalt-glass reinforced epoxy hybrid composites is presented in this paper. Test specimens were fabricated by vacuum bagging process. The effects of reinforcement hybridization, fiber relative amounts and stacking sequence on the mechanical properties were investigated. Morphological studies of the fabricated and fractured surfaces through thickness were performed using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the developed hybrid composites display enhanced tensile, flexural and impact performance as compared with flax reinforced epoxy composite. The flexural strength increases when partial laminas from flax/epoxy laminate are replaced by basalt/epoxy and/or glass/epoxy laminas. Also, it is realized that incorporating high-strength fibers, i.e. glass or basalt, to the outer layers of the composite leads to higher flexural resistance, whilst the opposite was noticed for tensile properties. The fabricated hybrids were found to have economical and specific mechanical properties benefits. Fiber-relative amounts and stacking sequence have great effects on the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of hybrid laminates are proven to be highly dependent on the position of the flax layers within the hybrid composite. The Hybridization with basalt and/or glass fibers is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of flax/epoxy composites.

GGE biplot analysis of Line by tester for seed yield and its attributes in sunflower

Nine genetically diverse sunflower promising lines in their economic trait were crossed using line by tester mating design in 2018 spring season, to estimate per se performance, combining ability, heterosis, gene action and heritability for earliness, yield and its attributes traits. The parents involved four sunflower CMS lines namely L1 (A3), L2 (A5), L3 (A9) and L4 (A13) (called hereafter “Lines” (as female parents) and five sunflower genotypes T1 (RF9), T2 (RF10), T3 (RF11), T4 (RF14) and T5 (RF1) as male parents (called hereafter “Tester”). In 2018 and 2019 summer season, the nine parents along with their 20 F1s seeds were evaluated at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Sohag Governorate, Egypt using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Mean squares due to parents (P), crosses (C), CMS lines (L), RF testers (T), P vs C and L x T were significant for all studied traits. A larger magnitude of non-additive gene action than additive was revealed by greater ratios (GCA/ SCA) than unity for all studied traits (except for days to 50% flowering). A5 and A13 of CMS lines and RF11 and RF14 of RF lines proved to be the best general combiners for seed weight plant-1 and one or more of its attributes traits. Moreover, the best cross combinations A13 x RF11, A13 x RF1 and A5 x RF9 performed better than other developed hybrids in view of seed weight plant-1 and one or more of its attributes, hence these F1 hybrids could further be used on commercial exploitation.

Water absorption effect on the in-plane shear properties of jute–glass–carbon-reinforced composites using Iosipescu test

The main objective of the present paper is to study the water absorption of jute–glass–carbon-reinforced epoxy composites and its subsequent effect on the in-plane shear performance of these composites. The effects of the reinforcement hybridization, stacking sequence and relative fabric amounts on the shear behavior of dry and wet conditioned composite specimens are reported and discussed. Composites have been fabricated in inter-ply configuration using the hand lay-up process. The prepared specimens have been subjected to distilled water and sea water immersion at room temperature for 60 days. Results indicated that water uptake of jute-reinforced composite and its hybrids with glass and/or carbon follows Fickian-like behavior. Water uptake induces a significant decrease in the in-plane shear strength. Hybridizing jute fabric with glass and/or carbon fabrics improves the in-plane shear properties of both dry and wet specimens. The stacking sequence and relative fabric amounts have a noticeable effect on the studied shear properties. Also, the hybrid composite with jute as facings and glass as core, JGJ, offers the most balanced set of properties on a cost-effective basis compared to the other studied hybrids.

Flexural fatigue performance of hybrid composite laminates based on E-glass and polypropylene fibers

An experimental investigation has been conducted to understand the effect of water aging on flexural fatigue performance of unidirectional polypropylene (PP)-glass (G) fiber–reinforced epoxy composites. Test specimens were fabricated using hand lay-up process with a constant total fiber volume fraction. The effects of the reinforcement hybridization, hybrid configuration, and stacking sequences on S–N curves were investigated. Deflection-controlled flexural fatigue tests with a frequency of 25 Hz at zero mean stress have been conducted. A 20% reduction of the initial applied moment was taken as a failure criterion. In the first stage, the flexural fatigue properties of un-aged composite specimens were studied in ambient temperature. In the second stage, flexural fatigue properties were investigated after a preliminary aging step in distilled water for 350 days. The specimen surface temperature rise was measured to ensure that there is no early damage happened in the tested specimens. Results indicated that the hybridization of PP fiber–reinforced composite with G fiber improves its flexural fatigue resistance but increase water uptake. Inter-intraply hybrid laminate with G-fiber layers at the specimen outer faces and PP-fiber layers in the specimen core exhibits the most favorable flexural fatigue behavior, that is, the highest cost ratio and the specific fatigue endurance strength. The water-sorption step induced a significant decrease in fatigue properties of the fabricated specimens. The highest measured temperature rise was observed to be about 9°C for G fiber–reinforced composite.

Impact of a National Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death (DCD) Program on Organ Donation in the United Kingdom: A 10-Year Study

Organ transplantation is the most successful treatment for some forms of organ failure, yet a lack of organs means many die on the waiting list. In the United Kingdom, the Organ Donation Taskforce was set up to identify barriers to organ donation and in 2008 released its first report (Organ Donation Taskforce Report; ODTR). This study assesses the success since the ODTR and examines the impact of the United Kingdom's controlled donation after circulatory death (DCD) program and the controversies surrounding it. There were 12 864 intended donation after brain death (DBD) or DCD donors from April 2004 to March 2014. When the 5 years preceding the ODTR was compared to the 5 years following, intended DCD donors increased 292% (1187 to 4652), and intended DBD donors increased 11% (3327 to 3698). Organs retrieved per intended DBD donor remained static (3.30 to 3.26), whereas there was a decrease in DCD (1.54 to 0.99) due to a large rise in donors who did not proceed to donation (325 to 2464). The majority of DCD donors who proceeded did so within 30 min from time of withdrawal. Our study suggests further work on converting eligible referrals to organ donation and exploring methods of converting DCD to DBD donors.

Mechanical performance of intraply and inter-intraply hybrid composites based on e-glass and polypropylene unidirectional fibers

The aims of this study are to design, fabricate and investigate the mechanical properties of new hybrid composite laminates made from polypropylene-glass unidirectional fibers and epoxy matrix. Specimens were fabricated following the hand lay-up technique in intraply and inter-intraply configurations. Results are presented regarding the tensile, flexural, in-plane shear and interlaminar shear behaviors of fabricated composites with particular consideration of the effects of the plies stacking sequence and hybrid configuration. The experimental results reveal that the mechanical properties of polypropylene/epoxy composite can be effectively improved by the incorporation of glass fiber through the formation of either intraply or inter-intraply hybrid composites. With a proper choice of the hybrid configuration and the plies stacking sequence, the fabricated hybrid composites achieved property profiles close to those of homogeneous glass reinforced laminate in terms of specific properties. Resistance of the intraply hybrid composite to tensile and flexural loadings is higher than inter-intraply hybrid composites. On the other hand, the highest in-plane and interlaminar shear strengths are associated with the inter-intraply hybrid composite with glass fiber core. Additionally, an analytical analysis was also introduced to provide a good correlation with the experimental data, which give an insight on the ideal plies stacking sequence to achieve the required properties.

Laparoscopic herniotomy in children: prospective assessment of tertiary center experience in a developing country

PURPOSE

We aimed to assess prospectively the feasibility and outcome of laparoscopic herniotomy (LH) in children in a tertiary center with limited resources.

METHODS

Fifty-six children with unilateral pediatric inguinal hernia (PIH) were treated for an 18-month period. All cases were subjected to LH in a way similar to the classic open technique following exploration of the contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) without ligation of the sac. Exclusion criteria included prematurity, age <6 months, irreducible or recurrent hernia, and cases with internal ring diameter >2 cm. Operative findings, postoperative results, and complications were assessed.

RESULTS

We have 56 cases presented with unilateral PIH, and they are aged between 6 months and 15 years. Thirty-two presented with Rt hernia including 12 associated with CPPV and 24 cases Lt hernia with 10 associated with CPPV. Two cases showed adhesions and 2 cases showed direct defects that were repaired in the same session. Hydrocele of the hernia sac was reported once. In the total of 78 hernias, the mean operative time was 20.5 min in unilateral cases and 42.5 min in bilateral cases. No conversion was reported. Postoperative pain lasts for a mean time of 11.2 h. Patients regained peristalsis by a mean of 7 h. Two cases developed wound infection and were treated conservatively. No case of recurrence, testicular atrophy, or hydrocele was reported in the mean follow-up period of 20.5 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic herniotomy is feasible and safe for PIH. It provides a superior tool to diagnose CPPV or rare hernias that can be managed in the same session with minimal postoperative complications reported even in developing countries. Laparoscopic herniotomy is proved to be beneficial for PIH since it provides an excellent view on the cord structures, and they can be guarded well during the procedure. Larger studies and longer follow-up are needed to support our encouraging results.

Fibro-osseous proliferation in the sternums and femurs of female B6C3F1, C57black and CD-1 mice: a comparative study

Sternums and femurs from B6C3F1, C57black and CD-1 mice, used as controls in carcinogenicity studies, were microscopically examined for the presence of fibro-osseous proliferation (syn. hyperostosis, myelofibrosis, osteofibrosis). The uterus, vagina and ovaries of the same animals were microscopically examined, particularly for the morphological changes indicative of hyperestrogenism. The incidences of each finding in each strain were compared using a chi square test to detect any interstrain variations of statistical significance. Despite the markedly high incidence of endometrial cystic hyperplasia, vaginal epithelial cell hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, which are morphological changes indicative of hyperestrogenism in all three strains of mice, the incidence of fibro-osseous proliferation in B6C3F1 mice was markedly higher than in the other two strains and statistically significant. This could be explained by a more sustained and higher level of endogenous estradiol in B6C3F1 mice, as brought into evidence by the markedly high, and stastically significant, incidence of follicular development/atresia, with cystic formation, in the ovaries of this strain. However, genetic factors that could determine the general predisposition to fibro-osseous proliferation in B6C3F1 mice cannot be ruled out.

Transbuccal permeation, anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy of piroxicam formulated in different gels

In attempts to avoid the systemic side effects of piroxicam (PC) (e.g. gastrotoxicity), several buccal gel formulations containing PC were prepared and their effects on the characteristics of the drug permeation through rabbit buccal mucosa in-vitro were evaluated using a Franz-type diffusion cell. The general rank order of the total flux of 0.5% PC from gels was found to be: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC, 2.5%) > hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC, 2.5%) >or= sodium alginate (Na alg., 7%) > methylcellulose (MC, 3%) > hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC, 1.5%) > carbopol 934 (Carb. 934, 1%) >or= sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC, 2%) > pluronic F-127 (PF-127, 20%) > polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 10%). The effect of various penetration enhancers 1% sodium lauryl sulphate (NaLS), 3% sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), 3% sodium tauroglycocholate (NaTGC) on the rate of permeation across the excised buccal mucosa (of 0.5% PC in gels prepared using 3% MC, 2.5% HPMC or 7% Na alg. base) and histology of the buccal epithelium was also investigated. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of PC in these gel formulations (containing 3% NaDC as an enhancer) was carried out using the kaolin-induced rat paw oedema method. The results obtained indicated that PC administered in 7% Na alg. or 2.5% HPMC gel bases was significantly more effective than the 3% MC gel and oral drug solution in suppressing oedema formation in rats. Comparative clinical studies were conducted in patients with post-operative dental pain and oedema following maxillofacial operations. The results revealed that 7% Na alg. and 2.5% HPMC gel formulations applied to the buccal mucosa were slightly better than or equally effective to the orally administered commercial product (Feldene Flash) tablet) in reducing pain level, swelling and tenderness within a period of 4 days. These findings suggest that PC (0.5%) administered in the buccal gel may present a potential therapeutical use as a strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent.

Hepatitis C Virus and related changes in immunological parameters in non Hodgkin's lymphoma patients

Viral hepatitis is a common and important problem in immunocompromised cancer patients. The present study was conducted to investigate changes in some cellular and humoral immunological parameters as a consequence of HCV infection in non Hodgkin's lymphoma patients (NHL). The study included 40 NHL patients: 20 anti-HCV antibody positive (Gr. I ), and 20 anti-HCV antibody negative (Gr.II ). In addition, forty non-cancer controls (NCCs) were included: 20 of them were anti-HCV antibody positive (Gr. III) and 20 anti-HCV antibody negative (Gr. IV). The studied immunological parameters included serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (s-TNFr) measured by ELISA, as well as assessment of T and B lymphocyte subsets by PAP immunostaining method. Mean IL-1 level (pg/ml) was significantly higher in Gr. 1 (14 +/- 6) and Gr. III (20 +/- 12) as compared to those in Gr. II (7 +/- 5) and Gr. IV (9 +/- 6). Mean IL-2 level (pg/ml) was also significantly higher in Gr. I (132 +/- 101) and Gr. III (135 +/- 59) compared to those in Gr. II (36 +/- 29) and Gr. IV (31 +/- 48). On the other hand, level of IL-6 showed no significant difference between groups. The mean level of sTNF-r, (ng/ml) was only significantly higher in Gr. I (2.9 +/- 1.7) when compared to that in Gr. IV (1.9 +/- 2.2). In group IV, the average percentage of CD3 (70 +/- 4%) and CD4 (44 +/- 5%) were significantly higher than in those of Gr. I (CD3 = 51 +/- 11%, CD4 = 30 +/- 12%), Gr. II (CD3 = 52 +/- 7%, CD4 = 30 +/- 8%), and Gr. III (CD3 = 52 +/- 9%, CD4 = 26 +/- 8%). From all the above immunological and virological features two main tips could be inferred: (1) HCV leads a mild course of infection in NCCs evidenced by normal ALT level in all but 20% of subjects, normal IL-6, sTNF-r, lower counts of CD4+ T cells and hence a mild hepatocellular injury, and (2) In the immunocompromised NHL patients the virus leads potentially more aggressive course as evidenced by higher viremia, as well as significant elevation in sTNF-r, and CD8+ depression.

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Egypt and Africa

Hepatitis B and C are, and will remain for some time, major health problems in Egypt and the entire continent of Africa. Both infections can lead to an acute or silent course of liver disease, progressing from liver impairment to cirrhosis and decompensated liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a 20-30 year period. In addition, hepatitis B and C infection rates differ in different settings, and prognosis may be worse in conjunction with schistosomiasis in Egypt, malaria in Sudan and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in other African populations. Unlike hepatitis B virus (HBV), for which the prospects for controlling the spread of infection by vaccination are promising, prospects for development of an effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) are limited. As well as screening of blood for transfusion and using sterile needles for injection, preventive measures should be undertaken to reduce the risk of contact (often described as community-acquired infection). Until more is known about the unidentified routes of transmission in tropical and subtropical settings it will be difficult to be specific about the kind of measures which may be effective. Success may largely depend on changing habits within the population. Prevention should be the main goal of current efforts until low-cost, effective therapies become available.

Cyclic changes in genital organs and vaginal cytology in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Vaginal cytology was evaluated weekly over 12 months in 20 adult female Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). After sacrifice of the animals the histology of the ovaries, uterus and vagina were studied in different phases of the menstrual cycle. The cytological examination of the vaginal smears showed that the superficial cells increased in number towards the middle of the cycle and the number of intermediate cells declined gradually. Parabasal cells were observed mainly at the beginning of the cycle; they disappeared towards the middle of the menstrual cycle. During the early follicular phase, the cells were moderately separated from each other, and during the second half of the proliferative or follicular phase, the superficial cells appeared clumped together. Leucocytes were usually absent except for at the beginning of the cycle and in the last few days of the late secretory or luteal phase. The maturation index of the vaginal smears can be considered as a tool for distinguishing the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The microscopic examination of the genital organs showed that during the proliferative or follicular phase of the cycle, which corresponds to the development of the ovarian follicles, the uterus showed growth of endometrial glands, stroma and endothelial cell proliferation with capillary sprouts. Shortly after ovulation and parallel to the formation of the corpora lutea, the endometrium enters the secretory or luteal phase, which is characterized by coiling of endometrial glands, glandular secretion and the differentiation of the spiral artery. The most striking changes in the vagina, is the marked basal cell proliferation and thickening of the stratum granulosum during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The histological changes observed in the vagina demonstrated a good correlation with the observation on cytological examination of the smears. The present study demonstrated that the process of angiogenesis in the uterus during the different phases of the menstrual cycle is a multiple phenomenon involving proliferation, maturation and differentiation.

Long-term evaluation of modified lateral anorectal myomectomy for low-segment Hirschsprung disease

OBJECTIVES

To provide a simple myomectomy technique for low-segment Hirschsprung disease and evaluate the efficacy of the new modification.

DESIGN

Case series of 19 patients followed up for 12 to 56 months (mean, 39.1 months).

SETTING

Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt.

PARTICIPANTS

Nineteen patients aged 4 months to 10 years complaining of chronic constipation, with radiological and clinical data suggestive of low-segment Hirschsprung disease proven by histological examination.

INTERVENTION

Modified lateral anorectal myomectomy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Clinical and radiological improvement measured by postoperative barium enema, bowel habits, and patient's relief of symptoms.

RESULTS

Seventeen of 19 patients improved clinically and 13 showed radiological improvement 3 years postoperatively. There was poor response in 2 patients, who were subjected to further Soave procedures.

CONCLUSION

Modified lateral anorectal myomectomy is an effective and technically simple procedure in patients suspected of having low-segment Hirschsprung disease.

Diverse patterns of recognition of hepatitis C virus core and nonstructural antigens by antibodies present in Egyptian cancer patients and blood donors

Serum samples from 429 cancer patients, 82 unpaid blood donors, and 74 paid blood donors were tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers in two commercially available enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). A total of 229 of 429 (53.4%) cancer patients were positive by the two EIAs. A total of 34 of 156 (21.8%) of the blood donors were positive by the EIAs, with a higher prevalence among paid blood donors (20/74; 27%) compared with that among the unpaid blood donors (14 of 82; 17%). EIA-positive sera were tested for confirmation of the results in an immunoblot assay (LiaTek) in which reactivities to four synthetic peptides representing the HCV core protein and two synthetic peptides representing nonstructural proteins 4 and 5 were measured. Of 243 first and/or second EIA-positive samples from cancer patients, 188 (77.2%) were confirmed to be positive in the synthetic peptide immunoblot. A total of 33 of 35 (94.3%) blood donor samples were confirmed to be positive. A great diversity in reactivity patterns was seen. However, all sera from the group of paid blood donors were exclusively reactive to core peptides 1 and 2. A subset of LiaTek assay-positive samples were tested by the four-antigen RIBA-2 assay. The sera from the paid blood donors were all nonreactive. A subset of the LiaTek-positive sera was analyzed for the presence of the HCV genome by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Eleven of the 20 serum samples with reactivity to LiaTek core peptides 1 and 2 only were HCV reverse transcriptase-PCR positive, as were the majority of the sera with other reactivity patterns by the LiaTek assay. The results confirm the very high prevalence of HCV infection in Egypt. Furthermore, the results indicate that there is circulating in Egypt, particularly in the group of blood donors paid for their donation, an HCV variant which elicits an immune response that is not detected by the RIBA-2 assay.

Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in the mammary gland, endocrine and genital organs in aging male and female Sprague-Dawley rats

The non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in adrenals, thyroids, pituitary, uterus, ovaries, testes and mammary gland of senile untreated Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated. The correlation between the neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in the pituitary gland and those in the target organs was made. The pituitary gland of the senile Sprague-Dawley rats had focal or diffuse hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of PRL, STH, and ACTH cells. Approximately 47% of the males and 62% of the females had pituitary adenomas. Multiple adenomas in the same pituitary were noted in 7% of the males and in 11% of the females. Although many adenomas contained pleomorphic foci and quite a number of mitotic figures and were locally invasive, no evidence of distant metastases was discovered; therefore carcinoma was not diagnosed in the present material. The adenomas observed were divided into different types on the basis of the cytological characteristics of the cellular elements. Single cell-type adenomas such as PRL-, ACTH-, STH-, TSH-, immature- gonadotrophin-cell adenomas, and mixed cell (more than one cell type) adenomas were diagnosed. The adenomas containing PRL cells were the predominant type of neoplasms and they represented 30% and 34% of the total pituitary neoplastic lesions observed in males and females, respectively. The cytological changes in the hypophyseal cell types in senile Sprague-Dawley rats were usually accompanied by spontaneous non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in adrenals, thyroids, testes, ovaries, and mammary gland. The possible role of the hypophyseal hormones in the induction of the non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the target organs is discussed. The combination of the spontaneous endocrine tumors could be associated both with aging and with genetic background of the animals. In addition, this polyglandular proliferative lesion in Sprague-Dawley rats might represent a potential model of mixed MEN syndrome.

Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and thyroid function in rats treated with high doses of phenobarbital or chlorpromazine

Rats were treated daily with high doses of phenobarbital or chlorpromazine for 6 weeks. The animals were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. At each occasion, plasma levels of ASAT, ALAT, LDH, AP, total T4 and T3, free T4 and T3, and TSH were determined. The thyroids and liver weights were recorded, and the microscopical examination was performed on the liver, thyroids and pituitary gland. The results showed hepatic morphological changes indicative of enzyme induction on weeks 1, 2 and 4. During the first 4 weeks, plasma T4 and T3 were decreased in many individuals and increased in few others, and after 6 weeks of treatment the values for T4 and T3 returned to near normal. An increase in ASAT and ALAT was found at the same occasions. Follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroids was observed during the first 4 weeks of treatment, in both treated groups, and after 6 weeks the thyroid glands returned to normal, except for a few individuals from the phenobarbital group. The present study has shown that the effect of phenobarbital and chlorpromazine on the thyroid gland function is predominantly due to their effect on the peripheral hormone disposition, as a result of the hepatic microsomal enzyme induction.

Thirteen-weeks subcutaneous treatment with oestradiol or an oestradiol/progesterone combination in beagle bitches

High doses of oestradiol (150 micrograms/kg) or an oestradiol/progesterone combination (150 micrograms/kg oestradiol plus 6.25 mg/kg progesterone) were administered subcutaneously on alternate days to immature ovariectomised and mature intact female Beagle dogs for 13 weeks. The effects of hormonal treatment on different parameters were studied. The results revealed severe anaemia (mainly at week 3) and the blood films showed morphological indication of blood loss and abnormal erythrogenesis. Neutrophil leucocytosis and non-progressive thrombocytopenia were also observed. Treatment with oestradiol alone induced changes in the endometrial stroma and myometrium, whereas treatment with the oestradiol/progesterone combination induced cystic endometrial hyperplasia. The pituitary glands of the dogs treated with oestradiol alone had a slight increase in the number of ACTH cells. These cells and STH cells showed cytological changes indicative of accelerated secretory activity; the PRL and gonadotropin-producing cells were not affected significantly. The oestradiol/progesterone combination increased the number of ACTH and PRL cells. These cells as well as STH cells exhibited several cytological criteria typical of a pituitary cell with accelerated activity; the gondadotropin-producing cells showed involutionary changes. The mammary glands of oestradiol-treated dogs showed stromal and ductal cell proliferation; whereas the oestradiol/progesterone combination induced secretory epithelial cell proliferation in addition to stromal and ductal cell proliferation.

Mercury content in some marine fish from the Alexandria coast

The total Hg of 6 marine fish species, caught from the 3 main fishing grounds along the coast of Alexandria, was determined and the distribution among the different organs was studied. It was found that the total Hg levels in fish differed according to species, size, and organs of fish as well as fishing ground. The highest value was found in large size especially in the viscera of Mullus barbatus obtained from El-Mex fishing ground.

In-vitro study of physostigmine salicylate and pilocarpine hydrochloride release from different gel formulations

Effect of methylcellulose and polyethylene glycol (PEG1 and PEG2) gel formulations on in-vitro release of combination of 0.25% w/w physostigmine salicylate and 1% w/w pilocarpine hydrochloride was investigated in comparison with a fatty base containing the same drugs by using a stationary dialysis technique. The results showed that the release of both drugs was very slow from the fatty base while a maximum release was attained from methylcellulose gel formulation followed by PEG1 and then PEG2 gel formulations as indicated by the calculated area under curves (AUC) for the amounts of drugs released from different formulations.

Effect of the standardized Ginseng Extract G115 on the metabolism and electrical activity of the rabbit's brain

The objective of this original investigation was to study the effect of the standardized Ginseng Extract G115 on the metabolic activity and ECoG of the rabbit's brain. The results showed significant increase of the glucose uptake with simultaneous significant reduction of the lactate, pyruvate and lactate/pyruvate ratio. These findings indicate shift of glucose utilization by the drug from anaerobic to the more economical pathway. G115 was also shown to produce a desynchronizing effect on the electrocorticogram (ECoG) which correlated well with the biochemical findings.

Stability of chlortetracycline hydrochloride and chloramphenicol in some ophthalmic ointment bases

The stability of chlortetracycline hydrochloride at 25 and 35 degrees C in absorption base with and without antioxidant decreased during storage for 12 months, while, in water-in-oil emulsion base the medicament was more stable than in oil-in-water emulsion ointment bases. Chloramphenicol was more stable in the absorption base that contained lanolin than in the base which contained cetyl alcohol. Chloramphenicol was more stable in oil-in-water than in water-in-oil emulsion bases. The decomposition rate constant of chlortetracycline hydrochloride and chloramphenicol followed first order kinetics, when the stability study was carried out at 25 and 35 degrees C.

Neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in aging female rats with special reference to the functional morphology of the hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the pituitary gland

Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions in the mammary glands, uterus, adrenals and pituitary glands of untreated aging female rats were evaluated. The most common lesions in the uterus, mammary glands and adrenal cortex were endometrial stromal polyps, fibroadenomas and nodular hyperplasias, respectively. A few malignant neoplasias were found in the uterus and mammary glands. The pituitary glands of the senile untreated rats had diffuse hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of PRL, STH and ACTH cells. In 25 out of 52 rats (48%), pituitary adenomas were detected. Histological examination showed that the adenomas were made up of immature cells, a combination of ACTH and immature cells, prolactin cells, or intermediate zone cells. The cytological changes in the hypophyseal cell types in the senile rats were usually accompanied by spontaneous neoplasias of the mammary glands. The possible role of hypophyseal hormones in the neoplasias of the mammary glands and the adrenal cortex is discussed. The present study has also shown that the variation in the reproductive state of the aging female rats, as assessed from ovarian morphology, had no striking effect on the incidence or the severity of the hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions in the organs examined.

Analysis of human urine for mutagens associated with carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder by the Ames Salmonella plate assay

The Ames Salmonella plate assay was employed to test urine samples from bladder cancer patients and controls living in Egypt for the presence of chemical mutagens. Urine from five groups of Egyptian adults were tested, including individuals with (1) neither bilharziasis nor bladder cancer, (2) urinary bilharziasis and normal urinary cytology, (3) urinary bilharziasis and atypical urinary cytology, (4) carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder, and (5) bladder cancer without bilharziasis. Plates treated with histidine dependent bacteria, S-9 mix, beta-glucuronidases and 0.3 ml sterile urine from all five groups yielded 50 to 150 percent more colonies than plates treated with saline instead of urine. These differences were highly statistically significant for all groups except subjects with bladder cancer without bilharziasis. Gross and microscopic inspection suggested, however, that plates containing urine had heavier bacterial lawns than plates treated with saline. A procedure for quantitating viable bacteria in the lawn was devised which demonstrated that the increase in colonies on urine treated plates could be attributed to increased numbers of viable bacteria in the bacterial lawn on those plates. There was, therefore, no convincing evidence for the presence of mutagenic substances in these urine samples.

Cytological study on the anterior pituitary of senile untreated beagle bitches with spontaneous mammary tumours

Pituitaries were obtained from senile untreated Beagle bitches of comparable age (7-9 years) and genital status. The animals were divided into three groups; one was normal (without mammary lesions), one had benign tumours and one had mammary adenocarcinomas. PRL-, STH-, ACTH- and gonadotrophin-producing cells are studied and counted in serial paraffin sections stained with histochemical techniques. The animals with mammary malignancy displayed a marked increase in the relative number of PRL and ACTH cells with morphological signs of higher secretory activity in most cells, compared with that in normal bitches or bitches with benign tumours. STH cells in bitches with adenocarcinomas were reduced in number; however the secretory activity in these animals was the same as that observed in the normal bitches. In the animals with benign mammary tumours, STH cells showed morphological indication of higher secretory activity than in the other groups. PRL and ACTH cells were slightly increased in number and had slightly higher activity than that in normal bitches. These findings may suggest a role for hypophyseal hormones in mammary neoplasias.

Cytological study on pituitary adenomas in senile untreated beagle bitches

Pituitaries from 25 senile untreated Beagle bitches aged 7-11 years, have been examined using a specific staining technique. In 10 out of 25 animals (40%), pituitary adenomas were detected. In general, pituitary neoplasms were observed as small nodules (2-3.5 mm in diameter) during gross examination or a incidental findings during the microscopic examination. Histological examination showed that the adenomas observed during gross examination were made up either of ACTH cells or of a combination of ACTH and immature cells; the adenomas which were observed as incidental findings during microscopic examination were made up of ACTH, immature or intermediate zone cells. The possible histogenesis of pituitary adenomas, especially the immature cell adenoma, is discussed.

The role of the pituitary-ovarian axis in the termination of early pregnancy in rabbits treated with ethinyl-oestradiol

The pathogenesis of embryonic death following maternal treatment with ethinyloestradiol was investigated. Pregnant rabbits received daily oral doses of 0.4 mg/kg body weight of ethinyloestradiol starting on day 6 of pregnancy. Dams were autopsied after 3, 6, or 9 days of treatment. Uterine swellings, ovaries, and the pituitary gland were examined using histochemical techniques. The results showed that in the treated animals there were morphological signs indicating decreased secretory activity of gonadotrophin and prolactin producing cells of the pituitary gland, luteolysis, and embryonic death within the first few days of treatment. The present study indicated that termination of early pregnancy in rabbits is most probably due to the interference of ethinyloestradiol with the pituitary-ovarian axis which in turn results in luteolysis and impairment of luteal steroid synthesis.

A modified tetrachrome staining technique for the adenohypophysis of dogs, rats and rabbits

A staining technique is described to differentiate between the various types of cell in the anterior pituitary (growth hormone and prolactin producing cells, gonadotrophic, thyrotrophic and ACTY cells) in dogs, rats and rabbits. The method proved to be well reproducible and suitable for the routinely processed pituitary gland. The differentiating characteristics of this method for the prolactin and growth hormone producing cells were confirmed by the immuno-enzyme cytochemical technique in which specific anticanine prolactin and growth hormone sera were used. With this staining technique, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the different types of hypophyseal cells at various functional and hormonal stages, under physiological and pathological conditions, can be studied. Effects of progesterone or oestrogen treatment on the morphology of the pituitary gland are illustrated in the photomicrographs.