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Guo Z, He H, Liu K, Li Z, Yang S, Liao Z, Lai C, Ren X, Huang B, Pan X. The photolytic behavior of COVID-19 antivirals ribavirin in natural waters and the increased environmental risk. J Hazard Mater 2023; 452:131320. [PMID: 37002997 PMCID: PMC10043975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing drug residues in aquatic environments have been caused by the abuse of antivirals since the global spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, whereas research on the photolytic mechanism, pathways and toxicity of these drugs is limited. The concentration of COVID-19 antivirals ribavirin in rivers has been reported to increase after the epidemic. Its photolytic behavior and environmental risk in actual waters such as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, river water and lake water were first investigated in this study. Direct photolysis of ribavirin in these media was limited, but indirect photolysis was promoted in WWTP effluent and lake water by dissolved organic matter and NO3-. Identification of photolytic intermediates suggested that ribavirin was photolyzed mainly via C-N bond cleavage, splitting of the furan ring and oxidation of the hydroxyl group. Notably, the acute toxicity was increased after ribavirin photolysis owing to the higher toxicity of most of the products. Additionally, the overall toxicity was greater when ARB photolysis in WWTP effluent and lake water. These findings emphasize the necessity to concern about the toxicity of ribavirin transformation in natural waters, as well as to limit its usage and discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Kunqian Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zihui Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shicheng Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhicheng Liao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chaochao Lai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaomin Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China
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Silva Arouche TD, Reis AF, Martins AY, S Costa JF, Carvalho Junior RN, J C Neto AM. Interactions Between Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Favipiravir, Galidesivir, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine with Fragment Molecular of the COVID-19 Main Protease with Inhibitor N3 Complex (PDB ID:6LU7) Using Molecular Docking. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2020; 20:7311-7323. [PMID: 32711596 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.18955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We started a study on the molecular docking of six potential pharmacologically active inhibitors compounds that can be used clinically against the COVID-19 virus, in this case, remdesivir, ribavirin, favipiravir, galidesivir, hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine interacting with the main COVID-19 protease in complex with a COVID-19 N3 protease inhibitor. The highest values of affinity energy found in order from highest to lowest were chloroquine (CHL), hydroxychloroquine (HYC), favipiravir (FAV), galidesivir (GAL), remdesivir (REM) and ribavirin (RIB). The possible formation of hydrogen bonds, associations through London forces and permanent electric dipole were analyzed. The values of affinity energy obtained for the hydroxychloroquine ligands was -9.9 kcal/mol and for the chloroquine of -10.8 kcal/mol which indicate that the coupling contributes to an effective improvement of the affinity energies with the protease. Indicating that, the position chosen to make the substitutions may be a pharmacophoric group, and cause changes in the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago da Silva Arouche
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Para, C. P. 479, 66075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Arthur Ferreira Reis
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Para, C. P. 479, 66075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Anderson Yuri Martins
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Para, C. P. 479, 66075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Jose Francisco S Costa
- Universidade Federal do Para, Campus Abaetetuba, Ramal Manoel de Abreu, S/n . Mutirao, 68440-000, Abaetetuba, Para, Brazil
| | - Raul Nunes Carvalho Junior
- Pos-Graduate Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Para, C. P. 2626, 66.050-540, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Antonio Maia J C Neto
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Para, C. P. 479, 66075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
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Ferjani H, Bechaieb R, El-Fattah WA, Fettouhi M. Broad-band luminescence involving fluconazole antifungal drug in a lead-free bismuth iodide perovskite: Combined experimental and computational insights. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 237:118354. [PMID: 32380432 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a lead-free perovskite-type material, (C13H14N6F2O)2 Bi2I10 is reported. It exhibits a zero-dimensional (0D) Bi2I104- octahedral unit, surrounded by a flexible tripodal antifungal ligand (H2Fluconazole)2+. The several intermolecular interactions of the independent cation and the bismuth iodide octahedra were tested via the Hirshfeld surface analysis. The detailed interpretation of the vibrational modes was carried out. The band gap (Eg) of 2.10 eV agrees with the theoretical values. Upon photoexcitation, the crystals exhibit a broadband green emission peaked at 534 nm, which originates from electronic transitions within the inorganic cluster [Bi2I10]4-. The theoretical calculations were carried out using DFT and TD-DFT methods to appraise the molecular geometry, vibrational spectra, electronic absorption spectra, frontier molecular orbitals (FOMs) and global reactivity descriptors. Calculations reveal that the energy gap (Eg) and other chemical reactivity descriptors are primarily linked to the inorganic anion and the triazolium rings (A and B) of the organic cation reflecting their importance in the activity and the antioxidant ability of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Ferjani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, IMSIU (Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rim Bechaieb
- Selective Organic & Heterocyclic Synthesis-Biological Activity Evaluation, Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Wesam Abd El-Fattah
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, IMSIU (Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Portsaid University, Port-said, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Fettouhi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Ruan X, Zhang C, Jiang S, Guo T, Xia R, Chen Y, Tang X, Xue W. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Myricetin Derivatives Containing Amide, Thioether, and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Moieties. Molecules 2018; 23:E3132. [PMID: 30501066 PMCID: PMC6321191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of myricetin derivatives containing amide, thioether, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole moieties were designed and synthesized, and their antiviral and antibacterial activities were assessed. The bioassays showed that all the title compounds exhibited potent in vitro antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas citri (Xac), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). In particular, the compounds 5a, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, and 5l, with EC50 values of 11.5⁻27.3 μg/mL, showed potent antibacterial activity against Xac that was better than the commercial bactericides Bismerthiazol (34.7 μg/mL) and Thiodiazole copper (41.1% μg/mL). Moreover, the in vivo antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of the target compounds were also tested. Among these compounds, the curative, protection, and inactivation activities of 5g were 49.9, 52.9, and 73.3%, respectively, which were better than that of the commercial antiviral Ribavirin (40.6, 51.1, and 71.1%, respectively). This study demonstrates that myricetin derivatives bearing amide, thioether, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole moieties can serve as potential alternative templates for the development of novel, highly efficient inhibitors against plant pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Shichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Tao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Rongjiao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Hassan WS, Elmasry MS, Elsayed HM, Zidan DW. Comparative study of six sequential spectrophotometric methods for quantification and separation of ribavirin, sofosbuvir and daclatasvir: An application on Laboratory prepared mixture, pharmaceutical preparations, spiked human urine, spiked human plasma, and dissolution test. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 202:159-173. [PMID: 29783148 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, six novel, simple and precise sequential spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of Ribavirin (RIB), Sofosbuvir (SOF), and Daclatasvir (DAC) in their mixture without prior separation steps. These drugs are described as co-administered for treatment of Hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and lymphomas in humans. These techniques consisted of several sequential steps using zero, ratio and/or derivative spectra. DAC was first determined through direct spectrophotometry at 313.7 nm without any interference of the other two drugs while RIB and SOF can be determined after ratio subtraction through five methods; Ratio difference spectrophotometric method, successive derivative ratio method, constant center, isoabsorptive method at 238.8 nm, and mean centering of the ratio spectra (MCR) at 224 nm and 258 nm for RIB and SOF, respectively. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration ranges of (6-42), (10-70) and (4-16) μg/mL for RIB, SOF, and DAC, respectively. This method was successfully applied to commercial pharmaceutical preparation of the drugs, spiked human urine, and spiked human plasma. The above methods are very simple methods that were developed for the simultaneous determination of binary and ternary mixtures and so enhance signal-to-noise ratio. The method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of RIB, SOF, and DAC in laboratory prepared mixtures. The obtained results are statistically compared with those obtained by the official or reported methods, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision at p = 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa S Hassan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Manal S Elmasry
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Heba M Elsayed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Ahmed EM, Solyman SM, Mohamed N, Boseila AA, Hanora A. Antiviral activity of Ribavirin nano-particles against measles virus. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2018; 64:24-32. [PMID: 30030950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus considers an important cause of child morbidity and mortality in some areas as Africa. Ribavirin's activity as a nucleoside analog can disclose the surprisingly broad spectrum action against several RNA viruses under laboratory cell culture conditions. The Current study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of ribavirin Nano gold particles (AuNPs) against measles virus on vero cell line. Ribavirin- AuNPs was prepared, characterization and the cytotoxicity of ribavirin, AuNPs and ribavirin -AuNPs were tested on vero cells using MTT assay. Antiviral activiry of ribavirin, AuNPs and ribavirin- AuNPswere determined on vero cells using simultaneous, pre-infection and post-infection protocols. Results indicated safety of ribavirin and ribavirin-AuNPs on vero cells, there was a reduction by 78.1% when vero cells treated with ribavirin -AuNPs at 99.5µg/ml while, the viral reduction was 25.4% when ribavirin 500 µg /ml was used for the same viral concentration. Our results concluded that ribavirin - AuNPs had a higher antiviral activity with lower dose than ribavirin alone and the maximal activity showed when it used after the virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy M Ahmed
- National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCR), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar M Solyman
- Microbiology &Immunology Department, College of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Boseila
- National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCR), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amro Hanora
- Microbiology &Immunology Department, College of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Elfiky AA, Ismail AM. Molecular docking revealed the binding of nucleotide/side inhibitors to Zika viral polymerase solved structures. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2018; 29:409-418. [PMID: 29652194 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1454981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak started in 2015. According to the World Health Organization, 84 countries confirmed ZIKV infection. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was an appealing target for drug designers during the last two decades. Through molecular docking, we screened 16 nucleotide/side inhibitors against ZIKV RdRp. While the mode of interaction with ZIKV is different from that in the hepatitis C virus (HCV), nucleotide/side inhibitors in this study (mostly anti-HCV) showed promising binding affinities (-6.2 to -9.7 kcal/mol calculated by AutoDock Vina) to ZIKV RdRp. Setrobuvir, YAK and, to a lesser extent, IDX-184 reveal promising results compared to other inhibitors in terms of binding ZIKV RdRp. These candidates would be powerful anti-ZIKV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Elfiky
- a Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
- b Quantitative Life Science Department, The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics , Strada Costiera , Trieste , Italy
- c Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - A M Ismail
- a Biophysics Department, Faculty of Sciences , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
- d Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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Zuwala K, Riber CF, Løvschall KB, Andersen AHF, Sørensen L, Gajda P, Tolstrup M, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: Polymer backbone defines blood safety, drug release, and efficacy of anti-inflammatory effects. J Control Release 2018; 275:53-66. [PMID: 29432822 PMCID: PMC7114659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular (pro)drugs hold much promise as broad-spectrum antiviral agents as either microbicides or carriers for intracellular delivery of antiviral drugs. Intriguing opportunity exists in combining the two modes of antiviral activity in the same polymer structure such that the same polymer acts as a microbicide and also serves to deliver the conjugated drug (ribavirin) into the cells. We explore this opportunity in detail and focus on the polymer backbone as a decisive constituent of such formulations. Fourteen polyanions (polycarboxylates, polyphosphates and polyphosphonates, and polysulfonates) were analyzed for blood pro/anti coagulation effects, albumin binding and albumin aggregation, inhibitory activity on polymerases, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity in stimulated macrophages. Ribavirin containing monomers were designed to accommodate the synthesis of macromolecular prodrugs with disulfide-exchange triggered drug release. Kinetics of drug release was fast in all cases however enhanced hydrophobicity of the polymer significantly slowed release of ribavirin. Results of this study present a comprehensive view on polyanions as backbone for macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Lise Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Paulina Gajda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Denmark
| | - Alexander N Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark; iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark.
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Larson B, Bushman LR, Casciano ML, Oldland AR, Kiser JJ, Kiser TH. Stability of Ribavirin for Inhalation Packaged in Syringes or Glass Vials when Stored Frozen, Refrigerated, and at Room Temperature. Int J Pharm Compd 2016; 20:521-525. [PMID: 28339392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to investigate ribavirin solution for inhalation stability under three different conditions (frozen, refrigerated, room temperature) over a 45-day period. A ribavirin 6000-mg vial was reconstituted with 90 mL of Sterile Water for Injection per the package insert to yield a concentration of approximately 67 mg/mL. The solution was then placed in either syringes or empty glass vials and stored in the freezer (-20°C), in the refrigerator (~0°C to 4°C), or at room temperature (~20°C to 25°C). Original concentrations were measured on day 0 and subsequent concentrations were measured on day 2, 14, and 45 utilizing a validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay. All analyses were performed in triplicate for each storage condition. Additionally, at each time point the physical stability was evaluated and the pH of solution was measured. The solution was considered stable if =90% of the original concentration was retained over the study period. A validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that >95% of the original ribavirin concentration was preserved over the 45-day period for all study conditions. The ribavirin concentration remained within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)-required range of 95% to 105% of the original labeled product amount throughout the entire study period for all study conditions. Precipitation of ribavirin was noted during the thawing cycle for frozen samples, but the drug went back into solution once the thawing process was completed. No changes in color or turbidity were observed in any of the prepared solutions. Values for pH remained stable over the study period and ranged from 4.1 to 5.3. Ribavirin for inhalation solution is physically and chemically stable for at least 45 days when frozen, refrigerated, or kept at room temperature after reconstitution to a concentration of approximately 67 mg/mL and placed in syringes or glass vials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayli Larson
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lane R Bushman
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Jennifer J Kiser
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tyree H Kiser
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.
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Abstract
RNA viruses are responsible for numerous human diseases; some of these viruses are also potential agents of bioterrorism. In general, the replication of RNA viruses results in the incorporation of at least one mutation per round of replication, leading to a heterogeneous population, termed a qua-sispecies. The antiviral nucleoside ribavirin has been shown to cause an increase in the mutation frequency of RNA viruses. This increase in mutation frequency leads to a loss of viability due to error catastrophe. In this article, we review lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy, emphasizing the challenges remaining for the development of lethal mutagenesis into a practical clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Graci
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., USA
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11
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Goodarzi N, Barazesh Morgani A, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Groot DW, Langguth P, Mehta MU, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Ribavirin. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1362-9. [PMID: 26952879 PMCID: PMC7126353 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release solid oral dosage forms containing ribavirin are reviewed. Ribavirin is highly soluble, but its permeability characteristics are not well defined. Therefore according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, and taking a "worst case" approach, ribavirin should be assigned to class III. As ribavirin is transported across the brush border membrane of the human jejunum by hCNT2, it shows saturable uptake in the intestine. However, no common excipients have been shown to compete for ribavirin absorption, nor have problems with BE of immediate release ribavirin formulations containing different excipients and produced by different manufacturing methods been reported in the open literature. So the risk of bioinequivalence caused by these factors appears to be low. Ribavirin is considered a narrow therapeutic index drug, as judged by comparing the minimum effective concentration and minimum toxic concentrations in blood. Although ribavirin would not be eligible for approval via a Biopharmaceutical Classification System-based biowaiver procedure according to today's guidances due to its narrow therapeutic index, the risks of biowaiving should be weighed against the considerable risks associated with studying BE of ribavirin products in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Goodarzi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Division of Therapeutic Equivalence, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - D W Groot
- RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul U Mehta
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation FIP, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Yu X, Wei P, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Wang Q. Design, synthesis, antiviral activity and mode of action of phenanthrene-containing N-heterocyclic compounds inspired by the phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid antofine. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:371-378. [PMID: 25809229 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid antofine and its analogues have excellent antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). To simplify the structure and the synthesis of the phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, a series of phenanthrene-containing N-heterocyclic compounds (compounds 1 to 33) were designed and synthesised, based on the intermolecular interaction of antofine and TMV RNA, and systematically evaluated for their anti-TMV activity. RESULT Most of these compounds exhibited good to reasonable anti-TMV activity. The optimum compounds 5, 12 and 21 displayed higher activity than the lead compound antofine and commercial ribavirin. Compound 12 was chosen for field trials of antiviral efficacy against TMV, and was found to exhibit better activity than control plant virus inhibitors. Compounds 5 and 12 were chosen for mode of action studies. The changes in fluorescence intensity of compounds 5 and 12 on separated TMV RNA showed that these small molecules can also bind to TMV RNA, but the mode is very different from that of antofine. CONCLUSION The compounds combining phenanthrene and an N-heterocyclic ring could maintain the anti-TMV activity of phenanthroindolizidines, but their modes of action are different from that of antofine. The present study lays a good foundation for us to find more efficient anti-plant virus reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Yan D, Weisshaar M, Lamb K, Chung HK, Lin MZ, Plemper RK. Replication-Competent Influenza Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Luciferase Reporter Strains Engineered for Co-Infections Identify Antiviral Compounds in Combination Screens. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5589-604. [PMID: 26307636 PMCID: PMC4719150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myxoviruses such as influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major human pathogens, mandating the development of novel therapeutics. To establish a high-throughput screening protocol for the simultaneous identification of pathogen- and host-targeted hit candidates against either pathogen or both, we have attempted co-infection of cells with IAV and RSV. However, viral replication kinetics were incompatible, RSV signal window was low, and an IAV-driven minireplicon reporter assay used in initial screens narrowed the host cell range and restricted the assay to single-cycle infections. To overcome these limitations, we developed an RSV strain carrying firefly luciferase fused to an innovative universal small-molecule assisted shut-off domain, which boosted assay signal window, and a hyperactive fusion protein that synchronized IAV and RSV reporter expression kinetics and suppressed the identification of RSV entry inhibitors sensitive to a recently reported RSV pan-resistance mechanism. Combined with a replication-competent recombinant IAV strain harboring nanoluciferase, the assay performed well on a human respiratory cell line and supports multicycle infections. Miniaturized to 384-well format, the protocol was validated through screening of a set of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Collection (NCC) in quadruplicate. These test screens demonstrated favorable assay parameters and reproducibility. Application to a LOPAC library of bioactive compounds in a proof-of-concept campaign detected licensed antimyxovirus therapeutics, ribavirin and the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir, and identified two unexpected RSV-specific hit candidates, Fenretinide and the opioid receptor antagonist BNTX-7. Hits were evaluated in direct and orthogonal dose-response counterscreens using a standard recRSV reporter strain expressing Renilla luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marco Weisshaar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kristen Lamb
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
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14
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Jimmerson LC, Ray ML, Bushman LR, Anderson PL, Klein B, Rower JE, Zheng JH, Kiser JJ. Measurement of intracellular ribavirin mono-, di- and triphosphate using solid phase extraction and LC-MS/MS quantification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:163-72. [PMID: 25555148 PMCID: PMC4297558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV) is a nucleoside analog used to treat a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. RBV undergoes intracellular phosphorylation to a mono- (MP), di- (DP), and triphosphate (TP). The phosphorylated forms have been associated with the mechanisms of antiviral effect observed in vitro, but the intracellular pharmacology of the drug has not been well characterized in vivo. A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of intracellular RBV MP, DP, and TP in multiple cell matrix types. For this method, the individual MP, DP, and TP fractions were isolated from lysed intracellular matrix using strong anion exchange solid phase extraction, dephosphorylated to parent RBV, desalted and concentrated and quantified using LC-MS/MS. The method utilized a stable labeled internal standard (RBV-(13)C5) which facilitated accuracy (% deviation within ±15%) and precision (coefficient of variation of ≤15%). The quantifiable linear range for the assay was 0.50 to 200 pmol/sample. The method was applied to the measurement of RBV MP, DP, and TP in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), red blood cells (RBC), and dried blood spot (DBS) samples obtained from patients taking RBV for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Jimmerson
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Michelle L Ray
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lane R Bushman
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Peter L Anderson
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Brandon Klein
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Joseph E Rower
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jia-Hua Zheng
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jennifer J Kiser
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20-4102, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver disease and liver-related mortality in the western world. Treatment of this chronic viral infection has considerably improved with the introduction of ribavirin-interferon combination therapy. Ribavirin (Copegus, Rebetol) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with broad antiviral effects. It is absorbed readily upon oral administration with meals. Daily doses of up to 1200 mg are usually well-tolerated, causing dose-dependent haemolysis, reversible with dose reduction in most patients, in particular in those with renal insufficiency. In the circulation it is bound to erythrocytes, and eliminated by phosphorylation and deribolysation. The drug accumulates in blood with renal insufficiency. Impairment of hepatic function does not influence drug levels in the circulation. In animal studies, teratogenic and reproductive toxicity was shown. In chronic hepatitis C virus infection, monotherapy with ribavirin has no effect on concentrations of viral RNA or liver histology. Combination therapy with pegylated interferon-alpha2a (40 kDa) (Pegasys) produces significantly higher sustained virological response rates in infections with all viral genotypes, even in advanced stages of liver disease compared pegylated interferon-alpha2a monotherapy, adverse effects and quality of life are not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Innsbruck University, Austria.
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16
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Wu L, Li HY, Yin XZ, Li Y, Chen JX, Hu RF, Zhang JW. [Applicability of a natural swelling matrix as the propellant of osmotic pump tablets]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:1319-1324. [PMID: 24187843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of a natural swelling matrix derived from boat-fruited sterculia seed (SMS) as the propellant of osmotic pump tablets. The sugar components, static swelling, water uptake and viscosity of SMS were determined and compared with that of polythylene oxide (WSR-N10 and WSR-303). Both ribavirin and glipizide were used as water-soluble and water-insoluble model drugs. Then, the monolayer osmotic pump tablets of ribavirin and the bilayer osmotic pump tablets of glipizide were prepared using SMS as the osmotically active substance and propellant. SMS was mainly composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose and galactose and exhibited relatively high swelling ability. The area of the disintegrated matrix tablet was 20.1 times as that at initial after swelling for 600 s. SMS swelled rapidly and was fully swelled (0.5%) in aqueous solution with relative low viscosity (3.66 +/- 0.03) mPa x s at 25 degrees C. The monolayer osmotic pump tablets of ribavirin and the bilayer osmotic pump tablets of glipizide using SMS as propellant exhibited typical drug release features of osmotic pumps. In conclusion, the swelling matrix derived from boat-fruited sterculia seed, with low viscosity and high swelling, is a potential propellant in the application of osmotic pump tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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17
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Wu M, Wang Z, Meng C, Wang K, Hu Y, Wang L, Wang Q. Discovery and SARs of trans-3-aryl acrylic acids and their analogs as novel anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) agents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56475. [PMID: 23418574 PMCID: PMC3572066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of trans-3-aryl acrylic acids 1-27 and their derivatives 28-34 were prepared and evaluated for their antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) for the first time. The bioassay results showed that most of these compounds exhibited good antiviral activity against TMV, of which compounds 1, 5, 6, 20, 27 and 34 exhibited significantly higher activity against TMV than commercial Ribavirin both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these compounds have more simple structure than commercial Ribavirin, and can be synthesized more efficiently. These new findings demonstrate that trans-3-aryl acrylic acids and their derivatives represent a new template for antiviral studies and could be considered for novel therapy against plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuisong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanna Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Garvie CW. Solution-based approach to study binding to the eIF4E cap-binding site using CD spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2012; 434:166-71. [PMID: 23219983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is the key component of the translational initiation complex that recruits mRNA by binding to a unique "cap" structure located at the 5' end of the mRNA. Overexpression of eIF4E has been implicated in the development of cancer, potentially as a result of increasing the cellular levels of proteins involved in processes that include proliferation and regulation of apoptosis. As a result, the cap-binding site of eIF4E has become a target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. The structure of eIF4E bound to the cap mimic 7-methyl-GDP revealed that two tryptophans from different loops in eIF4E sandwiched the 7-methylguanine group between them. This interaction gives rise to a strong exciton coupling signal between the two tryptophans that can be visualized by CD spectroscopy. eIF4E is a challenging protein to work with because of a propensity to aggregate under conditions used in biophysical techniques. CD spectroscopy provides a gentle, solution-based approach to study binding to the cap-binding site of eIF4E. Evidence is provided that the exciton coupling signal can be used to both qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the binding of cap analogs to eIF4E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin W Garvie
- Discovery Technology, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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19
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Shahabadi N, Mirzaei kalar Z, Moghadam NH. DNA interaction studies of a platinum (II) complex containing an antiviral drug, ribavirin: the effect of metal on DNA binding. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 96:723-728. [PMID: 22885086 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble Pt (II) complex, [PtCl (DMSO)(N(4)N(7)-ribavirin)]· H(2)O (ribavirin is an antiviral drug) has been synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The binding interactions of this complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated using fluorimetry, spectrophotometry, circular dichroism and viscosimetry. The complex binds to CT-DNA in an intercalative mode. The calculated binding constant, K(b), was 7.2×10(5) M(-1). In fluorimetric studies, the enthalpy (ΔH<0) and entropy (ΔS>0) changes of the reaction between the Pt (II) complex with CT-DNA showed hydrophobic interaction. In addition, CD study showed stabilization of the right-handed B form of CT-DNA. All these results prove that the complex interacts with CT-DNA via intercalative mode of binding. In comparison with the previous study of the DNA interaction with ribavirin, these results show that platinum complex has greater affinity to CT-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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20
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Paschos P, Vlachaki E, Pasvanti C, Sinakos E, Kalpaka A, Klonizakis P, Perifanis V. Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in treating patients with chronic hepatitis C and beta-thalassaemia major: a Greek single-center experience. Acta Haematol 2011; 126:231-3. [PMID: 21934299 DOI: 10.1159/000330516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Paschos
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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21
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Wang YH, Dai Y, He ZS, Sun YX, Yan SJ, Xu SJ, Wang XR. [The effects of in vitro culture conditions on regeneration of Fritillaria cirrhosa]. Zhong Yao Cai 2010; 33:854-856. [PMID: 21049604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The optimal in vitro culture conditions for the regeneration of Fritillaria cirrhosa were screened. METHODS Through the in vitro culture of the flowering stage Fritillaria cirrhosa, the effect of illumination, culture temperature, hormone combination and the amount of ribavirin on the regeneration of Fritillaria cirrhosa were studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The explant browning level could be apparently reduced if the bulb were cultured under the ray after exposure to proper low-temperature. The optimal temperature for the regeneration of bulb is (20 +/- 2) degrees C. The hormone has obvious promotional effect on the regeneration of bulb, and the best combination is 6-BA 2.0 mg/L plus NAA 0.2 mg/L Concentration of 10 mg/L of ribavirin is best for the regeneration of bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610160, China.
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22
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Webster DR, Hekele AG, Lauring AS, Fischer KF, Li H, Andino R, DeRisi JL. An enhanced single base extension technique for the analysis of complex viral populations. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7453. [PMID: 19834618 PMCID: PMC2759544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques for the study of complex populations provide either specific information on a small number of variants or general information on the entire population. Here we describe a powerful new technique for elucidating mutation frequencies at each genomic position in a complex population. This single base extension (SBE) based microarray platform was designed and optimized using poliovirus as the target genotype, but can be easily adapted to assay populations derived from any organism. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated by accurate and consistent readouts from a controlled population of mutant genotypes. We subsequently deployed the technique to investigate the effects of the nucleotide analog ribavirin on a typical poliovirus population through two rounds of passage. Our results show that this economical platform can be used to investigate dynamic changes occurring at frequencies below 1% within a complex nucleic acid population. Given that many key aspects of the study and treatment of disease are intimately linked to population-level genomic diversity, our SBE-based technique provides a scalable and cost-effective complement to both traditional and next generation sequencing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R. Webster
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Armin G. Hekele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Lauring
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kael F. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLD); (RA)
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLD); (RA)
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El Ashry ESH, Abdel-Rahman A, Rashed N, Awad LF, Rasheed HA. Synthesis of AZT analogues: 7-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)-, 7-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)-,7-(3-triazolyl-2-hydroxypropyl)theophylline. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008; 25:299-305. [PMID: 16629122 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500544495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic displacement of the tosyloxy group in 7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-toluenesulfonyloxypropyl)theophylline (1) with azide anion afforded 7-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)theophylline (2). Reduction of the 3-azido group in 2 with Ph3P/Py/NH4OH afforded the 3-amino derivative 4, alternatively obtained by regioselective amination of 7-(2,3-epoxypropyl)theophylline (3). Selective acetylation of 4 gave the N-acetyl derivative 5. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of the azide group in 2 with N1-propargyl thymine (6) afforded the regioisomeric triazole 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Sayed H El Ashry
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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24
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Bosch ME, Sánchez AJR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Ribavirin: Analytical determinations since the origin until today. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:185-93. [PMID: 17628382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RV) (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), is a synthetic purine nucleoside analog with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. To better understand the mechanism of action of RV, as well as its pharmacokinetic characteristics, an assay that can allow specific, sensitive, and accurate measurement of RV in biologic samples is critical. In this way, diverse analytical methods have been established. In this work, we have recompiled these methods with the aim to present the different options for the RV determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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25
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Chu W, Chan KH, Jafvert CT, Chan YS. Removal of phenylurea herbicide monuron via riboflavin-mediated photosensitization. Chemosphere 2007; 69:177-83. [PMID: 17583771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of the phenylurea herbicide monuron by using riboflavin (Rf), a sensitizer, was investigated by varying the doses of monuron and Rf in this work. An enhanced photochemical effect was observed in the process compared with the direct photolysis by using UV irradiation only. The reaction time was greatly shortened from more than 60 min (direct photolysis) to 8-30 min depending on the doses of initial concentration of monuron ([M]0) and Rf. A modified hyperbola model was found to be useful to determine the reaction kinetics and thereafter the performance on the photodegradation of monuron sensitized by Rf. Two measurable characteristic constants (initial decay rate and total removal index) were used to quantify the reaction. The maximum removal difference compared with the direct photolysis and Rf-sensitization was investigated. It was found that the improvement of the process depended on both the [M]0 and the doses of Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chu
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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26
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Cai S, Li QS, Borchardt RT, Kuczera K, Schowen RL. The antiviral drug ribavirin is a selective inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7281-7. [PMID: 17845853 PMCID: PMC3830956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide riboside) is a well-known antiviral drug. Ribavirin has also been reported to inhibit human S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (Hs-SAHH), which catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine to adenosine and homocysteine. We now report that ribavirin, which is structurally similar to adenosine, produces time-dependent inactivation of Hs-SAHH and Trypanosoma cruzi SAHH (Tc-SAHH). Ribavirin binds to the adenosine-binding site of the two SAHHs and reduces the NAD(+) cofactor to NADH. The reversible binding step of ribavirin to Hs-SAHH and Tc-SAHH has similar K(I) values (266 and 194 microM), but the slow inactivation step is 5-fold faster with Tc-SAHH. Ribavirin may provide a structural lead for design of more selective inhibitors of Tc-SAHH as potential anti-parasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Cai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Ronald T. Borchardt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Richard L. Schowen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2095 Constant Avenue, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, Phone:(785) 842-4371. Fax: (785) 864-5736.
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Popsavin M, Spaić S, Svircev M, Kojić V, Bogdanović G, Popsavin V. Synthesis and antitumour activity of new tiazofurin analogues bearing a 2,3-anhydro functionality in the furanose ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4123-7. [PMID: 17543526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a divergent de novo synthesis of 2-(2,3-anhydro-beta-dribofuranosyl)thiazole-4-carboxamide (2',3'-anhydro-tiazofurin) and the corresponding alpha- and beta-homo-C-nucleosides, as well as evaluation of their antitumour activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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28
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Zhou Y, Müh U, Hanzelka BL, Bartels DJ, Wei Y, Rao BG, Brennan DL, Tigges AM, Swenson L, Kwong AD, Lin C. Phenotypic and structural analyses of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease Arg155 variants: sensitivity to telaprevir (VX-950) and interferon alpha. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22619-28. [PMID: 17556358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610207200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Telaprevir (VX-950) is a highly selective, potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3.4A serine protease. It has demonstrated strong antiviral activity in patients chronically infected with genotype 1 HCV when dosed alone or in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a. Substitutions of Arg(155) of the HCV NS3 protease domain have been previously detected in HCV isolates from some patients during telaprevir dosing. In this study, Arg(155) was replaced with various residues in genotype 1a protease domain proteins and in genotype 1b HCV subgenomic replicons. Characterization of both the purified enzymes and reconstituted replicon cells demonstrated that substitutions of Arg(155) with these residues conferred low level resistance to telaprevir (<25-fold). An x-ray structure of genotype 1a HCV protease domain with the R155K mutation, in a complex with an NS4A co-factor peptide, was determined at a resolution of 2.5A. The crystal structure of the R155K protease is essentially identical to that of the wild-type apoenzyme (Protein Data Bank code 1A1R) except for the side chain of mutated residue 155. Telaprevir was docked into the x-ray structure of the R155K protease, and modeling analysis suggests that the P2 group of telaprevir loses several hydrophobic contacts with the Lys(155) side chain. It was demonstrated that replicon cells containing substitutions at NS3 protease residue 155 remain fully sensitive to interferon alpha or ribavirin. Finally, these variant replicons were shown to have reduced replication capacity compared with the wild-type HCV replicon in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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29
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Abstract
N-methylimidazole, a molecular solvent, but also, in cationic form, a component of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C(n)MIM]+) ionic liquids, showed promise as an additive in accelerating remarkably transesterification catalyzed by lipase acrylic resin from Candida antarctica (CAL-B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
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30
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Popsavin M, Spaić S, Svircev M, Kojić V, Bogdanović G, Popsavin V. 2-(3-Amino-3-deoxy-β-d-xylofuranosyl)thiazole-4-carboxamide: A new tiazofurin analogue with potent antitumour activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5317-20. [PMID: 16908146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new tiazofurin analogue, 2-(3-amino-3-deoxy-beta-d-xylofuranosyl)thiazole-4-carboxamide (3), was synthesized starting from d-glucose and evaluated for its in vitro antiproliferative activity against a panel of human tumour cell lines. Compound 3 exhibited the most powerful cytotoxicity against K562 cells, being approximately 100-fold more potent than tiazofurin. This analogue was also active against Jurkat, HT-29 and HeLa malignant cells, with respective IC(50) values being ca. 2-, 27- and 17-fold lower than those observed for tiazofurin. Remarkably, compound 3 did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity towards normal foetal lung MRC-5 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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31
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Abstract
Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]viramidine, a prodrug of ribavirin, were studied in humans following a single oral dose (600 mg). Viramidine was rapidly absorbed, with a time to maximum concentration of the drug in plasma of 1.5 h. Viramidine and ribavirin accounted for only 4.3% and 42% of plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for radioactivity, respectively, indicating extensive conversion of viramidine to ribavirin, followed by further metabolism of ribavirin. The drug was largely trapped in red blood cells (RBC), with an RBC-to-plasma radioactivity AUC0-infinity ratio of 108. Excretion of total radioactivity in urine and feces accounted for 50.8% and 26.1% of the dose, respectively. The metabolic profile in urine (0 to 24 h) indicated that viramidine was excreted primarily as triazole carboxamide (TCONH2), triazole carboxylic acid nucleoside (TCOOH), and ribavirin with a small amount of unchanged viramidine, which each accounted for 64.1%, 17.0%, 15.7%, and 3.2% of urinary radioactivity, respectively. The amounts of unchanged viramidine (3.4% of dose) and ribavirin (10% of dose) in urine were small after oral administration of viramidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chung Lin
- Valeant Research & Development, 3300 Hyland Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
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32
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Brookes S, Biessels P, Ng NFL, Woods C, Bell DN, Adamson G. Synthesis and characterization of a hemoglobin-ribavirin conjugate for targeted drug delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:530-7. [PMID: 16536487 DOI: 10.1021/bc0503317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel conjugate of human hemoglobin (Hb) and the nucleoside analogue ribavirin (RBV) was synthesized to demonstrate the utility of Hb as a biocompatible drug carrier for improved drug delivery in the treatment of liver disease. RBV is used in combination with interferon for the treatment of hepatitis C, but its side effects can result in dose limitation or discontinuation of treatment. Targeted delivery of RBV may help to prevent or minimize its toxicity. The hemoglobin-ribavirin conjugate (Hb-RBV) was designed to release bioactive drug upon endocytosis by cells and tissues involved in extracellular Hb catabolism and clearance. Ribavirin-5'-monophosphate (RBV-P) was prepared from RBV and activated as the 5'-monophosphorimidazolide (RBV-P-Im) for reaction with carbonmonoxyhemoglobin to yield Hb-RBV consisting of multiple RBV drugs covalently attached as physiologically labile phosphoramidates via their 5'-hydroxyl groups. A molar drug ratio of six to eight RBV molecules per Hb tetramer was obtained with near complete haptoglobin (Hp) binding of the drug modified Hb maintained. The conjugate complex (Hp-Hb-RBV) was selectively taken up in vitro by cells that express the hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor, CD163. Recovered ribavirin enzymatically cleaved from Hb-RBV showed equipotent antiproliferative activity compared to control unconjugated RBV against human HepG2 and mouse AML12 liver cell lines. Based upon the reported high level of Hb uptake in the liver, Hb-RBV may be useful in the treatment of certain liver diseases, as well as inflammatory disorders associated with CD163-positive macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Brookes
- Hemosol Corporation, 2585 Meadowpine Boulevard, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5N 8H9
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33
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Abstract
Currently available anti-HCV therapy is effective in only half of the patients and limited by side effects that often necessitate discontinuation. Therefore, new treatment strategies are being developed including (i) the optimization of current regimens, (ii) the use of additional agents working via novel mechanisms, and (iii) anti-fibrotic strategies. Many new antiviral compounds are now being studied in preclinical and clinical trials. This review will focus on drugs that have already entered the stage of phase 2 or phase 3 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf E Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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34
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Popsavin M, Torović L, Svircev M, Kojić V, Bogdanović G, Popsavin V. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of two new tiazofurin analogues with 2'-amido functionalities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2773-6. [PMID: 16495053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two novel tiazofurin analogues 2 and 3 were synthesized starting from d-glucose. The key step of the synthesis was the efficient one-step hydrogen sulfide-mediated conversion of 2-azido-3-O-acyl-ribofuranosyl cyanides to the corresponding 2-amido thiocarboxamides. Compounds 2 and 3 were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against certain human tumour cell lines. Remarkably, compound 2 was found to be 570-fold more potent than tiazofurin against MCF-7 cells, while compound 3 showed the most powerful cytotoxicity against HT-29 cancer cells, being almost 100-fold more active than tiazofurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro.
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35
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Chun MW, Kim MJ, Shin JH, Jeong LS. Synthesis of 3'-deoxy-3'-C-hydroxymethyl analogues of tiazofurin and ribavirin. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:975-7. [PMID: 16248075 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of potent biological activity of 3'-branched-3'-deoxynucleoside analogues, novel ribavirin and tiazofurin derivatives with 3'-C-hydroxymethyl substituent were synthesized, starting from D-xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Woo Chun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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36
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Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues have proven useful in the treatment of viral infections. Ribavirin is a nucleoside, guanosine analogue, whose mechanisms of action include inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is the key step in de novo guanine synthesis, a requirement for viral replication. In combination with pegylated interferon alfa, ribavirin is the standard of care for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C today. However, the medication is associated with significant haemolytic anaemia, which may require dose reduction, discontinuation or treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Dose reduction also appears to decrease sustained viral clearance rates. Newer IMPDH inhibitors are in various stages of development. Viramidine, a liver-targeting prodrug of ribavirin, has demonstrated significant antiviral activity and erythrocyte-sparing properties. It is currently in Phase 3 trials. Clinical trials of merimepodib, another investigational IMPDH inhibitor, have completed enrolment for a Phase 2b study as a third medication for administration with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Although other IMDPH inhibitors also have antiviral activity, these medications appear best suited as immunosuppressive medications at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gish
- California Pacific Medical Center, Liver Transplant Program, Division of Hepatology and Complex GI, 2340 Clay Street, #223, San Francisco, CA 94612, USA.
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37
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Chiacchio U, Rescifina A, Saita MG, Iannazzo D, Romeo G, Mates JA, Tejero T, Merino P. Zinc(II) Triflate-Controlled 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of C-(2-Thiazolyl)nitrones: Application to the Synthesis of a Novel Isoxazolidinyl Analogue of Tiazofurin. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8991-9001. [PMID: 16238338 DOI: 10.1021/jo051572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The cycloaddition reaction between C-(2-thiazolyl) nitrones and allylic alcohol takes place with complete exo selectivity when the reactions are carried out in the presence of 1 equiv of zinc triflate. The rate of the reaction is increased enormously under microwave irradiation. The use of a chiral dipolarophile allowed application of the methodology to the synthesis of a hitherto unknown enantiomerically pure isoxazolidinyl analogue of the C-nucleoside tiazofurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Italy
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38
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Westman B, Beeren L, Grudzien E, Stepinski J, Worch R, Zuberek J, Jemielity J, Stolarski R, Darzynkiewicz E, Rhoads RE, Preiss T. The antiviral drug ribavirin does not mimic the 7-methylguanosine moiety of the mRNA cap structure in vitro. RNA 2005; 11:1505-13. [PMID: 16131589 PMCID: PMC1370834 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E binds the mRNA 5' cap structure and has a central role during translational initiation. eIF4E and the mechanisms to control its activity have oncogenic properties and thus have become targets for anticancer drug development. A recent study (Kentsis et al. 2004) presented evidence that the antiviral nucleoside ribavirin and its phosphorylated derivatives were structural mimics of the mRNA cap, high-affinity ligands for eIF4E, and potent repressors of eIF4E-mediated cell transformation and tumor growth. Based on these findings, we tested ribavirin, ribavirin triphosphate (RTP), and the dinucleotide RpppG for their ability to inhibit translation in vitro. Surprisingly, the ribavirin-based compounds did not affect translation at concentrations where canonical cap analogs efficiently block cap-dependent translation. Using a set of reporter mRNAs that are translated via either cap-dependent or viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRES)-dependent initiation, we found that these ribavirin-containing compounds did inhibit translation at high (millimolar) concentrations, but there was no correlation of this inhibition with an eIF4E requirement for translation. The addition of a ribavirin-containing cap to mRNA did not stimulate translation. Fluorescence titration experiments with eIF4E and the nuclear cap-binding complex CBC indicated affinities for RTP and RpppG that were two to four orders of magnitude lower than those of m(7)GTP and m(7)GpppG. We conclude that, at least with respect to translation, ribavirin does not act in vitro as a functional mimic of the mRNA cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Westman
- Molecular Genetics Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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39
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A tandem dimerization-macrocyclization approach using 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions has been employed in the facile and convergent solution phase syntheses of C2 symmetric cyclic peptide scaffolds bearing triazole epsilon2-amino acids as dipeptide surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - W. Seth Horne
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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40
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Abstract
Ribavirin is a guanosine ribonucleoside analog that displays broad-spectrum anti-viral activity and is currently used for the treatment of some viral infections. Ribavirin has recently been proposed to also be a mimic of the 7-methyl guanosine cap found at the 5' end of mRNAs. To obtain supporting functional data for this hypothesis, we assessed the ability of ribavirin triphosphate to interfere with the interaction between eIF4E and 7-methyl guanosine capped mRNA. In chemical cross-linking assays, cap-affinity chromatography, and cap-dependent translation assays, ribavirin was unable to function as a cap analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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41
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Wu JZ, Larson G, Walker H, Shim JH, Hong Z. Phosphorylation of ribavirin and viramidine by adenosine kinase and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II: Implications for ribavirin metabolism in erythrocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2164-71. [PMID: 15917509 PMCID: PMC1140532 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2164-2171.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nucleoside analog drugs, such as ribavirin and viramidine, are activated or metabolized in vivo through 5'-phosphorylation. In this report, we determined the steady-state kinetic parameters for 5'-monophosphorylation of ribavirin and viramidine by adenosine kinase. The apparent Km for ribavirin is 540 microM, and k(cat) is 1.8 min-1. Its catalytic efficiency of 3.3 x 10(-3) min-1 . microM-1 is 1,200-fold lower than that of adenosine. In contrast to the common belief that ribavirin is exclusively phosphorylated by adenosine kinase, cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II was found to catalyze ribavirin phosphorylation in vitro. The reaction is optimally stimulated by the physiological concentration of ATP or 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. In phosphate-buffered saline plus ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the apparent Km for ribavirin is 88 microM, and k(cat) is 4.0 min-1. These findings suggest that cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II may be involved in ribavirin phosphorylation in vivo. Like ribavirin, viramidine was found to be phosphorylated by either adenosine kinase or cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II, albeit with a much lower activity. The catalytic efficiency for viramidine phosphorylation is 10- to 330-fold lower than that of ribavirin, suggesting that other nucleoside kinase(s) may be involved in viramidine phosphorylation in vivo. Both ribavirin and viramidine are not phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase and uridine-cytidine kinase. The coincidence of presence of high concentrated 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes suggests that cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II could play an important role in phosphorylating ribavirin and contribute to anabolism of ribavirin triphosphate in erythrocytes. Elucidation of ribavirin and viramidine phosphorylation mechanism should shed light on their in vivo metabolism, especially the ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Zhen Wu
- Drug Discovery, Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, 3300 Hyland Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
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42
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Darwish IA, Khedr AS, Askal HF, Mahmoud RM. Simple fluorimetric method for determination of certain antiviral drugs via their oxidation with cerium (IV). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:555-62. [PMID: 15932755 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive fluorimetric method for determination of antiviral drugs: ribavirin, acyclovir, and amantadine hydrochloride has been developed. The method was based on the oxidation of these drugs by cerium(IV) in presence of perchloric acid and subsequent monitoring the fluorescence of the induced cerium(III) at lambdaexcitation 255 and lambdaemission 355 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction conditions such as the concentrations of cerium(IV), type and concentration of acid medium, reaction time, temperature, and the diluting solvents were carefully studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (0.9978-0.9996) were found between the relative fluorescence intensity and the concentrations of the investigated drugs in the range of 50-1400 ng ml-1. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 20-49, and 62-160 ng ml-1, respectively. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 1.58%. No interference could be observed from the excipients commonly present in dosage forms. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the investigated drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy and precision; the recovery percentages ranged from 99.2 to 101.2+/-0.48-1.30%. The results obtained by the proposed fluorimetric method were comparable with those obtained by the official method stated in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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43
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Liu BK, Wang N, Wu Q, Xie CY, Lin XF. Regioselective enzymatic acylation of ribavirin to give potential multifunctional derivatives. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:717-20. [PMID: 16049740 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-5188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of potential multifunctional ribavirin derivatives was performed in acetone. Divinyl dicarboxylates with different chain lengths (C4, C6, C9, C10) were used as acyl donors and the reactions were catalyzed by lipase immobilized on acrylic resin from Candida antarctica (CAL-B). Ribavirin was regioselectivly acylated at the primary hydroxyl groups and the corresponding vinyl esters (C4, C6, C9, C10) were prepared in respective yields of 48%, 65%, 54%, 55%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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44
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Saijo M, Morikawa S, Fukushi S, Mizutani T, Hasegawa H, Nagata N, Iwata N, Kurane I. Inhibitory effect of mizoribine and ribavirin on the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2005; 66:159-63. [PMID: 15911031 PMCID: PMC7114120 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activity of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors, mizoribine and ribavirin, against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was determined by plaque reduction and yield reduction assays. Mizoribine and ribavirin selectively inhibited replication of SARS-CoV. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of mizoribine for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849, as determined by plaque reduction was 3.5 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml, respectively, and the IC50 of ribavirin for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849 was 20 μg/ml and 80 μg/ml, while the 50% cytotoxic concentration of mizoribine and ribavirin for Vero E6 cells exceeded 200 μg/ml. In a yield reduction assay, mizoribine (10 μg/ml) and ribavirin (40 μg/ml) inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV and reduced the infectious SARS-CoV titers to one-tenth or less. Mizoribine inhibited replication of SARS-CoV more strongly than ribavirin. However, neither drug could completely inhibit replication of SARS-CoV even at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saijo
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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45
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Leyssen P, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Neyts J. The predominant mechanism by which ribavirin exerts its antiviral activity in vitro against flaviviruses and paramyxoviruses is mediated by inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase. J Virol 2005; 79:1943-7. [PMID: 15650220 PMCID: PMC544097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1943-1947.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not yet clear to what extent depletion of intracellular GTP pools contributes to the antiviral activity of ribavirin. Therefore, the antiviral activities of (i) ribavirin, (ii) its 5-ethynyl analogue, 5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), and (iii) mycophenolic acid (MPA) (a compound that inhibits only cellular IMP dehydrogenase activity) were studied on the replication of flaviviruses and paramyxoviruses. In addition, the effects of these three compounds on intracellular GTP pools were assessed. A linear correlation was observed over a broad concentration range between the antiviral activities of ribavirin, EICAR, and MPA and the effects of these compounds on GTP pool depletion. When the 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) for the antiviral activities of ribavirin, EICAR, and MPA were plotted against the respective EC50 values for GTP pool depletion, a linear correlation was calculated. These data provide compelling evidence that the predominant mechanism of action of ribavirin in vitro against flavi- and paramyxoviruses is based on inhibition of cellular IMP dehydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Abstract
Our current knowledge on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) entry into error catastrophe is reviewed. FMDV can establish cytolytic and persistent infections in the field and in cell culture. Both types of FMDV infection in cell culture can be treated with mutagens, with or without classical (non-mutagenic) antiviral inhibitors, to drive the virus to extinction. 5-Fluorouracil (FU) and 5-azacytidine (AZC) have been employed as mutagenic agents to treat cytolytic FMDV infections, and ribavirin (Rib) to treat persistent infections. Extinction is dependent on the relative fitness of the viral isolate, as well as on the viral load. In cytolytic infections, extinctions could be efficiently obtained with combinations of mutagens and inhibitors. High-fitness FMDV extinction could only be achieved with treatments that contained a mutagen, and not with combinations of inhibitors that exerted the same antiviral effect. Persistent infections could be cured with Rib treatment alone. The results presented here show entry into error catastrophe as a valid strategy for treatment of viral infections, although much work remains to be done before it can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonia Pariente
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Owen RP, Gray JH, Taylor TR, Carlson EJ, Huang CC, Kawamoto M, Johns SJ, Stryke D, Ferrin TE, Giacomini KM. Genetic analysis and functional characterization of polymorphisms in the human concentrative nucleoside transporter, CNT2. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2005; 15:83-90. [PMID: 15861032 DOI: 10.1097/01213011-200502000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporter CNT2 (SPNT1; SLC28A2) plays a role in the absorption and disposition of naturally occurring nucleosides, as well as nucleoside analog drugs. The aim of the present study was to characterize genetic variation in SLC28A2, the gene encoding CNT2, and to functionally analyse non-synonymous variants of CNT2, as a first step towards understanding whether genetic variation in this nucleoside transporter contributes to variation in response to nucleoside analogs. As part of a larger study, DNA samples from an ethnically diverse population (100 African-Americans, 100 European-Americans, 30 Asians, 10 Mexicans and seven Pacific Islanders) were screened and 10 coding region variants of CNT2 were identified. The non-synonymous variants were then constructed and characterized in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Six non-synonymous variants were identified, and all were able to transport guanosine. The four common variants (>1% in the sample population) were further characterized with the anti-viral nucleoside analog drug ribavirin. No differences were observed among the four common variants in the uptake kinetics of 3H-ribavirin (Km in microM: 35.6+/-9.27 for CNT2-reference, 40.7+/-6.47 for CNT2-P22L, 31.2+/-15.8 for CNT2-S75R, 26.7+/-6.13 for CNT2-S245T and 49.9+/-14.6 for CNT2-F355S). The variant CNT2-F355S exhibited a change in specificity for the naturally occurring nucleosides, inosine and uridine. All non-synonymous variants of CNT2 took up guanosine, and the four variants examined showed no significant difference in ribavirin kinetics. However, CNT2-F355S (3% allele frequency in the African-American sample) was found to alter specificity for naturally occurring nucleosides, which may have implications for nucleoside homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Owen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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48
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Guillén Schlippe YV, Riera TV, Seyedsayamdost MR, Hedstrom L. Substitution of the conserved Arg-Tyr dyad selectively disrupts the hydrolysis phase of the IMP dehydrogenase reaction. Biochemistry 2004; 43:4511-21. [PMID: 15078097 DOI: 10.1021/bi035823q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the oxidation of IMP to XMP via the covalent E-XMP* intermediate (E-XMP*), with the concomitant reduction of NAD(+). Hydrolysis of E-XMP* is rate-limiting, and the catalytic base required for this step has not been identified. An X-ray crystal structure of Tritrichomonas foetus IMPDH with mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) reveals a novel closed conformation in which a mobile flap occupies the NAD(+)/NADH site [Gan, L., Seyedsayamdost, M. R., Shuto, S., Matsuda, A., Petsko, G. A., and Hedstrom, L. (2003) Biochemistry 42, 857-863]. In this complex, a water molecule is coordinated between flap residues Arg418 and Tyr419 and MZP in a geometry that resembles the transition state for hydrolysis of E-XMP*, which suggests that the Arg418-Tyr419 dyad activates water. We constructed and characterized two point mutants, Arg418Ala and Tyr419Phe, to probe the role of the Arg418-Tyr419 dyad in the IMPDH reaction. Arg418Ala and Tyr419Phe decrease k(cat) by factors of 500 and 10, respectively, but have no effect on hydride transfer or NADH release. In addition, the mutants display increased solvent isotope effects and increased levels of steady-state accumulation of E-XMP*. Inhibitor analysis indicates that the mutations destabilize the closed conformation, but this effect can account for a decrease in k(cat) of no more than a factor of 2. These observations demonstrate that both the Arg418Ala and Tyr419Phe mutations selectively impair hydrolysis of E-XMP* by disrupting the chemical transformation. Moreover, since the effects of the Tyr419Phe mutation are comparatively small, these experiments suggest that Arg418 acts as the base to activate water.
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49
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Liang CW, Kim MJ, Jeong LS, Chun MW. Synthesis of 2-(3'-azido- and 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)thiazole-4-carboxamide. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2004; 22:2039-48. [PMID: 14680026 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120026405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In view of biological activities of tiazofurin and azido or aminosugar nucleosides, novel azido- and amino-substituted tiazofurin derivatives (1 and 2) were efficiently synthesized starting from 1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wu Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 5'-nor carbocyclic ribavirin (4) is described in 13 steps from conveniently available (+)-(IR,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl acetate (6). Compound 4 was evaluated against the following viruses: herpes simplex type 1 and 2, vaccinia, cowpox, smallpox, Ebola, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, adenovirus type 1, influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), influenza B, parainfluenza type 3, Pichinde, Punta Toro A, respiratory syncytial, rhinovirus type 2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, yellow fever, and West Nile. No activity was found nor was there any cytotoxicity to the viral host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Tuncbilek
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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