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Balfoort BM, Buijs MJN, Ten Asbroek ALMA, Bergen AAB, Boon CJF, Ferreira EA, Houtkooper RH, Wagenmakers MAEM, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Timmer C, van Karnebeek CD, Brands MM. A review of treatment modalities in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GACR). Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:96-116. [PMID: 34340878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GACR) is a rare inborn error of amino acid metabolism caused by bi-allelic variations in OAT. GACR is characterised by vision decline in early life eventually leading to complete blindness, and high plasma ornithine levels. There is no curative treatment for GACR, although several therapeutic modalities aim to slow progression of the disease by targeting different steps within the ornithine pathway. No international treatment protocol is available. We systematically collected all international literature on therapeutic interventions in GACR to provide an overview of published treatment effects. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of the English literature until December 22nd 2020. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies related to therapeutic interventions in patients with GACR. RESULTS A total of 33 studies (n = 107 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were designed as case reports (n = 27) or case series (n = 4). No randomised controlled trials or large cohort studies were found. Treatments applied were protein-restricted diets, pyridoxine supplementation, creatine or creatine precursor supplementation, l-lysine supplementation, and proline supplementation. Protein-restricted diets lowered ornithine levels ranging from 16.0-91.2%. Pyridoxine responsiveness was reported in 30% of included mutations. Lysine supplementation decreased ornithine levels with 21-34%. Quality assessment showed low to moderate quality of the articles. CONCLUSIONS Based primarily on case reports ornithine levels can be reduced by using a protein restricted diet, pyridoxine supplementation (variation-dependent) and/or lysine supplementation. The lack of pre-defined clinical outcome measures and structural follow-up in all included studies impeded conclusions on clinical effectiveness. Future research should be aimed at 1) Unravelling the OAT biochemical pathway to identify other possible pathologic metabolites besides ornithine, 2) Pre-defining GACR specific clinical outcome measures, and 3) Establishing an international historical cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berith M Balfoort
- Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J N Buijs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneloor L M A Ten Asbroek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur A B Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elise A Ferreira
- Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet A E M Wagenmakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corrie Timmer
- Department Endocrinology and Metabolism Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clara D van Karnebeek
- Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marion M Brands
- Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ibold B, Tiemann J, Faust I, Ceglarek U, Dittrich J, Gorgels TGMF, Bergen AAB, Vanakker O, Van Gils M, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Genetic deletion of Abcc6 disturbs cholesterol homeostasis in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2137. [PMID: 33483533 PMCID: PMC7822913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies link adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter C6 (ABCC6) mutations to pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). ABCC6 sequence variations are correlated with altered HDL cholesterol levels and an elevated risk of coronary artery diseases. However, the role of ABCC6 in cholesterol homeostasis is not widely known. Here, we report reduced serum cholesterol and phytosterol levels in Abcc6-deficient mice, indicating an impaired sterol absorption. Ratios of cholesterol precursors to cholesterol were increased, confirmed by upregulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) expression, suggesting activation of cholesterol biosynthesis in Abcc6-/- mice. We found that cholesterol depletion was accompanied by a substantial decrease in HDL cholesterol mediated by lowered ApoA-I and ApoA-II protein levels and not by inhibited lecithin-cholesterol transferase activity. Additionally, higher proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) serum levels in Abcc6-/- mice and PXE patients and elevated ApoB level in knockout mice were observed, suggesting a potentially altered very low-density lipoprotein synthesis. Our results underline the role of Abcc6 in cholesterol homeostasis and indicate impaired cholesterol metabolism as an important pathomechanism involved in PXE manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ibold
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Janina Tiemann
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Dittrich
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A B Bergen
- Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Gils
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Lo Faro V, Siddiqui SN, Khan MI, Villanueva‐Mendoza C, Cortés‐González V, Jansonius N, Bergen AAB, Micheal S. Novel mutations in the PITX2 gene in Pakistani and Mexican families with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1215. [PMID: 32400113 PMCID: PMC7336731 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that affects the anterior segment of the eye. The aim of this study was to examine the PITX2 gene to identify possible novel mutations in Pakistani and Mexican families affected by the ARS phenotype. METHODS Three unrelated probands with a diagnosis of ARS were recruited for this study. Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of the probands and their family members. Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing were used for the analysis of coding exons and the flanking intronic regions of the PITX2 gene. Bioinformatics tools and database (VarSome, Provean, and MutationTaster, SIFT, PolyPhen-2, and HOPE) were evaluated to explore missense variants. RESULTS We identified novel heterozygous variations in the PITX2 gene that segregated with the ARS phenotype within the families. The variant NM_153426.2(PITX2):c.226G > T or p.(Ala76Ser) and the mutation NM_153426.2(PITX2):c.455G > A or p.(Cys152Tyr) were identified in two Pakistani pedigrees, and the mutation NM_153426.2(PITX2):c.242_265del or p.(Lys81_Gln88del), segregated in a Mexican family. CONCLUSION Our study extends the spectrum of PITX2 mutations in individuals with ARS, enabling an improved diagnosis of this rare but serious syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lo Faro
- Department of Clinical GeneticsUniversity Medical Center (UMC)University of Amsterdam (UvA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of Groningen (RUG)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sorath N. Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and StrabismusAl‐Shifa Eye Trust HospitalRawalpindiPakistan
| | - Muhammad I. Khan
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud UMCNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nomdo Jansonius
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of Groningen (RUG)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsUniversity Medical Center (UMC)University of Amsterdam (UvA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversitair Medische Centre (UMC)University of Amsterdam (UvA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN‐KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Shazia Micheal
- Department of Clinical GeneticsUniversity Medical Center (UMC)University of Amsterdam (UvA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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4
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Verbakel SK, van Huet RAC, den Hollander AI, Geerlings MJ, Kersten E, Klevering BJ, Klaver CCW, Plomp AS, Wesseling NL, Bergen AAB, Nikopoulos K, Rivolta C, Ikeda Y, Sonoda KH, Wada Y, Boon CJF, Nakazawa T, Hoyng CB, Nishiguchi KM. Macular Dystrophy and Cone-Rod Dystrophy Caused by Mutations in the RP1 Gene: Extending the RP1 Disease Spectrum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1192-1203. [PMID: 30913292 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the clinical and genetic spectrum of RP1-associated retinal dystrophies. Methods In this multicenter case series, we included 22 patients with RP1-associated retinal dystrophies from 19 families from The Netherlands and Japan. Data on clinical characteristics, visual acuity, visual field, ERG, and retinal imaging were extracted from medical records over a mean follow-up of 8.1 years. Results Eleven patients were diagnosed with autosomal recessive macular dystrophy (arMD) or autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy (arCRD), five with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP), and six with autosomal dominant RP (adRP). The mean age of onset was 40.3 years (range 14-56) in the patients with arMD/arCRD, 26.2 years (range 18-40) in adRP, and 8.8 years (range 5-12) in arRP patients. All patients with arMD/arCRD carried either the hypomorphic p.Arg1933* variant positioned close to the C-terminus (8 of 11 patients) or a missense variant in exon 2 (3 of 11 patients), compound heterozygous with a likely deleterious frameshift or nonsense mutation, or the p.Gln1916* variant. In contrast, all mutations identified in adRP and arRP patients were frameshift and/or nonsense variants located far from the C-terminus. Conclusions Mutations in the RP1 gene are associated with a broad spectrum of progressive retinal dystrophies. In addition to adRP and arRP, our study provides further evidence that arCRD and arMD are RP1-associated phenotypes as well. The macular involvement in patients with the hypomorphic RP1 variant suggests that macular function may remain compromised if expression levels of RP1 do not reach adequate levels after gene augmentation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne K Verbakel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon A C van Huet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Geerlings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B Jeroen Klevering
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid S Plomp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nieneke L Wesseling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A B Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Nikopoulos
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Computational Biology, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Ibold B, Faust I, Tiemann J, Gorgels TGMF, Bergen AAB, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Abcc6 deficiency in mice leads to altered ABC transporter gene expression in metabolic active tissues. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:2. [PMID: 30611276 PMCID: PMC6320597 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in a huge range of physiological processes. Mutations in the ABCC6 gene cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a metabolic disease with progressive soft tissue calcification. Methods The aim of the present study was to analyze gene expression levels of selected ABC transporters associated with cholesterol homeostasis in metabolic active tissues, such as the liver, kidney and white adipose tissue (WAT) of Abcc6−/− mice from an early and late disease stage (six-month-old and 12-month-old mice). Results The strongest regulation of ABC transporter genes was observed in the liver tissue of six-month-old Abcc6−/− mice. Here, we found a significant increase of mRNA expression levels of phospholipid, bile salt and cholesterol/sterol transporters Abcb1b, Abcb11, Abcg1, Abcg5 and Abcg8. Abcd2 mRNA expression was increased by 3.2-fold in the liver tissue. We observed strong upregulation of Abca3 and Abca1 mRNA expression up to 3.3-fold in kidney and WAT, and a 2-fold increase of Abca9 mRNA in the WAT of six-month-old Abcc6 knockout mice. Gene expression levels of Abcb1b and Abcg1 remained increased in the liver tissue after an age-related disease progression, while we observed lower mRNA expression of Abca3 and Abca9 in the kidney and WAT of 12-month-old Abcc6−/− mice. Conclusions These data support previous findings that Abcc6 deficiency leads to an altered gene expression of other ABC transporters depending on the status of disease progression. The increased expression of fatty acid, bile salt and cholesterol/sterol transporters may be linked to an altered cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism due to a loss of Abcc6 function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0943-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ibold
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, D-32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, D-32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Janina Tiemann
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, D-32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A B Bergen
- Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, D-32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, D-32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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den Haan J, Morrema THJ, Verbraak FD, de Boer JF, Scheltens P, Rozemuller AJ, Bergen AAB, Bouwman FH, Hoozemans JJ. Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease retinas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:147. [PMID: 30593285 PMCID: PMC6309096 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In-vivo labeling of retinal amyloid-beta(Aβ) and tau has potential as non-invasive biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, literature on the presence of Aβ and phosphorylated tau (pTau) in AD retinas is inconclusive. We therefore assessed the presence of Aβ and pTau in post-mortem retinas in 6 AD and 6 control cases who donated brains and eyes to the Netherlands Brain Bank. Neuropathological diagnosis of AD was made according to NIA-AA criteria. Formalin fixed retinas were dissected in quadrants and cross-sections of medial and superior retinas were made. Immuno-histochemical stainings were performed for Aβ, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and pTau. To assess translation to an in-vivo set up using curcumin as labelling fluorophore, co-stainings with curcumin were performed. No typical Aβ-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, like in the cerebral cortex, were observed in AD retinas. A diffuse immunoreactive signal for pTau was increased in the inner and outer plexiform layers of the retina in AD cases compared to control cases with absence of cerebral amyloid pathology. Immunostaining with anti-Aβ and anti-APP antibodies yielded signal in ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells and Müller cells in both control and AD cases. We observed small extracellular deposits positive for anti-Aβ antibodies 12F4 and 6E10 and negative for 4G8 and curcumin. A subset of these deposits could be characterized as corpora amylacea. In conclusion we found that retinal manifestations of AD pathology appear to be different compared to cerebral AD pathology. Using a qualitative cross-sectional approach, we did not find Aβ/APP related differences in the retina between AD and control subjects. In contrast, tau related changes were found to be present in cases with cerebral AD pathology, suggesting retinal tau as a potential biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurre den Haan
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Mailbox 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjado H J Morrema
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank D Verbraak
- Ophthalmology Department, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F de Boer
- Department of Physics, Bio Laser Lab Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Mailbox 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A B Bergen
- Departments of Clinical genetics and Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Mailbox 7057, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Dijk EHC, Duits DEM, Versluis M, Luyten GPM, Bergen AAB, Kapiteijn EW, de Lange MJ, Boon CJF, van der Velden PA. Loss of MAPK Pathway Activation in Post-Mitotic Retinal Cells as Mechanism in MEK Inhibition-Related Retinopathy in Cancer Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3457. [PMID: 27149444 PMCID: PMC4863761 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, treatment with MEK inhibitors has been shown to be an effective treatment option for metastatic melanoma. Treatment efficacy is dependent on inhibition of MAPK-related melanoma proliferation. However, targeting of MEK can be accompanied by a time-dependent and reversible serous retinopathy of unknown origin.We analyzed the molecular mechanism by which the MEK inhibitor binimetinib may lead to retinopathy, using neuroretina and cell models of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).Binimetinib inhibited the MAPK pathway while discontinuation of treatment resulted in reactivation. However, cell proliferation was not inhibited correspondingly during binimetinib treatment of ARPE19 cells. Remarkably, post-mitotic neuroretinal tissue displayed a strong MAPK activation that was lost after binimetinib treatment.We propose that binimetinib-associated retinopathy is correlated with inhibition of the MAPK pathway in multiple retinal components. Retinal cells are able to regain the activation after binimetinib treatment, mimicking the reversibility of the retinopathy. As most retinal cells are nonregenerating, other mechanisms than stimulation of proliferation must be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elon H C van Dijk
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (EHCVD, DEMD, MV, GPML, MJDL, CJFB, PAVDV), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Ophthalmology (AABB); Department of Clinical Genetics (AABB), Academic Medical Center; Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics (AABB), The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences/Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam; and Department of Medical Oncology (EWK), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Springelkamp H, Höhn R, Mishra A, Hysi PG, Khor CC, Loomis SJ, Bailey JNC, Gibson J, Thorleifsson G, Janssen SF, Luo X, Ramdas WD, Vithana E, Nongpiur ME, Montgomery GW, Xu L, Mountain JE, Gharahkhani P, Lu Y, Amin N, Karssen LC, Sim KS, van Leeuwen EM, Iglesias AI, Verhoeven VJM, Hauser MA, Loon SC, Despriet DDG, Nag A, Venturini C, Sanfilippo PG, Schillert A, Kang JH, Landers J, Jonasson F, Cree AJ, van Koolwijk LME, Rivadeneira F, Souzeau E, Jonsson V, Menon G, Weinreb RN, de Jong PTVM, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Ennis S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Burdon KP, Spector TD, Mirshahi A, Saw SM, Vingerling JR, Teo YY, Haines JL, Wolfs RCW, Lemij HG, Tai ES, Jansonius NM, Jonas JB, Cheng CY, Aung T, Viswanathan AC, Klaver CCW, Craig JE, Macgregor S, Mackey DA, Lotery AJ, Stefansson K, Bergen AAB, Young TL, Wiggs JL, Pfeiffer N, Wong TY, Pasquale LR, Hewitt AW, van Duijn CM, Hammond CJ. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies novel loci that influence cupping and the glaucomatous process. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4883. [PMID: 25241763 PMCID: PMC4199103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by irreversible optic nerve degeneration and is the most frequent cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Here, the International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium conducts a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), an important disease-related optic nerve parameter. In 21,094 individuals of European ancestry and 6,784 individuals of Asian ancestry, we identify 10 new loci associated with variation in VCDR. In a separate risk-score analysis of five case-control studies, Caucasians in the highest quintile have a 2.5-fold increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma as compared with those in the lowest quintile. This study has more than doubled the known loci associated with optic disc cupping and will allow greater understanding of mechanisms involved in this common blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriët. Springelkamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Aniket Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Stephanie J. Loomis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jane Gibson
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Sarah F. Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Wishal D. Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Monisha E. Nongpiur
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jenny E. Mountain
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Kar-Seng Sim
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | | | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Seng-Chee Loon
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | | | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Landers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Fridbert Jonasson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Angela J. Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vesteinn Jonsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Geeta Menon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley GU16 7UJ, UK
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE/Amgen, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hans G. Lemij
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam 3011 BH, The Netherlands
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Seegartenklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Ananth C. Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stuart Macgregor
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE/Amgen, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Janssen SF, Gorgels TGMF, Ramdas WD, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM, Jansonius NM, Bergen AAB. Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma-reply. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 39:108-110. [PMID: 24678535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Janssen SF, Bennis A, Heine VM, Bergen AAB. Human ciliary epithelia do express genes with retinal progenitor cell characteristics in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2014; 121:41. [PMID: 24508411 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Bennis
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A B Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Janssen SF, van der Spek SJF, ten Brink JB, Essing AHW, Gorgels TGMF, van der Spek PJ, Jansonius NM, Bergen AAB. Gene expression and functional annotation of the human and mouse choroid plexus epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83345. [PMID: 24391755 PMCID: PMC3877019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) is a lobed neuro-epithelial structure that forms the outer blood-brain barrier. The CPE protrudes into the brain ventricles and produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is crucial for brain homeostasis. Malfunction of the CPE is possibly implicated in disorders like Alzheimer disease, hydrocephalus or glaucoma. To study human genetic diseases and potential new therapies, mouse models are widely used. This requires a detailed knowledge of similarities and differences in gene expression and functional annotation between the species. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare gene expression and functional annotation of healthy human and mouse CPE. METHODS We performed 44k Agilent microarray hybridizations with RNA derived from laser dissected healthy human and mouse CPE cells. We functionally annotated and compared the gene expression data of human and mouse CPE using the knowledge database Ingenuity. We searched for common and species specific gene expression patterns and function between human and mouse CPE. We also made a comparison with previously published CPE human and mouse gene expression data. RESULTS Overall, the human and mouse CPE transcriptomes are very similar. Their major functionalities included epithelial junctions, transport, energy production, neuro-endocrine signaling, as well as immunological, neurological and hematological functions and disorders. The mouse CPE presented two additional functions not found in the human CPE: carbohydrate metabolism and a more extensive list of (neural) developmental functions. We found three genes specifically expressed in the mouse CPE compared to human CPE, being ACE, PON1 and TRIM3 and no human specifically expressed CPE genes compared to mouse CPE. CONCLUSION Human and mouse CPE transcriptomes are very similar, and display many common functionalities. Nonetheless, we also identified a few genes and pathways which suggest that the CPE between mouse and man differ with respect to transport and metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie J. F. van der Spek
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H. W. Essing
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. F. Gorgels
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Klooster J, van Genderen MM, Yu M, Florijn RJ, Riemslag FCC, Bergen AAB, Gregg RG, Peachey NS, Kamermans M. Ultrastructural localization of GPR179 and the impact of mutant forms on retinal function in CSNB1 patients and a mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6973-81. [PMID: 24084093 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) is characterized by loss of night vision due to a defect in the retinal ON-bipolar cells (BCs). Mutations in GPR179, encoding the G-protein-coupled receptor 179, have been found in CSNB1 patients. In the mouse, GPR179 is localized to the tips of ON-BC dendrites. In this study we determined the ultrastructural localization of GPR179 in human retina and determined the functional consequences of mutations in GPR179 in patients and mice. METHODS The localization of GRP179 was analyzed in postmortem human retinas with immunohistochemistry. The functional consequences of the loss of GPR179 were analyzed with standard and 15-Hz flicker ERG protocols. RESULTS In the human retina, GPR179 is localized on the tips of ON-BC dendrites, which invaginate photoreceptors and terminate juxtaposed to the synaptic ribbon. The 15-Hz flicker ERG abnormalities found in patients with mutations in GPR179 more closely resemble those from patients with mutations in either TRPM1 or NYX than in GRM6. 15-Hz flicker ERG abnormalities of Gpr179(nob5) and Grm6(nob3) mice were comparable. CONCLUSIONS GRP179 is expressed on dendrites of ON-BCs, indicating that GRP179 is involved in the ON-BCs' signaling cascade. The similarities of 15-Hz flicker ERGs noted in GPR179 patients and NYX or TRPM1 patients suggest that the loss of GPR179 leads to the loss or closure of TRPM1 channels. The difference between the 15-Hz flicker ERGs of mice and humans indicates the presence of important species differences in the retinal activity that this signal represents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klooster
- Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramos de Carvalho JE, Klaassen I, Vogels IMC, Schipper-Krom S, van Noorden CJF, Reits E, Gorgels TGMF, Bergen AAB, Schlingemann RO. Complement factor C3a alters proteasome function in human RPE cells and in an animal model of age-related RPE degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6489-501. [PMID: 23982842 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement activation plays an unequivocal role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). More recent evidence suggests an additional role in AMD for the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), a protein-degradation nanomachinery present in all types of eukaryotic cells. The purpose of this study was to elaborate on these findings and investigate whether the complement system directly contributes to derangements in the UPP through the activated complement components C3a and C5a. METHODS In the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-deficient CCL2(-/-) mice, a mouse model that may serve as a model for age-related atrophic degeneration of the RPE, proteasome function was investigated by immunohistochemistry of household (β5) and immuno (β5i) subunit expression. Subsequently, proteasome overall activity was determined using the BodipyFl-Ahx3L3VS probe in primary-cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells (HRPE) cells that were exposed to different stimuli including C3a and C5a, using confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Gene expression and protein levels of proteasome subunits α7, PA28α, β5, and β5i were also studied in RPE cells after exposure to IFN-γ, C3a, and C5a by real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Retinal pigment epithelial cells of CCL2(-/-) mice showed immunoproteasome upregulation. C3a, but not C5a supplementation, induced a decreased proteasome overall activity in HRPE cells, whereas mRNA and protein levels of household proteasome and immunoproteasome subunits were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS In HRPE cells, C3a induces decreased proteasome-mediated proteolytic activity, whereas in a mouse model of age-related RPE atrophy, the immunoproteasome was upregulated, indicating a possible role for complement-driven posttranslational alterations in proteasome activity in the cascade of pathologic events that result in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emanuel Ramos de Carvalho
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Prunier F, Terrien G, Le Corre Y, Apana ALY, Bière L, Kauffenstein G, Furber A, Bergen AAB, Gorgels TGMF, Le Saux O, Leftheriotis G, Martin L. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: cardiac findings in patients and Abcc6-deficient mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68700. [PMID: 23935882 PMCID: PMC3720798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, is a rare multiorgan disease characterized by the mineralization and fragmentation of elastic fibers in connective tissue. Cardiac complications reportedly associated with PXE are mainly based on case reports. Methods A cohort of 67 PXE patients was prospectively assessed. Patients underwent physical examination, electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), treadmill testing, and perfusion myocardial scintigraphy (SPECT). Additionally, the hearts of a PXE mouse models (Abcc6−/−) and wild-type controls (WT) were analyzed. Results Three patients had a history of proven coronary artery disease. In total, 40 patients underwent exercise treadmill tests, and 28 SPECT. The treadmill tests were all negative. SPECT showed mild perfusion abnormalities in two patients. Mean left ventricular (LV) dimension and function values were within the normal range. LV hypertrophy was found in 7 (10.4%) patients, though the hypertrophy etiology was unknown for 3 of those patients. Echocardiography revealed frequent but insignificant mitral and tricuspid valvulopathies. Mitral valve prolapse was present in 3 patients (4.5%). Two patients exhibited significant aortic stenosis (3.0%). While none of the functional and histological parameters diverged significantly between the Abcc6−/− and WT mice groups at age of 6 and 12 months, the 24-month-old Abcc6−/− mice developed cardiac hypertrophy without contractile dysfunction. Conclusions Despite sporadic cases, PXE does not appear to be associated with frequent cardiac complications. However, the development of cardiac hypertrophy in the 24-month-old Abcc6−/− mice suggests that old PXE patients might be prone to developing late cardiopathy.
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, MacGregor S, Hewitt AW, Nag A, Cheng CY, Yonova-Doing E, Zhou X, Ikram MK, Buitendijk GHS, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Pourcain BS, Simpson CL, Mäkelä KM, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Xu L, Jonas JB, Pärssinen O, Wedenoja J, Yip SP, Ho DWH, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Burdon KP, Craig JE, Klein BEK, Klein R, Haller T, Metspalu A, Khor CC, Tai ES, Aung T, Vithana E, Tay WT, Barathi VA, Chen P, Li R, Liao J, Zheng Y, Ong RT, Döring A, Evans DM, Timpson NJ, Verkerk AJMH, Meitinger T, Raitakari O, Hawthorne F, Spector TD, Karssen LC, Pirastu M, Murgia F, Ang W, Mishra A, Montgomery GW, Pennell CE, Cumberland PM, Cotlarciuc I, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Schache M, Janmahasatian S, Jr RPI, Lass JH, Chew E, Iyengar SK, Gorgels TGMF, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Zeller T, Mirshahi A, Müller C, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Amin N, Bergen AAB, Teo YY, Rahi JS, Vitart V, Williams C, Baird PN, Wong TY, Oexle K, Pfeiffer N, Mackey DA, Young TL, van Duijn CM, Saw SM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Klaver CC, Hammond CJ. Erratum: Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia. Nat Genet 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0613-712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bijveld MMC, Florijn RJ, Bergen AAB, van den Born LI, Kamermans M, Prick L, Riemslag FCC, van Schooneveld MJ, Kappers AML, van Genderen MM. Genotype and phenotype of 101 dutch patients with congenital stationary night blindness. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2072-81. [PMID: 23714322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relative frequency of the genetic causes of the Schubert-Bornschein type of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) and to determine the genotype-phenotype correlations in CSNB1 and CSNB2. DESIGN Clinic-based, longitudinal, multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 39 patients with CSNB1 from 29 families and 62 patients with CSNB2 from 43 families. METHODS Patients underwent full ophthalmologic and electrophysiologic examinations. On the basis of standard electroretinograms (ERGs), patients were diagnosed with CSNB1 or CSNB2. Molecular analysis was performed by direct Sanger sequencing of the entire coding regions in NYX, TRPM1, GRM6, and GPR179 in patients with CSNB1 and CACNA1F and CABP4 in patients with CSNB2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data included genetic cause of CSNB, refractive error, visual acuity, nystagmus, strabismus, night blindness, photophobia, color vision, dark adaptation (DA) curve, and standard ERGs. RESULTS A diagnosis of CSNB1 or CSNB2 was based on standard ERGs. The photopic ERG was the most specific criterion to distinguish between CSNB1 and CSNB2 because it showed a "square-wave" appearance in CSNB1 and a decreased b-wave in CSNB2. Mutations causing CSNB1 were found in NYX (20 patients, 13 families), TRPM1 (10 patients, 9 families), GRM6 (4 patients, 3 families), and GPR179 (2 patients, 1 family). Congenital stationary night blindness 2 was primarily caused by mutations in CACNA1F (55 patients, 37 families). Only 3 patients had causative mutations in CABP4 (2 families). Patients with CSNB1 mainly had rod-related problems, and patients with CSNB2 had rod- and cone-related problems. The visual acuity on average was better in CSNB1 (0.30 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) than in CSNB2 (0.52 logMAR). All patients with CSNB1 and only 54% of the patients with CSNB2 reported night blindness. The dark-adapted threshold was on average more elevated in CSNB1 (3.0 log) than in CSNB2 (1.8 log). The 3 patients with CABP4 had a relative low visual acuity, were hyperopic, had severe nonspecific color vision defects, and had only 1.0 log elevated DA threshold. CONCLUSIONS Congenital stationary night blindness 1, despite different causative mutations, shows 1 unique CSNB1 phenotype. Congenital stationary night blindness 2 caused by mutations in CABP4 merely shows cone-related problems and therefore appears to be distinct from CSNB2 caused by mutations in CACNA1F. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke M C Bijveld
- Bartiméus Institute for the Visually Impaired, Zeist, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, MacGregor S, Hewitt AW, Nag A, Cheng CY, Yonova-Doing E, Zhou X, Ikram MK, Buitendijk GHS, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Pourcain BS, Simpson CL, Mäkelä KM, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Xu L, Jonas JB, Pärssinen O, Wedenoja J, Yip SP, Ho DWH, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Burdon KP, Craig JE, Klein BEK, Klein R, Haller T, Metspalu A, Khor CC, Tai ES, Aung T, Vithana E, Tay WT, Barathi VA, Chen P, Li R, Liao J, Zheng Y, Ong RT, Döring A, Evans DM, Timpson NJ, Verkerk AJMH, Meitinger T, Raitakari O, Hawthorne F, Spector TD, Karssen LC, Pirastu M, Murgia F, Ang W, Mishra A, Montgomery GW, Pennell CE, Cumberland PM, Cotlarciuc I, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Schache M, Janmahasatian S, Janmahasathian S, Igo RP, Lass JH, Chew E, Iyengar SK, Gorgels TGMF, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Zeller T, Mirshahi A, Müller C, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Amin N, Bergen AAB, Teo YY, Rahi JS, Vitart V, Williams C, Baird PN, Wong TY, Oexle K, Pfeiffer N, Mackey DA, Young TL, van Duijn CM, Saw SM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Klaver CC, Hammond CJ. Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia. Nat Genet 2013; 45:314-8. [PMID: 23396134 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Refractive error is the most common eye disorder worldwide and is a prominent cause of blindness. Myopia affects over 30% of Western populations and up to 80% of Asians. The CREAM consortium conducted genome-wide meta-analyses, including 37,382 individuals from 27 studies of European ancestry and 8,376 from 5 Asian cohorts. We identified 16 new loci for refractive error in individuals of European ancestry, of which 8 were shared with Asians. Combined analysis identified 8 additional associated loci. The new loci include candidate genes with functions in neurotransmission (GRIA4), ion transport (KCNQ5), retinoic acid metabolism (RDH5), extracellular matrix remodeling (LAMA2 and BMP2) and eye development (SIX6 and PRSS56). We also confirmed previously reported associations with GJD2 and RASGRF1. Risk score analysis using associated SNPs showed a tenfold increased risk of myopia for individuals carrying the highest genetic load. Our results, based on a large meta-analysis across independent multiancestry studies, considerably advance understanding of the mechanisms involved in refractive error and myopia.
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Boon CJF, van den Born LI, Visser L, Keunen JEE, Bergen AAB, Booij JC, Riemslag FC, Florijn RJ, van Schooneveld MJ. Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy: differential diagnosis and treatment options. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:809-20. [PMID: 23290749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB). DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS Ten patients with ARB from 7 different families. METHODS All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including dilated fundus examination, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography (FA). In all probands, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), full-field electroretinography (ERG), electro-oculography (EOG), and Goldmann perimetry were performed. In selected patients, multifocal ERG was performed. Blood samples were obtained to analyze the BEST1 gene for biallelic mutations that confirmed the diagnosis of ARB. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age at onset; visual acuity; fundus appearance; characteristics on FA, FAF, OCT, full-field ERG, and EOG; BEST1 gene mutations; and genotype-phenotype correlation. RESULTS The age at onset varied widely, from 2 to 54 years. A spectrum of fundus abnormalities was observed, such as multifocal yellowish subretinal deposits, subretinal fibrous scars, and cystoid intraretinal fluid collections in the macula. All ARB patients were hyperopic, and some had shallow anterior chamber angles that predisposed them to angle-closure glaucoma. The EOG results were abnormal in all patients. The full-field ERG results were abnormal in 8 ARB patients, whereas 2 patients demonstrated normal cone and rod responses on full-field ERG. Nine ARB patients carried biallelic mutations in the BEST1 gene, and in 1 patient with a characteristic ARB phenotype, only 1 mutation could be identified. Seven different mutations were detected, including 4 novel mutations. CONCLUSIONS Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy is a recognizable phenotype caused by autosomal recessively inherited mutations in the BEST1 gene. A differential diagnosis with other conditions can be made on the basis of marked autofluorescence changes in combination with an absent light rise on the EOG that outweighs the full-field ERG abnormalities, which point to the BEST1-related hereditary nature of the disease. A number of currently available therapeutic options should be considered in ARB, a disease that seems to be a suitable candidate for future gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gorgels TGMF, Teeling P, Meeldijk JD, Nillesen STM, van der Wal AC, van Kuppevelt TH, Bergen AAB. Abcc6 deficiency in the mouse leads to calcification of collagen fibers in Bruch's membrane. Exp Eye Res 2012; 104:59-64. [PMID: 23041262 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a heritable disorder characterized by mineralization of connective tissue, which leads to pathology in eye, skin and blood vessels. The disease is caused by mutations in ABCC6. To learn more about PXE eye pathology, we analyzed Bruch's membrane (BM) of the eye of an Abcc6 knockout mouse. With age, BM differences between Abcc6-/- and wild type mice became apparent. At two years of age, von Kossa staining indicated clear calcification of BM in Abcc6-/- mice, and not in healthy controls. Electron microscopy revealed BM changes as early as at 10 months of age: Fibrous structures with abnormal high electron-density were present in the central layers of BM of Abcc6-/- mice. EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis demonstrated that these structures contained elevated levels of Ca, P and O. Since some of these electron-dense structures showed a banding pattern with periodicity of about 50 nm, they most likely represent calcified collagen fibers. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the calcified structures were positive for collagen III. Remarkably, the elastic layer of BM appeared to have a normal ultrastructure, even in 2.5 year old Abcc6-/- mice. Our results suggest that Abcc6 deficiency in the mouse causes calcification of BM. While PXE is considered to affect primarily the elastic fibers, we found predominantly mineralization of collagen fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G M F Gorgels
- Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Janssen SF, Gorgels TGMF, Bossers K, ten Brink JB, Essing AHW, Nagtegaal M, van der Spek PJ, Jansonius NM, Bergen AAB. Gene expression and functional annotation of the human ciliary body epithelia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44973. [PMID: 23028713 PMCID: PMC3445623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The ciliary body (CB) of the human eye consists of the non-pigmented (NPE) and pigmented (PE) neuro-epithelia. We investigated the gene expression of NPE and PE, to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the most important functions of the CB. We also developed molecular signatures for the NPE and PE and studied possible new clues for glaucoma. Methods We isolated NPE and PE cells from seven healthy human donor eyes using laser dissection microscopy. Next, we performed RNA isolation, amplification, labeling and hybridization against 44×k Agilent microarrays. For microarray conformations, we used a literature study, RT-PCRs, and immunohistochemical stainings. We analyzed the gene expression data with R and with the knowledge database Ingenuity. Results The gene expression profiles and functional annotations of the NPE and PE were highly similar. We found that the most important functionalities of the NPE and PE were related to developmental processes, neural nature of the tissue, endocrine and metabolic signaling, and immunological functions. In total 1576 genes differed statistically significantly between NPE and PE. From these genes, at least 3 were cell-specific for the NPE and 143 for the PE. Finally, we observed high expression in the (N)PE of 35 genes previously implicated in molecular mechanisms related to glaucoma. Conclusion Our gene expression analysis suggested that the NPE and PE of the CB were quite similar. Nonetheless, cell-type specific differences were found. The molecular machineries of the human NPE and PE are involved in a range of neuro-endocrinological, developmental and immunological functions, and perhaps glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. F. Gorgels
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H. W. Essing
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Nagtegaal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Thiadens AAHJ, Phan TML, Zekveld-Vroon RC, Leroy BP, van den Born LI, Hoyng CB, Klaver CCW, Roosing S, Pott JWR, van Schooneveld MJ, van Moll-Ramirez N, van Genderen MM, Boon CJF, den Hollander AI, Bergen AAB, De Baere E, Cremers FPM, Lotery AJ. Clinical course, genetic etiology, and visual outcome in cone and cone-rod dystrophy. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:819-26. [PMID: 22264887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical course, genetic etiology, and visual prognosis in patients with cone dystrophy (CD) and cone-rod dystrophy (CRD). DESIGN Clinic-based, longitudinal, multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive probands with CD (N = 98), CRD (N = 83), and affected relatives (N = 41 and N = 17, respectively) from various ophthalmogenetic clinics in The Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom. METHODS Data on best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, color vision, ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, Goldmann perimetry, and full-field standard electroretinogram (ERG) from all patients were registered from medical charts over a mean follow-up of 19 years. The ABCA4, CNGB3, KCNV2, PDE6C, and RPGR genes were analyzed by direct sequencing in autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked (XL), respectively. Genotyping was not undertaken for autosomal-dominant cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The 10-year progression of all clinical parameters and cumulative lifetime risk of low vision and legal blindness were assessed. RESULTS The mean age onset for CD was 16 years (standard deviation, 11), and of CRD 12 years (standard deviation, 11; P = 0.02). The pattern of inheritance was AR in 92% of CD and 90% of CRD. Ten years after diagnosis, 35% of CD and 51% of CRD had a bull's eye maculopathy; 70% of CRD showed absolute peripheral visual field defects and 37% of CD developed rod involvement on ERG. The mean age of legal blindness was 48 (standard error [SE], 3.1) years in CD, and 35 (SE, 1.1; P<0.001) years in CRD. ABCA4 mutations were found in 8 of 90 (9%) of AR-CD, and in 17 of 65 (26%) of AR-CRD. Other mutations were detected in CNGB3 (3/90; 3%), KCNV2 (4/90; 4%), and in PDE6C (1/90; 1%). The RPGR gene was mutated in the 2 XL-CD and in 4 of 5 (80%) of XL-CRD. ABCA4 mutations as well as age of onset <20 years were significantly associated with a faster progression to legal blindness (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although CD had a slightly more favorable clinical course than CRD, both disorders progressed to legal blindness in the majority of patients. Mutations in the ABCA4 gene and early onset of disease were independent prognostic parameters for visual loss. Our data may serve as an aid in counseling patients with progressive cone disorders.
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22
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Klooster J, Blokker J, ten Brink JB, Unmehopa U, Fluiter K, Bergen AAB, Kamermans M. Ultrastructural Localization and Expression of TRPM1 in the Human Retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 52:8356-62. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klooster
- From the Departments of Retinal Signal Processing,
| | | | | | - Unga Unmehopa
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders, NIN-KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Kees Fluiter
- Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Kamermans
- From the Departments of Retinal Signal Processing, 4Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mungrue IN, Zhao P, Yao Y, Meng H, Rau C, Havel JV, Gorgels TGMF, Bergen AAB, MacLellan WR, Drake TA, Boström KI, Lusis AJ. Abcc6 deficiency causes increased infarct size and apoptosis in a mouse cardiac ischemia-reperfusion model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2806-12. [PMID: 21979437 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.237420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ABCC6 genetic deficiency underlies pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) in humans, characterized by ectopic calcification, and early cardiac disease. The spectrum of PXE has been noted in Abcc6-deficient mice, including dystrophic cardiac calcification. We tested the role of Abcc6 in response to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the role of Abcc6 in cardioprotection, we induced ischemic injury in mice in vivo by occluding the left anterior descending artery (30 minutes) followed by reperfusion (48 hours). Infarct size was increased in Abcc6-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. Additionally, an Abcc6 transgene significantly reduced infarct size on the background of a naturally occurring Abcc6 deficiency. There were no differences in cardiac calcification following I/R, but increased cardiac apoptosis was noted in Abcc6-deficient mice. Previous studies have implicated the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in directing calcification, and here we showed that the BMP responsive transcription factors pSmad1/5/8 were increased in hearts of Abcc6 mice. Consistent with this finding, BMP4 and BMP9 were increased and activin receptor-like kinase-2 and endoglin were downregulated in cardiac extracts from Abcc6-deficient mice versus controls. CONCLUSIONS These data identify Abcc6 as a novel modulator of cardiac myocyte survival after I/R. This cardioprotective mechanism may involve inhibition of the BMP signaling pathway, which modulates apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran N Mungrue
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Thiadens AAHJ, Soerjoesing GG, Florijn RJ, Tjiam AG, den Hollander AI, van den Born LI, Riemslag FC, Bergen AAB, Klaver CCW. Clinical course of cone dystrophy caused by mutations in the RPGR gene. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:1527-35. [PMID: 21866333 PMCID: PMC3178018 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the RPGR gene predominantly cause rod photoreceptor disorders with a large variability in clinical course. In this report, we describe two families with mutations in this gene and cone involvement. Methods We investigated an X-linked cone dystrophy family (1) with 25 affected males, 25 female carriers, and 21 non-carriers, as well as a small family (2) with one affected and one unaffected male. The RPGR gene was analyzed by direct sequencing. All medical records were evaluated, and all available data on visual acuity, color vision testing, ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, Goldmann perimetry, SD-OCT, dark adaptation, and full-field electroretinography (ERG) were registered. Cumulative risks of visual loss were studied with Kaplan–Meier product-limit survival analysis. Results Both families had a frameshift mutation in ORF15 of the RPGR gene; family 1 had p.Ser1107ValfsX4, and family 2 had p.His1100GlnfsX10. Mean follow up was 13 years (SD 10). Virtually all affected males showed reduced photopic and normal scotopic responses on ERG. Fifty percent of the patients had a visual acuity of <0.5 at age 35 years (SE 2.2), and 75% of the patients was legally blind at age 60 years (SE 2.3). Female carriers showed no signs of ocular involvement. Conclusions This report describes the clinical course and visual prognosis in two families with cone dystrophy due to RPGR mutations in the 3’ terminal region of ORF15. Remarkable features were the consistent, late-onset phenotype, the severe visual outcome, and the non-expression in female carriers. Expression of RPGR mutations in this particular region appears to be relatively homogeneous and predisposed to cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta A H J Thiadens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, van Koolwijk LME, Lemij HG, Pasutto F, Cree AJ, Thorleifsson G, Janssen SF, Jacoline TB, Amin N, Rivadeneira F, Wolfs RCW, Walters GB, Jonasson F, Weisschuh N, Mardin CY, Gibson J, Zegers RHC, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Uitterlinden AG, Oostra BA, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gramer E, Welgen-Lüssen UC, Kirwan JF, Bergen AAB, Reis A, Stefansson K, Lotery AJ, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM. Common genetic variants associated with open-angle glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2464-71. [PMID: 21427129 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Open-angle glaucoma (glaucoma) is a major eye disorder characterized by optic disc pathology. Recent genome-wide association studies identified new loci associated with clinically relevant optic disc parameters, such as the optic disc area and vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). We examined to what extent these loci are involved in glaucoma. The loci studied include ATOH7, CDC7/TGFBR3 and SALL1 for optic disc area, and CDKN2B, SIX1, SCYL1/LTBP3, CHEK2, ATOH7 and DCLK1 for VCDR. We performed a meta-analysis using data from six independent studies including: the Rotterdam Study (n= 5736), Genetic Research in Isolated Populations combined with Erasmus Rucphen Family study (n= 1750), Amsterdam Glaucoma Study (n= 296) and cohorts from Erlangen and Tübingen (n= 1363), Southampton (n= 702) and deCODE (n= 36 151) resulting in a total of 3161 glaucoma cases and 42 837 controls. Of the eight loci, we found significant evidence (P= 1.41 × 10(-8)) for the association of CDKN2B with glaucoma [odds ratio (OR) for those homozygous for the risk allele: 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-0.84], for the role of ATOH7 (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.12-1.47) and for SIX1 (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.10-1.31) when adjusting for the number of tested loci. Furthermore, there was a borderline significant association of CDC7/TGFBR3 and SALL1 (both P= 0.04) with glaucoma. In conclusion, we found consistent evidence for three common variants (CDKN2B, ATOH7 and SIX1) significantly associated with glaucoma. These findings may shed new light on the pathophysiological protein pathways leading to glaucoma, and point to pathways involved in the growth and development of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Kaimbo DKW, Mutosh A, Leys A, Parys-van Ginderdeuren R, Bergen AAB. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: clinical, histologic, and genetic studies--a report of two sisters. Skinmed 2011; 9:119-121. [PMID: 21548520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CASE 1: A 24-year-old black woman was referred to our clinic in September 1999 by the department of dermatology. She was referred to confirm the diagnosis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Her medical history was normal. Dermatologic examination revealed confluent papules that gave the skin a "plucked chicken" appearance on the flexural surfaces in the neck, axillae, clavicle, thigh, and periumbilical area (Figure 1). The patient stated that the changes in her skin had begun in the periumbilical region at about 5 years of age and had since been slowly progressive. Physical examination showed brownish black pigmentation on the left side of the face, left eyelid, and left sclera, which was diagnosed as Nevus of Ota (Figure 2). Her visual acuity was 20/10 in both eyes, with no afferent pupillary defect. Intraocular pressure in both eyes was normal. Slit lamp examination showed no abnormalities. Findings from fundus examination revealed angioid streaks that formed an incomplete ring around the optic disc and anteriorly radiated toward the equator of the globe, multiple calcified drusen-like structures, and "peau d'orange" changes. Skin biopsy (skin tissue from the neck) was taken and the diagnosis of PXE was confirmed. Histopathologic findings revealed calcification of the elastic fibers and abnormalities of the collagen (Figure 3). The patient was not known to have sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait, and her blood pressure levels had never elevated. Other systemic causes of angioid streaks were excluded by findings from extensive laboratory examination. Her relatives were asked to come in for examination but lived far away. One of the patient's sisters lived in Kinshasa, Africa, however, and is presented in case 2. CASE 2: The 27-year-old sister of the previous patient was examined on April 19, 2000. At examination, she was found to have PXE. Her medical history was significant for systemic hypertension since 1998 and genital hemorrhage. She underwent an ablation of a cyst of her left ovary in 1988. Her ocular history was unremarkable. On physical examination, raised (yellow) papillary lesions, typical of pseudoxanthoma, were found on the neck, axillae, clavicle, thigh, and periumbilical regions. External and anterior segment examinations (of her eyes) were unremarkable. She was found to have a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/10 in both eyes. Intraocular pressure was normal. Funduscopy revealed bilateral angioid streaks, crystalline bodies, and "peau d'orange," but to a lesser extent than in her sister. In both cases, after informed consent, peripheral blood cells were taken and sent for extraction of DNA. Analysis was performed but could not demonstrate the known gene defects of PXE.
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Booij JC, Bakker A, Kulumbetova J, Moutaoukil Y, Smeets B, Verheij J, Kroes HY, Klaver CCW, van Schooneveld M, Bergen AAB, Florijn RJ. Simultaneous mutation detection in 90 retinal disease genes in multiple patients using a custom-designed 300-kb retinal resequencing chip. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:160-167.e1-3. [PMID: 20801516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a high-throughput, cost-effective diagnostic strategy for the identification of known and new mutations in 90 retinal disease genes. DESIGN Evidence-based study. PARTICIPANTS Sixty patients with a variety of retinal disorders, including Leber's congenital amaurosis, ocular albinism, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt's disease. METHODS We designed a custom 300-kb resequencing chip. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, DNA fragmentation, and chip hybridization were performed according to Affymetrix recommendations. Hybridization signals were analyzed using Sequence pilot module seq-C mutation detection software (2009). This resequencing approach was validated by Sanger sequence technology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Disease-causing sequence changes. RESULTS We developed a retinal resequencing chip that covers all exons of 90 retinal disease genes. We developed and tested multiplex primer sets for 1445 amplicons representing the genes included on the chip. We validated our approach by screening 87 exons from 25 retinal disease genes containing 87 known sequence changes previously identified in our patient group using Sanger sequencing. Call rates for successfully hybridized amplicons were 98% to 100%. Of the known single nucleotide changes, 99% could be detected on the chip. As expected, deletions could not be detected reliably. CONCLUSIONS We designed a custom resequencing chip that can detect known and new sequence changes in 90 retinal disease genes using a new high-throughput strategy with a high sensitivity and specificity for one tenth of the cost of conventional direct sequencing. The developed amplification strategy allows for the pooling of multiple patients with non-overlapping phenotypes, enabling many patients to be analyzed simultaneously in a fast and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Booij
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Baas DC, Despriet DD, Gorgels TGMF, Bergeron-Sawitzke J, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Merriam JE, Smith RT, Barile GR, ten Brink JB, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW, Allikmets R, Dean M, Bergen AAB. The ERCC6 gene and age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13786. [PMID: 21072178 PMCID: PMC2967476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in the developed countries and is caused by both environmental and genetic factors. A recent study (Tuo et al., PNAS) reported an association between AMD and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3793784) in the ERCC6 (NM_000124) gene. The risk allele also increased ERCC6 expression. ERCC6 is involved in DNA repair and mutations in ERCC6 cause Cockayne syndrome (CS). Amongst others, photosensitivity and pigmentary retinopathy are hallmarks of CS. Methodology/Principal Findings Separate and combined data from three large AMD case-control studies and a prospective population-based study (The Rotterdam Study) were used to analyse the genetic association between ERCC6 and AMD (2682 AMD cases and 3152 controls). We also measured ERCC6 mRNA levels in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells of healthy and early AMD affected human donor eyes. Rs3793784 conferred a small increase in risk for late AMD in the Dutch population (The Rotterdam and AMRO-NL study), but this was not replicated in two non-European studies (AREDS, Columbia University). In addition, the AMRO-NL study revealed no significant association for 9 other variants spanning ERCC6. Finally, we determined that ERCC6 expression in the human RPE did not depend on rs3793784 genotype, but, interestingly, on AMD status: Early AMD-affected donor eyes had a 50% lower ERCC6 expression than healthy donor eyes (P = 0.018). Conclusions/Significance Our meta-analysis of four Caucasian cohorts does not replicate the reported association between SNPs in ERCC6 and AMD. Nevertheless, our findings on ERCC6 expression in the RPE suggest that ERCC6 may be functionally involved in AMD. Combining our data with those of the literature, we hypothesize that the AMD-related reduced transcriptional activity of ERCC6 may be caused by diverse, small and heterogeneous genetic and/or environmental determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique C. Baas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominiek D. Despriet
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. F. Gorgels
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Bergeron-Sawitzke
- Basic Science Program, Human Genetics Section, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joanna E. Merriam
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - R. Theodore Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gaetano R. Barile
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Solouki AM, Verhoeven VJM, van Duijn CM, Verkerk AJMH, Ikram MK, Hysi PG, Despriet DDG, van Koolwijk LM, Ho L, Ramdas WD, Czudowska M, Kuijpers RWAM, Amin N, Struchalin M, Aulchenko YS, van Rij G, Riemslag FCC, Young TL, Mackey DA, Spector TD, Gorgels TGMF, Willemse-Assink JJM, Isaacs A, Kramer R, Swagemakers SMA, Bergen AAB, van Oosterhout AALJ, Oostra BA, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Hammond CJ, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW. A genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for refractive errors and myopia at 15q14. Nat Genet 2010; 42:897-901. [PMID: 20835239 PMCID: PMC4115149 DOI: 10.1038/ng.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Refractive errors are the most common ocular disorders worldwide and may lead to blindness. Although this trait is highly heritable, identification of susceptibility genes has been challenging. We conducted a genome-wide association study for refractive error in 5,328 individuals from a Dutch population-based study with replication in four independent cohorts (combined 10,280 individuals in the replication stage). We identified a significant association at chromosome 15q14 (rs634990, P = 2.21 × 10⁻¹⁴). The odds ratio of myopia compared to hyperopia for the minor allele (minor allele frequency = 0.47) was 1.41 (95% CI 1.16-1.70) for individuals heterozygous for the allele and 1.83 (95% CI 1.42-2.36) for individuals homozygous for the allele. The associated locus is near two genes that are expressed in the retina, GJD2 and ACTC1, and appears to harbor regulatory elements which may influence transcription of these genes. Our data suggest that common variants at 15q14 influence susceptibility for refractive errors in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas M Solouki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, van Koolwijk LME, Ikram MK, Jansonius NM, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB, Isaacs A, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hysi P, Hammond CJ, Lemij HG, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM. A genome-wide association study of optic disc parameters. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000978. [PMID: 20548946 PMCID: PMC2883590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve head is involved in many ophthalmic disorders, including common diseases such as myopia and open-angle glaucoma. Two of the most important parameters are the size of the optic disc area and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). Both are highly heritable but genetically largely undetermined. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) data to identify genetic variants associated with optic disc area and VCDR. The gene discovery included 7,360 unrelated individuals from the population-based Rotterdam Study I and Rotterdam Study II cohorts. These cohorts revealed two genome-wide significant loci for optic disc area, rs1192415 on chromosome 1p22 (p = 6.72×10−19) within 117 kb of the CDC7 gene and rs1900004 on chromosome 10q21.3-q22.1 (p = 2.67×10−33) within 10 kb of the ATOH7 gene. They revealed two genome-wide significant loci for VCDR, rs1063192 on chromosome 9p21 (p = 6.15×10−11) in the CDKN2B gene and rs10483727 on chromosome 14q22.3-q23 (p = 2.93×10−10) within 40 kbp of the SIX1 gene. Findings were replicated in two independent Dutch cohorts (Rotterdam Study III and Erasmus Rucphen Family study; N = 3,612), and the TwinsUK cohort (N = 843). Meta-analysis with the replication cohorts confirmed the four loci and revealed a third locus at 16q12.1 associated with optic disc area, and four other loci at 11q13, 13q13, 17q23 (borderline significant), and 22q12.1 for VCDR. ATOH7 was also associated with VCDR independent of optic disc area. Three of the loci were marginally associated with open-angle glaucoma. The protein pathways in which the loci of optic disc area are involved overlap with those identified for VCDR, suggesting a common genetic origin. Morphologic characteristics of the optic nerve head are involved in many ophthalmic diseases. Its size, called the optic disc area, is an important measure and has been associated with e.g. myopia and open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Another important and clinical parameter of the optic disc is the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). Although studies have shown a high heritability of optic disc area and VCDR, its genetic determinants are still undetermined. We therefore conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) study on these quantitative traits, using data of over 11,000 Caucasian participants, and related the findings to myopia and OAG. We found evidence for association of three loci with optic disc area: CDC7/TGFBR3 region, ATOH7, and SALL1; and six with VCDR: CDKN2B, SIX1, SCYL1, CHEK2, ATOH7, and DCLK1; and additionally one borderline significant locus: BCAS3. None of the loci could be related to myopia. There was marginal evidence for association of ATOH7, CDKN2B, and SIX1 with OAG, which remains to be confirmed. The present study reveals new insights into the physiological development of the optic nerve and may shed light on the pathophysiological protein pathways leading to (neuro-) ophthalmologic diseases such as OAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D. Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans G. Lemij
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Booij JC, Boon CJF, van Schooneveld MJ, ten Brink JB, Bakker A, de Jong PTVM, Hoyng CB, Bergen AAB, Klaver CCW. Course of visual decline in relation to the Best1 genotype in vitelliform macular dystrophy. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:1415-22. [PMID: 20381869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the disease course in patients with vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) with a Best1 mutation and to determine the association between Best1 genotype and visual prognosis. DESIGN Consecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-three patients with VMD with Best1 mutations from 27 Dutch families, aged 11 to 87 years. METHODS Best-corrected visual acuity (VA), fundus appearance, and Arden ratio on the electro-oculogram (EOG) during clinical follow-up were assessed from medical records. Mutation analysis of the Best1 gene was performed on DNA samples using denaturing high-pressure liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cumulative lifetime risk of visual decline below 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 for the entire group and stratified for genotype. RESULTS Median age of onset of visual symptoms was 33 years (range: 2-78). The cumulative risk of VA below 0.5 (20/40) was 50% at 55 years and 75% at 66 years. The cumulative risk of decline less than 0.3 (20/63) was 50% by age 66 years and 75% by age 74 years. Two patients progressed to VA less than 0.1 (20/200). Fourteen different mutations were found. Most patients (96%) had missense mutations; the Thr6Pro, Ala10Val, and Tyr227Asn mutations were most common. Visual decline was significantly faster in patients with an Ala10Val mutation than either the Thr6Pro or the Tyr227Asn mutation (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Age of onset of visual symptoms varies greatly among patients with VMD. All patients show a gradual decrease in VA, and most progress to visual impairment at a relatively late age. Our data suggest a phenotype-genotype correlation, because the Ala10Val mutation has a more rapid disease progression than other common mutations. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Booij
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Booij JC, ten Brink JB, Swagemakers SMA, Verkerk AJMH, Essing AHW, van der Spek PJ, Bergen AAB. A new strategy to identify and annotate human RPE-specific gene expression. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9341. [PMID: 20479888 PMCID: PMC2866542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To identify and functionally annotate cell type-specific gene expression in the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a key tissue involved in age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Methodology RPE, photoreceptor and choroidal cells were isolated from selected freshly frozen healthy human donor eyes using laser microdissection. RNA isolation, amplification and hybridization to 44 k microarrays was carried out according to Agilent specifications. Bioinformatics was carried out using Rosetta Resolver, David and Ingenuity software. Principal Findings Our previous 22 k analysis of the RPE transcriptome showed that the RPE has high levels of protein synthesis, strong energy demands, is exposed to high levels of oxidative stress and a variable degree of inflammation. We currently use a complementary new strategy aimed at the identification and functional annotation of RPE-specific expressed transcripts. This strategy takes advantage of the multilayered cellular structure of the retina and overcomes a number of limitations of previous studies. In triplicate, we compared the transcriptomes of RPE, photoreceptor and choroidal cells and we deduced RPE specific expression. We identified at least 114 entries with RPE-specific gene expression. Thirty-nine of these 114 genes also show high expression in the RPE, comparison with the literature showed that 85% of these 39 were previously identified to be expressed in the RPE. In the group of 114 RPE specific genes there was an overrepresentation of genes involved in (membrane) transport, vision and ophthalmic disease. More fundamentally, we found RPE-specific involvement in the RAR-activation, retinol metabolism and GABA receptor signaling pathways. Conclusions In this study we provide a further specification and understanding of the RPE transcriptome by identifying and analyzing genes that are specifically expressed in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. Booij
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid M. A. Swagemakers
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anke H. W. Essing
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Gorgels TGMF, Waarsing JH, de Wolf A, ten Brink JB, Loves WJP, Bergen AAB. Dietary magnesium, not calcium, prevents vascular calcification in a mouse model for pseudoxanthoma elasticum. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:467-75. [PMID: 20177653 PMCID: PMC2859158 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a heritable disorder characterized by ectopic calcification of connective tissue in skin, Bruch’s membrane of the eye, and walls of blood vessels. PXE is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, but the exact etiology is still unknown. While observations on patients suggest that high calcium intake worsens the clinical symptoms, the patient organization PXE International has published the dietary advice to increase calcium intake in combination with increased magnesium intake. To obtain more data on this controversial issue, we examined the effect of dietary calcium and magnesium in the Abcc6−/− mouse, a PXE mouse model which mimics the clinical features of PXE. Abcc6−/− mice were placed on specific diets for 3, 7, and 12 months. Disease severity was measured by quantifying calcification of blood vessels in the kidney. Raising the calcium content in the diet from 0.5% to 2% did not change disease severity. In contrast, simultaneous increase of both calcium (from 0.5% to 2.0%) and magnesium (from 0.05% to 0.2%) slowed down the calcification significantly. Our present findings that increase in dietary magnesium reduces vascular calcification in a mouse model for PXE should stimulate further studies to establish a dietary intervention for PXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G M F Gorgels
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Genderen MM, Bijveld MMC, Claassen YB, Florijn RJ, Pearring JN, Meire FM, McCall MA, Riemslag FCC, Gregg RG, Bergen AAB, Kamermans M. Mutations in TRPM1 are a common cause of complete congenital stationary night blindness. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:730-6. [PMID: 19896109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of retinal disorders characterized by nonprogressive impaired night vision and variable decreased visual acuity. We report here that six out of eight female probands with autosomal-recessive complete CSNB (cCSNB) had mutations in TRPM1, a retinal transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel gene. These data suggest that TRMP1 mutations are a major cause of autosomal-recessive CSNB in individuals of European ancestry. We localized TRPM1 in human retina to the ON bipolar cell dendrites in the outer plexifom layer. Our results suggest that in humans, TRPM1 is the channel gated by the mGluR6 (GRM6) signaling cascade, which results in the light-evoked response of ON bipolar cells. Finally, we showed that detailed electroretinography is an effective way to discriminate among patients with mutations in either TRPM1 or GRM6, another autosomal-recessive cCSNB disease gene. These results add to the growing importance of the diverse group of TRP channels in human disease and also provide new insights into retinal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3000CA, Netherlands.
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Despriet DDG, Bergen AAB, Merriam JE, Zernant J, Barile GR, Smith RT, Barbazetto IA, van Soest S, Bakker A, de Jong PTVM, Allikmets R, Klaver CCW. Comprehensive analysis of the candidate genes CCL2, CCR2, and TLR4 in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:364-71. [PMID: 18172114 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether variants in the candidate genes TLR4, CCL2, and CCR2 are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS This study was performed in two independent Caucasian populations that included 357 cases and 173 controls from the Netherlands and 368 cases and 368 controls from the United States. Exon 4 of the TLR4 gene and the promoter, all exons, and flanking intronic regions of the CCL2 and CCR2 genes were analyzed in the Dutch study and common variants were validated in the U.S. study. Quantitative (q)PCR reactions were performed to evaluate expression of these genes in laser-dissected retinal pigment epithelium from 13 donor AMD and 13 control eyes. RESULTS Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR4 gene did not show a significant association between D299G or T399I and AMD, nor did haplotypes containing these variants. Univariate analyses of the SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2 did not demonstrate an association with AMD. For CCR2, haplotype frequencies were not significantly different between cases and controls. For CCL2, one haplotype containing the minor allele of C35C was significantly associated with AMD (P = 0.03), but this did not sustain after adjustment for multiple testing (q = 0.30). Expression analysis did not demonstrate altered RNA expression of CCL2 and CCR2 in the retinal pigment epithelium from AMD eyes (for CCL2 P = 0.62; for CCR2 P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS No evidence was found of an association between TLR4, CCR2, and CCL2 and AMD, which implies that the common genetic variation in these genes does not play a significant role in the etiology of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek D G Despriet
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kamphuis W, Dijk F, Bergen AAB. Ischemic preconditioning alters the pattern of gene expression changes in response to full retinal ischemia. Mol Vis 2007; 13:1892-1901. [PMID: 17960128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic conditions in the retina have been implicated in several retinopathological conditions. Experimentally induced ischemia for 60 min followed by reperfusion leads to a loss of neurons in the inner retina. In contrast, a 5 min ischemic episode triggers a series of alterations that protect the retina against the damaging effects of a subsequent 60 min ischemic insult. This phenomenon is called ischemic preconditioning (IPC). To study the changes altered by IPC, we assessed the gene expression patterns in the rat retina after ischemia (60 min) followed by reperfusion (I/R) and compared these to the gene expression patterns after ischemia/reperfusion in preconditioned animals (IPC-I/R). METHODS Changes in gene expression were studied, by means of microarrays, at 1, 2, 6, and 12 h after I/R in naíve and preconditioned animals. To identify functional pathways of interest, we used significantly regulated genes as input for gene ontology analysis. Microarray results were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Most genes that were altered by I/R showed a comparable change in both naíve and preconditioned animals. Differential expression was found for a total of 1312 genes of the 20,280 features (6.4%) present on the array with a differential change of 1.7 fold or more. The list of genes with a differential change was characterized by a statistically significant overrepresentation of genes associated to the gene ontology terms tRNA aminoacylation (with a decreased expression due to preconditioning), immune response (with most genes upregulated), and apoptosis (mixed direction of changes). The results of quantitative PCR assays were in agreement with the microarray data. CONCLUSIONS The response of several functional groups of genes on ischemia was altered by a preconditioning stimulus. Most prominent differences were found for the group of genes encoding for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs), which is in line with the previously observed decreased expression of ARSs after induction of preconditioning. Our observations indicate that activation of translational activity may be a mediator of ischemia-associated damage in the retina, and IPC may prevent activation of this mechanism. An altered expression of genes implicated in immune response and in apoptosis may also be involved in effectuating IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Kamphuis
- Department of Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Soest SS, de Wit GMJ, Essing AHW, ten Brink JB, Kamphuis W, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB. Comparison of human retinal pigment epithelium gene expression in macula and periphery highlights potential topographic differences in Bruch's membrane. Mol Vis 2007; 13:1608-17. [PMID: 17893662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe gene expression differences between healthy, young human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from the macular area and RPE cells from two locations in the retinal periphery. METHODS RPE cells from six human donor eyes, ages 17-36, without histopathological abnormalities, were dissected by laser and isolated from cryosections. Total RNA was isolated, amplified, and hybridized to a custom made oligonucleotide array containing 22,000 genes. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out using the computer programs Rosetta Resolver and the webtools EASE/David and GoStat. Confirmatory real time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed according to standard protocols. RESULTS Microarray and statistical analysis yielded 438 genes that were differentially expressed between macular RPE, and at least one out of two peripheral RPE locations. Out of these genes, 33 that showed fold changes of four, or higher, were selected for RT-PCR confirmation. For 17 genes (51%), a significant differential expression was found, while 11 additional genes (33%) showed a similar trend. Immuno-staining of one target (WFDC1) confirmed its differential expression on the protein level. Functional annotation and overrepresentation analysis independently defined extracellular matrix (ECM) genes as a statistically overrepresented class of genes in our RPE dataset. In total, 33 ECM genes were differentially expressed between macular and peripheral RPE regions. A subset of proteins corresponding to these genes is known to be present in Bruch's membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that consistent topographical gene expression differences in the human RPE constitute around 1-5% of the RPE transcriptome. These changes may underlie topographical differences in RPE physiology, and pathology and may reflect local differences in the molecular composition and turnover of Bruch's membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S van Soest
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kamphuis W, Dijk F, van Soest S, Bergen AAB. Global gene expression profiling of ischemic preconditioning in the rat retina. Mol Vis 2007; 13:1020-30. [PMID: 17653046 PMCID: PMC2776543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To obtain and analyze the gene expression changes after ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the rat retina. METHODS Ischemic damage to the inner retina can be prevented by a short, non-deleterious, ischemic insult of 5 min applied 24 h preceding a full ischemic insult of 60 min; a phenomenon termed tolerance or IPC. The time course of changes in gene expression after induction of IPC was assessed by 22K oligonucleotide microarrays, followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) validation. Functional pathways of interest were identified by Gene Ontology-term analysis. RESULTS Histology confirmed that IPC induction by 5 min of retinal ischemia results in a complete protection against the neurodegenerative effects of a 60 min ischemic period applied 24 or 48 h later. The microarray analysis revealed differential expression of 104 known genes at one or more time points between 1 h and 7 days after IPC. The group of altered genes contained a significant overrepresentation of genes involved in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity (Iars, Lars, Cars, Yars, Gars, Tars), amino acid transport (Slc3a2, Slc6a6, Slc7a1, Slc38a2), regulation of transcription (including Egr1, Egr4, Nr4a1, Nr4a3, c-fos), and cell death (including Anxa1, Trib3). qPCR assays on cDNA of individual animals confirmed the microarray results. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous neuroprotection, provoked by ischemic preconditioning is associated with changes in transcript levels of several functionally-related groups of genes. During the time window of effective protection, transcript levels of genes encoding for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and for amino acid transport are reduced. These changes suggest that a reduction of translational activity may play a significant role in preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kamphuis
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dijk F, Bergen AAB, Kamphuis W. GAP-43 expression is upregulated in retinal ganglion cells after ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:858-67. [PMID: 17343850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to injury, the adult mammalian retina shows signs of structural remodeling, possibly in an attempt to preserve or regain some of its functional neural connections. In order to study the mechanisms involved in injury-induced plasticity, we have studied changes in growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) after retinal ischemia/reperfusion in the rat. GAP-43 is a marker for neuronal remodeling and is involved in synapse formation. Ischemic injury of the rat retina was induced by 60 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion times varying from 2h up to 4 weeks. GAP-43 mRNA levels were significantly increased between 12h and 72 h reperfusion with a peak around 24h. GAP-43 specific antibodies showed that the total amount of GAP-43 labeling in the inner plexiform layer was diminished after 12h of reperfusion by approximately 35% and remained at this level up to 1 week postischemia despite the reduction in thickness of this layer during this period resulting from the ischemia-induced cell loss. At 2 and 4 weeks reperfusion, the amount of labeling was reduced by 70%, simultaneously with a decrease of GAP-43 transcript level. Between 72 h up to 2 weeks postischemia, the induction of intense GAP-43 labeling was observed in NeuN- and beta-tubulin-positive ganglion cell somata and in horizontally and vertically oriented processes in the inner plexiform layer. Ischemia also induced GAP-43 expression in some GFAP-positive Müller cells. Double-labeling showed that in controls and after ischemia GAP-43 was expressed by some amacrine cells of the glycinergic (glycine transporter 1), calretinin-positive, and dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase) subpopulations. No increase of GAP-43 expression levels was found in these amacrine cells. The results demonstrate that ganglion cells show an elevated expression of GAP-43 after ischemia-inflicted damage. These findings suggest a temporal window during which ganglion cells may remodel their neuronal network in the damaged retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Dijk
- Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), KNAW, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gorgels TGMF, van der Pluijm I, Brandt RMC, Garinis GA, van Steeg H, van den Aardweg G, Jansen GH, Ruijter JM, Bergen AAB, van Norren D, Hoeijmakers JHJ, van der Horst GTJ. Retinal degeneration and ionizing radiation hypersensitivity in a mouse model for Cockayne syndrome. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1433-41. [PMID: 17145777 PMCID: PMC1800713 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01037-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CSB gene cause Cockayne syndrome (CS), a DNA repair disorder characterized by UV sensitivity and severe physical and neurological impairment. CSB functions in the transcription-coupled repair subpathway of nucleotide excision repair. This function may explain the UV sensitivity but hardly clarifies the other CS symptoms. Many of these, including retinopathy, are associated with premature aging. We studied eye pathology in a mouse model for CS. Csb(m/m) mice were hypersensitive to UV light and developed epithelial hyperplasia and squamous cell carcinomas in the cornea, which underscores the importance of transcription-coupled repair of photolesions in the mouse. In addition, we observed a spontaneous loss of retinal photoreceptor cells with age in the Csb(m/m) retina, resulting in a 60% decrease in the number of rods by the age of 18 months. Importantly, when Csb(m/m) mice (as well as Csa(-/-) mice) were exposed to 10 Gy of ionizing radiation, we noticed an increase in apoptotic photoreceptor cells, which was not observed in wild-type animals. This finding, together with our observation that the expression of established oxidative stress marker genes is upregulated in the Csb(m/m) retina, suggests that (endogenous) oxidative DNA lesions play a role in this CS-specific premature-aging feature and supports the oxidative DNA damage theory of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G M F Gorgels
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Despriet DDG, Klaver CCW, Witteman JCM, Bergen AAB, Kardys I, de Maat MPM, Boekhoorn SS, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Stijnen T, van Duijn CM, de Jong PTVM. Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 2006; 296:301-9. [PMID: 16849663 DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.3.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The evidence that inflammation is an important pathway in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is growing. Recent case-control studies demonstrated an association between the complement factor H (CFH) gene, a regulator of complement, and AMD. OBJECTIVES To assess the associations between the CFH gene and AMD in the general population and to investigate the modifying effect of smoking, serum inflammatory markers, and genetic variation of C-reactive protein (CRP). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based, prospective cohort study of individuals aged 55 years or older (enrollment between March 20, 1990, and July 31, 1993, and 3 follow-up examinations that were performed between September 1, 1993, and December 31, 2004) in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The CFH Y402H polymorphism was determined in a total of 5681 individuals. Information on smoking, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP serum levels, and haplotypes of the CRP gene were assessed at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All severity stages of prevalent and incident AMD, graded according to the international classification and grading system for AMD. RESULTS The frequency of CFH Y402H was 36.2% (4116/11,362 alleles). At baseline, there were 2062 persons (36.3%) with any type of AMD (prevalent cases), including 78 (1.4%) with late AMD (stage 4). During follow-up (mean, 8 years; median, 10 years), 1649 (35.5%) of 4642 participants progressed to a higher stage of AMD (incident cases), including 93 (5.6%) who developed late AMD. The odds ratio (OR) of AMD increased in an allele-dose manner with 2.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.55) for stage 2 AMD, 4.58 (95% CI, 2.82-7.44) for stage 3 AMD, and 11.02 (95% CI, 6.82-11.81) for stage 4 (late, vision threatening) AMD for homozygous persons. Cumulative risks calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis of late AMD by age 95 years were 48.3% for homozygotes, 42.6% for heterozygotes, and 21.9% for noncarriers. The population-attributable risk for CFH Y402H was 54.0%. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates further increased the OR to 20.2 (95% CI, 9.5-43.0), elevated serum CRP levels to 27.7 (95% CI, 10.7-72.0), and smoking to 34.0 (95% CI, 13.0-88.6) for homozygotes compared with noncarriers without these determinants. The CRP haplotypes conferring high levels of CRP significantly increased the effect of CFH Y402H (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS The CFH Y402H polymorphism may account for a substantial proportion of AMD in individuals similar to those in the Rotterdam Study and may confer particular risk in the presence of environmental and genetic stimulators of the complement cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek D G Despriet
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Booij JC, Florijn RJ, ten Brink JB, Loves W, Meire F, van Schooneveld MJ, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB. Identification of mutations in the AIPL1, CRB1, GUCY2D, RPE65, and RPGRIP1 genes in patients with juvenile retinitis pigmentosa. J Med Genet 2006; 42:e67. [PMID: 16272259 PMCID: PMC1735944 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.035121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify mutations in the AIPL1, CRB1, GUCY2D, RPE65, and RPGRIP1 genes in patients with juvenile retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS Mutation analysis was carried out in a group of 35 unrelated patients with juvenile autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP), Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), or juvenile isolated retinitis pigmentosa (IRP), by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography followed by direct sequencing. RESULTS All three groups of patients showed typical combinations of eye signs associated with retinitis pigmentosa: pale optic discs, narrow arterioles, pigmentary changes, and nystagmus. Mutations were found in 34% of PATIENTS in CRB1 (11%), GUCY2D (11%), RPE65 (6%), and RPGRIP1 (6%). Nine mutations are reported, including a new combination of two mutations in CRB1, and new mutations in GUCY2D and RPGRIP1. The new GUCY2D mutation (c.3283delC, p.Pro1069ArgfsX37) is the first pathological sequence change reported in the intracellular C-terminal domain of GUCY2D, and did not lead to the commonly associated LCA, but to a juvenile retinitis pigmentosa phenotype. The polymorphic nature of three previously described (pathological) sequence changes in AIPL1, CRB1, and RPGRIP1 was established. Seven new polymorphic changes, useful for further association studies, were found. CONCLUSIONS New and previously described sequence changes were detected in retinitis pigmentosa in CRB1, GUCY2D, and RPGRIP1; and in LCA patients in CRB1, GUCY2D, and RPE65. These data, combined with previous reports, suggest that LCA and juvenile ARRP are closely related and belong to a continuous spectrum of juvenile retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Booij
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lotery AJ, Baas D, Ridley C, Jones RPO, Klaver CCW, Stone E, Nakamura T, Luff A, Griffiths H, Wang T, Bergen AAB, Trump D. Reduced secretion of fibulin 5 in age-related macular degeneration and cutis laxa. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:568-74. [PMID: 16652333 PMCID: PMC1828612 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in the Western world, affecting approximately 25 million people worldwide. The pathogenesis is complex and missense mutations in FBLN5 have been reported in association with ARMD. We have investigated the role of fibulin 5 in ARMD by completing the first European study of the gene FBLN5 in ARMD (using 2 European cohorts of 805 ARMD patients and 279 controls) and by determining the functional effects of the missense mutations on fibulin 5 expression. We also correlated the FBLN5 genotype with the ARMD phenotype. We found two novel sequence changes in ARMD patients that were absent in controls and expressed these and the other nine reported FBLN5 mutations associated with ARMD and two associated with the autosomal recessive disease cutis laxa. Fibulin 5 secretion was significantly reduced (P<0.001) for four ARMD (p.G412E, p.G267S, p.I169 T, and p.Q124P) and two cutis laxa (p.S227P, p.C217R) mutations. These results suggest that some missense mutations associated with ARMD lead to decreased fibulin 5 secretion with a possible corresponding reduction in elastinogenesis. This study confirms the previous work identifying an association between FBLN5 mutations and ARMD and for the first time suggests a functional mechanism by which these mutations can lead to ARMD. It further demonstrates that FBLN5 mutations can be associated with different phenotypes of ARMD (not limited to the previously described cuticular drusen type). Such knowledge may ultimately lead to the development of novel therapies for this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lotery
- Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom.
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Florijn RJ, Loves W, Maillette de Buy Wenniger-Prick LJJM, Mannens MMAM, Tijmes N, Brooks SP, Hardcastle AJ, Bergen AAB. New mutations in the NHS gene in Nance-Horan Syndrome families from the Netherlands. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:986-90. [PMID: 16736028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the NHS gene cause Nance-Horan Syndrome (NHS), a rare X-chromosomal recessive disorder with variable features, including congenital cataract, microphthalmia, a peculiar form of the ear and dental anomalies. We investigated the NHS gene in four additional families with NHS from the Netherlands, by dHPLC and direct sequencing. We identified an unique mutation in each family. Three out of these four mutations were not reported before. We report here the first splice site sequence alteration mutation and three protein truncating mutations. Our results suggest that X-linked cataract and NHS are allelic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J Florijn
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a heritable connective-tissue disorder affecting the eye, skin, and vascular system. Recent publications show that PXE exclusively segregates in an autosomal recessive fashion. However, the lack of an internationally accepted clinical "gold standard" for PXE, our incomplete knowledge of PXE etiology, and the incomplete nature of some molecular, clinical, and environmental studies warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A B Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
ABCC6 belongs to the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) gene subfamily C. This protein family is involved in a large variety of physiological processes, such as signal transduction, protein secretion, drug and antibiotic resistance, and antigen presentation [Kool et al. (1999) 59:175-182; Borst and Elferink (2002) 71:537-592]. ABCC6 is primarily and highly expressed in the liver and kidney [Kool et al. (1999) 59:175-182; Bergen et al. (2000) 25:228-2231]. The precise physiological function and natural substrate(s) transported by ABCC6 are unknown, but the protein may be involved in active transport of intracellular compounds to the extracellular environment [Kool et al. (1999) 59:175-182] [Scheffer et al. (2002) 82:515-518]. Recently, it was shown that loss of function mutations in ABCC6 cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) [Bergen et al. (2000) 25:228-2231; Le Saux et al. (2000) 25:223-227]. PXE is an autosomal recessively inherited multi-organ disorder [Goodman et al. (1963) 42:297-334; Lebwohl et al. (1994) 30:103-107]. PXE is primarily associated with the accumulation of mineralized and fragmented elastic fibers of the connective tissue in the skin [Neldner (1988) 6:1-159], Bruch's membrane in the retina [Hu et al. (2003) 48:424-438], and vessel walls [Kornet et al. (2004) 30:1041-1048]. PXE patients usually have skin lesions and breaks in Bruch's membrane of the retina (angioid streaks). Also, a variety of cardiovascular complications has been observed [Hu et al. (2003) 48:424-438]. Recently, a mouse model for PXE was created by targeted disruption of Abcc6 [Gorgels et al. (2005) 14:1763-1773; Klement et al. (2005) 25:8299-8310], which may be useful to elucidate the precise function of Abcc6 and to develop experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A B Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Kardys I, Klaver CCW, Despriet DDG, Bergen AAB, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Van Duijn CM, de Jong PTVM, Witteman JCM. A common polymorphism in the complement factor H gene is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1568-75. [PMID: 16630992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate the association between a common polymorphism (Tyr402His, rs1061170) in the complement factor H (CFH) gene and risk of coronary heart disease. BACKGROUND The evidence that inflammation is an important mechanism in atherogenesis is growing. C-reactive protein (CRP), complement factors, and complement regulatory factors have all been linked to coronary heart disease. The CFH gene is an important regulator of the alternative complement cascade. We investigated its association with coronary heart disease. METHODS The study was embedded in the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based study among men and women aged 55 years and over. A total of 5,520 participants without history of coronary heart disease was genotyped for the Tyr402His polymorphism of the CFH gene. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine risk of myocardial infarction for Tyr402His genotypes. RESULTS Mean age among participants was 69.5 years (SD 9.1 years). The overall frequency of the His allele was 36%; genotype frequencies were 41%, 45%, and 14% for TyrTyr, TyrHis, and HisHis, respectively. During a mean follow-up period of 8.4 years, 226 myocardial infarctions occurred. After adjustment for age, gender, established cardiovascular risk factors, and CRP level, HisHis homozygotes had a hazard ratio of 1.77 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.55) for myocardial infarction. Total cholesterol level, diabetes mellitus, and smoking modified the effect. The Tyr402His polymorphism was not associated with established cardiovascular risk factors or CRP level. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the CFH gene determines susceptibility to myocardial infarction. This finding underscores the importance of the alternative complement system in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Kardys
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Brinkmann JFF, Ottenheim CPE, Zegers RHC, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB. Gene symbol: CYP1B1. Disease: glaucoma, primary congenital. Accession #Hm0541. Hum Genet 2006; 118:779. [PMID: 17297696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F F Brinkmann
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Division of Development, Aging and Genetic Diseases of the Eye, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, KNAW, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Brinkmann JFF, Ottenheim CPE, Zegers RHC, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB. Gene symbol: CYP1B1. Disease: Glaucoma, primary congenital. Accession #Hd0513. Hum Genet 2006; 118:775. [PMID: 17297682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F F Brinkmann
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Division of Development, Aging and Genetic Diseases of the Eye, The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, KNAW, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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