1
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. Upstream lipid and metabolic systems are potential causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementias. FEBS J 2024; 291:632-645. [PMID: 36165619 PMCID: PMC10040476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain health requires circuits, cells and molecular pathways to adapt when challenged and to promptly reset once the challenge has resolved. Neurodegeneration occurs when adaptability becomes confined, causing challenges to overwhelm neural circuitry. Studies of rare and common neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the accumulation of lipids can compromise circuit adaptability. Using microglia as an example, we review data that suggest increased lipid concentrations cause dysfunctional inflammatory responses to immune challenges, leading to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. We highlight current approaches to treat lipid metabolic and clearance pathways and identify knowledge gaps towards restoring adaptive homeostasis in individuals who are at-risk of losing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penny Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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2
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Connolly KJ, Margaria J, Di Biase E, Cooper O, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Loss of Lipid Carrier ApoE Exacerbates Brain Glial and Inflammatory Responses after Lysosomal GBA1 Inhibition. Cells 2023; 12:2564. [PMID: 37947642 PMCID: PMC10647680 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated and highly adaptive lipid metabolic and transport pathways are critical to maintaining brain cellular lipid homeostasis and responding to lipid and inflammatory stress to preserve brain function and health. Deficits in the lipid handling genes APOE and GBA1 are the most significant genetic risk factors for Lewy body dementia and related dementia syndromes. Parkinson's disease patients who carry both APOE4 and GBA1 variants have accelerated cognitive decline compared to single variant carriers. To investigate functional interactions between brain ApoE and GBA1, in vivo GBA1 inhibition was tested in WT versus ApoE-deficient mice. The experiments demonstrated glycolipid stress caused by GBA1 inhibition in WT mice induced ApoE expression in several brain regions associated with movement and dementia disorders. The absence of ApoE in ApoE-KO mice amplified complement C1q elevations, reactive microgliosis and astrocytosis after glycolipid stress. Mechanistically, GBA1 inhibition triggered increases in cell surface and intracellular lipid transporters ABCA1 and NPC1, respectively. Interestingly, the absence of NPC1 in mice also triggered elevations of brain ApoE levels. These new data show that brain ApoE, GBA1 and NPC1 functions are interconnected in vivo, and that the removal or reduction of ApoE would likely be detrimental to brain function. These results provide important insights into brain ApoE adaptive responses to increased lipid loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Penelope J. Hallett
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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3
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Thomas R, Connolly KJ, Brekk OR, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Viral-like TLR3 induction of cytokine networks and α-synuclein are reduced by complement C3 blockade in mouse brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15164. [PMID: 37704739 PMCID: PMC10499893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and mechanisms are of central importance in neurodegenerative diseases. In the brain, α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) show immune cytokine network activation and increased toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) levels for viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Brain inflammatory reactions caused by TLR3 activation are also relevant to understand pathogenic cascades by viral SARS-CoV-2 infection causing post- COVID-19 brain-related syndromes. In the current study, following regional brain TLR3 activation induced by dsRNA in mice, an acute complement C3 response was seen at 2 days. A C3 splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that promotes the splicing of a non-productive C3 mRNA, prevented downstream cytokines, such as IL-6, and α-synuclein changes. This report is the first demonstration that α-synuclein increases occur downstream of complement C3 activation. Relevant to brain dysfunction, post-COVID-19 syndromes and pathological changes leading to PD and LBD, viral dsRNA TLR3 activation in the presence of C3 complement blockade further revealed significant interactions between complement systems, inflammatory cytokine networks and α-synuclein changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kyle J Connolly
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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Cronin SJF, Yu W, Hale A, Licht-Mayer S, Crabtree MJ, Korecka JA, Tretiakov EO, Sealey-Cardona M, Somlyay M, Onji M, An M, Fox JD, Turnes BL, Gomez-Diaz C, da Luz Scheffer D, Cikes D, Nagy V, Weidinger A, Wolf A, Reither H, Chabloz A, Kavirayani A, Rao S, Andrews N, Latremoliere A, Costigan M, Douglas G, Freitas FC, Pifl C, Walz R, Konrat R, Mahad DJ, Koslov AV, Latini A, Isacson O, Harkany T, Hallett PJ, Bagby S, Woolf CJ, Channon KM, Je HS, Penninger JM. Crucial neuroprotective roles of the metabolite BH4 in dopaminergic neurons. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.08.539795. [PMID: 37214873 PMCID: PMC10197517 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are movement disorders caused by the dysfunction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Identifying druggable pathways and biomarkers for guiding therapies is crucial due to the debilitating nature of these disorders. Recent genetic studies have identified variants of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, as causative for these movement disorders. Here, we show that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of BH4 synthesis in mice and human midbrain-like organoids accurately recapitulates motor, behavioral and biochemical characteristics of these human diseases, with severity of the phenotype correlating with extent of BH4 deficiency. We also show that BH4 deficiency increases sensitivities to several PD-related stressors in mice and PD human cells, resulting in worse behavioral and physiological outcomes. Conversely, genetic and pharmacological augmentation of BH4 protects mice from genetically- and chemically induced PD-related stressors. Importantly, increasing BH4 levels also protects primary cells from PD-affected individuals and human midbrain-like organoids (hMLOs) from these stressors. Mechanistically, BH4 not only serves as an essential cofactor for dopamine synthesis, but also independently regulates tyrosine hydroxylase levels, protects against ferroptosis, scavenges mitochondrial ROS, maintains neuronal excitability and promotes mitochondrial ATP production, thereby enhancing mitochondrial fitness and cellular respiration in multiple preclinical PD animal models, human dopaminergic midbrain-like organoids and primary cells from PD-affected individuals. Our findings pinpoint the BH4 pathway as a key metabolic program at the intersection of multiple protective mechanisms for the health and function of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J F Cronin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Weonjin Yu
- Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Ashley Hale
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Simon Licht-Mayer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark J Crabtree
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Joanna A Korecka
- Neurodegeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Evgenii O Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Sealey-Cardona
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mate Somlyay
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Masahiro Onji
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meilin An
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesse D Fox
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bruna Lenfers Turnes
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Gomez-Diaz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Débora da Luz Scheffer
- LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88037-100, Brazil
| | - Domagoj Cikes
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna (MUW), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology. The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingen Str. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Wolf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Reither
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antoine Chabloz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anoop Kavirayani
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuan Rao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nick Andrews
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Neurosurgery Department, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roger Walz
- Center for Applied Neurocience, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil; Neurology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Robert Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Don J Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andrey V Koslov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology. The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingen Str. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Latini
- LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88037-100, Brazil
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neurodegeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neurodegeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Stefan Bagby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and the Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Kumar M, Srikanth MP, Deleidi M, Hallett PJ, Isacson O, Feldman RA. Acid ceramidase involved in pathogenic cascade leading to accumulation of α-synuclein in iPSC model of GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1888-1900. [PMID: 36752535 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bi-allelic mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), cause Gaucher disease (GD), whereas mono-allelic mutations do not cause overt pathology. Yet mono- or bi-allelic GBA1 mutations are the highest known risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). GCase deficiency results in the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GluCer) and its deacylated metabolite glucosylsphingosine (GluSph). Brains from patients with neuronopathic GD (nGD) have high levels of GluSph, and elevation of this lipid in GBA1-associated PD has been reported. To uncover the mechanisms involved in GBA1-associated PD, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from patients harboring heterozygote mutations in GBA1 (GBA1/PD-DA neurons). We found that compared to gene-edited isogenic controls, GBA1/PD-DA neurons exhibit mTORC1 hyperactivity, a block in autophagy, an increase in the levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein (129), and α-synuclein aggregation. These alterations were prevented by incubation with mTOR inhibitors. Inhibition of acid ceramidase, the lysosomal enzyme that deacylates GluCer to GluSph, prevented mTOR hyperactivity, restored autophagic flux, and lowered α-synuclein levels, suggesting that GluSph was responsible for these alterations. Incubation of gene-edited WT controls with exogenous GluSph recapitulated the mTOR/α-synuclein abnormalities of GBA1/PD neurons, and these phenotypic alterations were prevented when GluSph treatment was in the presence of mTOR inhibitors. We conclude that GluSph causes an aberrant activation of mTORC1, suppressing normal lysosomal functions, including the clearance of pathogenic α-synuclein species. Our results implicate acid ceramidase in the pathogenesis of GBA1-associated PD, suggesting that this enzyme is a potential therapeutic target for treating synucleinopathies caused by GCase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | | | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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6
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Thomas R, Moloney EB, Macbain ZK, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Fibroblasts from idiopathic Parkinson's disease exhibit deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity associated with reduced levels of the trafficking receptor LIMP2. Mol Brain 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33468204 PMCID: PMC7816505 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction is a central pathway associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Haploinsufficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase GBA (encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase)) is one of the largest genetic risk factors for developing PD. Deficiencies in the activity of the GCase enzyme have been observed in human tissues from both genetic (harboring mutations in the GBA gene) and idiopathic forms of the disease. To understand the mechanisms behind the deficits of lysosomal GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD, this study utilized a large cohort of fibroblast cells from control subjects and PD patients with and without mutations in the GBA gene (N370S mutation) (control, n = 15; idiopathic PD, n = 31; PD with GBA N370S mutation, n = 6). The current data demonstrates that idiopathic PD fibroblasts devoid of any mutations in the GBA gene also exhibit reduction in lysosomal GCase activity, similar to those with the GBA N370S mutation. This reduced GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD cells was accompanied by decreased expression of the GBA trafficking receptor, LIMP2, and increased ER retention of the GBA protein in these cells. Importantly, in idiopathic PD fibroblasts LIMP2 protein levels correlated significantly with GCase activity, which was not the case in control subjects or in genetic PD GBA N370S cells. In conclusion, idiopathic PD fibroblasts have decreased GCase activity primarily driven by altered LIMP2-mediated transport of GBA to lysosome and the reduced GCase activity exhibited by the genetic GBA N370S derived PD fibroblasts occurs through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Zachary K Macbain
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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7
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Brekk OR, Honey JR, Lee S, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Cell type-specific lipid storage changes in Parkinson's disease patient brains are recapitulated by experimental glycolipid disturbance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27646-27654. [PMID: 33060302 PMCID: PMC7959493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003021117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are dependent on proper trafficking of lipids to neighboring glia for lipid exchange and disposal of potentially lipotoxic metabolites, producing distinct lipid distribution profiles among various cell types of the central nervous system. Little is known of the cellular distribution of neutral lipids in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and its relationship to inflammatory signaling. This study aimed to determine human PD SN neutral lipid content and distribution in dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, and microglia relative to age-matched healthy subject controls. The results show that while total neutral lipid content was unchanged relative to age-matched controls, the levels of whole SN triglycerides were correlated with inflammation-attenuating glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) signaling in human PD SN. Histological localization of neutral lipids using a fluorescent probe (BODIPY) revealed that dopaminergic neurons and midbrain microglia significantly accumulated intracellular lipids in PD SN, while adjacent astrocytes had a reduced lipid load overall. This pattern was recapitulated by experimental in vivo inhibition of glucocerebrosidase activity in mice. Agents or therapies that restore lipid homeostasis among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia could potentially correct PD pathogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oeystein Roed Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Jonathan R Honey
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Seungil Lee
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
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8
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Brekk OR, Korecka JA, Crapart CC, Huebecker M, MacBain ZK, Rosenthal SA, Sena-Esteves M, Priestman DA, Platt FM, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Upregulating β-hexosaminidase activity in rodents prevents α-synuclein lipid associations and protects dopaminergic neurons from α-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:127. [PMID: 32762772 PMCID: PMC7409708 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandhoff disease (SD) is a lysosomal storage disease, caused by loss of β-hexosaminidase (HEX) activity resulting in the accumulation of ganglioside GM2. There are shared features between SD and Parkinson's disease (PD). α-synuclein (aSYN) inclusions, the diagnostic hallmark sign of PD, are frequently found in the brain in SD patients and HEX knockout mice, and HEX activity is reduced in the substantia nigra in PD. In this study, we biochemically demonstrate that HEX deficiency in mice causes formation of high-molecular weight (HMW) aSYN and ubiquitin in the brain. As expected from HEX enzymatic function requirements, overexpression in vivo of HEXA and B combined, but not either of the subunits expressed alone, increased HEX activity as evidenced by histochemical assays. Biochemically, such HEX gene expression resulted in increased conversion of GM2 to its breakdown product GM3. In a neurodegenerative model of overexpression of aSYN in rats, increasing HEX activity by AAV6 gene transfer in the substantia nigra reduced aSYN embedding in lipid compartments and rescued dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. Overall, these data are consistent with a paradigm shift where lipid abnormalities are central to or preceding protein changes typically associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecile C Crapart
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Mylene Huebecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Current address: Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zachary K MacBain
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sara Ann Rosenthal
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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9
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Isacson O. The Consequences of Coronavirus-Induced Cytokine Storm Are Associated With Neurological Diseases, Which May Be Preventable. Front Neurol 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32793108 PMCID: PMC7393211 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Isacson
- Department of Neurology (Neuroscience), Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
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10
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Thomas R, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Experimental studies of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in in vitro and in vivo models relevant to Parkinson's disease genetic risk. Int Rev Neurobiol 2020; 154:279-302. [PMID: 32739007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified the involvement of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. In this review we discuss recent work that has identified deficits in mitophagy, mitochondrial network formation, increased sensitivity to mitochondrial stressors and alterations in proteins regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion associated with patient-derived fibroblasts harboring mutations in LRRK2 gene and from sporadic PD patient cells. We further focus on alterations of lysosomal enzymes, in particular glucocerebrosidase activity, and resultant lipid dyshomeostasis in PD and aging, in human tissue and in vivo rodent models. Future studies aimed at understanding the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways will be of essence for the identification of unique cellular defects in PD and for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
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11
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Korecka JA, Thomas R, Hinrich AJ, Moskites AM, Macbain ZK, Hallett PJ, Isacson O, Hastings ML. Splice-Switching Antisense Oligonucleotides Reduce LRRK2 Kinase Activity in Human LRRK2 Transgenic Mice. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020; 21:623-635. [PMID: 32736291 PMCID: PMC7393423 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder estimated to affect 7–10 million people worldwide. There is no treatment available that cures or slows the progression of PD. Elevated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) activity has been associated with genetic and sporadic forms of PD and, thus, reducing LRRK2 function is a promising therapeutic strategy. We have previously reported that an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that blocks splicing of LRRK2 exon 41, which encodes part of the kinase domain, reverses aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium levels and mitophagy defects in PD patient-derived cell lines harboring the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. In this study, we show that treating transgenic mice expressing human wild-type or G2019S LRRK2 with a single intracerebroventricular injection of ASO induces exon 41 skipping and results in a decrease in phosphorylation of the LRRK2 kinase substrate RAB10. Exon 41 skipping also reverses LRRK2 kinase-dependent changes in LC3B II/I ratios, a marker for the autophagic process. These results demonstrate the potential of LRRK2 exon 41 skipping as a possible therapeutic strategy to modulate pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity associated with PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Alyssa M Moskites
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Zach K Macbain
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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12
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Korecka JA, Thomas R, Christensen DP, Hinrich AJ, Ferrari EJ, Levy SA, Hastings ML, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Mitochondrial clearance and maturation of autophagosomes are compromised in LRRK2 G2019S familial Parkinson's disease patient fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3232-3243. [PMID: 31261377 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study utilized human fibroblasts as a preclinical discovery and diagnostic platform for identification of cell biological signatures specific for the LRRK2 G2019S mutation producing Parkinson's disease (PD). Using live cell imaging with a pH-sensitive Rosella biosensor probe reflecting lysosomal breakdown of mitochondria, mitophagy rates were found to be decreased in fibroblasts carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation compared to cells isolated from healthy subject (HS) controls. The mutant LRRK2 increased kinase activity was reduced by pharmacological inhibition and targeted antisense oligonucleotide treatment, which normalized mitophagy rates in the G2019S cells and also increased mitophagy levels in HS cells. Detailed mechanistic analysis showed a reduction of mature autophagosomes in LRRK2 G2019S fibroblasts, which was rescued by LRRK2 specific kinase inhibition. These findings demonstrate an important role for LRRK2 protein in regulation of mitochondrial clearance by the lysosomes, which is hampered in PD with the G2019S mutation. The current results are relevant for cell phenotypic diagnostic approaches and potentially for stratification of PD patients for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Dan P Christensen
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Eliza J Ferrari
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Simon A Levy
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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13
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Osborn TM, Hallett PJ, Schumacher JM, Isacson O. Advantages and Recent Developments of Autologous Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease Patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:58. [PMID: 32317934 PMCID: PMC7147334 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative disease characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. There are approximately 7–10 million PD patients worldwide. Currently, there are no biomarkers available or pharmaceuticals that can halt the dopaminergic neuron degeneration. At the time of diagnosis about 60% of the midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons have already degenerated, resulting in a depletion of roughly 70% of striatal dopamine (DA) levels and synapses. Symptomatic treatment (e.g., with L-dopa) can initially restore DA levels and motor function, but with time often lead to side-effects like dyskinesia. Deep-brain-stimulation can alleviate these side-effects and some of the motor symptoms but requires repeat procedures and adds limitations for the patients. Restoration of dopaminergic synapses using neuronal cell replacement therapy has shown benefit in clinical studies using cells from fetal ventral midbrain. This approach, if done correctly, increases DA levels and restores synapses, allowing biofeedback regulation between the grafted cells and the host brain. Drawbacks are that it is not scalable for a large patient population and the patients require immunosuppression. Stem cells differentiated in vitro to mDA neurons or progenitors have shown promise in animal studies and is a scalable approach that allows for cryopreservation of transplantable cells and rigorous quality control prior to transplantation. However, all allogeneic grafts require immunosuppression. HLA-donor-matching, reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the need for immunosuppression, and is currently investigated in a clinical trial for PD in Japan. Since immune compatibility is very important in all areas of transplantation, these approaches may ultimately be of less benefit to the patients than an autologous approach. By using the patient’s own somatic cells, reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiated to mDA neurons immunosuppression is not required, and may also present with several biological and functional advantages in the patients, as described in this article. The proof-of-principle of autologous iPSC mDA restoration of function has been shown in parkinsonian non-human primates (NHPs), and this can now be investigated in clinical trials in addition to the allogeneic and HLA-matched approaches. In this review, we focus on the autologous approach of cell therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - James M Schumacher
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
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14
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Huebecker M, Moloney EB, van der Spoel AC, Priestman DA, Isacson O, Hallett PJ, Platt FM. Correction to: Reduced sphingolipid hydrolase activities, substrate accumulation and ganglioside decline in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:6. [PMID: 31937358 PMCID: PMC6961314 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Huebecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Aarnoud C van der Spoel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David A Priestman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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15
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Huebecker M, Moloney EB, van der Spoel AC, Priestman DA, Isacson O, Hallett PJ, Platt FM. Reduced sphingolipid hydrolase activities, substrate accumulation and ganglioside decline in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:40. [PMID: 31703585 PMCID: PMC6842240 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haploinsufficiency in the Gaucher disease GBA gene, which encodes the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase GBA, and ageing represent major risk factors for developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recently, more than fifty other lysosomal storage disorder gene variants have been identified in PD, implicating lysosomal dysfunction more broadly as a key risk factor for PD. Despite the evidence of multiple lysosomal genetic risks, it remains unclear how sphingolipid hydrolase activities, other than GBA, are altered with ageing or in PD. Moreover, it is not fully known if levels of glycosphingolipid substrates for these enzymes change in vulnerable brain regions of PD. Finally, little is known about the levels of complex gangliosides in substantia nigra which may play a significant role in ageing and PD. Methods To study sphingolipid hydrolase activities and glycosphingolipid expression in ageing and in PD, two independent cohorts of human substantia nigra tissues were obtained. Fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone assays were used to determine multiple enzyme activities. The lysosomal GBA and non-lysosomal GBA2 activities were distinguished using the inhibitor NB-DGJ. Sensitive and quantitative normal-phase HPLC was performed to study glycosphingolipid levels. In addition, glycosphingolipid levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were analysed as possible biomarkers for PD. Results The present study demonstrates, in two independent cohorts of human post-mortem substantia nigra, that sporadic PD is associated with deficiencies in multiple lysosomal hydrolases (e.g. α-galactosidase and β-hexosaminidase), in addition to reduced GBA and GBA2 activities and concomitant glycosphingolipid substrate accumulation. Furthermore, the data show significant reductions in levels of complex gangliosides (e.g. GM1a) in substantia nigra, CSF and serum in ageing, PD, and REM sleep behaviour disorder, which is a strong predictor of PD. Conclusions These findings conclusively demonstrate reductions in GBA activity in the parkinsonian midbrain, and for the first time, reductions in the activity of several other sphingolipid hydrolases. Furthermore, significant reductions were seen in complex gangliosides in PD and ageing. The diminished activities of these lysosomal hydrolases, the glycosphingolipid substrate accumulation, and the reduced levels of complex gangliosides are likely major contributors to the primary development of the pathology seen in PD and related disorders with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Huebecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Aarnoud C van der Spoel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David A Priestman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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16
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Isacson O, Brekk OR, Hallett PJ. Novel Results and Concepts Emerging From Lipid Cell Biology Relevant to Degenerative Brain Aging and Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1053. [PMID: 31649605 PMCID: PMC6794469 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While very rare familial forms of proteinopathy can cause Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and age-related dementias, recent in-depth studies of lipid disturbances in the majority of the common forms of these diseases instead suggest a primary pathogenesis in lipid pathways. This review synthesizes a perspective from new data that point to an interdependence of lipids and proteinopathy. This article describes disturbed relationships in lipid homeostasis that causes neuropathology to develop over time and with age, which includes altered mechanisms of glia-neuron exchange of lipids and inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Isacson
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Belmont, MA, United States
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17
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Menon V, Thomas R, Elgueta C, Horl M, Osborn T, Hallett PJ, Bartos M, Isacson O, Pruszak J. Comprehensive Cell Surface Antigen Analysis Identifies Transferrin Receptor Protein-1 (CD71) as a Negative Selection Marker for Human Neuronal Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1293-1306. [PMID: 31381839 PMCID: PMC6851846 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell state‐, developmental stage‐, and lineage‐specific combinatorial expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules enables the identification of cellular subsets via multicolor flow cytometry. We describe an exhaustive characterization of neural cell types by surface antigens, exploiting human pluripotent stem cell‐derived neural cell systems. Using multiwell screening approaches followed by detailed validation of expression patterns and dynamics, we exemplify a strategy for resolving cellular heterogeneity in stem cell paradigms. In addition to providing a catalog of surface antigens expressed in the neural lineage, we identified the transferrin receptor‐1 (CD71) to be differentially expressed in neural stem cells and differentiated neurons. In this context, we describe a role for N‐Myc proto‐oncogene (MYCN) in maintaining CD71 expression in proliferating neural cells. We report that in vitro human stem cell‐derived neurons lack CD71 surface expression and that the observed differential expression can be used to identify and enrich CD71− neuronal derivatives from heterogeneous cultures. stem cells2019;37:1293–1306
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Menon
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg iPS Core (FiPS), Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ria Thomas
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudio Elgueta
- Institute for Physiology I, Cellular and Systemic Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Horl
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresia Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Penny J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marlene Bartos
- Institute for Physiology I, Cellular and Systemic Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Pruszak
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg iPS Core (FiPS), Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Hallett PJ, Engelender S, Isacson O. Lipid and immune abnormalities causing age-dependent neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:153. [PMID: 31331333 PMCID: PMC6647317 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes pathogenic concepts and factors, in particular glycolipid abnormalities, that create cell dysfunction and synaptic loss in neurodegenerative diseases. By phenocopying lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher disease and related disorders, age- and dose-dependent changes in glycolipid cell metabolism can lead to Parkinson's disease and related dementias. Recent results show that perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism can precede or is a part of abnormal protein handling in both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. In aging and genetic predisposition with lipid disturbance, α-synuclein's normal vesicular and synaptic role may be detrimentally shifted toward accommodating and binding such lipids. Specific neuronal glycolipid, protein, and vesicular interactions create potential pathophysiology that is amplified by astroglial and microglial immune mechanisms resulting in neurodegeneration. This perspective provides a new logic for therapeutic interventions that do not focus on protein aggregation, but rather provides a guide to the complex biology and the common sequence of events that lead to age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simone Engelender
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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19
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Korecka JA, Talbot S, Osborn TM, de Leeuw SM, Levy SA, Ferrari EJ, Moskites A, Atkinson E, Jodelka FM, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Woolf CJ, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Neurite Collapse and Altered ER Ca 2+ Control in Human Parkinson Disease Patient iPSC-Derived Neurons with LRRK2 G2019S Mutation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:29-41. [PMID: 30595548 PMCID: PMC6335600 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson disease (PD) genetic LRRK2 gain-of-function mutations may relate to the ER pathological changes seen in PD patients at postmortem. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons with the PD pathogenic LRRK2 G2019S mutation exhibited neurite collapse when challenged with the ER Ca2+ influx sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (THP). Baseline ER Ca2+ levels measured with the ER Ca2+ indicator CEPIA-ER were lower in LRRK2 G2019S human neurons, including in differentiated midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro. After THP challenge, PD patient-derived neurons displayed increased Ca2+ influx and decreased intracellular Ca2+ buffering upon membrane depolarization. These effects were reversed following LRRK2 mutation correction by antisense oligonucleotides and gene editing. Gene expression analysis in LRRK2 G2019S neurons identified modified levels of key store-operated Ca2+ entry regulators, with no alterations in ER Ca2+ efflux. These results demonstrate PD gene mutation LRRK2 G2019S ER calcium-dependent pathogenic effects in human neurons. Parkinson-linked LRRK2 G2019S induces neurite collapse upon ER Ca2+ influx block LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters Ca2+ uptake and buffering upon ER Ca2+ influx block The LRRK2 G2019S mutation decreases basal ER Ca2+ levels in human iPSC neurons The LRRK2 G2019S mutation modifies gene expression of key SOCE regulators
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sherida M de Leeuw
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Simon A Levy
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eliza J Ferrari
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Alyssa Moskites
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Elise Atkinson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Francine M Jodelka
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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20
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Moloney EB, Moskites A, Ferrari EJ, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. The glycoprotein GPNMB is selectively elevated in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients and increases after lysosomal stress. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:1-11. [PMID: 30149180 PMCID: PMC6748034 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GPNMB is a glycoprotein observed upon tissue damage and inflammation and is associated with astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. Gene variations in GPNMB are linked with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, and changes in protein levels of GPNMB have been found in lysosomal storage disorders, including Gaucher's disease with glucocerebrosidase (GCase) deficiency. In the current study, GPNMB increases were seen in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients compared to age-matched controls. Such PD patients have a decrease in GCase activity and corresponding elevation of glycosphingolipids in the SN (Rocha et al., 2015a). Interestingly, transgenic mice modelling synucleinopathy did not show GPNMB elevations or altered GCase activity levels compared to wild-type mice. However, upon CBE-induced GCase lysosomal dysfunction with elevated glycosphingolipids in wild-type mice, there were similar changes in GPNMB levels in the brain as seen in PD patient brains. These results indicate that GPNMB levels do not depend on alpha-synuclein load per se but relate directly to the lipidopathy changes induced by CBE-mediated GCase inhibition. The experimental modelling of elevating glycolipids resulted in GPNMB elevations with glial activation in several brain regions in mice. This is the first demonstration of region-specific elevations of GPNMB protein in Parkinson's disease. The presence of GPNMB in PD patient substantia nigra, the induction of GPNMB after experimental glycosphingolipid increases, but not with pure alpha-synucleinopathy, point towards the potential for primary lipid-induced degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont 02478, USA
| | - Alyssa Moskites
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont 02478, USA
| | - Eliza J Ferrari
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont 02478, USA.
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21
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Hallett PJ, Huebecker M, Brekk OR, Moloney EB, Rocha EM, Priestman DA, Platt FM, Isacson O. Glycosphingolipid levels and glucocerebrosidase activity are altered in normal aging of the mouse brain. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 67:189-200. [PMID: 29735433 PMCID: PMC6015735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the predominant risk factor for both genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The majority of PD cases are nonfamilial, and the connection between aging and PD-associated genes is not well understood. Haploinsufficiency of the GBA gene, leading to a reduction in glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity, is one of the most common genetic risk factors for PD. Furthermore, GCase activity is also reduced in brain regions of sporadic PD patients, with a corresponding accumulation of its glycosphingolipid (GSL) substrates. Recent findings in PD patients and aging control cases, and in human PD patient induced pluripotent stem cell neurons, have shown an age-dependent reduction in GCase activity and an elevation of some GSLs. We therefore asked whether aging-induced changes to both lysosomal and nonlysosomal GCase activity and GSL homeostasis in the brain could also be reflected in other nonhuman mammalian systems. Increases in brain polyubiquitin and the lysosomal-associated membrane protein, LAMP2A, were found in 24-month-old wild-type mice compared to 1.5-month-old mice. A lipidomic analysis was performed on brains of wild-type mice of different strains between 1.5 and 24 months of age. Aging created GSL changes that are reminiscent of sporadic PD. Levels of glucosylceramide, glucosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and GM1a were elevated in the brain of aged mice, and levels of complex gangliosides, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b, were reduced with age. Parallel biochemical analyses revealed a change in lipid metabolism probably mediated by lysosomal hydrolases, with reduced GCase and increased neuraminidase activity. Based on these data, we hypothesize that perturbation of GSL metabolism in the aging brain may precede or may be part of abnormal protein handling and may accelerate PD pathophysiological processes in vulnerable neurons in PD and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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22
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Osborn TM, Beagan J, Isacson O. Increased motor neuron resilience by small molecule compounds that regulate IGF-II expression. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:218-230. [PMID: 29113829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective vulnerability of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is evident by sparing of a few subpopulations during this fast progressing and debilitating degenerative disease. By studying the gene expression profile of resilient vs. vulnerable motor neuron populations we can gain insight in what biomolecules and pathways may contribute to the resilience and vulnerability. Several genes have been found to be differentially expressed in the vulnerable motor neurons of the cervical spinal cord as compared to the spared motor neurons in CNIII/IV. One gene that is differentially expressed and present at higher levels in less vulnerable motor neurons is insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). The motor neuron protective effect of IGF-II has been demonstrated both in vitro and in SOD1 transgenic mice. Here, we have screened a library of small molecule compounds and identified inducers of IGF-II mRNA and protein expression. Several identified compounds significantly protected motor neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro. One of the compounds, vardenafil, resulted in a complete motor neuron protection, an effect that was reversed by blocking receptors of IGF-II. When administered to naïve rats vardenafil was present in the cerebrospinal fluid and increased IGF-II mRNA expression in the spinal cord. When administered to SOD1 transgenic mice, there was a significant delay in motor symptom onset and prolonged survival. Vardenafil also increased IGF-II mRNA and protein levels in motor neurons derived from healthy subject and ALS patient iPSCs, activated a human IGF-II promoter and improved survival of ALS-patient derived motor neurons in culture. Our findings suggest that modulation of genes differentially expressed in vulnerable and resilient motor neurons may be a useful therapeutic approach for motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Beagan
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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23
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Dinsmore J, Ratliff J, Deacon T, Pakzaban P, Jacoby D, Galpern W, Isacson O. Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiated in Vitro as a Novel Source of Cells for Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2017; 5:131-43. [PMID: 8689027 DOI: 10.1177/096368979600500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into near homogeneous populations of both neurons and skeletal muscle cells that can survive and function in vivo after transplantation is reported. We show that treatment of pluripotent ES cells with retinoic acid (RA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) induce differentiation of these cells into highly enriched populations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) expressing neurons and skeletal myoblasts, respectively. For neuronal differentiation, RA alone is sufficient to induce ES cells to differentiate into neuronal cells that show properties of postmitotic neurons both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo function of RA-induced neuronal cells was demonstrated by transplantation into the quinolinic acid lesioned striatum of rats (a rat model for Huntington's disease), where cells integrated and survived for up to 6 wk. The response of embryonic stem cells to DMSO to form muscle was less dramatic than that observed for RA. DMSO-induced ES cells formed mixed populations of muscle cells composed of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle instead of homogeneous populations of a single muscle cell type. To determine whether the response of ES cells to DMSO induction could be further controlled, ES cells were stably transfected with a gene coding for the muscle-specific regulatory factor, MyoD. When induced with DMSO, ES cells constitutively expressing high levels of MyoD differentiated exclusively into skeletal myoblasts (no cardiac or smooth muscle cells) that fused to form myotubes capable of spontaneous contraction. Thus, the specific muscle cell type formed was controlled by the expression of MyoD. These results provided evidence that the specific cell type formed (whether it be muscle, neuronal, or other cell types) can be controlled in vitro. Further, these results demonstrated that ES cells can provide a source of multiple differentiated cell types that can be used for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dinsmore
- Diacrin, Inc., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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24
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Galpern WR, Frim DM, Tatter SB, Altar CA, Beal MF, Isacson O. Cell-Mediated Delivery of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Enhances Dopamine Levels in an Mpp+ Rat Model of Substantia Nigra Degeneration. Cell Transplant 2017; 5:225-32. [PMID: 8689033 DOI: 10.1177/096368979600500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the survival of fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic cells and protects dopaminergic neurons against the toxicity of MPP+ in vitro. Supranigral implantation of fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete BDNF attenuates the loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons associated with striatal infusion of MPP+ in the adult rat. Using this MPP+ rat model of nigral degeneration, we evaluated the neurochemical effects of supranigral, cell-mediated delivery of BDNF on substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) content and turnover. Genetically engineered BDNF-secreting fibroblasts (~12 ng BDNF/24 h) were implanted dorsal to the SN 7 days prior to striatal MPP+ administration. The present results demonstrate that BDNF-secreting fibroblasts, as compared to control fibroblasts, enhance SN DA levels ipsilateral as well as contralateral to the graft without altering DA turnover. This augmentation of DA levels suggests that local neurotrophic factor delivery by genetically engineered cells may provide a therapeutic strategy for preventing neuronal death or enhancing neuronal function in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Galpern
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Freed
- NIMH Neuroscience Center at St. Elizabeths, Washington, DC 20032, USA
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26
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Garcia AR, Deacon TW, Dinsmore J, Isacson O. Extensive Axonal and Glial Fiber Growth from Fetal Porcine Cortical Xenografts in the Adult Rat Cortex. Cell Transplant 2017; 4:515-27. [PMID: 8520835 DOI: 10.1177/096368979500400512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth from cortically placed fetal neural transplants to subcortical targets in adult hosts has been difficult to demonstrate and is assumed to be minimal; however, experiments using xenogeneic neural grafts of either human or porcine fetal tissues into the adult rat striatum, mesencephalon, and spinal cord have demonstrated the capability for long-distance axonal growth. This study reports similar results for porcine cortical xenografts placed in the adult rat cerebral cortex and compares these findings with results from cortical allografts. Adult rats that previously received unilateral cortical lesions by an oblique intracortical stereotaxic injection of quinolinic acid, were implanted with suspensions of either E14 rat or E38 xenogeneic porcine fetal cortical cells. Xenografted rats were immunosuppressed by cyclosporin A. The corpus callosum was intact in all cases and grafts were confined to the overlying cortex. After a 31-34 wk posttransplant survival period, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry revealed that both allo- and xenografts received host afferents. Retrograde tracer injections into the ipsilateral striatum and cerebral peduncle in allografted animals failed to show any axonal growth to either subcortical target. Using a porcine-specific axonal marker in xenografted animals, we found graft axons in white matter tracts (corpus callosum, internal capsule, cingulum bundle, and medial forebrain bundle) and within the caudate-putamen and both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral cortex. Graft axons were not found in the thalamus, midbrain, or spinal cord. In addition, using an antibody to porcine glial fibers, we observed more extensive graft glial fiber growth into the same host fiber tracts, as far caudally as the cerebral peduncle, but not into gray matter targets outside the cortex. These results demonstrate that porcine cortical xenograft axons and glia can extend from lesioned cerebral cortex to cortical and subcortical targets in the adult rat brain. These findings are relevant for prospects of repairing cortical damage and obtaining functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Garcia
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA
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27
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Haque NS, LeBlanc CJ, Isacson O. Differential Dissection of the Rat E16 Ventral Mesencephalon and Survival and Reinnervation of the 6-Ohda-Lesioned Striatum by a Subset of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Positive th Neurons. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:239-48. [PMID: 9171157 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-generating enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (AHD), is expressed in a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons found in the substantia nigra. Using AHD and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as immunohistochemical markers, we determined whether differential dissection of the embryonic (E16) ventral mesencephalon (VM) into its lateral and medial portions contributed equally to the number of TH cells surviving transplantation, if grafted AHD/TH neurons reinnervate the host striatum according to their normal projection patterns, and examined the functional recovery caused by the implanted cells as assessed by amphetamine-induced rotation in a 6-OHDA-lesioned model of Parkinson's disease. The embryonic tissue was transplanted as solid pieces injected via a 20-gauge lumbar puncture needle into the center of the deafferented striatum. Groups received either one complete ventral mesencephalic piece (VM), two medial pieces of ventral mesencephalic tissue (MVM), or two lateral pieces of ventral mesencephalic tissue (LVM). Both VM and MVM groups showed a significant decrease in amphetamine-induced rotation over time and, there was no difference in the degree of reduction observed between the two groups. Histological evaluation of the transplants revealed a much larger total number of surviving TH cells in grafts from the VM and MVM groups compared to the LVM group. Surviving AHD/TH neurons were found in all groups. Whereas TH staining of the transplanted striatum displayed a halo of graft-derived fibers all around the transplant and integration of these fibers into the host neuropil, AHD staining showed a preferential reinnervation of the dorsolateral striatum corresponding to the normal projection pattern of AHD/TH neurons. In summary, selective dissection of the embryonic ventral mesencephalon is possible, functional recovery as assessed by amphetamineinduced rotation in animals transplanted with MVM is similar to that seen in animals grafted with VM, and AHD/TH neurons have a selective reinnervation pattern in the PD transplantation paradigm. These findings may have implications for the grafting of fetal mesencephalic tissue in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Haque
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA
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28
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Klemann CJHM, Martens GJM, Sharma M, Martens MB, Isacson O, Gasser T, Visser JE, Poelmans G. Integrated molecular landscape of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649614 PMCID: PMC5460267 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Although a number of independent molecular pathways and processes have been associated with familial Parkinson’s disease, a common mechanism underlying especially sporadic Parkinson’s disease is still largely unknown. In order to gain further insight into the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, we here conducted genetic network and literature analyses to integrate the top-ranked findings from thirteen published genome-wide association studies of Parkinson’s disease (involving 13.094 cases and 47.148 controls) and other genes implicated in (familial) Parkinson’s disease, into a molecular interaction landscape. The molecular Parkinson’s disease landscape harbors four main biological processes—oxidative stress response, endosomal-lysosomal functioning, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and immune response activation—that interact with each other and regulate dopaminergic neuron function and death, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Interestingly, lipids and lipoproteins are functionally involved in and influenced by all these processes, and affect dopaminergic neuron-specific signaling cascades. Furthermore, we validate the Parkinson’s disease -lipid relationship by genome-wide association studies data-based polygenic risk score analyses that indicate a shared genetic risk between lipid/lipoprotein traits and Parkinson’s disease. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathways underlying the etiology of (sporadic) Parkinson’s disease and highlight a key role for lipids and lipoproteins in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, providing important clues for the development of disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson’s disease. Lipids and lipoproteins play a central role in four key biological processes underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD). Using bioinformatics and other extensive analyses of previously published data, Geert Poelmans, Cornelius Klemann and colleagues in The Netherlands, Germany and the USA have mapped the interactions of proteins that are encoded by genes associated with both familial and sporadic forms of PD. They identify the oxidative stress response, lysosomal function, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and immune response activation as the main mechanisms leading to the death of dopaminergic neurons. Lipid signaling is implicated in all four of these processes and the authors find a link between the levels of particular lipids and lipoproteins and the risk of PD. These findings suggest that compounds that regulate lipid or lipoprotein levels offer a potential new treatment strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J H M Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M B Martens
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - O Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA USA
| | - T Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - J E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - G Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized by the accumulation of α-synuclein within neurons. In contrast to the current ascending theory where α-synuclein would propagate from neuron to neuron, we now propose the threshold theory for PD based on evidence of parallel degeneration of both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) in PD. The functional threshold is lower for the emergence of early symptoms before the classical motor symptoms of PD. This is due to the larger functional reserve of the midbrain dopamine and integrated basal ganglia motor systems to control movement. This threshold theory better accounts for the current neurobiology of PD symptom progression compared to the hypothesis that the disease ascends from the PNS to the CNS as proposed by Braak's hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Engelender
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Kordower JH, Vinuela A, Chu Y, Isacson O, Redmond DE. Parkinsonian monkeys with prior levodopa-induced dyskinesias followed by fetal dopamine precursor grafts do not display graft-induced dyskinesias. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:498-512. [PMID: 27418401 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials testing the hypothesis that fetal dopamine grafts would provide antiparkinsonian benefit in patients who had already developed side effects from their long-term use of L-dopa revealed, in some cases, the presence of dyskinesias even in the absence of L-dopa. The form, intensity, and frequency of these dyskinesias were quite variable, but their manifestation slowed the clinical development of cell replacement therapies. Rodent models of graft-induced dyskinesias (GIDs) have been proposed, but their accuracy in modeling GIDs has been questioned because they usually require amphetamine for their presentation. The present study attempted to model GIDs in parkinsonian monkeys and, for the first time, to test the effect of grafts on previously dyskinetic monkeys. Toward this end, monkeys were rendered parkinsonian with n-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and dyskinetic with levodopa. They then received intraputamenal grafts of fetal dopaminergic cells, control cerebellar cells, or vehicle bilaterally and were studied for 18 months. Dopaminergic cells were grafted in a manner designed to produce either "hot spot" or "widespread" striatal innervation. Although levodopa-induced dyskinesias could be elicited postoperatively, GIDs were never observed in any animal at any time after grafting. Grafted monkeys were also challenged with levodopa but did not show any greater responses to these challenges than before grafting. These studies support the development of future dopamine neuron cell transplantation therapy-based approaches, indicating that in relevant primate models with appropriate cell preparation methodology, with successful graft survival and putamenal dopamine innervation, there is no evidence of graft-induced dyskinesias. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:498-512, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Angel Vinuela
- Department of Neurology, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Ole Isacson
- Department of Neurology, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478
| | - D Eugene Redmond
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
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31
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Xiong N, Li N, Martin E, Yu J, Li J, Liu J, Lee DYW, Isacson O, Vance J, Qing H, Wang T, Lin Z. hVMAT2: A Target of Individualized Medication for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:623-34. [PMID: 27137201 PMCID: PMC4965405 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is responsible for sequestering cytosolically toxic dopamine into intracellular secretory vesicles. Animal genetic studies have suggested that reduced VMAT2 activity contributes to the genetic etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), but this role has not been established in humans. Based on human genetic association and meta-analysis, we first confirm the human VMAT2 (hVMAT2 or SLC18A2) promoter as a risk factor for PD in both family and unrelated US white people: marker rs363324 at -11.5 kb in the hVMAT2 promoter is reproducibly associated with PD in a cohort of nuclear families (p = 0.04506 in early-onset PD) and 3 unrelated US white people (meta-analysis p = 0.01879). In SH-SY5Y cells, low activity-associated hVMAT2 promoter confers high methylpiperidinopyrazole iodide cytotoxicity, which is likely attributed to functional polymorphisms bound by nuclear proteins. Interestingly, treatments with the dopamine neuron-protecting agent puerarin upregulates the promoter activity in a haplotype- and cell line-dependent manner. These pharmacogenetic findings suggest that hVMAT2 could be a risk factor and imply it as a target of genetic medications for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Eden Martin
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Anding Hospital, 300222, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Bio-Organic and Nutritional Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - David Yue-Wei Lee
- Bio-Organic and Nutritional Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jeffery Vance
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides capable of promoting neuronal survival in both the developing and the adult brain. In addition to the neurotrophins, NGF, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and NT-3 to -6, other neurotrophic factors include ciliary neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, members of the epidermal growth factor family, and other cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and interleukins-6 and -11. One condition under which these factors promote survival is the challenge of neurons with analogs of excitatory amino acid transmitters. Such analogs, including quinolinic acid, kainic acid, and ibotenic acid, are frequently employed as models of neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, cerebellar degenerations, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Excitotoxicity also plays a role in neu ronal death caused by focal ischemia, hypoglycemia, or trauma. Although much has been learned about the mechanisms of both the action of neurotrophic factors and of cell death in response to excitotoxins, the mechanism of protection by these factors remains uncertain. This review explores the biochemical and phys iological changes mediated by neurotrophic factors that may underlie their ability to protect against excito toxic cell death. Second messenger pathways used degenerately by both excitotoxins and neurotrophic factors are discussed as a potential site of interaction mediating the protective effects of neurotrophic factors. Particular attention is also paid to the importance of the route of neurotrophic factor delivery in conferring neuroprotection in particular excitotoxic models. The Neuroscientist 1:286-297, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Tatter
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Wendy R. Galpern
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
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Korecka J, Levy S, Isacson O. In vivo modeling of neuronal function, axonal impairment and connectivity in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders using induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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34
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Rocha EM, Smith GA, Park E, Cao H, Brown E, Hayes MA, Beagan J, McLean JR, Izen SC, Perez-Torres E, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Glucocerebrosidase gene therapy prevents α-synucleinopathy of midbrain dopamine neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:495-503. [PMID: 26392287 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished lysosomal function can lead to abnormal cellular accumulation of specific proteins, including α-synuclein, contributing to disease pathogenesis of vulnerable neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) and related α-synucleinopathies. GBA1 encodes for the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and mutations in GBA1 are a prominent genetic risk factor for PD. Previous studies showed that in sporadic PD, and in normal aging, GCase brain activity is reduced and levels of corresponding glycolipid substrates are increased. The present study tested whether increasing GCase through AAV-GBA1 intra-cerebral gene delivery in two PD rodent models would reduce the accumulation of α-synuclein and protect midbrain dopamine neurons from α-synuclein-mediated neuronal damage. In the first model, transgenic mice overexpressing wildtype α-synuclein throughout the brain (ASO mice) were used, and in the second model, a rat model of selective dopamine neuron degeneration was induced by AAV-A53T mutant α-synuclein. In ASO mice, intra-cerebral AAV-GBA1 injections into several brain regions increased GCase activity and reduced the accumulation of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra and striatum. In rats, co-injection of AAV-GBA1 with AAV-A53T α-synuclein into the substantia nigra prevented α-synuclein-mediated degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons by 6 months. These neuroprotective effects were associated with altered protein expression of markers of autophagy. These experiments demonstrate, for the first time, the neuroprotective effects of increasing GCase against dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and support the development of therapeutics targeting GCase or other lysosomal genes to improve neuronal handling of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eric Park
- Shire, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Shire, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Hayes
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jonathan Beagan
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jesse R McLean
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sarah C Izen
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eduardo Perez-Torres
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Smith GA, Jansson J, Rocha EM, Osborn T, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Fibroblast Biomarkers of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease and LRRK2 Kinase Inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5161-77. [PMID: 26399642 PMCID: PMC5012155 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been uncertain whether specific disease-relevant biomarker phenotypes can be found using sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) patient-derived samples, as it has been proposed that there may be a plethora of underlying causes and pathological mechanisms. Fibroblasts derived from familial PD patients harboring leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), and Parkin mutations show clear disease-relevant mitochondrial phenotypes, which are exacerbated under conditions of pharmacological stress. We utilized fibroblasts derived from non-familial sporadic PD patients (without LRRK2 mutations) or LRRK2 mutation carriers to directly compare the cellular phenotypes during and after mitochondrial stress. We then determined the effects of pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition using LRRK2-in-1. We found that there were two distinct populations of sporadic PD patient-derived fibroblast lines. One group of sporadic PD lines was highly susceptible to valinomycin-induced mitochondrial depolarization, emulating the mutant LRRK2 phenotype. These lines showed elevated mitochondrial superoxide/ nitric oxide levels, displayed increased mitochondrial and lysosome co-localization, and an increased rate of mitochondrial collapse, which corresponded with changes in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. The application of LRRK2-in-1 reversed decreased levels of mitochondrial and lysosome co-localization and partially restored mitochondrial network associated proteins and the mitochondrial membrane potential in the fibroblasts. This study identifies novel mitochondrial biomarkers in sporadic PD patient-derived fibroblast lines, which could be used as preclinical tools in which to test novel and known neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - J Jansson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - E M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - T Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - P J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - O Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA.
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Rocha EM, Smith GA, Park E, Cao H, Graham AR, Brown E, McLean JR, Hayes MA, Beagan J, Izen SC, Perez-Torres E, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Sustained Systemic Glucocerebrosidase Inhibition Induces Brain α-Synuclein Aggregation, Microglia and Complement C1q Activation in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:550-64. [PMID: 26094487 PMCID: PMC4544823 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Loss-of-function mutations in GBA1, which cause the autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, Gaucher disease (GD), are also a key genetic risk factor for the α-synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. GBA1 encodes for the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase and reductions in this enzyme result in the accumulation of the glycolipid substrates glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Deficits in autophagy and lysosomal degradation pathways likely contribute to the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein in PD. In this report we used conduritol-β-epoxide (CBE), a potent selective irreversible competitive inhibitor of glucocerebrosidase, to model reduced glucocerebrosidase activity in vivo, and tested whether sustained glucocerebrosidase inhibition in mice could induce neuropathological abnormalities including α-synucleinopathy, and neurodegeneration. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that daily systemic CBE treatment over 28 days caused accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra, and altered levels of proteins involved in the autophagy lysosomal system. These neuropathological changes were paralleled by widespread neuroinflammation, upregulation of complement C1q, abnormalities in synaptic, axonal transport and cytoskeletal proteins, and neurodegeneration. INNOVATION A reduction in brain GCase activity has been linked to sporadic PD and normal aging, and may contribute to the susceptibility of vulnerable neurons to degeneration. This report demonstrates that systemic reduction of GCase activity using chemical inhibition, leads to neuropathological changes in the brain reminiscent of α-synucleinopathy. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a link between reduced glucocerebrosidase and the development of α-synucleinopathy and pathophysiological abnormalities in mice, and support the development of GCase therapeutics to reduce α-synucleinopathy in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Jesse R McLean
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa A Hayes
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Beagan
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah C Izen
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Eduardo Perez-Torres
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Ole Isacson
- 1 Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts
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Smith GA, Rocha EM, Rooney T, Barneoud P, McLean JR, Beagan J, Osborn T, Coimbra M, Luo Y, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. A Nurr1 agonist causes neuroprotection in a Parkinson's disease lesion model primed with the toll-like receptor 3 dsRNA inflammatory stimulant poly(I:C). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121072. [PMID: 25815475 PMCID: PMC4376720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are characterized by the expression of genes required for dopamine synthesis, handling and reuptake and the expression of these genes is largely controlled by nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1). Nurr1 is also expressed in astrocytes and microglia where it functions to mitigate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic factors. Given that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis has been linked to both loss of Nurr1 expression in the SNpc and inflammation, increasing levels of Nurr1 maybe a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study a novel Nurr1 agonist, SA00025, was tested for both its efficiency to induce the transcription of dopaminergic target genes in vivo and prevent dopaminergic neuron degeneration in an inflammation exacerbated 6-OHDA-lesion model of PD. SA00025 (30mg/kg p.o.) entered the brain and modulated the expression of the dopaminergic phenotype genes TH, VMAT, DAT, AADC and the GDNF receptor gene c-Ret in the SN of naive rats. Daily gavage treatment with SA00025 (30mg/kg) for 32 days also induced partial neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons and fibers in rats administered a priming injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C) and subsequent injection of 6-OHDA. The neuroprotective effects of SA00025 in this dopamine neuron degeneration model were associated with changes in microglial morphology indicative of a resting state and a decrease in microglial specific IBA-1 staining intensity in the SNpc. Astrocyte specific GFAP staining intensity and IL-6 levels were also reduced. We conclude that Nurr1 agonist treatment causes neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in an inflammation exacerbated 6-OHDA lesion model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor A. Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Rooney
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jesse R. McLean
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Beagan
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Teresia Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Madeleine Coimbra
- Sanofi, Disposition, Safety & Animal Research, Department 1, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Yongyi Luo
- Sanofi-Genzyme, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Penelope J. Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OI); (PJH)
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OI); (PJH)
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Hallett PJ, Deleidi M, Astradsson A, Smith GA, Cooper O, Osborn TM, Sundberg M, Moore MA, Perez-Torres E, Brownell AL, Schumacher JM, Spealman RD, Isacson O. Successful function of autologous iPSC-derived dopamine neurons following transplantation in a non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:269-74. [PMID: 25732245 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autologous transplantation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons is a potential clinical approach for treatment of neurological disease. Preclinical demonstration of long-term efficacy, feasibility, and safety of iPSC-derived dopamine neurons in non-human primate models will be an important step in clinical development of cell therapy. Here, we analyzed cynomolgus monkey (CM) iPSC-derived midbrain dopamine neurons for up to 2 years following autologous transplantation in a Parkinson's disease (PD) model. In one animal, with the most successful protocol, we found that unilateral engraftment of CM-iPSCs could provide a gradual onset of functional motor improvement contralateral to the side of dopamine neuron transplantation, and increased motor activity, without a need for immunosuppression. Postmortem analyses demonstrated robust survival of midbrain-like dopaminergic neurons and extensive outgrowth into the transplanted putamen. Our proof of concept findings support further development of autologous iPSC-derived cell transplantation for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Arnar Astradsson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Maria Sundberg
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michele A Moore
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Eduardo Perez-Torres
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - James M Schumacher
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Roger D Spealman
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Rocha EM, Smith GA, Park E, Cao H, Brown E, Hallett P, Isacson O. Progressive decline of glucocerebrosidase in aging and Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:433-8. [PMID: 25909088 PMCID: PMC4402088 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal risk factor for developing most adult onset neurodegenerative diseases is aging, with incidence rising significantly after age 50. Despite research efforts, the causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unknown. As neurons age, they show signs of diminished lysosomal and mitochondrial function, including increased oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins, and these changes become exacerbated PD. We show that activity of the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase gradually diminishes with age in the substantia nigra and putamen of healthy controls. This reduction is comparable to glucocerebrosidase activity in GBA1-mutation carrier PD patients. These data, demonstrate for the first time that an age-dependent reduction in glucocerebrosidase activity may lower the threshold for developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478
| | - Eric Park
- Shire 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Shire 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421
| | - Eilish Brown
- Shire 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421
| | - Penelope Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478
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McLean JR, Smith GA, Rocha EM, Hayes MA, Beagan JA, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Widespread neuron-specific transgene expression in brain and spinal cord following synapsin promoter-driven AAV9 neonatal intracerebroventricular injection. Neurosci Lett 2014; 576:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sundberg M, Bogetofte H, Lawson T, Jansson J, Smith G, Astradsson A, Moore M, Osborn T, Cooper O, Spealman R, Hallett P, Isacson O. Improved cell therapy protocols for Parkinson's disease based on differentiation efficiency and safety of hESC-, hiPSC-, and non-human primate iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1548-62. [PMID: 23666606 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The main motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain (VM). For the future treatment of Parkinson's disease with cell transplantation it is important to develop efficient differentiation methods for production of human iPSCs and hESCs-derived midbrain-type DA neurons. Here we describe an efficient differentiation and sorting strategy for DA neurons from both human ES/iPS cells and non-human primate iPSCs. The use of non-human primate iPSCs for neuronal differentiation and autologous transplantation is important for preclinical evaluation of safety and efficacy of stem cell-derived DA neurons. The aim of this study was to improve the safety of human- and non-human primate iPSC (PiPSC)-derived DA neurons. According to our results, NCAM(+) /CD29(low) sorting enriched VM DA neurons from pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cell populations. NCAM(+) /CD29(low) DA neurons were positive for FOXA2/TH and EN1/TH and this cell population had increased expression levels of FOXA2, LMX1A, TH, GIRK2, PITX3, EN1, NURR1 mRNA compared to unsorted neural cell populations. PiPSC-derived NCAM(+) /CD29(low) DA neurons were able to restore motor function of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats 16 weeks after transplantation. The transplanted sorted cells also integrated in the rodent brain tissue, with robust TH+/hNCAM+ neuritic innervation of the host striatum. One year after autologous transplantation, the primate iPSC-derived neural cells survived in the striatum of one primate without any immunosuppression. These neural cell grafts contained FOXA2/TH-positive neurons in the graft site. This is an important proof of concept for the feasibility and safety of iPSC-derived cell transplantation therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundberg
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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Hallett PJ, Cooper O, Sadi D, Robertson H, Mendez I, Isacson O. Long-term health of dopaminergic neuron transplants in Parkinson's disease patients. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1755-61. [PMID: 24910427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the long-term health and function of transplanted dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the expression of dopamine transporters (DATs) and mitochondrial morphology were examined in human fetal midbrain cellular transplants. DAT was robustly expressed in transplanted dopamine neuron terminals in the reinnervated host putamen and caudate for at least 14 years after transplantation. The transplanted dopamine neurons showed a healthy and nonatrophied morphology at all time points. Labeling of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 and α-synuclein showed a typical cellular pathology in the patients' own substantia nigra, which was not observed in transplanted dopamine neurons. These results show that the vast majority of transplanted neurons remain healthy for the long term in PD patients, consistent with clinical findings that fetal dopamine neuron transplants maintain function for up to 15-18 years in patients. These findings are critically important for the rational development of stem-cell-based dopamine neuronal replacement therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Damaso Sadi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Harold Robertson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Ivar Mendez
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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McLean JR, Smith GA, Rocha EM, Osborn TM, Dib S, Hayes MA, Beagan JA, Brown TB, Lawson TFS, Hallett PJ, Robertson J, Isacson O. ALS-associated peripherin spliced transcripts form distinct protein inclusions that are neuroprotective against oxidative stress. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:217-29. [PMID: 24907400 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular proteinaceous inclusions are well-documented hallmarks of the fatal motor neuron disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The pathological significance of these inclusions remains unknown. Peripherin, a type III intermediate filament protein, is upregulated in ALS and identified as a component within different types of ALS inclusions. The formation of these inclusions may be associated with abnormal peripherin splicing, whereby an increase in mRNA retaining introns 3 and 4 (Per-3,4) leads to the generation of an aggregation-prone isoform, Per-28. During the course of evaluating peripherin filament assembly in SW-13 cells, we identified that expression of both Per-3,4 and Per-28 transcripts formed inclusions with categorically distinct morphology: Per-3,4 was associated with cytoplasmic condensed/bundled filaments, small inclusions (<10μM), or large inclusions (≥10μM); while Per-28 was associated with punctate inclusions in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. We found temporal and spatial changes in inclusion morphology between 12 and 48h post-transfected cells, which were accompanied by unique immunofluorescent and biochemical changes of other ALS-relevant proteins, including TDP-43 and ubiquitin. Despite mild cytotoxicity associated with peripherin transfection, Per-3,4 and Per-28 expression increased cell viability during H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in BE(2)-M17 neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, this study shows that ALS-associated peripherin isoforms form dynamic cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions, effect changes in local endogenous protein expression, and afford cytoprotection against oxidative stress. These findings may have important relevance to understanding the pathophysiological role of inclusions in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R McLean
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Samar Dib
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa A Hayes
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Beagan
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Tana B Brown
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Tristan F S Lawson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Zhang J, Saur T, Duke AN, Grant SGN, Platt DM, Rowlett JK, Isacson O, Yao WD. Motor impairments, striatal degeneration, and altered dopamine-glutamate interplay in mice lacking PSD-95. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:98-111. [PMID: 24702501 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.892486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) mediate neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration under many neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by the preferential loss of medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) in the striatum. PSD-95 is a major scaffolding protein in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of dendritic spines, where a classical role for PSD-95 is to stabilize glutamate receptors at sites of synaptic transmission. Our recent studies indicate that PSD-95 also interacts with the D1 DA receptor localized in spines and negatively regulates spine D1 signaling. Moreover, PSD-95 forms ternary protein complexes with D1 and NMDA receptors, and plays a role in limiting the reciprocal potentiation between both receptors from being escalated. These studies suggest a neuroprotective role for PSD-95. Here we show that mice lacking PSD-95, resulting from genetic deletion of the GK domain of PSD-95 (PSD-95-ΔGK mice), sporadically develop progressive neurological impairments characterized by hypolocomotion, limb clasping, and loss of DARPP-32-positive MSNs. Electrophysiological experiments indicated that NMDA receptors in mutant MSNs were overactive, suggested by larger, NMDA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and higher ratios of NMDA- to AMPA-mediated corticostriatal synaptic transmission. In addition, NMDA receptor currents in mutant cortical neurons were more sensitive to potentiation by the D1 receptor agonist SKF81297. Finally, repeated administration of the psychostimulant cocaine at a dose regimen not producing overt toxicity-related phenotypes in normal mice reliably converted asymptomatic mutant mice to clasping symptomatic mice. These results support the hypothesis that deletion of PSD-95 in mutant mice produces concomitant overactivation of both D1 and NMDA receptors that makes neurons more susceptible to NMDA excitotoxicity, causing neuronal damage and neurological impairments. Understanding PSD-95-dependent neuroprotective mechanisms may help elucidate processes underlying neurodegeneration in HD and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Zhang
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School , Southborough, Massachusetts , USA
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Smith GA, Rocha EM, McLean JR, Hayes MA, Izen SC, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Progressive axonal transport and synaptic protein changes correlate with behavioral and neuropathological abnormalities in the heterozygous Q175 KI mouse model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4510-27. [PMID: 24728190 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term goal of modeling Huntington's disease (HD) is to recapitulate the cardinal features of the disease in mice that express both mutant and wild-type (WT) huntingtin (Htt), as HD commonly manifests as a heterozygous condition in humans, and loss of WT Htt is associated with loss-of-function. In a new heterozygous Q175 knock-in (KI) mouse model, we performed an extensive evaluation of motor and cognitive functional deficits, neuropathological and biochemical changes and levels of proteins involved in synaptic function, the cytoskeleton and axonal transport, at 1-16 months of age. Motor deficits were apparent at 6 months of age in Q175 KI mice and at that time, postmortem striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were elevated and mutant Htt inclusions were present throughout the brain. From 6 months of age, levels of proteins associated with synaptic function, including SNAP-25, Rab3A and PSD-95, and with axonal transport and microtubules, including KIF3A, dynein and dynactin, were altered in the striatum, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of Q175 KI mice, compared with WT levels. At 12-16 months of age, Q175 KI mice displayed motor and cognitive deficits, which were paralleled at postmortem by striatal atrophy, cortical thinning, degeneration of medium spiny neurons, dense mutant Htt inclusion formation, decreased striatal dopamine levels and loss of striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Data from this study indicate that the heterozygous Q175 KI mouse represents a realistic model for HD and also provides new insights into the specific and progressive synaptic, cytoskeletal and axonal transport protein abnormalities that may accompany the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor A Smith
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jesse R McLean
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Melissa A Hayes
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sarah C Izen
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute and Laboratories, Belmont, MA, USA
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Davies SE, Hallett PJ, Moens T, Smith G, Mangano E, Kim HT, Goldberg AL, Liu JL, Isacson O, Tofaris GK. Enhanced ubiquitin-dependent degradation by Nedd4 protects against α-synuclein accumulation and toxicity in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 64:79-87. [PMID: 24388974 PMCID: PMC3988924 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by accumulation and misfolding of α-synuclein. Although the level of α-synuclein in neurons is fundamentally linked to the onset of neurodegeneration, multiple pathways have been implicated in its degradation, and it remains unclear which are the critical ubiquitination enzymes that protect against α-synuclein accumulation in vivo. The ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 targets α-synuclein to the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in cultured cells. Here we asked whether Nedd4-mediated degradation protects against α-synuclein-induced toxicity in the Drosophila and rodent models of Parkinson's disease. We show that overexpression of Nedd4 can rescue the degenerative phenotype from ectopic expression of α-synuclein in the Drosophila eye. Overexpressed Nedd4 in the Drosophila brain prevented the α-synuclein-induced locomotor defect whereas reduction in endogenous Nedd4 by RNAi led to worsening motor function and increased loss of dopaminergic neurons. Accordingly, AAV-mediated expression of wild-type but not the catalytically inactive Nedd4 decreased the α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic cell loss in the rat substantia nigra and reduced α-synuclein accumulation. Collectively, our data in two evolutionarily distant model organisms strongly suggest that Nedd4 is a modifier of α-synuclein pathobiology and thus a potential target for neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E Davies
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Thomas Moens
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gaynor Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Emily Mangano
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | | | - Ji-Long Liu
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, UK.
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Sanders LH, Laganière J, Cooper O, Mak SK, Vu BJ, Huang YA, Paschon DE, Vangipuram M, Sundararajan R, Urnov FD, Langston JW, Gregory PD, Zhang HS, Greenamyre JT, Isacson O, Schüle B. LRRK2 mutations cause mitochondrial DNA damage in iPSC-derived neural cells from Parkinson's disease patients: reversal by gene correction. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:381-6. [PMID: 24148854 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease associated mutations in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) impair mitochondrial function and increase the vulnerability of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural cells from patients to oxidative stress. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can compromise mitochondrial function, we examined whether LRRK2 mutations can induce damage to the mitochondrial genome. We found greater levels of mtDNA damage in iPSC-derived neural cells from patients carrying homozygous or heterozygous LRRK2 G2019S mutations, or at-risk individuals carrying the heterozygous LRRK2 R1441C mutation, than in cells from unrelated healthy subjects who do not carry LRRK2 mutations. After zinc finger nuclease-mediated repair of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in iPSCs, mtDNA damage was no longer detected in differentiated neuroprogenitor and neural cells. Our results unambiguously link LRRK2 mutations to mtDNA damage and validate a new cellular phenotype that can be used for examining pathogenic mechanisms and screening therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie H Sanders
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Josée Laganière
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sally K Mak
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA
| | - B Joseph Vu
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Y Anne Huang
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA
| | - David E Paschon
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Malini Vangipuram
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Fyodor D Urnov
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | | | - Philip D Gregory
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - H Steve Zhang
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA.
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Cooper O, Seo H, Andrabi S, Guardia-Laguarta C, Graziotto J, Sundberg M, McLean JR, Carrillo-Reid L, Xie Z, Osborn T, Hargus G, Deleidi M, Lawson T, Bogetofte H, Perez-Torres E, Clark L, Moskowitz C, Mazzulli J, Chen L, Volpicelli-Daley L, Romero N, Jiang H, Uitti RJ, Huang Z, Opala G, Scarffe LA, Dawson VL, Klein C, Feng J, Ross OA, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Marder K, Surmeier DJ, Wszolek ZK, Przedborski S, Krainc D, Dawson TM, Isacson O. Pharmacological rescue of mitochondrial deficits in iPSC-derived neural cells from patients with familial Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:141ra90. [PMID: 22764206 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors that results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in the brain. We analyzed neural cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from PD patients and presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations in the PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) and LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) genes, and compared them to those of healthy control subjects. We measured several aspects of mitochondrial responses in the iPSC-derived neural cells including production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial respiration, proton leakage, and intraneuronal movement of mitochondria. Cellular vulnerability associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSC-derived neural cells from familial PD patients and at-risk individuals could be rescued with coenzyme Q(10), rapamycin, or the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor GW5074. Analysis of mitochondrial responses in iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients carrying different mutations provides insight into convergence of cellular disease mechanisms between different familial forms of PD and highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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