1
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Ofiti NOE, Huguet A, Hanson PJ, Wiesenberg GLB. Peatland warming influences the abundance and distribution of branched tetraether lipids: Implications for temperature reconstruction. Sci Total Environ 2024; 924:171666. [PMID: 38490418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are bacterial membrane lipids whose distribution in peatland soils serves as an important proxy for past climate changes due to strong linear correlations with temperature in modern environments. However, commonly used brGDGT-based temperature models are characterized by high uncertainty (ca. 4 °C) and these calibrations can show implausible correlations when applied at an ecosystem level. This lack of accuracy is often attributed to our limited understanding of the exact mechanisms behind the relationship between brGDGTs and temperature and the potential effect of temperature-independent factors on brGDGT distribution. Here, we examine the abundance and distribution of brGDGTs in a boreal peatland after four years of in-situ warming (+0, +2.25, +4.5, +6.75 and +9 °C). We observed that with warming, concentrations of total brGDGTs increased. Furthermore, we determined a shift in brGDGT distribution in the surface aerobic layers of the acrotelm (0-30 cm depth), whereas no detectable change was observed at deeper anaerobic depths (>40 cm), possibly due to limited microbial activity. The response of brGDGTs to warming was also reflected by a strong increase in the methylation index of 5-methyl brGDGTs (MBT'5Me), classically used as a temperature proxy. Further, the relationship between the MBT'5Me index and soil temperature differed between 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depth, highlighting depth-specific response of brGDGTs to warming, which should be considered in paleoenvironmental and paleoecological studies. As the bacterial community composition was generally unaltered, the rapid changes in brGDGT distribution argue for a physiological adaptation of the microorganisms producing these lipids. Finally, soil temperature and water table depth were better predictors of brGDGT concentration and distribution, highlighting the potential for these drivers to impact brGDGT-based proxies. To summarize, our results provide insights on the response of brGDGT source microorganisms to soil warming and underscore brGDGTs as viable temperature proxies for better understanding of climatic perturbation in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O E Ofiti
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; CEREEP-Ecotron Ile De France, ENS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France.
| | - Arnaud Huguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, France
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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2
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Duchesneau K, Defrenne CE, Petro C, Malhotra A, Moore JAM, Childs J, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM, Kostka JE. Responses of vascular plant fine roots and associated microbial communities to whole-ecosystem warming and elevated CO 2 in northern peatlands. New Phytol 2024; 242:1333-1347. [PMID: 38515239 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Warming and elevated CO2 (eCO2) are expected to facilitate vascular plant encroachment in peatlands. The rhizosphere, where microbial activity is fueled by root turnover and exudates, plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycling, and will likely at least partially dictate the response of the belowground carbon cycle to climate changes. We leveraged the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment, to explore the effects of a whole-ecosystem warming gradient (+0°C to 9°C) and eCO2 on vascular plant fine roots and their associated microbes. We combined trait-based approaches with the profiling of fungal and prokaryote communities in plant roots and rhizospheres, through amplicon sequencing. Warming promoted self-reliance for resource uptake in trees and shrubs, while saprophytic fungi and putative chemoorganoheterotrophic bacteria utilizing plant-derived carbon substrates were favored in the root zone. Conversely, eCO2 promoted associations between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Trees mostly associated with short-distance exploration-type fungi that preferentially use labile soil N. Additionally, eCO2 decreased the relative abundance of saprotrophs in tree roots. Our results indicate that plant fine-root trait variation is a crucial mechanism through which vascular plants in peatlands respond to climate change via their influence on microbial communities that regulate biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Duchesneau
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Camille E Defrenne
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Caitlin Petro
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jessica A M Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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3
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Ofiti NOE, Schmidt MWI, Abiven S, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM, Wilson RM, Kostka JE, Wiesenberg GLB, Malhotra A. Climate warming and elevated CO 2 alter peatland soil carbon sources and stability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7533. [PMID: 37985767 PMCID: PMC10662476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peatlands are an important carbon (C) reservoir storing one-third of global soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known about the fate of these C stocks under climate change. Here, we examine the impact of warming and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) on the molecular composition of SOC to infer SOC sources (microbe-, plant- and fire-derived) and stability in a boreal peatland. We show that while warming alone decreased plant- and microbe-derived SOC due to enhanced decomposition, warming combined with eCO2 increased plant-derived SOC compounds. We further observed increasing root-derived inputs (suberin) and declining leaf/needle-derived inputs (cutin) into SOC under warming and eCO2. The decline in SOC compounds with warming and gains from new root-derived C under eCO2, suggest that warming and eCO2 may shift peatland C budget towards pools with faster turnover. Together, our results indicate that climate change may increase inputs and enhance decomposition of SOC potentially destabilising C storage in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O E Ofiti
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- CEREEP-Ecotron Ile De France, ENS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France.
| | | | - Samuel Abiven
- CEREEP-Ecotron Ile De France, ENS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, Ecole normale supérieure (ENS), Paris, France
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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4
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Roth SW, Griffiths NA, Kolka RK, Oleheiser KC, Carrell AA, Klingeman DM, Seibert A, Chanton JP, Hanson PJ, Schadt CW. Elevated temperature alters microbial communities, but not decomposition rates, during 3 years of in situ peat decomposition. mSystems 2023; 8:e0033723. [PMID: 37819069 PMCID: PMC10654087 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00337-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Microbial community changes in response to climate change drivers have the potential to alter the trajectory of important ecosystem functions. In this paper, we show that while microbial communities in peatland systems responded to manipulations of temperature and CO2 concentrations, these changes were not associated with similar responses in peat decomposition rates over 3 years. It is unclear however from our current studies whether this functional resiliency over 3 years will continue over the longer time scales relevant to peatland ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W. Roth
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie A. Griffiths
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Randall K. Kolka
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Grand Rapids, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keith C. Oleheiser
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa A. Carrell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dawn M. Klingeman
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Angela Seibert
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Dusenge ME, Warren JM, Reich PB, Ward EJ, Murphy BK, Stefanski A, Bermudez R, Cruz M, McLennan DA, King AW, Montgomery RA, Hanson PJ, Way DA. Boreal conifers maintain carbon uptake with warming despite failure to track optimal temperatures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4667. [PMID: 37537190 PMCID: PMC10400668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming shifts the thermal optimum of net photosynthesis (ToptA) to higher temperatures. However, our knowledge of this shift is mainly derived from seedlings grown in greenhouses under ambient atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions. It is unclear whether shifts in ToptA of field-grown trees will keep pace with the temperatures predicted for the 21st century under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, using a whole-ecosystem warming controlled experiment under either ambient or elevated CO2 levels, we show that ToptA of mature boreal conifers increased with warming. However, shifts in ToptA did not keep pace with warming as ToptA only increased by 0.26-0.35 °C per 1 °C of warming. Net photosynthetic rates estimated at the mean growth temperature increased with warming in elevated CO2 spruce, while remaining constant in ambient CO2 spruce and in both ambient CO2 and elevated CO2 tamarack with warming. Although shifts in ToptA of these two species are insufficient to keep pace with warming, these boreal conifers can thermally acclimate photosynthesis to maintain carbon uptake in future air temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L 1E4, Canada.
- Western Centre for Climate Change, Sustainable Livelihoods and Health, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6G 2V4, Canada.
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for the Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eric J Ward
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Bridget K Murphy
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Graduate Program in Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Raimundo Bermudez
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Marisol Cruz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - David A McLennan
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Anthony W King
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Rebecca A Montgomery
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
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6
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Schädel C, Seyednasrollah B, Hanson PJ, Hufkens K, Pearson KJ, Warren JM, Richardson AD. Using long-term data from a whole ecosystem warming experiment to identify best spring and autumn phenology models. Plant Environ Interact 2023; 4:188-200. [PMID: 37583877 PMCID: PMC10423976 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Predicting vegetation phenology in response to changing environmental factors is key in understanding feedbacks between the biosphere and the climate system. Experimental approaches extending the temperature range beyond historic climate variability provide a unique opportunity to identify model structures that are best suited to predicting phenological changes under future climate scenarios. Here, we model spring and autumn phenological transition dates obtained from digital repeat photography in a boreal Picea-Sphagnum bog in response to a gradient of whole ecosystem warming manipulations of up to +9°C, using five years of observational data. In spring, seven equally best-performing models for Larix utilized the accumulation of growing degree days as a common driver for temperature forcing. For Picea, the best two models were sequential models requiring winter chilling before spring forcing temperature is accumulated. In shrub, parallel models with chilling and forcing requirements occurring simultaneously were identified as the best models. Autumn models were substantially improved when a CO2 parameter was included. Overall, the combination of experimental manipulations and multiple years of observations combined with variation in weather provided the framework to rule out a large number of candidate models and to identify best spring and autumn models for each plant functional type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
- Woodwell Climate Research CenterFalmouthMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bijan Seyednasrollah
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber SystemsNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Kyle J. Pearson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Jeffrey M. Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Andrew D. Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber SystemsNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
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7
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Petro C, Carrell AA, Wilson RM, Duchesneau K, Noble-Kuchera S, Song T, Iversen CM, Childs J, Schwaner G, Chanton JP, Norby RJ, Hanson PJ, Glass JB, Weston DJ, Kostka JE. Climate drivers alter nitrogen availability in surface peat and decouple N 2 fixation from CH 4 oxidation in the Sphagnum moss microbiome. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3159-3176. [PMID: 36999440 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peat mosses (Sphagnum spp.) are keystone species in boreal peatlands, where they dominate net primary productivity and facilitate the accumulation of carbon in thick peat deposits. Sphagnum mosses harbor a diverse assemblage of microbial partners, including N2 -fixing (diazotrophic) and CH4 -oxidizing (methanotrophic) taxa that support ecosystem function by regulating transformations of carbon and nitrogen. Here, we investigate the response of the Sphagnum phytobiome (plant + constituent microbiome + environment) to a gradient of experimental warming (+0°C to +9°C) and elevated CO2 (+500 ppm) in an ombrotrophic peatland in northern Minnesota (USA). By tracking changes in carbon (CH4 , CO2 ) and nitrogen (NH4 -N) cycling from the belowground environment up to Sphagnum and its associated microbiome, we identified a series of cascading impacts to the Sphagnum phytobiome triggered by warming and elevated CO2 . Under ambient CO2 , warming increased plant-available NH4 -N in surface peat, excess N accumulated in Sphagnum tissue, and N2 fixation activity decreased. Elevated CO2 offset the effects of warming, disrupting the accumulation of N in peat and Sphagnum tissue. Methane concentrations in porewater increased with warming irrespective of CO2 treatment, resulting in a ~10× rise in methanotrophic activity within Sphagnum from the +9°C enclosures. Warming's divergent impacts on diazotrophy and methanotrophy caused these processes to become decoupled at warmer temperatures, as evidenced by declining rates of methane-induced N2 fixation and significant losses of keystone microbial taxa. In addition to changes in the Sphagnum microbiome, we observed ~94% mortality of Sphagnum between the +0°C and +9°C treatments, possibly due to the interactive effects of warming on N-availability and competition from vascular plant species. Collectively, these results highlight the vulnerability of the Sphagnum phytobiome to rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with significant implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling in boreal peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Petro
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa A Carrell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine Duchesneau
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sekou Noble-Kuchera
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tianze Song
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Geoff Schwaner
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer B Glass
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Hou E, Ma S, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Kim HS, López-Blanco E, Jiang L, Xia J, Tao F, Williams C, Williams M, Ricciuto D, Hanson PJ, Luo Y. Across-model spread and shrinking in predicting peatland carbon dynamics under global change. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2759-2775. [PMID: 36799318 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Large across-model spread in simulating land carbon (C) dynamics has been ubiquitously demonstrated in model intercomparison projects (MIPs), and became a major impediment in advancing climate change prediction. Thus, it is imperative to identify underlying sources of the spread. Here, we used a novel matrix approach to analytically pin down the sources of across-model spread in transient peatland C dynamics in response to a factorial combination of two atmospheric CO2 levels and five temperature levels. We developed a matrix-based MIP by converting the C cycle module of eight land models (i.e., TEM, CENTURY4, DALEC2, TECO, FBDC, CASA, CLM4.5 and ORCHIDEE) into eight matrix models. While the model average of ecosystem C storage was comparable to the measurement, the simulation differed largely among models, mainly due to inter-model difference in baseline C residence time. Models generally overestimated net ecosystem production (NEP), with a large spread that was mainly attributed to inter-model difference in environmental scalar. Based on the sources of spreads identified, we sequentially standardized model parameters to shrink simulated ecosystem C storage and NEP to almost none. Models generally captured the observed negative response of NEP to warming, but differed largely in the magnitude of response, due to differences in baseline C residence time and temperature sensitivity of decomposition. While there was a lack of response of NEP to elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) concentrations in the measurements, simulated NEP responded positively to eCO2 concentrations in most models, due to the positive responses of simulated net primary production. Our study used one case study in Minnesota peatland to demonstrate that the sources of across-model spreads in simulating transient C dynamics can be precisely traced to model structures and parameters, regardless of their complexity, given the protocol that all the matrix models were driven by the same gross primary production and environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqing Hou
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu Zhou
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyung-Sub Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environment and Minerals, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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9
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Wood JD, Gu L, Hanson PJ, Frankenberg C, Sack L. The ecosystem wilting point defines drought response and recovery of a Quercus-Carya forest. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2015-2029. [PMID: 36600482 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil and atmospheric droughts increasingly threaten plant survival and productivity around the world. Yet, conceptual gaps constrain our ability to predict ecosystem-scale drought impacts under climate change. Here, we introduce the ecosystem wilting point (ΨEWP ), a property that integrates the drought response of an ecosystem's plant community across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Specifically, ΨEWP defines a threshold below which the capacity of the root system to extract soil water and the ability of the leaves to maintain stomatal function are strongly diminished. We combined ecosystem flux and leaf water potential measurements to derive the ΨEWP of a Quercus-Carya forest from an "ecosystem pressure-volume (PV) curve," which is analogous to the tissue-level technique. When community predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd ) was above ΨEWP (=-2.0 MPa), the forest was highly responsive to environmental dynamics. When Ψpd fell below ΨEWP , the forest became insensitive to environmental variation and was a net source of carbon dioxide for nearly 2 months. Thus, ΨEWP is a threshold defining marked shifts in ecosystem functional state. Though there was rainfall-induced recovery of ecosystem gas exchange following soaking rains, a legacy of structural and physiological damage inhibited canopy photosynthetic capacity. Although over 16 growing seasons, only 10% of Ψpd observations fell below ΨEWP , the forest is commonly only 2-4 weeks of intense drought away from reaching ΨEWP , and thus highly reliant on frequent rainfall to replenish the soil water supply. We propose, based on a bottom-up analysis of root density profiles and soil moisture characteristic curves, that soil water acquisition capacity is the major determinant of ΨEWP , and species in an ecosystem require compatible leaf-level traits such as turgor loss point so that leaf wilting is coordinated with the inability to extract further water from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Good Z, Spiegel JY, Sahaf B, Malipatlolla MB, Ehlinger ZJ, Kurra S, Desai MH, Reynolds WD, Wong Lin A, Vandris P, Wu F, Prabhu S, Hamilton MP, Tamaresis JS, Hanson PJ, Patel S, Feldman SA, Frank MJ, Baird JH, Muffly L, Claire GK, Craig J, Kong KA, Wagh D, Coller J, Bendall SC, Tibshirani RJ, Plevritis SK, Miklos DB, Mackall CL. Post-infusion CAR T Reg cells identify patients resistant to CD19-CAR therapy. Nat Med 2022; 28:1860-1871. [PMID: 36097223 PMCID: PMC10917089 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 60% of patients with large B cell lymphoma treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies targeting CD19 experience disease progression, and neurotoxicity remains a challenge. Biomarkers associated with resistance and toxicity are limited. In this study, single-cell proteomic profiling of circulating CAR T cells in 32 patients treated with CD19-CAR identified that CD4+Helios+ CAR T cells on day 7 after infusion are associated with progressive disease and less severe neurotoxicity. Deep profiling demonstrated that this population is non-clonal and manifests hallmark features of T regulatory (TReg) cells. Validation cohort analysis upheld the link between higher CAR TReg cells with clinical progression and less severe neurotoxicity. A model combining expansion of this subset with lactate dehydrogenase levels, as a surrogate for tumor burden, was superior for predicting durable clinical response compared to models relying on each feature alone. These data credential CAR TReg cell expansion as a novel biomarker of response and toxicity after CAR T cell therapy and raise the prospect that this subset may regulate CAR T cell responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida Good
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jay Y Spiegel
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bita Sahaf
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meena B Malipatlolla
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zach J Ehlinger
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sreevidya Kurra
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Moksha H Desai
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Warren D Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anita Wong Lin
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cancer Research Lab, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Panayiotis Vandris
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Snehit Prabhu
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark P Hamilton
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John S Tamaresis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Syncopation Life Sciences, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Frank
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John H Baird
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Division of Lymphoma, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lori Muffly
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gursharan K Claire
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juliana Craig
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Kong
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dhananjay Wagh
- Stanford Genomics Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Coller
- Stanford Genomics Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David B Miklos
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Hanson PJ, Liu-Fei F, Ng C, Minato TA, Lai C, Hossain AR, Chan R, Grewal B, Singhera G, Rai H, Hirota J, Anderson DR, Radio SJ, McManus BM. Characterization of COVID-19-associated cardiac injury: evidence for a multifactorial disease in an autopsy cohort. J Transl Med 2022; 102:814-825. [PMID: 35437316 PMCID: PMC9015288 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic evolves, much evidence implicates the heart as a critical target of injury in patients. The mechanism(s) of cardiac involvement has not been fully elucidated, although evidence of direct virus-mediated injury, thromboembolism with ischemic complications, and cytokine storm has been reported. We examined suggested mechanisms of COVID-19-associated heart failure in 21 COVID-19-positive decedents, obtained through standard autopsy procedure, compared to clinically matched controls and patients with various etiologies of viral myocarditis. We developed a custom tissue microarray using regions of pathological interest and interrogated tissues via immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was detected in 16/21 patients, in cardiomyocytes, the endothelium, interstitial spaces, and percolating adipocytes within the myocardium. Virus detection typically corresponded with troponin depletion and increased cleaved caspase-3. Indirect mechanisms of injury-venous and arterial thromboses with associated vasculitis including a mixed inflammatory infiltrate-were also observed. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were present in the myocardium of all COVID-19 patients, regardless of injury degree. Borderline myocarditis (inflammation without associated myocyte injury) was observed in 19/21 patients, characterized by a predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Edema, inflammation of percolating adipocytes, lymphocytic aggregates, and large septal masses of inflammatory cells and platelets were observed as defining features, and myofibrillar damage was evident in all patients. Collectively, COVID-19-associated cardiac injury was multifactorial, with elevated levels of NETs and von Willebrand factor as defining features of direct and indirect viral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Hanson
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada,UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Coco Ng
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Chi Lai
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care – St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care – St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bobby Grewal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care – St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singhera
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harpreet Rai
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hirota
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, L8S 4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, L8S 4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, L8N 4A6, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Anderson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Stanley J. Radio
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bruce M. McManus
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada,UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada,PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Good Z, Hamilton MP, Spiegel JY, Kurra S, Desai M, Prabhu S, Yang E, Ozawa MG, Hanson PJ, Wu F, Frank MJ, Baird JH, Muffly L, Claire GK, Craig J, Kong KA, Wagh D, Coller J, Plevritis SK, Sahaf B, Miklos DB, Mackall CL. Abstract 3603: Reverse fate mapping of CD19-targeted CAR T cells in patients with large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Autologous T cells genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor targeting CD19 (CD19-CAR) have achieved high complete response rates in patients with hematologic malignancies, but >50% of patients progress following therapy. Here, we sought to understand key T-cell intrinsic factors impacting efficacy, namely CAR T-cell expansion, persistence, and homing to the tumor. Using an approach called reverse fate mapping, we followed individual T-cell clones at the single-cell level from pre-manufacture apheresis to the infusion product, tumor-involved lymph node, and blood at peak and late expansion in 12 adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel, an FDA-approved CD19-CAR T-cell immunotherapy. The resulting CAR T-cell atlas comprises matched transcriptome (scRNA-seq) and surface protein expression (CITE-seq) for 322,028 cells from 44 samples, with 119,397 unique T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes identified. This atlas enabled us to ask questions like: “What were the phenotypes of the most successful CAR T-cell clones at the time of infusion or pre-manufacture apheresis?” We found that T-cell clonotypes with juvenile features at apheresis, including IL7R expression, were the most successful at expansion to higher frequencies in the infusion product, while clones with effector gene expression programs, such as those encoding perforin and granzymes, contracted between apheresis and product. Conversely, it was GZMK-expressing T cells in pre-manufacture apheresis that were dominant in the tumor early following CAR T-cell infusion. Further, T-cell clonotypes with active effector programs at infusion dominated at peak expansion. Finally, we defined active expression modules and pathways in the infusion product for CAR T-cell clones that homed to the tumor or became dominant at late expansion. These analyses pinpoint the molecular mechanisms that could be modulated to rationally steer CAR T-cell differentiation trajectories at the genetic or pharmacological level. This work was supported in part by the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kite Pharma, and Stanford Cancer Institute.
Citation Format: Zinaida Good, Mark P. Hamilton, Jay Y. Spiegel, Sreevidya Kurra, Moksha Desai, Snehit Prabhu, Eric Yang, Michael G. Ozawa, Paul J. Hanson, Fang Wu, Matthew J. Frank, John H. Baird, Lori Muffly, Gursharan K. Claire, Juliana Craig, Katherine A. Kong, Dhananjay Wagh, John Coller, Sylvia K. Plevritis, Bita Sahaf, David B. Miklos, Crystal L. Mackall. Reverse fate mapping of CD19-targeted CAR T cells in patients with large B-cell lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3603.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Wu
- 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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13
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Carrell AA, Lawrence TJ, Cabugao KGM, Carper DL, Pelletier DA, Lee JH, Jawdy SS, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Hanson PJ, Shaw AJ, Weston DJ. Habitat-adapted microbial communities mediate Sphagnum peatmoss resilience to warming. New Phytol 2022; 234:2111-2125. [PMID: 35266150 PMCID: PMC9310625 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sphagnum peatmosses are fundamental members of peatland ecosystems, where they contribute to the uptake and long-term storage of atmospheric carbon. Warming threatens Sphagnum mosses and is known to alter the composition of their associated microbiome. Here, we use a microbiome transfer approach to test if microbiome thermal origin influences host plant thermotolerance. We leveraged an experimental whole-ecosystem warming study to collect field-grown Sphagnum, mechanically separate the associated microbiome and then transfer onto germ-free laboratory Sphagnum for temperature experiments. Host and microbiome dynamics were assessed with growth analysis, Chla fluorescence imaging, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and 16S rDNA profiling. Microbiomes originating from warming field conditions imparted enhanced thermotolerance and growth recovery at elevated temperatures. Metagenome and metatranscriptome analyses revealed that warming altered microbial community structure in a manner that induced the plant heat shock response, especially the HSP70 family and jasmonic acid production. The heat shock response was induced even without warming treatment in the laboratory, suggesting that the warm-microbiome isolated from the field provided the host plant with thermal preconditioning. Our results demonstrate that microbes, which respond rapidly to temperature alterations, can play key roles in host plant growth response to rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Carrell
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Travis J. Lawrence
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Kristine Grace M. Cabugao
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationUniversity of Tennessee1502 Cumberland Ave.KnoxvilleTN37996USA
| | - Dana L. Carper
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Dale A. Pelletier
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sara S. Jawdy
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology601 Genome WayHuntsvilleAL35806USA
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteLawrence Berkeley National Lab1 Cyclotron Rd.BerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology601 Genome WayHuntsvilleAL35806USA
- Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteLawrence Berkeley National Lab1 Cyclotron Rd.BerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | | | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RdOak RidgeTN37831USA
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14
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Iversen CM, Latimer J, Brice DJ, Childs J, Vander Stel HM, Defrenne CE, Graham J, Griffiths NA, Malhotra A, Norby RJ, Oleheiser KC, Phillips JR, Salmon VG, Sebestyen SD, Yang X, Hanson PJ. Whole-Ecosystem Warming Increases Plant-Available Nitrogen and Phosphorus in an Ombrotrophic Bog. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Ofiti NOE, Solly EF, Hanson PJ, Malhotra A, Wiesenberg GLB, Schmidt MWI. Warming and elevated CO 2 promote rapid incorporation and degradation of plant-derived organic matter in an ombrotrophic peatland. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:883-898. [PMID: 34689380 PMCID: PMC9299048 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures have the potential to directly affect carbon cycling in peatlands by enhancing organic matter (OM) decomposition, contributing to the release of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere. In turn, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration may stimulate photosynthesis, potentially increasing plant litter inputs belowground and transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems. Key questions remain about the magnitude and rate of these interacting and opposing environmental change drivers. Here, we assess the incorporation and degradation of plant- and microbe-derived OM in an ombrotrophic peatland after 4 years of whole-ecosystem warming (+0, +2.25, +4.5, +6.75 and +9°C) and two years of elevated CO2 manipulation (500 ppm above ambient). We show that OM molecular composition was substantially altered in the aerobic acrotelm, highlighting the sensitivity of acrotelm carbon to rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentration. While warming accelerated OM decomposition under ambient CO2 , new carbon incorporation into peat increased in warming × elevated CO2 treatments for both plant- and microbe-derived OM. Using the isotopic signature of the applied CO2 enrichment as a label for recently photosynthesized OM, our data demonstrate that new plant inputs have been rapidly incorporated into peat carbon. Our results suggest that under current hydrological conditions, rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels will likely offset each other in boreal peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily F. Solly
- Group for Sustainable AgroecosystemsDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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16
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Ter Horst AM, Santos-Medellín C, Sorensen JW, Zinke LA, Wilson RM, Johnston ER, Trubl G, Pett-Ridge J, Blazewicz SJ, Hanson PJ, Chanton JP, Schadt CW, Kostka JE, Emerson JB. Correction to: Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations. Microbiome 2022; 10:17. [PMID: 35078529 PMCID: PMC8790829 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jackson W Sorensen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura A Zinke
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Eric R Johnston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Gareth Trubl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Blazewicz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Joel E Kostka
- Schools of Biology and Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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17
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Hanson PJ, Liu-Fei F, Lai C, Toma M, McManus BM. COVID-19-positivity in a heart transplant recipient—antibody-mediated rejection or SARS-CoV-2-associated cardiac injury? Oxf Med Case Reports 2022; 2022:omab143. [PMID: 35083057 PMCID: PMC8787635 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the ongoing and heightening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the heart has been implicated as a central target of injury associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Correspondingly, heart transplant recipients are a vulnerable population for which insufficient research has been conducted. Pathologic antibody-mediated rejection (pAMR) of cardiac allografts shares many characteristics with COVID-19-associated cardiac injury. In this case study, we investigate a 57-year-old female who contracted COVID-19 11 days postheart transplant and was observed to have pAMR while positive for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, resulting in a diagnostic conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hanson
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felicia Liu-Fei
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chi Lai
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mustafa Toma
- St. Paul’s Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce M McManus
- PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Hanson PJ, Liu-Fei F, Minato TA, Hossain AR, Rai H, Chen VA, Ng C, Ask K, Hirota JA, McManus BM. Advanced detection strategies for cardiotropic virus infection in a cohort study of heart failure patients. J Transl Med 2022; 102:14-24. [PMID: 34608239 PMCID: PMC8488924 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and contribution of cardiotropic viruses to various expressions of heart failure are increasing, yet primarily underappreciated and underreported due to variable clinical syndromes, a lack of consensus diagnostic standards and insufficient clinical laboratory tools. In this study, we developed an advanced methodology for identifying viruses across a spectrum of heart failure patients. We designed a custom tissue microarray from 78 patients with conditions commonly associated with virus-related heart failure, conditions where viral contribution is typically uncertain, or conditions for which the etiological agent remains suspect but elusive. Subsequently, we employed advanced, highly sensitive in situ hybridization to probe for common cardiotropic viruses: adenovirus 2, coxsackievirus B3, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C and E, influenza B and parvovirus B19. Viral RNA was detected in 46.4% (32/69) of heart failure patients, with 50% of virus-positive samples containing more than one virus. Adenovirus 2 was the most prevalent, detected in 27.5% (19/69) of heart failure patients, while in contrast to previous reports, parvovirus B19 was detected in only 4.3% (3/69). As anticipated, viruses were detected in 77.8% (7/9) of patients with viral myocarditis and 37.5% (6/16) with dilated cardiomyopathy. Additionally, viruses were detected in 50% of patients with coronary artery disease (3/6) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2/4) and in 28.6% (2/7) of transplant rejection cases. We also report for the first time viral detection within a granulomatous lesion of cardiac sarcoidosis and in giant cell myocarditis, conditions for which etiological agents remain unknown. Our study has revealed a higher than anticipated prevalence of cardiotropic viruses within cardiac muscle tissue in a spectrum of heart failure conditions, including those not previously associated with a viral trigger or exacerbating role. Our work forges a path towards a deeper understanding of viruses in heart failure pathogenesis and opens possibilities for personalized patient therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hanson
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Harpreet Rai
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Coco Ng
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce M McManus
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Ter Horst AM, Santos-Medellín C, Sorensen JW, Zinke LA, Wilson RM, Johnston ER, Trubl G, Pett-Ridge J, Blazewicz SJ, Hanson PJ, Chanton JP, Schadt CW, Kostka JE, Emerson JB. Correction to: Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations. Microbiome 2021; 9:242. [PMID: 34911559 PMCID: PMC8672481 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura A Zinke
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Eric R Johnston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Gareth Trubl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Blazewicz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Joel E Kostka
- Schools of Biology and Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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20
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ter Horst AM, Santos-Medellín C, Sorensen JW, Zinke LA, Wilson RM, Johnston ER, Trubl G, Pett-Ridge J, Blazewicz SJ, Hanson PJ, Chanton JP, Schadt CW, Kostka JE, Emerson JB. Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations. Microbiome 2021; 9:233. [PMID: 34836550 PMCID: PMC8626947 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peatlands are expected to experience sustained yet fluctuating higher temperatures due to climate change, leading to increased microbial activity and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite mounting evidence for viral contributions to these processes in peatlands underlain with permafrost, little is known about viruses in other peatlands. More generally, soil viral biogeography and its potential drivers are poorly understood at both local and global scales. Here, 87 metagenomes and five viral size-fraction metagenomes (viromes) from a boreal peatland in northern Minnesota (the SPRUCE whole-ecosystem warming experiment and surrounding bog) were analyzed for dsDNA viral community ecological patterns, and the recovered viral populations (vOTUs) were compared with our curated PIGEON database of 266,125 vOTUs from diverse ecosystems. RESULTS Within the SPRUCE experiment, viral community composition was significantly correlated with peat depth, water content, and carbon chemistry, including CH4 and CO2 concentrations, but not with temperature during the first 2 years of warming treatments. Peat vOTUs with aquatic-like signatures (shared predicted protein content with marine and/or freshwater vOTUs) were significantly enriched in more waterlogged surface peat depths. Predicted host ranges for SPRUCE vOTUs were relatively narrow, generally within a single bacterial genus. Of the 4326 SPRUCE vOTUs, 164 were previously detected in other soils, mostly peatlands. None of the previously identified 202,371 marine and freshwater vOTUs in our PIGEON database were detected in SPRUCE peat, but 0.4% of 80,714 viral clusters (VCs, grouped by predicted protein content) were shared between soil and aquatic environments. On a per-sample basis, vOTU recovery was 32 times higher from viromes compared with total metagenomes. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest strong viral "species" boundaries between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to some extent between peat and other soils, with differences less pronounced at higher taxonomic levels. The significant enrichment of aquatic-like vOTUs in more waterlogged peat suggests that viruses may also exhibit niche partitioning on more local scales. These patterns are presumably driven in part by host ecology, consistent with the predicted narrow host ranges. Although more samples and increased sequencing depth improved vOTU recovery from total metagenomes, the substantially higher per-sample vOTU recovery after viral particle enrichment highlights the utility of soil viromics. Video abstract The importance of Minnesota peat viromes in revealing terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for viral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jackson W. Sorensen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Laura A. Zinke
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Rachel M. Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | - Eric R. Johnston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Gareth Trubl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Steven J. Blazewicz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | | | - Joel E. Kostka
- Schools of Biology and Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Joanne B. Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
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21
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Salmon VG, Brice DJ, Bridgham S, Childs J, Graham J, Griffiths NA, Hofmockel K, Iversen CM, Jicha TM, Kolka RK, Kostka JE, Malhotra A, Norby RJ, Phillips JR, Ricciuto D, Schadt CW, Sebestyen SD, Shi X, Walker AP, Warren JM, Weston DJ, Yang X, Hanson PJ. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in an ombrotrophic peatland: a benchmark for assessing change. Plant Soil 2021; 466:649-674. [PMID: 36267144 PMCID: PMC9580354 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Slow decomposition and isolation from groundwater mean that ombrotrophic peatlands store a large amount of soil carbon (C) but have low availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). To better understand the role these limiting nutrients play in determining the C balance of peatland ecosystems, we compile comprehensive N and P budgets for a forested bog in northern Minnesota, USA. METHODS N and P within plants, soils, and water are quantified based on field measurements. The resulting empirical dataset are then compared to modern-day, site-level simulations from the peatland land surface version of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (ELM-SPRUCE). RESULTS Our results reveal N is accumulating in the ecosystem at 0.2 ± 0.1 g N m-2 year-1 but annual P inputs to this ecosystem are balanced by losses. Biomass stoichiometry indicates that plant functional types differ in N versus P limitation, with trees exhibiting a stronger N limitation than ericaceous shrubs or Sphagnum moss. High biomass and productivity of Sphagnum results in the moss layer storing and cycling a large proportion of plant N and P. Comparing our empirically-derived nutrient budgets to ELM-SPRUCE shows the model captures N cycling within dominant plant functional types well. CONCLUSIONS The nutrient budgets and stoichiometry presented serve as a baseline for quantifying the nutrient cycling response of peatland ecosystems to both observed and simulated climate change. Our analysis improves our understanding of N and P dynamics within nutrient-limited peatlands and represents a crucial step toward improving C-cycle projections into the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity G Salmon
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Deanne J Brice
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Scott Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jake Graham
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Natalie A Griffiths
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten Hofmockel
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate Molecular, Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National, Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Terri M Jicha
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great, Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Randy K Kolka
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MN, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jana R Phillips
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Ricciuto
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Christopher W Schadt
- Climate Change Science Institute and Biosciences, Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Shi
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Climate Change Science Institute and Biosciences, Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental, Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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22
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Dusenge ME, Ward EJ, Warren JM, Stinziano JR, Wullschleger SD, Hanson PJ, Way DA. Warming induces divergent stomatal dynamics in co-occurring boreal trees. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3079-3094. [PMID: 33784426 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming will alter photosynthesis and respiration not only via direct temperature effects on leaf biochemistry but also by increasing atmospheric dryness, thereby reducing stomatal conductance and suppressing photosynthesis. Our knowledge on how climate warming affects these processes is mainly derived from seedlings grown under highly controlled conditions. However, little is known regarding temperature responses of trees growing under field settings. We exposed mature tamarack and black spruce trees growing in a peatland ecosystem to whole-ecosystem warming of up to +9°C above ambient air temperatures in an ongoing long-term experiment (SPRUCE: Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments). Here, we report the responses of leaf gas exchange after the first two years of warming. We show that the two species exhibit divergent stomatal responses to warming and vapor pressure deficit. Warming of up to 9°C increased leaf N in both spruce and tamarack. However, higher leaf N in the warmer plots translate into higher photosynthesis in tamarack but not in spruce, with photosynthesis being more constrained by stomatal limitations in spruce than in tamarack under warm conditions. Surprisingly, dark respiration did not acclimate to warming in spruce, and thermal acclimation of respiration was only seen in tamarack once changes in leaf N were considered. Our results highlight how warming can lead to differing stomatal responses to warming in co-occurring species, with consequent effects on both vegetation carbon and water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirindi E Dusenge
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric J Ward
- US Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA, USA
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Joseph R Stinziano
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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23
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Warren JM, Jensen AM, Ward EJ, Guha A, Childs J, Wullschleger SD, Hanson PJ. Divergent species-specific impacts of whole ecosystem warming and elevated CO 2 on vegetation water relations in an ombrotrophic peatland. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1820-1835. [PMID: 33528056 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatland forests have relatively low species diversity and thus impacts of climate change on one or more dominant species could shift ecosystem function. Despite abundant soil water availability, shallowly rooted vascular plants within peatlands may not be able to meet foliar demand for water under drought or heat events that increase vapor pressure deficits while reducing near surface water availability, although concurrent increases in atmospheric CO2 could buffer resultant hydraulic stress. We assessed plant water relations of co-occurring shrub (primarily Rhododendron groenlandicum and Chamaedaphne calyculata) and tree (Picea mariana and Larix laricina) species prior to, and in response to whole ecosystem warming (0 to +9°C) and elevated CO2 using 12.8-m diameter open-top enclosures installed within an ombrotrophic bog. Water relations (water potential [Ψ], turgor loss point, foliar and root hydraulic conductivity) were assessed prior to treatment initiation, then Ψ and peak sap flow (trees only) assessed after 1 or 2 years of treatments. Under the higher temperature treatments, L. laricina Ψ exceeded its turgor loss point, increased its peak sap flow, and was not able to recover Ψ overnight. In contrast, P. mariana operated below its turgor loss point and maintained constant Ψ and sap flow across warming treatments. Similarly, C. calyculata Ψ stress increased with temperature while R. groenlandicum Ψ remained at pretreatment levels. The more anisohydric behavior of L. laricina and C. calyculata may provide greater net C uptake with warming, while the more conservative P. mariana and R. groenlandicum maintained greater hydraulic safety. These latter species also responded to elevated CO2 by reduced Ψ stress, which may also help limit hydraulic failure during periods of extreme drought or heat in the future. Along with Sphagnum moss, the species-specific responses of peatland vascular communities to drier or hotter conditions will shape boreal peatland composition and function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anna M Jensen
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Eric J Ward
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Anirban Guha
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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24
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Perez-Bermejo JA, Kang S, Rockwood SJ, Simoneau CR, Joy DA, Silva AC, Ramadoss GN, Flanigan WR, Fozouni P, Li H, Chen PY, Nakamura K, Whitman JD, Hanson PJ, McManus BM, Ott M, Conklin BR, McDevitt TC. SARS-CoV-2 infection of human iPSC-derived cardiac cells reflects cytopathic features in hearts of patients with COVID-19. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf7872. [PMID: 33723017 PMCID: PMC8128284 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf7872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes cardiac dysfunction in up to 25% of patients, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Exposure of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived heart cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) revealed productive infection and robust transcriptomic and morphological signatures of damage, particularly in cardiomyocytes. Transcriptomic disruption of structural genes corroborates adverse morphologic features, which included a distinct pattern of myofibrillar fragmentation and nuclear disruption. Human autopsy specimens from patients with COVID-19 reflected similar alterations, particularly sarcomeric fragmentation. These notable cytopathic features in cardiomyocytes provide insights into SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiac damage, offer a platform for discovery of potential therapeutics, and raise concerns about the long-term consequences of COVID-19 in asymptomatic and severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serah Kang
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Camille R Simoneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David A Joy
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ana C Silva
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gokul N Ramadoss
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Will R Flanigan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Parinaz Fozouni
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Huihui Li
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Whitman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bruce M McManus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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25
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Montgomery A, Tam F, Gursche C, Cheneval C, Besler K, Enns W, Manku S, Rey K, Hanson PJ, Rose-John S, McManus BM, Choy JC. Overlapping and distinct biological effects of IL-6 classic and trans-signaling in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C554-C565. [PMID: 33471622 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00323.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 affects tissue protective/reparative and inflammatory properties of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). This cytokine can signal to cells through classic and trans-signaling mechanisms, which are differentiated based on the expression of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) on the surface of target cells. The biological effects of these IL-6-signaling mechanisms are distinct and have implications for vascular pathologies. We have directly compared IL-6 classic and trans-signaling in ECs. Human ECs expressed IL-6R in culture and in situ in coronary arteries from heart transplants. Stimulation of human ECs with IL-6, to model classic signaling, triggered the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, whereas stimulation with IL-6 + sIL-6R, to model trans-signaling, triggered activation of STAT3, PI3K-Akt, and ERK1/2 pathways. IL-6 classic signaling reduced persistent injury of ECs in an allograft model of vascular rejection and inhibited cell death induced by growth factor withdrawal. When inflammatory effects were examined, IL-6 classic signaling did not induce ICAM or CCL2 expression but was sufficient to induce secretion of CXCL8 and support transmigration of neutrophil-like cells. IL-6 trans-signaling induced all inflammatory effects studied. Our findings show that IL-6 classic and trans-signaling have overlapping but distinct properties in controlling EC survival and inflammatory activation. This has implications for understanding the effects of IL-6 receptor-blocking therapies as well as for vascular responses in inflammatory and immune conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokine Receptor gp130/agonists
- Cytokine Receptor gp130/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashani Montgomery
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Franklin Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Gursche
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine Cheneval
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katrina Besler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Winnie Enns
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sukhkbir Manku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Rey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bruce M McManus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Safabakhsh S, Panwar P, Barichello S, Sangha SS, Hanson PJ, Van Petegem F, Laksman Z. THE ROLE OF PHOSPHORYLATION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A FOCUS ON MASS SPECTROMETRY APPROACHES. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1205-1217. [PMID: 33744917 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide. It is associated with significant increases in morbidity in the form of stroke and heart failure, and a doubling in all-cause mortality. The pathophysiology of AF is incompletely understood, and this has contributed to a lack of effective treatments and disease-modifying therapies. An important cellular process that may explain how risk factors give rise to AF includes post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. As the most commonly occurring PTM, protein phosphorylation is especially relevant. Although many methods exist for studying protein phosphorylation, a common and highly resolute technique is mass spectrometry (MS). This review will discuss recent evidence surrounding the role of protein phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of AF. MS-based technology to study phosphorylation and uses of MS in other areas of medicine such as oncology will also be presented. Based on these data, future goals and experiments will be outlined that utilize MS technology to better understand the role of phosphorylation in AF and elucidate its role in AF pathophysiology. This may ultimately allow for the development of more effective AF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Safabakhsh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pankaj Panwar
- AbCellera Biologicals Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott Barichello
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarabjit S Sangha
- Cellular and Regenerative Medicine Centre, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Departments of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul J Hanson
- UBC Heart Lung Innovation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zachary Laksman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Golpour A, Patriki D, Hanson PJ, McManus B, Heidecker B. Epidemiological Impact of Myocarditis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:603. [PMID: 33562759 PMCID: PMC7915005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle with a wide range of potential etiological factors and consequently varying clinical patterns across the world. In this review, we address the epidemiology of myocarditis. Myocarditis was considered a rare disease until intensified research efforts in recent decades revealed its true epidemiological importance. While it remains a challenge to determine the true prevalence of myocarditis, studies are underway to obtain better approximations of the proportions of this disease. Nowadays, the prevalence of myocarditis has been reported from 10.2 to 105.6 per 100,000 worldwide, and its annual occurrence is estimated at about 1.8 million cases. This wide range of reported cases reflects the uncertainty surrounding the true prevalence and a potential underdiagnosis of this disease. Since myocarditis continues to be a significant public health issue, particularly in young adults in whom myocarditis is among the most common causes of sudden cardiac death, improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. This manuscript aims to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of myocarditis, new diagnostic approaches and the current epidemiological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoosh Golpour
- Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Dimitri Patriki
- Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, 15005 Baden, Switzerland;
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5K0A1, Canada; (P.J.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Bruce McManus
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5K0A1, Canada; (P.J.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
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28
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Malhotra A, Brice DJ, Childs J, Graham JD, Hobbie EA, Vander Stel H, Feron SC, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM. Peatland warming strongly increases fine-root growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17627-17634. [PMID: 32661144 PMCID: PMC7395547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003361117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Belowground climate change responses remain a key unknown in the Earth system. Plant fine-root response is especially important to understand because fine roots respond quickly to environmental change, are responsible for nutrient and water uptake, and influence carbon cycling. However, fine-root responses to climate change are poorly constrained, especially in northern peatlands, which contain up to two-thirds of the world's soil carbon. We present fine-root responses to warming between +2 °C and 9 °C above ambient conditions in a whole-ecosystem peatland experiment. Warming strongly increased fine-root growth by over an order of magnitude in the warmest treatment, with stronger responses in shrubs than in trees or graminoids. In the first year of treatment, the control (+0 °C) shrub fine-root growth of 0.9 km m-2 y-1 increased linearly by 1.2 km m-2 y-1 (130%) for every degree increase in soil temperature. An extended belowground growing season accounted for 20% of this dramatic increase. In the second growing season of treatment, the shrub warming response rate increased to 2.54 km m-2 °C-1 Soil moisture was negatively correlated with fine-root growth, highlighting that drying of these typically water-saturated ecosystems can fuel a surprising burst in shrub belowground productivity, one possible mechanism explaining the "shrubification" of northern peatlands in response to global change. This previously unrecognized mechanism sheds light on how peatland fine-root response to warming and drying could be strong and rapid, with consequences for the belowground growing season duration, microtopography, vegetation composition, and ultimately, carbon function of these globally relevant carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni Malhotra
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830;
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Deanne J Brice
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Jake D Graham
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Holly Vander Stel
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060
| | - Sarah C Feron
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 9170022, Chile
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
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29
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Heidecker B, Williams SH, Jain K, Oleynik A, Patriki D, Kottwitz J, Berg J, Garcia JA, Baltensperger N, Lovrinovic M, Baltensweiler A, Mishra N, Briese T, Hanson PJ, Lauten A, Poller W, Leistner DM, Landmesser U, Enseleit F, McManus B, Lüscher TF, Lipkin WI. Virome Sequencing in Patients With Myocarditis. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13:e007103. [PMID: 32586108 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymerase chain reaction analyses of cardiac tissues have detected viral sequences in up to 67% of cases of myocarditis. However, viruses have not been implicated in giant cell myocarditis (GCM). Furthermore, efforts to detect viruses implicated in myocarditis have been unsuccessful in more accessible samples such as peripheral blood. METHODS We used Virome Capture Sequencing for Vertbrate Viruses (VirCapSeq-VERT), a method that simultaneously screens for all known vertebrate viruses, to investigate viruses in 33 patients with myocarditis. We investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (n=24), plasma (n=27), endomyocardial biopsies (n=2), and cardiac tissue samples from explanted hearts (n=13). RESULTS Nine patients (27%) had GCM and 4 patients (13%) had fulminant myocarditis. We found the following viruses in the blood of patients with myocarditis: Epstein Barr virus (n=11, 41%), human pegivirus (n=1, 4%), human endogenous retrovirus K (n=27, 100%), and anellovirus (n=15, 56%). All tissue samples from fulminant myocarditis (n=2) and GCM (n=13) contained human endogenous retrovirus K. CONCLUSIONS No nucleic acids from viruses previously implicated in myocarditis or other human illnesses were detected in relevant amounts in cardiac tissue samples from GCM or in blood samples from other types of myocarditis. These findings do not exclude a role for viral infection in GCM but do suggest that if viruses are implicated, the mechanism is likely to be indirect rather than due to cytotoxic infection of myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Heidecker
- Department of Cardiology, Charite University Hospital Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany (B.H., A.L., W.P., D.L., U.L.).,Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.).,University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Simon H Williams
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.)
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.)
| | - Alexandra Oleynik
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.)
| | - Dimitri Patriki
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Jan Kottwitz
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Jan Berg
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Joel A Garcia
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.)
| | - Nora Baltensperger
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Marina Lovrinovic
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Andrea Baltensweiler
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Nishay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.)
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (B.H., S.H.W., K.J., A.O., J.A.G., N.M., T.B., W.I.L.)
| | - Paul J Hanson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (P.J.H., B.M.)
| | - Alexander Lauten
- Department of Cardiology, Charite University Hospital Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany (B.H., A.L., W.P., D.L., U.L.)
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology, Charite University Hospital Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany (B.H., A.L., W.P., D.L., U.L.)
| | - David M Leistner
- Department of Cardiology, Charite University Hospital Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany (B.H., A.L., W.P., D.L., U.L.)
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charite University Hospital Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany (B.H., A.L., W.P., D.L., U.L.)
| | - Frank Enseleit
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - Bruce McManus
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (P.J.H., B.M.)
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (B.H., D.P., J.K, J.B., N.B., M.L., A.B., F.E.)
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (T.F.L.).,University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
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30
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Paschalis A, Fatichi S, Zscheischler J, Ciais P, Bahn M, Boysen L, Chang J, De Kauwe M, Estiarte M, Goll D, Hanson PJ, Harper AB, Hou E, Kigel J, Knapp AK, Larsen KS, Li W, Lienert S, Luo Y, Meir P, Nabel JEMS, Ogaya R, Parolari AJ, Peng C, Peñuelas J, Pongratz J, Rambal S, Schmidt IK, Shi H, Sternberg M, Tian H, Tschumi E, Ukkola A, Vicca S, Viovy N, Wang YP, Wang Z, Williams K, Wu D, Zhu Q. Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand? Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3336-3355. [PMID: 32012402 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Changes in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model-data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter-model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water-limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily-monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal-annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter-model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Paschalis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena Boysen
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Martin De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anna B Harper
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Enqing Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jaime Kigel
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Klaus S Larsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Romà Ogaya
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anthony J Parolari
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Serge Rambal
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Inger K Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hao Shi
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Elisabeth Tschumi
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Ukkola
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - Zhuonan Wang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Donghai Wu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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31
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Hopple AM, Wilson RM, Kolton M, Zalman CA, Chanton JP, Kostka J, Hanson PJ, Keller JK, Bridgham SD. Massive peatland carbon banks vulnerable to rising temperatures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2373. [PMID: 32398638 PMCID: PMC7217827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands contain one-third of the world's soil carbon (C). If destabilized, decomposition of this vast C bank could accelerate climate warming; however, the likelihood of this outcome remains unknown. Here, we examine peatland C stability through five years of whole-ecosystem warming and two years of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2). Warming exponentially increased methane (CH4) emissions and enhanced CH4 production rates throughout the entire soil profile; although surface CH4 production rates remain much greater than those at depth. Additionally, older deeper C sources played a larger role in decomposition following prolonged warming. Most troubling, decreases in CO2:CH4 ratios in gas production, porewater concentrations, and emissions, indicate that the peatland is becoming more methanogenic with warming. We observed limited evidence of eCO2 effects. Our results suggest that ecosystem responses are largely driven by surface peat, but that the vast C bank at depth in peatlands is responsive to prolonged warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hopple
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA. .,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA. .,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - R M Wilson
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - M Kolton
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - C A Zalman
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - J P Chanton
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - J Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - P J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - J K Keller
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - S D Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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32
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Hanson PJ, Hossain ARJ, Singhera GK, McManus BM. Induction of Nrg1 and ErbB4 Is Specific to Virus Induced Injury of the Myocardium and May be Detected during Pathogenesis of Viral Myocarditis as Blood‐Based Biomarkers for Diagnosis. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Kluber LA, Johnston ER, Allen SA, Hendershot JN, Hanson PJ, Schadt CW. Constraints on microbial communities, decomposition and methane production in deep peat deposits. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223744. [PMID: 32027653 PMCID: PMC7004313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands play outsized roles in the global carbon cycle. Despite occupying a rather small fraction of the terrestrial biosphere (~3%), these ecosystems account for roughly one third of the global soil carbon pool. This carbon is largely comprised of undecomposed deposits of plant material (peat) that may be meters thick. The fate of this deep carbon stockpile with ongoing and future climate change is thus of great interest and has large potential to induce positive feedback to climate warming. Recent in situ warming of an ombrotrophic peatland indicated that the deep peat microbial communities and decomposition rates were resistant to elevated temperatures. In this experiment, we sought to understand how nutrient and pH limitations may interact with temperature to limit microbial activity and community composition. Anaerobic microcosms of peat collected from 1.5 to 2 meters in depth were incubated at 6°C and 15°C with elevated pH, nitrogen (NH4Cl), and/or phosphorus (KH2PO4) in a full factorial design. The production of CO2 and CH4 was significantly greater in microcosms incubated at 15°C, although the structure of the microbial community did not differ between the two temperatures. Increasing the pH from ~3.5 to ~5.5 altered microbial community structure, however increases in CH4 production were non-significant. Contrary to expectations, N and P additions did not increase CO2 and CH4 production, indicating that nutrient availability was not a primary constraint in microbial decomposition of deep peat. Our findings indicate that temperature is a key factor limiting the decomposition of deep peat, however other factors such as the availability of O2 or alternative electron donors and high concentrations of phenolic compounds, may also exert constraints. Continued experimental peat warming studies will be necessary to assess if the deep peat carbon bank is susceptible to increased temperatures over the longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A. Kluber
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Johnston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Samantha A. Allen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - J. Nicholas Hendershot
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Climate Change Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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Hanson PJ, Walker AP. Advancing global change biology through experimental manipulations: Where have we been and where might we go? Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:287-299. [PMID: 31697014 PMCID: PMC6973100 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This commentary summarizes the publication history of Global Change Biology for works on experimental manipulations over the past 25 years and highlights a number of key publications. The retrospective summary is then followed by some thoughts on the future of experimental work as it relates to mechanistic understanding and methodological needs. Experiments for elevated CO2 atmospheres and anticipated warming scenarios which take us beyond historical analogs are suggested as future priorities. Disturbance is also highlighted as a key agent of global change. Because experiments are demanding of both personnel effort and limited fiscal resources, the allocation of experimental investments across Earth's biomes should be done in ecosystems of key importance. Uncertainty analysis and broad community consultation should be used to identify research questions and target biomes that will yield substantial gains in predictive confidence and societal relevance. A full range of methodological approaches covering small to large spatial scales will continue to be justified as a source of mechanistic understanding. Nevertheless, experiments operating at larger spatial scales encompassing organismal, edaphic, and environmental diversity of target ecosystems are favored, as they allow for the assessment of long-term biogeochemical feedbacks enabling a full range of questions to be addressed. Such studies must also include adequate investment in measurements of key interacting variables (e.g., water and nutrient availability and budgets) to enable mechanistic understanding of responses and to interpret context dependency. Integration of ecosystem-scale manipulations with focused process-based manipulations, networks, and large-scale observations will aid more complete understanding of ecosystem responses, context dependence, and the extrapolation of results. From the outset, these studies must be informed by and integrated with ecosystem models that provide quantitative predictions from their embedded mechanistic hypotheses. A true two-way interaction between experiments and models will simultaneously increase the rate and robustness of Global Change research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Anthony P. Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
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Norby RJ, Childs J, Hanson PJ, Warren JM. Rapid loss of an ecosystem engineer: Sphagnum decline in an experimentally warmed bog. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12571-12585. [PMID: 31788198 PMCID: PMC6875578 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphagnum mosses are keystone components of peatland ecosystems. They facilitate the accumulation of carbon in peat deposits, but climate change is predicted to expose peatland ecosystem to sustained and unprecedented warming leading to a significant release of carbon to the atmosphere. Sphagnum responses to climate change, and their interaction with other components of the ecosystem, will determine the future trajectory of carbon fluxes in peatlands. We measured the growth and productivity of Sphagnum in an ombrotrophic bog in northern Minnesota, where ten 12.8-m-diameter plots were exposed to a range of whole-ecosystem (air and soil) warming treatments (+0 to +9°C) in ambient or elevated (+500 ppm) CO2. The experiment is unique in its spatial and temporal scale, a focus on response surface analysis encompassing the range of elevated temperature predicted to occur this century, and consideration of an effect of co-occurring CO2 altering the temperature response surface. In the second year of warming, dry matter increment of Sphagnum increased with modest warming to a maximum at 5°C above ambient and decreased with additional warming. Sphagnum cover declined from close to 100% of the ground area to <50% in the warmest enclosures. After three years of warming, annual Sphagnum productivity declined linearly with increasing temperature (13-29 g C/m2 per °C warming) due to widespread desiccation and loss of Sphagnum. Productivity was less in elevated CO2 enclosures, which we attribute to increased shading by shrubs. Sphagnum desiccation and growth responses were associated with the effects of warming on hydrology. The rapid decline of the Sphagnum community with sustained warming, which appears to be irreversible, can be expected to have many follow-on consequences to the structure and function of this and similar ecosystems, with significant feedbacks to the global carbon cycle and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
| | - Jeffrey M. Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
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Carrell AA, Kolton M, Glass JB, Pelletier DA, Warren MJ, Kostka JE, Iversen CM, Hanson PJ, Weston DJ. Experimental warming alters the community composition, diversity, and N 2 fixation activity of peat moss (Sphagnum fallax) microbiomes. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2993-3004. [PMID: 31148286 PMCID: PMC6852288 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sphagnum-dominated peatlands comprise a globally important pool of soil carbon (C) and are vulnerable to climate change. While peat mosses of the genus Sphagnum are known to harbor diverse microbial communities that mediate C and nitrogen (N) cycling in peatlands, the effects of climate change on Sphagnum microbiome composition and functioning are largely unknown. We investigated the impacts of experimental whole-ecosystem warming on the Sphagnum moss microbiome, focusing on N2 fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs). To characterize the microbiome response to warming, we performed next-generation sequencing of small subunit (SSU) rRNA and nitrogenase (nifH) gene amplicons and quantified rates of N2 fixation activity in Sphagnum fallax individuals sampled from experimental enclosures over 2 years in a northern Minnesota, USA bog. The taxonomic diversity of overall microbial communities and diazotroph communities, as well as N2 fixation rates, decreased with warming (p < 0.05). Following warming, diazotrophs shifted from a mixed community of Nostocales (Cyanobacteria) and Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria) to predominance of Nostocales. Microbiome community composition differed between years, with some diazotroph populations persisting while others declined in relative abundance in warmed plots in the second year. Our results demonstrate that warming substantially alters the community composition, diversity, and N2 fixation activity of peat moss microbiomes, which may ultimately impact host fitness, ecosystem productivity, and C storage potential in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Carrell
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
| | - Max Kolton
- School of BiologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Jennifer B. Glass
- School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Melissa J. Warren
- School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
- Present address:
CH2MAtlantaGeorgia30328USA
| | - Joel E. Kostka
- School of BiologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
- School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee
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Hanson PJ, Hossain AR, Qiu Y, Zhang HM, Zhao G, Li C, Lin V, Sulaimon S, Vlok M, Fung G, Chen VH, Jan E, McManus BM, Granville DJ, Yang D. Cleavage and Sub-Cellular Redistribution of Nuclear Pore Protein 98 by Coxsackievirus B3 Protease 2A Impairs Cardioprotection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:265. [PMID: 31396490 PMCID: PMC6667557 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis, inflammation of the heart muscle, affects all demographics and is a major cause of sudden and unexpected death in young people. It is most commonly caused by viral infections of the heart, with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) being among the most prevalent pathogens. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of CVB3 infection and provide strategies for developing treatments, we examined the role of a key nuclear pore protein 98 (NUP98) in the setting of viral myocarditis. NUP98 was cleaved as early as 2 h post-CVB3 infection. This cleavage was further verified through both the ectopic expression of viral proteases and in vitro using purified recombinant CVB3 proteases (2A and 3C), which demonstrated that CVB3 2A but not 3C is responsible for this cleavage. By immunostaining and confocal imaging, we observed that cleavage resulted in the redistribution of NUP98 to punctate structures in the cytoplasm. Targeted siRNA knockdown of NUP98 during infection further increased viral protein expression and viral titer, and reduced cell viability, suggesting a potential antiviral role of NUP98. Moreover, we discovered that expression levels of neuregulin-1 (NRG1), a cardioprotective gene, and presenilin-1 (PSEN1), a cellular protease processing the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 of NRG1, were reliant upon NUP98 and were downregulated during CVB3 infection. In addition, expression of these NUP98 target genes in myocardium tissue not only occurred at an earlier phase of infection, but also appeared in areas away from the initial inflammatory regions. Collectively, CVB3-induced cleavage of NUP98 and subsequent impairment of the cardioprotective NRG1-ERBB4/PSEN1 signaling cascade may contribute to increased myocardial damage in the context of CVB3-induced myocarditis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the link between NUP98 and the NRG1 signaling pathway in viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Al Rohet Hossain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huifang M Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheng Li
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Veena Lin
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Saheedat Sulaimon
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marli Vlok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria H Chen
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce M McManus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hanson PJ, Lin V, McManus BM. Differential Expression of NRG1‐ERBB4‐PSEN1‐NUP98 (NEPN) Signaling Axis as Potential Blood‐Based Biomarkers for Viral Myocarditis. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.374.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hanson
- Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Veena Lin
- MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Bruce M McManus
- Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Jensen AM, Warren JM, King AW, Ricciuto DM, Hanson PJ, Wullschleger SD. Simulated projections of boreal forest peatland ecosystem productivity are sensitive to observed seasonality in leaf physiology†. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:556-572. [PMID: 30668859 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We quantified seasonal CO2 assimilation capacities for seven dominant vascular species in a wet boreal forest peatland then applied data to a land surface model parametrized to the site (ELM-SPRUCE) to test if seasonality in photosynthetic parameters results in differences in simulated plant responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. We collected seasonal leaf-level gas exchange, nutrient content and stand allometric data from the field-layer community (i.e., Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda), understory shrubs (Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench., Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. and Vaccinium angustifolium Alton.) and overstory trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. and Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch). We found significant interspecific seasonal differences in specific leaf area, nitrogen content (by area; Na) and photosynthetic parameters (i.e., maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax25°C), electron transport (Jmax25°C) and dark respiration (Rd25°C)), but minimal correlation between foliar Na and Vcmax25°C, Jmax25°C or Rd25°C, which illustrates that nitrogen alone is not a good correlate for physiological processes such as Rubisco activity that can change seasonally in this system. ELM-SPRUCE was sensitive to the introduction of observed interspecific seasonality in Vcmax25°C, Jmax25°C and Rd25°C, leading to simulated enhancement of net primary production (NPP) using seasonally dynamic parameters as compared with use of static parameters. This pattern was particularly pronounced under simulations with higher temperature and elevated CO2, suggesting a key hypothesis to address with future empirical or observational studies as climate changes. Inclusion of species-specific seasonal photosynthetic parameters should improve estimates of boreal ecosystem-level NPP, especially if impacts of seasonal physiological ontogeny can be separated from seasonal thermal acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jensen
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anthony W King
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Asbjornsen H, Campbell JL, Jennings KA, Vadeboncoeur MA, McIntire C, Templer PH, Phillips RP, Bauerle TL, Dietze MC, Frey SD, Groffman PM, Guerrieri R, Hanson PJ, Kelsey EP, Knapp AK, McDowell NG, Meir P, Novick KA, Ollinger SV, Pockman WT, Schaberg PG, Wullschleger SD, Smith MD, Rustad LE. Guidelines and considerations for designing field experiments simulating precipitation extremes in forest ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Asbjornsen
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - John L. Campbell
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest Service Durham New Hampshire
| | - Katie A. Jennings
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Cameron McIntire
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | | | | | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Michael C. Dietze
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesAdvanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Brooklyn College New York New York
| | - Rosella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Eric P. Kelsey
- Department of Atmospheric Science and ChemistryPlymouth State University Plymouth New Hampshire
- Mount Washington Observatory North Conway New Hampshire
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Kimberly A. Novick
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Scott V. Ollinger
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Will T. Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | | | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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41
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Hanson PJ, Li C, Rai H, Jang EL, McManus BM, Seidman M. PSEN1 and NUP98 as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Human Myocarditis. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.675.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Li
- University of British ColumbiaVANCOUVERBCCanada
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Smith RJ, Nelson PR, Jovan S, Hanson PJ, McCune B. Novel climates reverse carbon uptake of atmospherically dependent epiphytes: Climatic constraints on the iconic boreal forest lichen Evernia mesomorpha. Am J Bot 2018; 105:266-274. [PMID: 29578296 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Changing climates are expected to affect the abundance and distribution of global vegetation, especially plants and lichens with an epiphytic lifestyle and direct exposure to atmospheric variation. The study of epiphytes could improve understanding of biological responses to climatic changes, but only if the conditions that elicit physiological performance changes are clearly defined. METHODS We evaluated individual growth performance of the epiphytic lichen Evernia mesomorpha, an iconic boreal forest indicator species, in the first year of a decade-long experiment featuring whole-ecosystem warming and drying. Field experimental enclosures were located near the southern edge of the species' range. KEY RESULTS Mean annual biomass growth of Evernia significantly declined 6 percentage points for every +1°C of experimental warming after accounting for interactions with atmospheric drying. Mean annual biomass growth was 14% in ambient treatments, 2% in unheated control treatments, and -9% to -19% (decreases) in energy-added treatments ranging from +2.25 to +9.00°C above ambient temperatures. Warming-induced biomass losses among persistent individuals were suggestive evidence of an extinction debt that could precede further local mortality events. CONCLUSIONS Changing patterns of warming and drying would decrease or reverse Evernia growth at its southern range margins, with potential consequences for the maintenance of local and regional populations. Negative carbon balances among persisting individuals could physiologically commit these epiphytes to local extinction. Our findings illuminate the processes underlying local extinctions of epiphytes and suggest broader consequences for range shrinkage if dispersal and recruitment rates cannot keep pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Smith
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Peter R Nelson
- Arts and Sciences Division, University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, Maine, 04743, USA
| | - Sarah Jovan
- Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, 97205, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA
| | - Bruce McCune
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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43
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Hanson PJ, Seidman MA. Diagnosing Myocarditis in the Absence of Leukocyte Infiltration: A Complementary Approach. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:1223-1224. [PMID: 28844427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hanson
- University of British Columbia/Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael A Seidman
- University of British Columbia/Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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44
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Chadwick AC, Jensen DR, Hanson PJ, Lange PT, Proudfoot SC, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, Sahoo D. NMR Structure of the C-Terminal Transmembrane Domain of the HDL Receptor, SR-BI, and a Functionally Relevant Leucine Zipper Motif. Structure 2017; 25:446-457. [PMID: 28162952 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with its receptor, scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), is critical for lowering plasma cholesterol levels and reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. The HDL/SR-BI complex facilitates delivery of cholesterol into cells and is likely mediated by receptor dimerization. This work describes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to generate the first high-resolution structure of the C-terminal transmembrane domain of SR-BI. This region of SR-BI harbors a leucine zipper dimerization motif, which when mutated impairs the ability of the receptor to bind HDL and mediate cholesterol delivery. These losses in function correlate with the inability of SR-BI to form dimers. We also identify juxtamembrane regions of the extracellular domain of SR-BI that may interact with the lipid surface to facilitate cholesterol transport functions of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Chadwick
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Davin R Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Philip T Lange
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sarah C Proudfoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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45
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Estiarte M, Vicca S, Peñuelas J, Bahn M, Beier C, Emmett BA, Fay PA, Hanson PJ, Hasibeder R, Kigel J, Kröel-Dulay G, Larsen KS, Lellei-Kovács E, Limousin JM, Ogaya R, Ourcival JM, Reinsch S, Sala OE, Schmidt IK, Sternberg M, Tielbörger K, Tietema A, Janssens IA. Few multiyear precipitation-reduction experiments find a shift in the productivity-precipitation relationship. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2570-81. [PMID: 26946322 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined productivity-precipitation relationships of ecosystems are needed as benchmarks for the validation of land models used for future projections. The productivity-precipitation relationship may be studied in two ways: the spatial approach relates differences in productivity to those in precipitation among sites along a precipitation gradient (the spatial fit, with a steeper slope); the temporal approach relates interannual productivity changes to variation in precipitation within sites (the temporal fits, with flatter slopes). Precipitation-reduction experiments in natural ecosystems represent a complement to the fits, because they can reduce precipitation below the natural range and are thus well suited to study potential effects of climate drying. Here, we analyse the effects of dry treatments in eleven multiyear precipitation-manipulation experiments, focusing on changes in the temporal fit. We expected that structural changes in the dry treatments would occur in some experiments, thereby reducing the intercept of the temporal fit and displacing the productivity-precipitation relationship downward the spatial fit. The majority of experiments (72%) showed that dry treatments did not alter the temporal fit. This implies that current temporal fits are to be preferred over the spatial fit to benchmark land-model projections of productivity under future climate within the precipitation ranges covered by the experiments. Moreover, in two experiments, the intercept of the temporal fit unexpectedly increased due to mechanisms that reduced either water loss or nutrient loss. The expected decrease of the intercept was observed in only one experiment, and only when distinguishing between the late and the early phases of the experiment. This implies that we currently do not know at which precipitation-reduction level or at which experimental duration structural changes will start to alter ecosystem productivity. Our study highlights the need for experiments with multiple, including more extreme, dry treatments, to identify the precipitation boundaries within which the current temporal fits remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwarte str. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- NIVA, Center for Catchments and Urban Water Research, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Bridget A Emmett
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - Roland Hasibeder
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwarte str. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jaime Kigel
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Genetics, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gyorgy Kröel-Dulay
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Vacratot, H-2163, Hungary
| | - Klaus Steenberg Larsen
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Eszter Lellei-Kovács
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Vacratot, H-2163, Hungary
| | - Jean-Marc Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, E-08193, Spain
| | - Jean-Marc Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- NIVA, Center for Catchments and Urban Water Research, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- Department of Molecular Biology & Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Tietema
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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46
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Wenk ES, Callaham MA, O'Brien JJ, Hanson PJ. Soil Macroinvertebrate Communities Across a Productivity Gradient in Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/045.023.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Qiu Y, Ye X, Hanson PJ, Zhang HM, Zong J, Cho B, Yang D. Hsp70-1: upregulation via selective phosphorylation of heat shock factor 1 during coxsackieviral infection and promotion of viral replication via the AU-rich element. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1067-84. [PMID: 26361762 PMCID: PMC11108310 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the primary pathogen of viral myocarditis. Upon infection, CVB3 exploits the host cellular machineries, such as chaperone proteins, to benefit its own infection cycles. Inducible heat shock 70-kDa proteins (Hsp70s) are chaperone proteins induced by various cellular stress conditions. The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) within Hsp70 mRNA allows Hsp70 to be translated cap-independently during CVB3 infection when global cap-dependent translation is compromised. The Hsp70 protein family contains two major members, Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-2. This study showed that Hsp70-1, but not Hsp70-2, was upregulated during CVB3 infection both in vitro and in vivo. Then a novel mechanism of Hsp70-1 induction was revealed in which CaMKIIγ is activated by CVB3 replication and leads to phosphorylation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) specifically at Serine 230, which enhances Hsp70-1 transcription. Meanwhile, phosphorylation of Ser230 induces translocation of HSF1 from the cytoplasm to nucleus, thus blocking the ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of HSF1 at Ser307, a negative regulatory process of Hsp70 transcription, further contributing to Hsp70-1 upregulation. Finally, we demonstrated that Hsp70-1 upregulation, in turn, stabilizes CVB3 genome via the AU-rich element (ARE) harbored in the 3' untranslated region of CVB3 genomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Huifang Mary Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jeff Zong
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Brian Cho
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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48
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Jensen AM, Warren JM, Hanson PJ, Childs J, Wullschleger SD. Needle age and season influence photosynthetic temperature response and total annual carbon uptake in mature Picea mariana trees. Ann Bot 2015; 116:821-32. [PMID: 26220656 PMCID: PMC4590327 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The carbon (C) balance of boreal terrestrial ecosystems is sensitive to increasing temperature, but the direction and thresholds of responses are uncertain. Annual C uptake in Picea and other evergreen boreal conifers is dependent on seasonal- and cohort-specific photosynthetic and respiratory temperature response functions, so this study examined the physiological significance of maintaining multiple foliar cohorts for Picea mariana trees within an ombrotrophic bog ecosystem in Minnesota, USA. METHODS Measurements were taken on multiple cohorts of needles for photosynthetic capacity, foliar respiration (Rd) and leaf biochemistry and morphology of mature trees from April to October over 4 years. The results were applied to a simple model of canopy photosynthesis in order to simulate annual C uptake by cohort age under ambient and elevated temperature scenarios. KEY RESULTS Temperature responses of key photosynthetic parameters [i.e. light-saturated rate of CO2 assimilation (Asat), rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport rate (Jmax)] were dependent on season and generally less responsive in the developing current-year (Y0) needles compared with 1-year-old (Y1) or 2-year-old (Y2) foliage. Temperature optimums ranged from 18·7 to 23·7, 31·3 to 38·3 and 28·7 to 36·7 °C for Asat, Vcmax and Jmax, respectively. Foliar cohorts differed in their morphology and photosynthetic capacity, which resulted in 64 % of modelled annual stand C uptake from Y1&2 cohorts (LAI 0·67 m(2 )m(-2)) and just 36 % from Y0 cohorts (LAI 0·52 m(2 )m(-2)). Under warmer climate change scenarios, the contribution of Y0 cohorts was even less; e.g. 31 % of annual C uptake for a modelled 9 °C rise in mean summer temperatures. Results suggest that net annual C uptake by P. mariana could increase under elevated temperature, and become more dependent on older foliar cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study illustrates the physiological and ecological significance of different foliar cohorts, and indicates the need for seasonal- and cohort-specific model parameterization when estimating C uptake capacity of boreal forest ecosystems under ambient or future temperature scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jensen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
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49
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Warren JM, Hanson PJ, Iversen CM, Kumar J, Walker AP, Wullschleger SD. Root structural and functional dynamics in terrestrial biosphere models--evaluation and recommendations. New Phytol 2015; 205:59-78. [PMID: 25263989 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is wide breadth of root function within ecosystems that should be considered when modeling the terrestrial biosphere. Root structure and function are closely associated with control of plant water and nutrient uptake from the soil, plant carbon (C) assimilation, partitioning and release to the soils, and control of biogeochemical cycles through interactions within the rhizosphere. Root function is extremely dynamic and dependent on internal plant signals, root traits and morphology, and the physical, chemical and biotic soil environment. While plant roots have significant structural and functional plasticity to changing environmental conditions, their dynamics are noticeably absent from the land component of process-based Earth system models used to simulate global biogeochemical cycling. Their dynamic representation in large-scale models should improve model veracity. Here, we describe current root inclusion in models across scales, ranging from mechanistic processes of single roots to parameterized root processes operating at the landscape scale. With this foundation we discuss how existing and future root functional knowledge, new data compilation efforts, and novel modeling platforms can be leveraged to enhance root functionality in large-scale terrestrial biosphere models by improving parameterization within models, and introducing new components such as dynamic root distribution and root functional traits linked to resource extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
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50
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De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Zaehle S, Walker AP, Dietze MC, Wang YP, Luo Y, Jain AK, El-Masri B, Hickler T, Wårlind D, Weng E, Parton WJ, Thornton PE, Wang S, Prentice IC, Asao S, Smith B, McCarthy HR, Iversen CM, Hanson PJ, Warren JM, Oren R, Norby RJ. Where does the carbon go? A model-data intercomparison of vegetation carbon allocation and turnover processes at two temperate forest free-air CO2 enrichment sites. New Phytol 2014; 203:883-99. [PMID: 24844873 PMCID: PMC4260117 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) has the potential to increase vegetation carbon storage if increased net primary production causes increased long-lived biomass. Model predictions of eCO2 effects on vegetation carbon storage depend on how allocation and turnover processes are represented. We used data from two temperate forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments to evaluate representations of allocation and turnover in 11 ecosystem models. Observed eCO2 effects on allocation were dynamic. Allocation schemes based on functional relationships among biomass fractions that vary with resource availability were best able to capture the general features of the observations. Allocation schemes based on constant fractions or resource limitations performed less well, with some models having unintended outcomes. Few models represent turnover processes mechanistically and there was wide variation in predictions of tissue lifespan. Consequently, models did not perform well at predicting eCO2 effects on vegetation carbon storage. Our recommendations to reduce uncertainty include: use of allocation schemes constrained by biomass fractions; careful testing of allocation schemes; and synthesis of allocation and turnover data in terms of model parameters. Data from intensively studied ecosystem manipulation experiments are invaluable for constraining models and we recommend that such experiments should attempt to fully quantify carbon, water and nutrient budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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