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Sitte Z, Miranda Buzetta AA, Jones SJ, Lin ZW, Whitman NA, Lockett MR. Paper-Based Coculture Platform to Evaluate the Effects of Fibroblasts on Estrogen Signaling in ER+ Breast Cancers. ACS Meas Sci Au 2023; 3:479-487. [PMID: 38145029 PMCID: PMC10740124 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based assays enable molecular-level studies of cellular responses to drug candidates or potential toxins. Transactivation assays quantify the activation or inhibition of nuclear receptors, key transcriptional regulators of gene targets in mamalian cells. One such assay couples the expression of luciferase to the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα). While this assay is regularly used to screen for agonists and antagonists of the estrogen signaling pathway, the setup relies on monolayer cultures in which cells are plated directly onto the surface of cell-compatible plasticware. The tumor microenvironment is more than a collection of cancerous cells and is profoundly influenced by tissue architecture, the presence of extracellular matrices, and intercellular signaling molecules produced by non-cancerous neighboring cells (e.g., fibroblasts). There exists a need for three-dimensional culture platforms that can be rapidly prototyped to assess new configurations and readily produced in the large numbers needed for translational studies and screening applications. Here, we demonstrate the utility of the paper-based culture platform to probe the effects of intercellular signaling between two cell types. We used paper scaffolds to generate tumor-like environments, forming a defined volume of breast cancer cells suspended in collagen. By placing the paper scaffolds in commercial 96-well plates, we compared monocultures of only breast cancer cells with coculture configurations containing fibroblasts in different locations that mimicked the stages of breast cancer progression. We show that ERα transactivation in the T47D-KBluc cell line is affected by the presence, number, and proximity of fibroblasts, and is a consequence of intercellular signaling molecules. After screening a small library of fibroblast-secreted signaling molecules, we showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) was the primary driver of reduced estradiol sensitivity. These effects were mitigated in the coculture configurations by the addition of an IL-6 neutralizing antibody. We also assessed estrogen receptor expression and transcriptional regulation, further demonstrating the utility of the paper-based platform for detailed mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
R. Sitte
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Abel Andre Miranda Buzetta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Sarina J. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Zhi-Wei Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Nathan Ashbrook Whitman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew R. Lockett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, United States
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2
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The high failure rate in drug discovery remains a costly and time-consuming challenge. Improving the odds of success in the early steps of drug development requires disease models with high biological relevance for biomarker discovery and drug development. The adoption of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems over traditional monolayers in cell-based assays is considered a promising step toward improving the success rate in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED In this article, the author focuses on new technologies for 3D cell culture and their applications in cancer drug discovery. Besides the most common 3D cell-culture systems for tumor cells, the article emphasizes the need for 3D cell culture technologies that can mimic the complex tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cell niche. EXPERT OPINION There has been a rapid increase in 3D cell culture technologies in recent years in an effort to more closely mimic in vivo physiology. Each 3D cell culture system has its own strengths and weaknesses with regard to in vivo tumor growth and the tumor microenvironment. This requires careful consideration of which 3D cell culture system is chosen for drug discovery and should be based on factors like drug target and tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid A Langhans
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
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3
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Guo H, Deng N, Dou L, Ding H, Criswell T, Atala A, Furdui CM, Zhang Y. 3-D Human Renal Tubular Organoids Generated from Urine-Derived Stem Cells for Nephrotoxicity Screening. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6701-6709. [PMID: 33320634 PMCID: PMC8118570 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of human cell-based systems to replace the use of rodents or the two-dimensional culture of cells for studying nephrotoxicity is urgently needed. Human urine-derived stem cells were differentiated into renal tubular epithelial cells in three-dimensional (3-D) culture after being induced by a kidney extracellular matrix. Levels of CYP2E1 and KIM-1 in 3-D organoids were significantly increased in response to acetone and cisplatin. This 3-D culture system provides an alternative tool for nephrotoxicity screening and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Guo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States.,Reproductive Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States.,Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Lei Dou
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Huifen Ding
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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4
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solid tumors are highly influenced by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that cannot be modeled with conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. In addition, monolayer culture conditions tend to induce undesirable molecular and phenotypic cellular changes. The discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo is an important factor accounting for the high failure rate in drug development. Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) more closely resemble the in vivo situation in avascularized tumors. AREAS COVERED This review describes the use of MTS for anti-cancer drug discovery, with an emphasis on high-throughput screening (HTS) compatible assays. In particular, we focus on how these assays can be used for target discovery in the context of the TME. EXPERT OPINION Arrayed MTS in microtiter plates are HTS compatible but remain more expensive and time consuming than their 2D culture counterpart. It is therefore imperative to use assays with multiplexed readouts, in order to maximize the information that can be gained with the screen. In this context, high-content screening allowing to uncover microenvironmental dependencies is the true added value of MTS-based screening compared to 2D culture-based screening. Hit translation in animal models will, however, be key to allow a broader use of MTS-based screening in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Calpe
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Debiopharm , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Martin-Pena A, Porter R, Plumton G, McCarrel T, Morton A, Guijarro M, Ghivizzani S, Sharma B, Palmer G. Lentiviral-based reporter constructs for profiling chondrogenic activity in primary equine cell populations. Eur Cell Mater 2018; 36:156-170. [PMID: 30311630 PMCID: PMC6788286 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v036a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies for cartilage repair will likely require the implementation of standardised protocols and broadly applicable tools to facilitate the comparisons among cell types and chondroinduction methods. The present study investigated the utility of recombinant lentiviral reporter vectors as reliable tools for comparing chondrogenic potential among primary cell populations and distinguishing cellular-level variations of chondrogenic activity in widely used three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Primary equine MSCs and chondrocytes were transduced with vectors containing combinations of fluorescent and luciferase reporter genes under constitutive cytomeglavirus (CMV) or chondrocyte-lineage (Col2) promoters. Reporter activity was measured by fluorescence imaging and luciferase assay. In 3D cultures of MSC aggregates and polyethylene glycol-hyaluronic acid (PEG-HA) hydrogels, transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3)-mediated chondroinduction increased Col2 reporter activity, demonstrating close correlation with histology and mRNA expression levels of COL2A1 and SOX9. Comparison of chondrogenic activities among MSC populations using a secretable luciferase reporter revealed enhanced chondrogenesis in bone-marrow-derived MSCs relative to MSC populations from synovium and adipose tissues. A dual fluorescence reporter - enabling discrimination of highly chondrogenic (Col2-GFP) cells within an MSC population (CMV-tdTomato) - revealed marked heterogeneity in differentiating aggregate cultures and identified chondrogenic cells in chondrocyte-seeded PEG-HA hydrogels after 6 weeks in a subcutaneous implant model - indicating stable, long-term reporter expression in vivo. These results suggested that lentiviral reporter vectors may be used to address fundamental questions regarding chondrogenic activity in chondroprogenitor cell populations and accelerate clinical translation of cell-based cartilage repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Martin-Pena
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - R.M. Porter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Arkansas, Little
Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - G Plumton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - T.M. McCarrel
- College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - A.J. Morton
- College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - M.V. Guijarro
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - S.C. Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
| | - B. Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Arkansas, Little
Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - G.D. Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA,Address for correspondence: Glyn Palmer, Ph.D,
Dept of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer
Rd, MSB, M2-235, Gainesville, FL 32610, Telephone: +1 352 273 7087, Fax: +1 352
273 7427,
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6
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Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common, yet most lethal, central nervous system cancer. In recent years, many studies have focused on how the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the unique brain environment, such as hyaluronic acid (HA), facilitates GBM progression and invasion. However, most in vitro culture models include GBM cells outside of the context of an ECM. Murine xenografts of GBM cells are used commonly as well. However, in vivo models make it difficult to isolate the contributions of individual features of the complex tumor microenvironment to tumor behavior. Here, we describe an HA hydrogel-based, three-dimensional (3D) culture platform that allows researchers to independently alter HA concentration and stiffness. High molecular weight HA and polyethylene glycol (PEG) comprise hydrogels, which are crosslinked via Michael-type addition in the presence of live cells. 3D hydrogel cultures of patient-derived GBM cells exhibit viability and proliferation rates as good as, or better than, when cultured as standard gliomaspheres. The hydrogel system also enables incorporation of ECM-mimetic peptides to isolate effects of specific cell-ECM interactions. Hydrogels are optically transparent so that live cells can be imaged in 3D culture. Finally, HA hydrogel cultures are compatible with standard techniques for molecular and cellular analyses, including PCR, Western blotting and cryosectioning followed by immunofluorescence staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Alireza Sohrabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles;
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7
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Hou J, Williams J, Botvinick EL, Potma EO, Tromberg BJ. Visualization of Breast Cancer Metabolism Using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy of Cellular Lipids and Redox State. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2503-2512. [PMID: 29535219 PMCID: PMC5955854 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Label-free nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) from cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+) is widely used for high-resolution cellular redox imaging. In this work, we combined three label-free NLOM imaging methods to quantitatively characterize breast cancer cells and their relative invasive potential: (i) TPEF optical redox ratio (ORR = FAD+/NADH + FAD+), (ii) coherent Raman scattering of cellular lipids, and (iii) second harmonic generation of extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen. 3D spheroid models of primary mammary epithelial (PME) cells and breast cancer cell lines (T47D and MDA-MB-231) were characterized based on their unique ORR and lipid volume fraction signatures. Treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) increased glycolysis in both PME and T47D ER+ breast cancer acini. However, PME cells displayed increased lipid content with no effect on ECM, while T47D cells had decreased lipid storage (P < 0.001) and significant reorganization of collagen. By measuring deuterated lipids synthesized from exogenously administered deuterium-labeled glucose, treatment of T47D cells with E2 increased both lipid synthesis and consumption rates. These results confirm that glucose is a significant source for the cellular synthesis of lipid in glycolytic breast cancer cells, and that the combination of cellular redox and lipid fraction imaging endpoints is a powerful approach with new and complementary information content.Significance: These findings provide unique insight into metabolic processes, revealing correlations between cancer metastasis and cellular redox state, lipid metabolism, and extracellular matrix. Cancer Res; 78(10); 2503-12. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hou
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Joshua Williams
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Elliot L Botvinick
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
- Bio-Engineering of Advanced Mechanical Systems (BEAMS) Laboratory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric O Potma
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
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8
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Karimi M, Bahrami S, Mirshekari H, Basri SMM, Nik AB, Aref AR, Akbari M, Hamblin MR. Microfluidic systems for stem cell-based neural tissue engineering. Lab Chip 2016; 16:2551-71. [PMID: 27296463 PMCID: PMC4935609 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00489j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering aims at developing novel approaches for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, by providing a permissive environment for the growth and differentiation of neural cells. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems provide a closer biomimetic environment, and promote better cell differentiation and improved cell function, than could be achieved by conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. With the recent advances in the discovery and introduction of different types of stem cells for tissue engineering, microfluidic platforms have provided an improved microenvironment for the 3D-culture of stem cells. Microfluidic systems can provide more precise control over the spatiotemporal distribution of chemical and physical cues at the cellular level compared to traditional systems. Various microsystems have been designed and fabricated for the purpose of neural tissue engineering. Enhanced neural migration and differentiation, and monitoring of these processes, as well as understanding the behavior of stem cells and their microenvironment have been obtained through application of different microfluidic-based stem cell culture and tissue engineering techniques. As the technology advances it may be possible to construct a "brain-on-a-chip". In this review, we describe the basics of stem cells and tissue engineering as well as microfluidics-based tissue engineering approaches. We review recent testing of various microfluidic approaches for stem cell-based neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Karimi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Bahrami
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. and Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirshekari
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Masoud Moosavi Basri
- Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. and Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir R Aref
- Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. and Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Kim J, Kong YP, Niedzielski SM, Singh RK, Putnam AJ, Shikanov A. Characterization of the crosslinking kinetics of multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels formed via Michael-type addition. Soft Matter 2016; 12:2076-85. [PMID: 26750719 PMCID: PMC4749500 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tunable properties of multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel, crosslinked by Michael-type addition, support diverse applications in tissue engineering. Bioactive modification of PEG is achieved by incorporating integrin binding sequences, like RGD, and crosslinking with tri-functional protease sensitive crosslinking peptide (GCYKNRGCYKNRCG), which compete for the same reactive groups in PEG. This competition leads to a narrow range of conditions that support sufficient crosslinking density to provide structural control. Kinetics of hydrogel formation plays an important role in defining the conditions to form hydrogels with desired mechanical and biological properties, which have not been fully characterized. In this study, we explored how increasing PEG functionality from 4 to 8-arms and the concentration of biological moieties, ranging from 0.5 mM to 3.75 mM, affected the kinetics of hydrogel formation, storage modulus, and swelling after the hydrogels were allowed to form for 15 or 60 minutes. Next, human bone marrow stromal cells were encapsulated and cultured in these modified hydrogels to investigate the combined effect of mechano-biological properties on phenotypes of encapsulated cells. While the molar concentration of the reactive functional groups (-vinyl sulfone) was identical in the conditions comparing 4 and 8-arm PEG, the 8-arm PEG formed faster, allowed a greater degree of modification, and was superior in three-dimensional culture. The degrees of swelling and storage modulus of 8-arm PEG were less affected by the modification compared to 4-arm PEG. These findings suggest that 8-arm PEG allows a more precise control of mechanical properties that could lead to a larger spectrum of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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10
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Luo CJ, Wightman R, Meyerowitz E, Smoukov SK. A 3-dimensional fibre scaffold as an investigative tool for studying the morphogenesis of isolated plant pells. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:211. [PMID: 26310239 PMCID: PMC4550058 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell culture methods allow the detailed observations of individual plant cells and their internal processes. Whereas cultured cells are more amenable to microscopy, they have had limited use when studying the complex interactions between cell populations and responses to external signals associated with tissue and whole plant development. Such interactions result in the diverse range of cell shapes observed in planta compared to the simple polygonal or ovoid shapes in vitro. Microfluidic devices can isolate the dynamics of single plant cells but have restricted use for providing a tissue-like and fibrous extracellular environment for cells to interact. A gap exists, therefore, in the understanding of spatiotemporal interactions of single plant cells interacting with their three-dimensional (3D) environment. A model system is needed to bridge this gap. For this purpose we have borrowed a tool, a 3D nano- and microfibre tissue scaffold, recently used in biomedical engineering of animal and human tissue physiology and pathophysiology in vitro. RESULTS We have developed a method of 3D cell culture for plants, which mimics the plant tissue environment, using biocompatible scaffolds similar to those used in mammalian tissue engineering. The scaffolds provide both developmental cues and structural stability to isolated callus-derived cells grown in liquid culture. The protocol is rapid, compared to the growth and preparation of whole plants for microscopy, and provides detailed subcellular information on cells interacting with their local environment. We observe cell shapes never observed for individual cultured cells. Rather than exhibiting only spheroid or ellipsoidal shapes, the cells adapt their shape to fit the local space and are capable of growing past each other, taking on growth and morphological characteristics with greater complexity than observed even in whole plants. Confocal imaging of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines containing fluorescent microtubule and actin reporters enables further study of the effects of interactions and complex morphologies upon cytoskeletal organisation both in 3D and in time (4D). CONCLUSIONS The 3D culture within the fibre scaffolds permits cells to grow freely within a matrix containing both large and small spaces, a technique that is expected to add to current lithographic technologies, where growth is carefully controlled and constricted. The cells, once seeded in the scaffolds, can adopt a variety of morphologies, demonstrating that they do not need to be part of a tightly packed tissue to form complex shapes. This points to a role of the immediate nano- and micro-topography in plant cell morphogenesis. This work defines a new suite of techniques for exploring cell-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Elliot Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Stoyan K Smoukov
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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11
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Abstract
Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior. This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ballester-Beltrán
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València; Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow
| | - Myriam Lebourg
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
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12
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Donoghue P, Sun T, Gadegaard N, Riehle M, Barnett SC. Development of a novel 3D culture system for screening features of a complex implantable device for CNS repair. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2143-50. [PMID: 24279373 PMCID: PMC4087043 DOI: 10.1021/mp400526n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tubular scaffolds which incorporate a variety of micro- and nanotopographies have a wide application potential in tissue engineering especially for the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). We aim to produce metabolically active differentiated tissues within such tubes, as it is crucially important to evaluate the biological performance of the three-dimensional (3D) scaffold and optimize the bioprocesses for tissue culture. Because of the complex 3D configuration and the presence of various topographies, it is rarely possible to observe and analyze cells within such scaffolds in situ. Thus, we aim to develop scaled down mini-chambers as simplified in vitro simulation systems, to bridge the gap between two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures on structured substrates and three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture. The mini-chambers were manipulated to systematically simulate and evaluate the influences of gravity, topography, fluid flow, and scaffold dimension on three exemplary cell models that play a role in CNS repair (i.e., cortical astrocytes, fibroblasts, and myelinating cultures) within a tubular scaffold created by rolling up a microstructured membrane. Since we use CNS myelinating cultures, we can confirm that the scaffold does not affect neural cell differentiation. It was found that heterogeneous cell distribution within the tubular constructs was caused by a combination of gravity, fluid flow, topography, and scaffold configuration, while cell survival was influenced by scaffold length, porosity, and thickness. This research demonstrates that the mini-chambers represent a viable, novel, scale down approach for the evaluation of complex 3D scaffolds as well as providing a microbioprocessing strategy for tissue engineering and the potential repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
S. Donoghue
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Tao Sun
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Xi’an JiaoTong-Liverpool
University, 111 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, JiangsuP. R. China 215123
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, University
of Glasgow, 70 University
Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| | - Mathis
O. Riehle
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology,
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Joesph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
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13
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Lovitt CJ, Shelper TB, Avery VM. Advanced cell culture techniques for cancer drug discovery. Biology (Basel) 2014; 3:345-67. [PMID: 24887773 PMCID: PMC4085612 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cancer cell lines are an integral part of drug discovery practices. However, modeling the complexity of cancer utilizing these cell lines on standard plastic substrata, does not accurately represent the tumor microenvironment. Research into developing advanced tumor cell culture models in a three-dimensional (3D) architecture that more prescisely characterizes the disease state have been undertaken by a number of laboratories around the world. These 3D cell culture models are particularly beneficial for investigating mechanistic processes and drug resistance in tumor cells. In addition, a range of molecular mechanisms deconstructed by studying cancer cells in 3D models suggest that tumor cells cultured in two-dimensional monolayer conditions do not respond to cancer therapeutics/compounds in a similar manner. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of utilizing 3D cell culture models in drug discovery programs; however, it is evident that further research is required for the development of more complex models that incorporate the majority of the cellular and physical properties of a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Lovitt
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, N27, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - Todd B Shelper
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, N27, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, N27, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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14
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DeRose YS, Gligorich KM, Wang G, Georgelas A, Bowman P, Courdy SJ, Welm AL, Welm BE. Patient-derived models of human breast cancer: protocols for in vitro and in vivo applications in tumor biology and translational medicine. Curr Protoc Pharmacol 2013; Chapter 14:Unit14.23. [PMID: 23456611 PMCID: PMC3630511 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1423s60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research models that replicate the diverse genetic and molecular landscape of breast cancer are critical for developing the next-generation therapeutic entities that can target specific cancer subtypes. Patient-derived tumorgrafts, generated by transplanting primary human tumor samples into immune-compromised mice, are a valuable method to model the clinical diversity of breast cancer in mice, and are a potential resource in personalized medicine. Primary tumorgrafts also enable in vivo testing of therapeutics and make possible the use of patient cancer tissue for in vitro screens. Described in this unit are a variety of protocols including tissue collection, biospecimen tracking, tissue processing, transplantation, and three-dimensional culturing of xenografted tissue, which enable use of bona fide uncultured human tissue in designing and validating cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko S. DeRose
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Keith M. Gligorich
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Guoying Wang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ann Georgelas
- Tissue Resource and Applications Core Shared Resource Facility, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Paulette Bowman
- Tissue Resource and Applications Core Shared Resource Facility, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Samir J. Courdy
- Research Informatics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Alana L. Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Bryan E. Welm
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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15
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Gandellini P, Profumo V, Casamichele A, Fenderico N, Borrelli S, Petrovich G, Santilli G, Callari M, Colecchia M, Pozzi S, De Cesare M, Folini M, Valdagni R, Mantovani R, Zaffaroni N. miR-205 regulates basement membrane deposition in human prostate: implications for cancer development. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1750-60. [PMID: 22555458 PMCID: PMC3469086 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a layer of specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds normal prostate glands and preserves tissue integrity. Lack or discontinuity of the BM is a prerequisite for tumor cell invasion into interstitial spaces, thus favoring metastasis. Therefore, BM maintenance represents a barrier against cancer development and progression. In the study, we show that miR-205 participates in a network involving ΔNp63α, which is essential for maintenance of the BM in prostate epithelium. At the molecular level, ΔNp63α is able to enhance miR-205 transcription by binding to its promoter, whereas the microRNA can post-transcriptionally limit the amount of ΔNp63α protein, mostly by affecting ΔNp63α proteasomal degradation rather than through a canonical miRNA/target interaction. Functionally, miR-205 is able to control the deposition of laminin-332 and its receptor integrin-β4. Hence, pathological loss of miR-205, as widely observed in prostate cancer, may favor tumorigenesis by creating discontinuities in the BM. Here we demonstrate that therapeutic replacement of miR-205 in prostate cancer (PCa) cells can restore BM deposition and 3D organization into normal-like acinar structures, thus hampering cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gandellini
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - V Profumo
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - A Casamichele
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - N Fenderico
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - S Borrelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and
Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Petrovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and
Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Santilli
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - M Callari
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - M Colecchia
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS
Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - S Pozzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and
Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M De Cesare
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - M Folini
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
| | - R Valdagni
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fondazione IRCCS
Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Prostate Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - R Mantovani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and
Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Zaffaroni
- Department of Experimental Oncology,
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan,
Italy
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16
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Desai N, Abdelhafez F, Calabro A, Falcone T. Three dimensional culture of fresh and vitrified mouse pre-antral follicles in a hyaluronan-based hydrogel: a preliminary investigation of a novel biomaterial for in vitro follicle maturation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:29. [PMID: 22513305 PMCID: PMC3474165 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folliculogenesis within the ovary requires interaction between somatic cell components and the oocyte. Maintenance of 3-dimensional (3-D) architecture and granulosa-oocyte interaction may be critical for successful in vitro maturation of follicles. Testing of novel biomaterials for the 3-D culture of follicles may ultimately lead to a culture model that can support the longer in vitro culture intervals needed for in vitro maturation of human oocytes from ovarian tissue biopsies. METHODS A novel tyramine-based hyaluronan (HA) hydrogel was tested for its biocompatibility with ovarian follicles. The HA was prepared at concentrations from 2 to 5 mg/ml. HA hydrogel was also formulated and tested with matrix proteins (ECM). Enzymatically isolated pre-antral follicles from the ovaries of 10-12 day SJL pups were divided amongst control (CT) and HA treatments. The growth of both fresh and vitrified follicles was assessed after encapsulation in the hydrogel. The basal culture medium was MEM alpha supplemented with FSH, LH, ITS and 5% FBS. Maturation was triggered by addition of hCG and EGF after in vitro culture (IVC). Outcome parameters monitored were follicle morphology, survival after IVC, antrum formation, GVBD and MII formation. Differences between treatments were analyzed. RESULTS HA and ECM-HA encapsulated follicles looked healthy and maintained their 3-D architecture during IVC. In control cultures, the follicles flattened and granulosa:oocyte connections appeared fragile. Estradiol secretion per follicle was significantly higher by Day 12 in ECM-HA compared to HA or CT (4119, 703 and 1080 pg/ml, respectively). HA and ECM-HA cultured follicles had similar survival rates (62% and 54%, respectively), percent GV breakdown (96-97%), MII formation (47-48%) and oocyte diameters at the end of IVC. Control cultures differed significantly in percent GVBD (85%) and MII formation (67%) . Vitrified-warmed follicles encapsulated in HA had an oocyte maturation rate to MII of 54% as compared to 57% in non-embedded follicles. CONCLUSIONS Initial testing of this new and unique HA-based hydrogel was quite promising. The ease of follicle encapsulation in HA, its optical transparency and ability to be molded combined with its support of follicle growth, estradiol secretion and resumption of meiosis make this HA-hydrogel particularly attractive as model for 3-D ovarian follicle culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Desai
- Cleveland Clinic Fertility Center, Department of OB/GYN and Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Faten Abdelhafez
- Cleveland Clinic Fertility Center, Department of OB/GYN and Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Calabro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tommaso Falcone
- Cleveland Clinic Fertility Center, Department of OB/GYN and Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Beachwood, OH, USA
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17
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Rothberg JM, Sameni M, Moin K, Sloane BF. Live-cell imaging of tumor proteolysis: impact of cellular and non-cellular microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1824:123-32. [PMID: 21854877 PMCID: PMC3232330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has had a longstanding interest in how the interactions between tumors and their microenvironment affect malignant progression. Recently, we have focused on defining the proteolytic pathways that function in the transition of breast cancer from the pre-invasive lesions of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). We use live-cell imaging to visualize, localize and quantify proteolysis as it occurs in real-time and thereby have established roles for lysosomal cysteine proteases both pericellularly and intracellularly in tumor proteolysis. To facilitate these studies, we have developed and optimized 3D organotypic co-culture models that recapitulate the in vivo interactions of mammary epithelial cells or tumor cells with stromal and inflammatory cells. Here we will discuss the background that led to our present studies as well as the techniques and models that we employ. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Microenvironment/physiology
- Diagnostic Imaging/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Microscopy, Video
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Proteolysis
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Tumor Microenvironment/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rothberg
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterning are emerging as important tools to clarify the effects of the microenvironment on cellular behavior, as cells usually integrate and respond the microscale environment, such as chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding fluid and extracellular matrix, soluble protein factors, small signal molecules, and contacts with neighboring cells. Furthermore, recent progress in cellular micropatterning has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. In this regards, the ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell-cell contacts through the form and dimension of the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach towards fundamental cell-biological studies, but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. To develop this kind of cellular microarray composed of a cell-resistant surface and cell attachment region, micropatterning a protein-repellent surface is important because cellular adhesion and proliferation are regulated by protein adsorption. The focus of this review is on the surface engineering aspects of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional surfaces with the aim to provide an introductory overview described in the literature. In particular, the importance of non-fouling surface chemistries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are important tools in cell biology research and tissue engineering because they more closely resemble the architectural microenvironment of natural tissue, compared to standard two-dimensional cultures. Microscopy techniques that function well for thin, optically transparent cultures, however, are poorly suited for imaging 3D cell cultures. Three-dimensional cultures may be thick and highly scattering, preventing light from penetrating without significant distortion. Techniques that can image thicker biological specimens at high resolution include confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, and optical coherence tomography. In this chapter, these three imaging modalities are described and demonstrated in the assessment of functional and structural features of 3D chitosin scaffolds, 3D micro-topographic substrates from poly-dimethyl siloxane molds, and 3D Matrigel cultures. Using these techniques, dynamic changes to cells in 3D microenvironments can be non-destructively assessed repeatedly over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt W Graf
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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20
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Abstract
Stromal-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) acting through its specific proto-oncogene receptor c-Met has been suggested to play a paracrine role in the regulation of tumor cell migration and invasion. The transition from preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma is marked by infiltration of stromal fibroblasts and the loss of basement membrane. We hypothesized that HGF produced by the infiltrating fibroblasts may alter proteolytic pathways in DCIS cells, and, to study this hypothesis, established three-dimensional reconstituted basement membrane overlay cocultures with two human DCIS cell lines, MCF10.DCIS and SUM102. Both cell lines formed large dysplastic structures in three-dimensional cultures that resembled DCIS in vivo and occasionally developed invasive outgrowths. In coculture with HGF-secreting mammary fibroblasts, the percentage of DCIS structures with invasive outgrowths was increased. Activation of c-Met with conditioned medium from HGF-secreting fibroblasts or with recombinant HGF increased the percentage of DCIS structures with invasive outgrowths, their degradation of collagen IV, and their secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor. In agreement with the in vitro findings, coinjection with HGF-secreting fibroblasts increased invasiveness of MCF10.DCIS xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Our study shows that paracrine HGF/c-Met signaling between fibroblasts and preinvasive DCIS cells enhances the transition to invasive carcinomas and suggests that three-dimensional cocultures are appropriate models for testing therapeutics that target tumor microenvironment-enhanced invasiveness.
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21
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Huang AH, Yeger-McKeever M, Stein A, Mauck RL. Tensile properties of engineered cartilage formed from chondrocyte- and MSC-laden hydrogels. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1074-82. [PMID: 18353693 PMCID: PMC2601559 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the capacity of chondrocyte- and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden hydrogel constructs to achieve native tissue tensile properties when cultured in a chemically defined medium supplemented with transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3). DESIGN Cell-laden agarose hydrogel constructs (seeded with bovine chondrocytes or MSCs) were formed as prismatic strips and cultured in a chemically defined serum-free medium in the presence or absence of TGF-beta3. The effects of seeding density (10 vs 30 million cells/mL) and cell type (chondrocyte vs MSC) were evaluated over a 56-day period. Biochemical content, collagenous matrix deposition and localization, and tensile properties (ramp modulus, ultimate strain, and toughness) were assessed biweekly. RESULTS Results show that the tensile properties of cell-seeded agarose constructs increase with time in culture. However, tensile properties (modulus, ultimate strain, and toughness) achieved on day 56 were not dependent on either the initial seeding density or the cell type employed. When cultured in medium supplemented with TGF-beta3, tensile modulus increased and plateaued at a level of 300-400 kPa for each cell type and starting cell concentration. Ultimate strain and toughness also increased relative to starting values. Collagen deposition increased in constructs seeded with both cell types and at both seeding densities, with exposure to TGF-beta3 resulting in a clear shift toward type II collagen deposition as determined by immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the tensile properties, an important and often overlooked metric of cartilage development, increase with time in culture in engineered hydrogel-based cartilage constructs. Under the free-swelling conditions employed in the present study, tensile moduli and toughness did not match that of the native tissue, though significant time-dependent increases were observed with the inclusion of TGF-beta3. Of note, MSC-seeded constructs achieved tensile properties that were comparable to chondrocyte-seeded constructs, confirming the utility of this alternative cell source in cartilage tissue engineering. Further work, including both modulation of the chemical and mechanical culture environment, is required to optimize the deposition of collagen and its remodeling to achieve tensile properties in engineered constructs matching the native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H. Huang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Meira Yeger-McKeever
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ashley Stein
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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