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Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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Nadyrova AI, Kosnyrev AS, Ulyanova VV, Dudkina EV, Vershinina VI, Ilinskaya ON. [Efficiency of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Expression Systems for Production of Binase Mutants]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2023; 57:807-818. [PMID: 37752646 DOI: 10.31857/s0026898423050154, edn: yxonyn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus pumilus ribonuclease (binase) exhibits cytotoxic and oncolytic properties, while causing genotoxic effects at high concentrations. Mutants that have reduced catalytic activity and preserve the antitumor properties of the native enzyme could exert lower toxic side effects. Mutant binase forms with the Lys26Ala and His101Glu single substitutions were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. A comparative analysis of Escherichia coli- and Bacillus subtilis-based expression systems demonstrated that the latter is better to use to produce the binase mutants. The binase mutants with reduced catalytic activity were isolated and purified to homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography; the maximum yield was 25 mg/L. Catalytic activities of the mutants toward natural RNA-substrates in comparison with those for native binase were estimated at 11% and 0.02%, respectively. Like native binase, the Lys26Ala mutant was found to be cytotoxic to the A549, BT-20, and HuTu 80 tumor cell lines, but did not substantially affect normal WI-38 cells. The His101Glu mutant did not show cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Nadyrova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - A S Kosnyrev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - V V Ulyanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - E V Dudkina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - V I Vershinina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - O N Ilinskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
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Cai Y, Ru Y, Sun K, Zhang J, Wu J, Li D, Feng H. [Expression of antigens of foot-and-mouth disease virus in plants: a review]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2023; 39:1548-1561. [PMID: 37154322 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious infectious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which seriously endangers the development of animal husbandry. The inactivated FMD vaccine is the main product for the prevention and control of FMD, which has been successfully applied to control the pandemic and outbreak of FMD. However, the inactivated FMD vaccine also has problems, such as the instability of antigen, the risk of spread of the virus due to incomplete inactivation during vaccine production, and the high cost of production. Compared with traditional microbial and animal bioreactors, production of antigens in plants through transgenic technology has some advantages including low cost, safety, convenience, and easy storage and transportation. Moreover, since antigens produced from plants can be directly used as edible vaccines, no complex processes of protein extraction and purification are required. But, there are some problems for the production of antigens in plants, which include low expression level and poor controllability. Thus, expressing the antigens of FMDV in plants may be an alternative mean for production of FMD vaccine, which has certain advantages but still need to be continuously optimized. Here we review the main strategies for expressing active proteins in plants, as well as the research progress on the expression of FMDV antigens in plants. We also discuss the current problems and challenges encountered, with the aim to facilitate related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cai
- Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Hanqing Feng
- Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
- New Rural Development Research Institute, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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Zheng H, Xu J, Yang J, Zheng Y, Tu R, Shi T, Fu G, Liu Q, Wang X, Han X, Zhang Y, Bai W, Song H. [Developments of core technologies in industrial enzymes and green bioprocessing]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:4219-4239. [PMID: 37699687 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The green bio-manufacturing industry, characterized with high efficiency, safety, energy-saving, and environmental-friendliness, is a national strategic emerging industry with broad market prospect. Industrial enzyme is the "chip" of green biological process. The exploitation and application of new industrial enzymes is one of the core enabling technologies of green bio-manufacturing. This review introduces the current situation of industrial enzyme industry, followed by summarizing a series of key technical breakthroughs and research progress in industrial enzymes as well as green biological technologies and processes, which were developed by Tianjin institute of industrial biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in the past 10 years. Typical cases where traditional processing industry was promoted by the development and application of enzyme and green biological technologies were also presented. It is envisioned that development of these core technologies will enable more traditional processing industries transform into green and sustainable bio-based industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jianyong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ran Tu
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ting Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Gang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xingbiao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xu Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yiheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hui Song
- National Engineering Research Center for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Strasser R. Plant-made poliovirus vaccines - Safe alternatives for global vaccination. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1046346. [PMID: 36340406 PMCID: PMC9630729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human polioviruses are highly infectious viruses that are spread mainly through the fecal-oral route. Infection of the central nervous system frequently results in irreversible paralysis, a disease called poliomyelitis. Children under five years are mainly affected if they have not acquired immunity through natural infection or via vaccination. Current polio vaccines comprise the injectable inactivated polio vaccine (IPV, also called the Salk vaccine) and the live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV, also called the Sabin vaccine). The main limitations of the IPV are the reduced protection at the intestinal mucosa, the site of virus replication, and the high costs for manufacturing due to use of live viruses. While the OPV is more effective and stimulates mucosal immunity, it is manufactured using live-attenuated strains that can revert into pathogenic viruses resulting in major safety concerns and vaccine-derived outbreaks. During the last fifteen years, plant-based poliovirus vaccines have been explored by several groups as a safe and low-cost alternative, and promising results in protection against challenges with viruses and induction of neutralizing antibodies have been obtained. However, low yields and a high frequency in dose administration highlight the need for improvements in polioviral antigen production. In this review, we provide insights into recent efforts to develop plant-made poliovirus candidates, with an emphasis on strategies to optimize the production of viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Pöschel L, Gehr E, Buchhaupt M. A pBBR1-based vector with IncP group plasmid compatibility for Methylorubrum extorquens. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1325. [PMID: 36314759 PMCID: PMC9531332 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids are one of the most important genetic tools for basic research and biotechnology, as they enable rapid genetic manipulation. Here we present a novel pBBR1‐based plasmid for Methylorubrum extorquens, a model methylotroph that is used for the development of C1‐based microbial cell factories. To develop a vector with compatibility to the so far mainly used pCM plasmid system, we transferred the pBBR1‐based plasmid pMiS1, which showed an extremely low transformation rate and caused a strong growth defect. Isolation of a suppressor mutant with improved growth led to the isolation of the variant pMis1_1B. Its higher transformation rate and less pronounced growth defect phenotype could be shown to be the result of a mutation in the promotor region of the rep gene. Moreover, cotransformation of pMis1_1B and pCM160 was possible, but the resulting transformants showed stronger growth defects in comparison with a single pMis1_1B transformant. Surprisingly, cotransformants carrying pCM160 and a pMis1_1B derivative containing a mCherry reporter construct showed higher fluorescence levels than strains containing only the pMis1_1B‐based reporter plasmids or a corresponding pCM160 derivative. Relative plasmid copy number determination experiments confirmed our hypothesis of an increased copy number of pMis1_1B in the strain carrying both plasmids. Despite the slight metabolic burden caused by pMis1_1B, the plasmid strongly expands the genetic toolbox for M. extorquens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöschel
- DECHEMA‐ForschungsinstitutMicrobial BiotechnologyFrankfurt am MainGermany,Department of Life SciencesGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Elisabeth Gehr
- DECHEMA‐ForschungsinstitutMicrobial BiotechnologyFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- DECHEMA‐ForschungsinstitutMicrobial BiotechnologyFrankfurt am MainGermany
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Oniani T, Vinnenberg L, Chaudhary R, Schreiber JA, Riske K, Williams B, Pape HC, White JA, Junker A, Seebohm G, Meuth SG, Hundehege P, Budde T, Zobeiri M. Effects of Axonal Demyelination, Inflammatory Cytokines and Divalent Cation Chelators on Thalamic HCN Channels and Oscillatory Bursting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116285. [PMID: 35682964 PMCID: PMC9181513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by the progressive loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin and is associated with thalamic dysfunction. Cuprizone (CPZ)-induced general demyelination in rodents is a valuable model for studying different aspects of MS pathology. CPZ feeding is associated with the altered distribution and expression of different ion channels along neuronal somata and axons. However, it is largely unknown whether the copper chelator CPZ directly influences ion channels. Therefore, we assessed the effects of different divalent cations (copper; zinc) and trace metal chelators (EDTA; Tricine; the water-soluble derivative of CPZ, BiMPi) on hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels that are major mediators of thalamic function and pathology. In addition, alterations of HCN channels induced by CPZ treatment and MS-related proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β; IL-6; INF-α; INF-β) were characterized in C57Bl/6J mice. Thus, the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (Ih) was recorded in thalamocortical (TC) neurons and heterologous expression systems (mHCN2 expressing HEK cells; hHCN4 expressing oocytes). A number of electrophysiological characteristics of Ih (potential of half-maximal activation (V0.5); current density; activation kinetics) were unchanged following the extracellular application of trace metals and divalent cation chelators to native neurons, cell cultures or oocytes. Mice were fed a diet containing 0.2% CPZ for 35 days, resulting in general demyelination in the brain. Withdrawal of CPZ from the diet resulted in rapid remyelination, the effects of which were assessed at three time points after stopping CPZ feeding (Day1, Day7, Day25). In TC neurons, Ih was decreased on Day1 and Day25 and revealed a transient increased availability on Day7. In addition, we challenged naive TC neurons with INF-α and IL-1β. It was found that Ih parameters were differentially altered by the application of the two cytokines to thalamic cells, while IL-1β increased the availability of HCN channels (depolarized V0.5; increased current density) and the excitability of TC neurons (depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP); increased the number of action potentials (APs); produced a larger voltage sag; promoted higher input resistance; increased the number of burst spikes; hyperpolarized the AP threshold), INF-α mediated contrary effects. The effect of cytokine modulation on thalamic bursting was further assessed in horizontal slices and a computational model of slow thalamic oscillations. Here, IL-1β and INF-α increased and reduced oscillatory bursting, respectively. We conclude that HCN channels are not directly modulated by trace metals and divalent cation chelators but are subject to modulation by different MS-related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengiz Oniani
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.O.); (R.C.); (H.-C.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Laura Vinnenberg
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.V.); (P.H.)
| | - Rahul Chaudhary
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.O.); (R.C.); (H.-C.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Julian A. Schreiber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corren-Str. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Kathrin Riske
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Waldeyer-Str. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Brandon Williams
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; (B.W.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.O.); (R.C.); (H.-C.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - John A. White
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; (B.W.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Anna Junker
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Waldeyer-Str. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (K.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Petra Hundehege
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.V.); (P.H.)
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.O.); (R.C.); (H.-C.P.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mehrnoush Zobeiri
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (T.O.); (R.C.); (H.-C.P.); (M.Z.)
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Tariq H, Batool S, Asif S, Ali M, Abbasi BH. Virus-Like Particles: Revolutionary Platforms for Developing Vaccines Against Emerging Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790121. [PMID: 35046918 PMCID: PMC8761975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures that possess diverse applications in therapeutics, immunization, and diagnostics. With the recent advancements in biomedical engineering technologies, commercially available VLP-based vaccines are being extensively used to combat infectious diseases, whereas many more are in different stages of development in clinical studies. Because of their desired characteristics in terms of efficacy, safety, and diversity, VLP-based approaches might become more recurrent in the years to come. However, some production and fabrication challenges must be addressed before VLP-based approaches can be widely used in therapeutics. This review offers insight into the recent VLP-based vaccines development, with an emphasis on their characteristics, expression systems, and potential applicability as ideal candidates to combat emerging virulent pathogens. Finally, the potential of VLP-based vaccine as viable and efficient immunizing agents to induce immunity against virulent infectious agents, including, SARS-CoV-2 and protein nanoparticle-based vaccines has been elaborated. Thus, VLP vaccines may serve as an effective alternative to conventional vaccine strategies in combating emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sannia Batool
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
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Plavec TV, Ključevšek T, Berlec A. Introduction of Modified BglBrick System in Lactococcus lactis for Straightforward Assembly of Multiple Gene Cassettes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:797521. [PMID: 34957084 PMCID: PMC8703077 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.797521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of lactic acid bacteria is an evolving and highly relevant field of research that allows the engineered bacteria to be equipped with the desired functions through the controlled expression of the recombinant protein. Novel genetic engineering techniques offer the advantage of being faster, easier and more efficient in incorporating modifications to the original bacterial strain. Here, we have developed a modified BglBrick system, originally introduced in Escherichia coli and optimized it for the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Six different expression cassettes, encoding model proteins, were assembled in different order as parts of a modified BglBrick system in a novel plasmid pNBBX. All cassettes included nisin promoter, protein encoding gene and transcription terminator. We demonstrated successful intracellular expression of the two fluorescent proteins and display of the four protein binders on the bacterial surface. These were expressed either alone or concomitantly, in combinations of three model proteins. Thus, a modified BglBrick system developed herein enables simple and modular construction of multigene plasmids and controlled simultaneous expression of three proteins in L. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Vida Plavec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tim Ključevšek
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Berlec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
Natural drugs have been transformed and optimized during the long process of evolution. These compounds play a very important role in the protection of human health and treatment of human diseases. Sustainable approaches to the generation of raw materials for pharmaceutical products have been extensively investigated in drug research and development because chemical synthesis is costly and generates pollution. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances in the synthetic biology of natural drugs. Particular attention is paid to the investigations of drugs that may be mass-produced by the pharmaceutical industry after optimization of the corresponding synthetic systems. The present review describes the reconstruction and optimization of biosynthetic pathways for nine drugs, including seven drugs from plant sources and two drugs from microbial sources, suggesting a new strategy for the large-scale preparation of some rare natural plant metabolites and highly bioactive microbial compounds. Some of the suggested synthetic methods remain in a preliminary exploration stage; however, a number of these methods demonstrated considerable application potential. The authors also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the application of synthetic biology and various expression systems for heterologous expression of natural drugs. Thus, the present review provides a useful perspective for researchers attempting to use synthetic biology to produce natural drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Lozano Terol G, Gallego-Jara J, Sola Martínez RA, Martínez Vivancos A, Cánovas Díaz M, de Diego Puente T. Impact of the Expression System on Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli BL21. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682001. [PMID: 34234760 PMCID: PMC8257044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein production for medical, academic, or industrial applications is essential for our current life. Recombinant proteins are obtained mainly through microbial fermentation, with Escherichia coli being the host most used. In spite of that, some problems are associated with the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli, such as the formation of inclusion bodies, the metabolic burden, or the inefficient translocation/transport system of expressed proteins. Optimizing transcription of heterologous genes is essential to avoid these drawbacks and develop competitive biotechnological processes. Here, expression of YFP reporter protein is evaluated under the control of four promoters of different strength (PT7lac, Ptrc, Ptac, and PBAD) and two different replication origins (high copy number pMB1′ and low copy number p15A). In addition, the study has been carried out with the E. coli BL21 wt and the ackA mutant strain growing in a rich medium with glucose or glycerol as carbon sources. Results showed that metabolic burden associated with transcription and translation of foreign genes involves a decrease in recombinant protein expression. It is necessary to find a balance between plasmid copy number and promoter strength to maximize soluble recombinant protein expression. The results obtained represent an important advance on the most suitable expression system to improve both the quantity and quality of recombinant proteins in bioproduction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Lozano Terol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Gallego-Jara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Alba Sola Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrián Martínez Vivancos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology (B), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
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Litke JL, Jaffrey SR. Trans ligation of RNAs to generate hybrid circular RNAs using highly efficient autocatalytic transcripts. Methods 2021; 196:104-112. [PMID: 33992775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs are useful entities for various biotechnology applications, such as templating translation and binding or sequestering miRNA and RNA binding proteins. Circular RNA as highly resistant to degradation in cells and are more long-lived than linear RNAs. Here, we describe a method for intracellular trans ligation of RNA transcripts that can generate hybrid circular RNAs. These hybrid circular RNAs comprise two separate RNA that are covalently linked by ligation to form a circular RNA. By incorporating self-cleaving ribozymes at each site of ligation, trans ligation of the transcripts occurs in mammalian cells with no additional material. We provide a protocol for designing and testing trans ligation of transcripts and demonstrate detection of hybrid circular RNAs using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Litke
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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González Pose A, Montesino Seguí R, Maura Pérez R, Hugues Salazar F, Cabezas Ávila I, Altamirano Gómez C, Sánchez Ramos O, Roberto Toledo J. Characterisation of a New Molecule Based on Two E2 Sequences from Bovine Viral Diarrhoea-mucosal Disease Virus Fused To the Human Immunoglobulin Fc Fragment. J Vet Res 2021; 65:27-37. [PMID: 33817392 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Proper conformational arrangement of the E2 molecules of bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus (BVD-MDV) is crucial to obtain an effective recombinant vaccine candidate against the disease. In this study, we characterised a new molecule composed of two distinct sequences of the E2 glycoprotein of BVD-MDV and the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin (BVDE2Fc). Materials and Methods The chimaeric protein was expressed in mammalian cell lines of different species by adenoviral transduction and purified by immobilised metal-affinity chromatography. The N-glycans were profiled by HPLC, and the BVDE2Fc immunogenicity was assessed in male mice. The antigen-antibody reactions were evaluated by ELISA. Results The MDBK cell line was selected from among five for the final production of BVDE2Fc. After purification to over 90%, the N-glycan profile showed neutral and complex oligosaccharides. The mouse immunisation induced a strong humoral response, which produced antibodies able to attach to conformational epitopes on E2 molecules, while the Fc fragment barely contributed to the immune response. Additionally, BVDE2Fc attached to antibodies from bovine sera positive to distinct BVD-MDV subtypes, whereas the loss of BVDE2Fc structure during the deglycosylation process considerably diminished those interactions. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the structure of E2 molecules arranged in tandem and attached to an Fc fragment could represent a viable design for future vaccine candidates against BVD-MD.
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Abstract
Existing genetic methods of neuronal targeting do not routinely achieve the resolution required for mapping brain circuits. New approaches are thus necessary. Here, we introduce a method for refined neuronal targeting that can be applied iteratively. Restriction achieved at the first step can be further refined in a second step, if necessary. The method relies on first isolating neurons within a targeted group (i.e. Gal4 pattern) according to their developmental lineages, and then intersectionally limiting the number of lineages by selecting only those in which two distinct neuroblast enhancers are active. The neuroblast enhancers drive expression of split Cre recombinase fragments. These are fused to non-interacting pairs of split inteins, which ensure reconstitution of active Cre when all fragments are expressed in the same neuroblast. Active Cre renders all neuroblast-derived cells in a lineage permissive for Gal4 activity. We demonstrate how this system can facilitate neural circuit-mapping in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojiang Luan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Alexander Kuzin
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Ward F Odenwald
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIHBethesdaUnited States
| | - Benjamin H White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIHBethesdaUnited States
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15
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Chamberlain P, Rup B. Immunogenicity Risk Assessment for an Engineered Human Cytokine Analogue Expressed in Different Cell Substrates. AAPS J 2020; 22:65. [PMID: 32291556 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to illustrate how performance of an immunogenicity risk assessment at the earliest stage of product development can be instructive for critical early decision-making such as choice of host system for expression of a recombinant therapeutic protein and determining the extent of analytical characterization and control of heterogeneity in co- and post-translational modifications. Application of a risk-based approach for a hypothetical recombinant DNA analogue of a human endogenous cytokine with immunomodulatory functions is described. The manner in which both intrinsic and extrinsic factors could interact to influence the relative scale of risk associated with expression in alternative hosts, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, Pichia pastoris, Escherichia coli, or Nicotinia tabacum is considered in relation to the development of the investigational product to treat an autoimmune condition. The article discusses how particular product-related variants (primary amino acid sequence modifications and post-translational glycosylation or other modifications) and process-derived impurities (host cell proteins, endotoxins, beta-glucans) associated with the different expression systems might influence the impact of immunogenicity on overall clinical benefit versus risk for a therapeutic protein candidate that has intrinsic MHC Class II binding potential. The implications of the choice of expression system for relative risk are discussed in relation to specific actions for evaluation and measures for risk mitigation, including use of in silico and in vitro methods to understand intrinsic immunogenic potential relative to incremental risk associated with non-human glycan and protein impurities. Finally, practical guidance on presentation of this information in regulatory submissions to support clinical development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chamberlain
- NDA Advisory Board, NDA Regulatory Science Ltd, Grove House, Guildford Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 9DF, UK.
| | - Bonita Rup
- Bonnie Rup Consulting, LLC, Reading, Massachusetts, USA
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Han L, Cui W, Lin Q, Chen Q, Suo F, Ma K, Wang Y, Hao W, Cheng Z, Zhou Z. Efficient Overproduction of Active Nitrile Hydratase by Coupling Expression Induction and Enzyme Maturation via Programming a Controllable Cobalt-Responsive Gene Circuit. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:193. [PMID: 32266230 PMCID: PMC7105576 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust and portable expression system is of great importance in enzyme production, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology, which maximizes the performance of the engineered system. In this study, a tailor-made cobalt-induced expression system (CIES) was developed for low-cost and eco-friendly nitrile hydratase (NHase) production. First, the strong promoter Pveg from Bacillus subtilis, the Ni(II)/Co(II) responsive repressor RcnR, and its operator were reorganized to construct a CIES. In this system, the expression of reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) was specifically triggered by Co(II) over a broad range of concentration. The performance of the cobalt-induced system was evolved to version 2.0 (CIES 2.0) for adaptation to different concentrations of Co(II) through programming a homeostasis system that rebalances cobalt efflux and influx with RcnA and NiCoT, respectively. Harnessing these synthetic platforms, the induced expression of NHase was coupled with enzyme maturation by Co(II) in a synchronizable manner without requiring additional inducers, which is a unique feature relative to other induced systems for production of NHase. The yield of NHase was 111.2 ± 17.9 U/ml using CIES and 114.9 ± 1.4 U/ml using CIES 2.0, which has a producing capability equivalent to that of commonly used isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG)-induced systems. In a scale-up system using a 5-L fermenter, the yielded enzymatic activity reached 542.2 ± 42.8 U/ml, suggesting that the designer platform for NHase is readily applied to the industry. The design of CIES in this study not only provided a low-cost and eco-friendly platform to overproduce NHase but also proposed a promising pipeline for development of synthetic platforms for expression of metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laichuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiya Suo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenliang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
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Karbalaei M, Rezaee SA, Farsiani H. Pichia pastoris: A highly successful expression system for optimal synthesis of heterologous proteins. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5867-5881. [PMID: 32057111 PMCID: PMC7228273 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important branches of genetic engineering is the expression of recombinant proteins using biological expression systems. Nowadays, different expression systems are used for the production of recombinant proteins including bacteria, yeasts, molds, mammals, plants, and insects. Yeast expression systems such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) are more popular. P. pastoris expression system is one of the most popular and standard tools for the production of recombinant protein in molecular biology. Overall, the benefits of protein production by P. pastoris system include appropriate folding (in the endoplasmic reticulum) and secretion (by Kex2 as signal peptidase) of recombinant proteins to the external environment of the cell. Moreover, in the P. pastoris expression system due to its limited production of endogenous secretory proteins, the purification of recombinant protein is easy. It is also considered a unique host for the expression of subunit vaccines which could significantly affect the growing market of medical biotechnology. Although P. pastoris expression systems are impressive and easy to use with well‐defined process protocols, some degree of process optimization is required to achieve maximum production of the target proteins. Methanol and sorbitol concentration, Mut forms, temperature and incubation time have to be adjusted to obtain optimal conditions, which might vary among different strains and externally expressed protein. Eventually, optimal conditions for the production of a recombinant protein in P. pastoris expression system differ according to the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Seyed A Rezaee
- School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
Bacteriophages, or phages, are ubiquitous microorganisms that only infect bacteria. They were briefly used, mainly in the West, in the early 20th century to treat human bacterial infections, before being replaced by antibiotics in the 1940s. In the 1970s, the phage display technology, which consists of presenting multiple copies of small polypeptides at the surface of the phage, led to consider phages as vaccine antigen producers. However, the technology potential for this use remains limited to small or truncated antigens that required the use of an adjuvant. Nowadays, phages are gaining a growing interest as vaccine antigen delivery vehicles. Evidence of the phage intrinsic adjuvant properties, which can be enhanced by targeting the particles to various eucaryotic cells, combined with a demonstrated inocuity in human and at low production cost make it possible to envisage in a near future the use of virus-based vaccines-like phagic particles (i.e. virus-like particles). This review describes, in a non-exhaustive way, some of the most promising technological approaches. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence from the literature showing that phages play a major role in the equilibrium of the human intestinal microbiota and protection against mucosal infection, opening new opportunities for vaccine research, targeting pathogens at the first natural host barrier protection.
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Moon KB, Park JS, Park YI, Song IJ, Lee HJ, Cho HS, Jeon JH, Kim HS. Development of Systems for the Production of Plant-Derived Biopharmaceuticals. Plants (Basel) 2019; 9:plants9010030. [PMID: 31878277 PMCID: PMC7020158 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, plants have been developed as a platform for the production of useful recombinant proteins due to a number of advantages, including rapid production and scalability, the ability to produce unique glycoforms, and the intrinsic safety of food crops. The expression methods used to produce target proteins are divided into stable and transient systems depending on applications that use whole plants or minimally processed forms. In the early stages of research, stable expression systems were mostly used; however, in recent years, transient expression systems have been preferred. The production of the plant itself, which produces recombinant proteins, is currently divided into two major approaches, open-field cultivation and closed-indoor systems. The latter encompasses such regimes as greenhouses, vertical farming units, cell bioreactors, and hydroponic systems. Various aspects of each system will be discussed in this review, which focuses mainly on practical examples and commercially feasible approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-B.M.); (J.-S.P.); (H.-J.L.); (H.S.C.); (J.-H.J.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Deahank-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-B.M.); (J.-S.P.); (H.-J.L.); (H.S.C.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Deahank-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - In-Ja Song
- National Research Safety Headquarters, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Chungbuk-do 28116, Korea;
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-B.M.); (J.-S.P.); (H.-J.L.); (H.S.C.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-B.M.); (J.-S.P.); (H.-J.L.); (H.S.C.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Jae-Heung Jeon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-B.M.); (J.-S.P.); (H.-J.L.); (H.S.C.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-B.M.); (J.-S.P.); (H.-J.L.); (H.S.C.); (J.-H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-4493
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Huber A, Lerchster H, Marx F. Nutrient Excess Triggers the Expression of the Penicillium chrysogenum Antifungal Protein PAFB. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120654. [PMID: 31817241 PMCID: PMC6956099 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient limitation and nonfavorable growth conditions have been suggested to be major triggers for the expression of small, cysteine-rich antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) of fungal origin, e.g., the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF), the Aspergillus giganteus antifungal protein (AFP), the Aspergillus niger antifungal protein (AnAFP). Therefore, these AMPs have been considered to be fungal secondary metabolite products. In contrast, the present study revealed that the expression of the PAF-related AMP P. chrysogenum antifungal protein B (PAFB) is strongly induced under nutrient excess during the logarithmic growth phase, whereas PAFB remained under the detection level in the supernatant of cultures grown under nutrient limitation. The efficiency of the pafB-promoter to induce PAFB expression was compared with that of two P. chrysogenum promoters that are well established for recombinant protein production: the paf-promoter and the xylose-inducible promoter of the xylanase gene, xylP. The inducibility of the pafB-promoter was superior to that of the xylP-promoter yielding comparable PAFB amounts as under the regulation of the paf-promoter. We conclude that (i) differences in the expression regulation of AMPs suggest distinct functional roles in the producer beyond their antifungal activity; and (ii) the pafB-promoter is a promising tool for recombinant protein production in P. chrysogenum, as it guarantees strong gene expression with the advantage of inducibility.
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Yadav M, Shukla P. Efficient engineered probiotics using synthetic biology approaches: A review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:22-29. [PMID: 31538358 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The uses of probiotics-based food supplements are getting emphasis due to their power to ensure better health conditions. Probiotics have diverse and significant applications in the health sector, so probiotic strains require an understanding of the genome level organizations. Probiotics elucidate various functional parameters that control their metabolic functions. In this review, we have compiled aspects of synthetic biology, which are used for the optimization of metabolic processes in probiotics for their use as a supplement in allopathic medicines. Synthetic biology approaches provide information about diverse biosynthetic pathways and also facilitate the novel metabolic engineering approaches for probiotics strain improvement. We have discussed the synthetic biology approaches for producing engineered probiotics via genetic circuits, expression systems, and genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas and PEVLAB. This review also enlightens future challenges in the development of engineered probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Yadav
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Amann T, Schmieder V, Faustrup Kildegaard H, Borth N, Andersen MR. Genetic engineering approaches to improve posttranslational modification of biopharmaceuticals in different production platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2778-2796. [PMID: 31237682 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of approved biopharmaceuticals, where product quality attributes remain of major importance, is increasing steadily. Within the available variety of expression hosts, the production of biopharmaceuticals faces diverse limitations with respect to posttranslational modifications (PTM), while different biopharmaceuticals demand different forms and specifications of PTMs for proper functionality. With the growing toolbox of genetic engineering technologies, it is now possible to address general as well as host- or biopharmaceutical-specific product quality obstacles. In this review, we present diverse expression systems derived from mammalians, bacteria, yeast, plants, and insects as well as available genetic engineering tools. We focus on genes for knockout/knockdown and overexpression for meaningful approaches to improve biopharmaceutical PTMs and discuss their applicability as well as future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Amann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- acib GmbH-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Zhang M, Zhu J, Lu H. [Advances in antibody drug expression techniques]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2019; 35:171-182. [PMID: 30806047 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.180201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century is regarded as the century of biotechnological drugs, among which monoclonal antibodies and their derived targeting drugs have established themselves as the leading modality of biopharmaceutical pharmaceutics for a wide range of indications covering malignant tumors and autoimmune disorders. Since the manufacturing of the first antibody drug from hybridoma cells, the technologies have been intensely studied and there emerged numerous breakthroughs in recombinant cell line establishment, antibody expression and purification, quality control and other related areas. This article summarizes the critical progresses of antibody drugs expression technologies, especially of mammalian cell expression system, Escherichia coli expression system, the transgenic animal reactor and the cell free protein synthesis system, to give a detailed illustration of the recent advances in antibody drugs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Baghban R, Farajnia S, Ghasemi Y, Mortazavi M, Zarghami N, Samadi N. New Developments in Pichia pastoris Expression System, Review and Update. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 19:451-467. [PMID: 30019641 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180718093037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Pichia pastoris is an outstanding host among conventional expression systems for production of recombinant proteins, a new interest has been emerged to this system due to the inherent advantages and new developments in this expression host. The potential for secretory and soluble expression of heterologous glycoproteins in P. pastoris proposed this system as a candidate for the production of complex eukaryotic proteins. METHODS Several new developments have occurred in different areas related to P. pastoris expression system including hosts, vectors, glycosylation pattern and fermentation technology. Strain engineering using Crispr/Cas9 technology to produce human-like glycoproteins and protease deficient strains are two new areas of development with high importance. RESULTS This review is dedicated to discuss the most important characteristics of P. pastoris with emphasis on new developments, especially in the field of glycoengineering, efficient expression vectors and promoters. CONCLUSION New developments that occurred in the P. pastoris expression system converted this system to a versatile host for the production of complex proteins. This progress paved the way for several proteins to enter the clinical trials or industrial processes with this valuable expression host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayyeh Baghban
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Wallis D, Li K, Lui H, Hu K, Chen MJ, Li J, Kang J, Das S, Korf BR, Kesterson RA. Neurofibromin (NF1) genetic variant structure-function analyses using a full-length mouse cDNA. Hum Mutat 2018. [PMID: 29522274 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by pathogenic variants or mutations in the NF1 gene that encodes neurofibromin. We describe here a new approach to determining the functional consequences of NF1 genetic variants. We established a heterologous cell culture expression system using a full-length mouse Nf1 cDNA (mNf1) and human cell lines. We demonstrate that the full-length murine cDNA produces a > 250 kDa neurofibromin protein that is capable of modulating Ras signaling. We created mutant cDNAs representing NF1 patient variants with different clinically relevant phenotypes, and assessed their ability to produce mature neurofibromin and restore Nf1 activity in NF1-/- cells. These cDNAs represent variants in multiple protein domains and various types of clinically relevant predicted variants. This approach will help advance research on neurofibromin structure and function, determine pathogenicity for missense variants, and allow for the development of activity assays and variant-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeann Wallis
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kairong Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui Lui
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mei-Jan Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jungsoon Kang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shamik Das
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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26
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Abstract
Protein glycosylation is post-translational modification (PTM) which is important for pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics. As a result of variations in monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkages and glycan branching, glycosylation introduces considerable complexity and heterogeneity to therapeutics. The host cell line used to produce the glycoprotein has a strong influence on the glycosylation because different host systems may express varying repertoire of glycosylation enzymes and transporters that contributes to specificity and heterogeneity in glycosylation profiles. In this review, we discuss the types of host cell lines currently used for recombinant therapeutic production, their glycosylation potential and the resultant impact on glycoprotein properties. In addition, we compare the reported glycosylation profiles of four recombinant glycoproteins: immunoglobulin G (IgG), coagulation factor VII (FVII), erythropoietin (EPO) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) produced in different mammalian cells to establish the influence of mammalian host cell lines on glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bryan Goh
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore , Singapore
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27
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Kim SK, Lee DH, Kim OC, Kim JF, Yoon SH. Tunable Control of an Escherichia coli Expression System for the Overproduction of Membrane Proteins by Titrated Expression of a Mutant lac Repressor. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1766-1773. [PMID: 28524655 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Most inducible expression systems suffer from growth defects, leaky basal induction, and inhomogeneous expression levels within a host cell population. These difficulties are most prominent with the overproduction of membrane proteins that are toxic to host cells. Here, we developed an Escherichia coli inducible expression system for membrane protein production based on titrated expression of a mutant lac repressor (mLacI). Performance of the mLacI inducible system was evaluated in conjunction with commonly used lac operator-based expression vectors using a T7 or tac promoter. Remarkably, expression of a target gene can be titrated by the dose-dependent addition of l-rhamnose, and the expression levels were homogeneous in the cell population. The developed system was successfully applied to overexpress three membrane proteins that were otherwise difficult to produce in E. coli. This gene expression control system can be easily applied to a broad range of existing protein expression systems and should be useful in constructing genetic circuits that require precise output signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Keun Kim
- Synthetic
Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems
and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Synthetic
Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems
and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Cheol Kim
- Synthetic
Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun F. Kim
- Department
of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Yoon
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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28
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Kelly CL, Liu Z, Yoshihara A, Jenkinson SF, Wormald MR, Otero J, Estévez A, Kato A, Marqvorsen MHS, Fleet GWJ, Estévez RJ, Izumori K, Heap JT. Synthetic Chemical Inducers and Genetic Decoupling Enable Orthogonal Control of the rhaBAD Promoter. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1136-1145. [PMID: 27247275 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
External control of gene expression is crucial in synthetic biology and biotechnology research and applications, and is commonly achieved using inducible promoter systems. The E. coli rhamnose-inducible rhaBAD promoter has properties superior to more commonly used inducible expression systems, but is marred by transient expression caused by degradation of the native inducer, l-rhamnose. To address this problem, 35 analogues of l-rhamnose were screened for induction of the rhaBAD promoter, but no strong inducers were identified. In the native configuration, an inducer must bind and activate two transcriptional activators, RhaR and RhaS. Therefore, the expression system was reconfigured to decouple the rhaBAD promoter from the native rhaSR regulatory cascade so that candidate inducers need only activate the terminal transcription factor RhaS. Rescreening the 35 compounds using the modified rhaBAD expression system revealed several promising inducers. These were characterized further to determine the strength, kinetics, and concentration-dependence of induction; whether the inducer was used as a carbon source by E. coli; and the modality (distribution) of induction among populations of cells. l-Mannose was found to be the most useful orthogonal inducer, providing an even greater range of induction than the native inducer l-rhamnose, and crucially, allowing sustained induction instead of transient induction. These findings address the key limitation of the rhaBAD expression system and suggest it may now be the most suitable system for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán L. Kelly
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Zilei Liu
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Akihide Yoshihara
- International
Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Sarah F. Jenkinson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Mark R. Wormald
- Glycobiology
Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jose Otero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amalia Estévez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mikkel H. S. Marqvorsen
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - George W. J. Fleet
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ramón J. Estévez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ken Izumori
- International
Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - John T. Heap
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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29
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Kao T, Labonne T, Niclis JC, Chaurasia R, Lokmic Z, Qian E, Bruveris FF, Howden SE, Motazedian A, Schiesser JV, Costa M, Sourris K, Ng E, Anderson D, Giudice A, Farlie P, Cheung M, Lamande SR, Penington AJ, Parish CL, Thomson LH, Rafii A, Elliott DA, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. GAPTrap: A Simple Expression System for Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivatives. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:518-526. [PMID: 27594589 PMCID: PMC5032031 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to reliably express fluorescent reporters or other genes of interest is important for using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as a platform for investigating cell fates and gene function. We describe a simple expression system, designated GAPTrap (GT), in which reporter genes, including GFP, mCherry, mTagBFP2, luc2, Gluc, and lacZ are inserted into the GAPDH locus in hPSCs. Independent clones harboring variations of the GT vectors expressed remarkably consistent levels of the reporter gene. Differentiation experiments showed that reporter expression was reliably maintained in hematopoietic cells, cardiac mesoderm, definitive endoderm, and ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Similarly, analysis of teratomas derived from GT-lacZ hPSCs showed that β-galactosidase expression was maintained in a spectrum of cell types representing derivatives of the three germ layers. Thus, the GAPTrap vectors represent a robust and straightforward tagging system that enables indelible labeling of PSCs and their differentiated derivatives. GAPTrap vector system targets transgenes to the ubiquitously expressed GAPDH locus Targeting transgenes to the GAPDH locus yields reliable transgene expression Transgenes at this locus are robustly expressed in differentiated cells Generation of GAPTrap targeted human PSC lines is simple and efficient
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kao
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Tanya Labonne
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Niclis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ritu Chaurasia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Zerina Lokmic
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Qian
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Freya F Bruveris
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ali Motazedian
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Magdaline Costa
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Koula Sourris
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David Anderson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Antonietta Giudice
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter Farlie
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Michael Cheung
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shireen R Lamande
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Anthony J Penington
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thomson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065-4896, USA
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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30
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Horn N, Carvalho AL, Overweg K, Wegmann U, Carding SR, Stentz R. A Novel Tightly Regulated Gene Expression System for the Human Intestinal Symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1080. [PMID: 27468280 PMCID: PMC4942465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in studying the function of Bacteroides species resident in the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract and the contribution they make to host health. Reverse genetics and protein expression techniques, such as those developed for well-characterized Escherichia coli cannot be applied to Bacteroides species as they and other members of the Bacteriodetes phylum have unique promoter structures. The availability of useful Bacteroides-specific genetic tools is therefore limited. Here we describe the development of an effective mannan-controlled gene expression system for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron containing the mannan-inducible promoter-region of an α-1,2-mannosidase gene (BT_3784), a ribosomal binding site designed to modulate expression, a multiple cloning site to facilitate the cloning of genes of interest, and a transcriptional terminator. Using the Lactobacillus pepI as a reporter gene, mannan induction resulted in an increase of reporter activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with a wide range of activity. The endogenous BtcepA cephalosporinase gene was used to demonstrate the suitability of this novel expression system, enabling the isolation of a His-tagged version of BtCepA. We have also shown with experiments performed in mice that the system can be induced in vivo in the presence of an exogenous source of mannan. By enabling the controlled expression of endogenous and exogenous genes in B. thetaiotaomicron this novel inducer-dependent expression system will aid in defining the physiological role of individual genes and the functional analyses of their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Horn
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Carding's Lab, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Ana L Carvalho
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Carding's Lab, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Karin Overweg
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Carding's Lab, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Udo Wegmann
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Carding's Lab, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Carding's Lab, Institute of Food ResearchNorwich, UK; Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East AngliaNorwich, UK
| | - Régis Stentz
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Carding's Lab, Institute of Food Research Norwich, UK
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31
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Ojima-Kato T, Fukui K, Yamamoto H, Hashimura D, Miyake S, Hirakawa Y, Yamasaki T, Kojima T, Nakano H. 'Zipbody' leucine zipper-fused Fab in E. coli in vitro and in vivo expression systems. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:149-57. [PMID: 26902097 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A small antibody fragment, fragment of antigen binding (Fab), is favorable for various immunological assays. However, production efficiency of active Fab in microorganisms depends considerably on the clones. In this study, leucine zipper-peptide pairs that dimerize in parallel (ACID-p1 (LZA)/BASE-p1 (LZB) or c-Jun/c-Fos) were fused to the C-terminus of heavy chain (Hc, VH-CH1) and light chain (Lc, VL-CL), respectively, to accelerate the association of Hc and Lc to form Fab in Escherichia coli in vivo and in vitro expression systems. The leucine zipper-fused Fab named 'Zipbody' was constructed using anti-E. coli O157 monoclonal antibody obtained from mouse hybridoma and produced in both in vitro and in vivo expression systems in an active form, whereas Fab without the leucine zipper fusion was not. Similarly, Zipbody of rabbit monoclonal antibody produced in in vitro expression showed significant activity. The purified, mouse Zipbody produced in the E. coli strain Shuffle T7 Express had specificity toward the antigen; in bio-layer interferometry analysis, the KD value was measured to be 1.5-2.0 × 10(-8) M. These results indicate that leucine zipper fusion to Fab C-termini markedly enhances active Fab formation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Ojima-Kato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Knowledge Hub Aichi, Aichi Science and Technology Foundation, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0356, Japan
| | - Kansuke Fukui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dai Hashimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- Advanced Scientific Technology and Management Research Institute of Kyoto, Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Advanced Scientific Technology and Management Research Institute of Kyoto, Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamasaki
- Advanced Scientific Technology and Management Research Institute of Kyoto, Chudoji Minamimachi, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8813, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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32
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Yang L, Wang X, Deng W, Mo W, Gao J, Liu Q, Zhang C, Wang Q, Lin C, Zuo Z. Using HEK293T Expression System to Study Photoactive Plant Cryptochromes. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:940. [PMID: 27446167 PMCID: PMC4921486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors that are conserved in plants and animals. Although the light-dependent catalytic mechanism of photolyase is well studied, the photochemical mechanism of cryptochromes remains largely unknown. Lack of an appropriate protein expression system to obtain photochemically active cryptochrome holoproteins is a technical obstacle for the study of plant cryptochromes. We report here an easy-to-use method to express and study Arabidopsis cryptochrome in HEK293T cells. Our results indicate that Arabidopsis cryptochromes expressed in HEK293T are photochemically active. We envision a broad use of this method in the functional investigation of plant proteins, especially in the large-scale analyses of photochemical activities of cryptochromes such as blue light-dependent protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Weixian Deng
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Mo
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics, College of Plant Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zecheng Zuo,
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33
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Lu Z, Filonov GS, Noto JJ, Schmidt CA, Hatkevich TL, Wen Y, Jaffrey SR, Matera AG. Metazoan tRNA introns generate stable circular RNAs in vivo. RNA 2015; 21:1554-65. [PMID: 26194134 PMCID: PMC4536317 DOI: 10.1261/rna.052944.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a class of abundant circular noncoding RNAs that are produced during metazoan tRNA splicing. These transcripts, termed tRNA intronic circular (tric)RNAs, are conserved features of animal transcriptomes. Biogenesis of tricRNAs requires anciently conserved tRNA sequence motifs and processing enzymes, and their expression is regulated in an age-dependent and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, we exploited this biogenesis pathway to develop an in vivo expression system for generating "designer" circular RNAs in human cells. Reporter constructs expressing RNA aptamers such as Spinach and Broccoli can be used to follow the transcription and subcellular localization of tricRNAs in living cells. Owing to the superior stability of circular vs. linear RNA isoforms, this expression system has a wide range of potential applications, from basic research to pharmaceutical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Grigory S Filonov
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - John J Noto
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Casey A Schmidt
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Talia L Hatkevich
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ying Wen
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - A Gregory Matera
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Bashiri G, Baker EN. Production of recombinant proteins in Mycobacterium smegmatis for structural and functional studies. Protein Sci 2014; 24:1-10. [PMID: 25303009 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein production using recombinant DNA technology has a fundamental impact on our understanding of biology through providing proteins for structural and functional studies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been traditionally used as the default expression host to over-express and purify proteins from many different organisms. E. coli does, however, have known shortcomings for obtaining soluble, properly folded proteins suitable for downstream studies. These shortcomings are even more pronounced for the mycobacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, with typically only one third of proteins expressed in E. coli produced as soluble proteins. Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) is a closely related and non-pathogenic species that has been successfully used as an expression host for production of proteins from various mycobacterial species. In this review, we describe the early attempts to produce mycobacterial proteins in alternative expression hosts and then focus on available expression systems in M. smegmatis. The advantages of using M. smegmatis as an expression host, its application in structural biology and some practical aspects of protein production are also discussed. M. smegmatis provides an effective expression platform for enhanced understanding of mycobacterial biology and pathogenesis and for developing novel and better therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Bashiri
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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Lin H, Qin S. Tipping points in seaweed genetic engineering: scaling up opportunities in the next decade. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3025-45. [PMID: 24857961 PMCID: PMC4052329 DOI: 10.3390/md12053025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweed genetic engineering is a transgenic expression system with unique features compared with those of heterotrophic prokaryotes and higher plants. This study discusses several newly sequenced seaweed nuclear genomes and the necessity that research on vector design should consider endogenous promoters, codon optimization, and gene copy number. Seaweed viruses and artificial transposons can be applied as transformation methods after acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of viral infections in seaweeds and transposon patterns in seaweed genomes. After cultivating transgenic algal cells and tissues in a photobioreactor, a biosafety assessment of genetically modified (GM) seaweeds must be conducted before open-sea application. We propose a set of programs for the evaluation of gene flow from GM seaweeds to local/geographical environments. The effective implementation of such programs requires fundamentally systematic and interdisciplinary studies on algal physiology and genetics, marine hydrology, reproductive biology, and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Lin
- Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Song Qin
- Key Lab of Coastal Biology and Bio-resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Yantai 264003, China.
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Abstract
A recent paper by the Dahankuar laboratory suggested that single Drosophila sugar receptors proteins accurately mediate sugar detection when ectopically expressed in olfactory neurons of the antenna. These findings contra-dict numerous previously published electrophysiological and behavioral investigations, which all point towards heteromultimeric sugar taste receptors. Here, I provide some explanation why this "pseudo-heterologous" expression system may have led to this misleading conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Amrein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine; Texas A&M Health Science Center; College Station, TX USA
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Costa AR, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Azeredo J. Glycosylation: impact, control and improvement during therapeutic protein production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:281-99. [PMID: 23919242 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.793649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the biopharmaceutical industry represented a major revolution for modern medicine, through the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins that brought new hope for many patients with previously untreatable diseases. There is a ever-growing demand for these therapeutics that forces a constant technological evolution to increase product yields while simultaneously reducing costs. However, the process changes made for this purpose may also affect the quality of the product, a factor that was initially overlooked but which is now a major focus of concern. Of the many properties determining product quality, glycosylation is regarded as one of the most important, influencing, for example, the biological activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity of the protein. Consequently, monitoring and control of glycosylation is now critical in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and a requirement of regulatory agencies. A rapid evolution is being observed in this context, concerning the influence of glycosylation in the efficacy of different therapeutic proteins, the impact on glycosylation of a diversity of parameters/processes involved in therapeutic protein production, the analytical methodologies employed for glycosylation monitoring and control, as well as strategies that are being explored to use this property to improve therapeutic protein efficacy (glycoengineering). This work reviews the main findings on these subjects, providing an up-to-date source of information to support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal
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Abstract
Over the last three decades, virus-like particles (VLPs) have evolved to become a widely accepted technology, especially in the field of vaccinology. In fact, some VLP-based vaccines are currently used as commercial medical products, and other VLP-based products are at different stages of clinical study. Several remarkable advantages have been achieved in the development of VLPs as gene therapy tools and new nanomaterials. The analysis of published data reveals that at least 110 VLPs have been constructed from viruses belonging to 35 different families. This review therefore discusses the main principles in the cloning of viral structural genes, the relevant host systems and the purification procedures that have been developed. In addition, the methods that are used to characterize the structural integrity, stability, and components, including the encapsidated nucleic acids, of newly synthesized VLPs are analyzed. Moreover, some of the modifications that are required to construct VLP-based carriers of viral origin with defined properties are discussed, and examples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga 1067, Latvia.
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Wagner M, van Wolferen M, Wagner A, Lassak K, Meyer BH, Reimann J, Albers SV. Versatile Genetic Tool Box for the Crenarchaeote Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:214. [PMID: 22707949 PMCID: PMC3374326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For reverse genetic approaches inactivation or selective modification of genes are required to elucidate their putative function. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is a thermoacidophilic Crenarchaeon which grows optimally at 76°C and pH 3. As many antibiotics do not withstand these conditions the development of a genetic system in this organism is dependent on auxotrophies. Therefore we constructed a pyrE deletion mutant of S. acidocaldarius wild type strain DSM639 missing 322 bp called MW001. Using this strain as the starting point, we describe here different methods using single as well as double crossover events to obtain markerless deletion mutants, tag genes genomically and ectopically integrate foreign DNA into MW001. These methods enable us to construct single, double, and triple deletions strains that can still be complemented with the pRN1 based expression vector. Taken together we have developed a versatile and robust genetic tool box for the crenarchaeote S. acidocaldarius that will promote the study of unknown gene functions in this organism and makes it a suitable host for synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wagner
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg, Germany
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Gilmartin AA, Lamp B, Rümenapf T, Persson MA, Rey FA, Krey T. High-level secretion of recombinant monomeric murine and human single-chain Fv antibodies from Drosophila S2 cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:59-66. [PMID: 22160929 PMCID: PMC3258843 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragment (scFvs) antibodies are small polypeptides (∼26 kD) containing the heavy (V(H)) and light (V(L)) immunoglobulin domains of a parent antibody connected by a flexible linker. In addition to being frequently used in diagnostics and therapy for an increasing number of human diseases, scFvs are important tools for structural biology as crystallization chaperones. Although scFvs can be expressed in many different organisms, the expression level of an scFv strongly depends on its particular amino acid sequence. We report here a system allowing for easy and efficient cloning of (i) scFvs selected by phage display and (ii) individual heavy and light chain sequences from hybridoma cDNA into expression plasmids engineered for secretion of the recombinant fragment produced in Drosophila S2 cells. We validated the method by producing five scFvs derived from human and murine parent antibodies directed against various antigens. The production yields varied between 5 and 12 mg monomeric scFv per liter of supernatant, indicating a relative independence on the individual sequences. The recombinant scFvs bound their cognate antigen with high affinity, comparable with the parent antibodies. The suitability of the produced recombinant fragments for structural studies was demonstrated by crystallization and structure determination of one of the produced scFvs, derived from a broadly neutralizing antibody against the major glycoprotein E2 of the hepatitis C virus. Structural comparison with the Protein Data Bank revealed the typical spatial organization of V(H) and V(L) domains, further validating the here-reported expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allissia A. Gilmartin
- Départment de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mats A.A. Persson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Félix A. Rey
- Départment de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Krey
- Départment de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France
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Douillard FP, O'Connell-Motherway M, Cambillau C, van Sinderen D. Expanding the molecular toolbox for Lactococcus lactis: construction of an inducible thioredoxin gene fusion expression system. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:66. [PMID: 21827702 PMCID: PMC3162883 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of the Nisin Inducible Controlled Expression (NICE) system in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris represents a cornerstone in the use of Gram-positive bacterial expression systems for biotechnological purposes. However, proteins that are subjected to such over-expression in L. lactis may suffer from improper folding, inclusion body formation and/or protein degradation, thereby significantly reducing the yield of soluble target protein. Although such drawbacks are not specific to L. lactis, no molecular tools have been developed to prevent or circumvent these recurrent problems of protein expression in L. lactis. RESULTS Mimicking thioredoxin gene fusion systems available for E. coli, two nisin-inducible expression vectors were constructed to over-produce various proteins in L. lactis as thioredoxin fusion proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that our novel L. lactis fusion partner expression vectors allow high-level expression of soluble heterologous proteins Tuc2009 ORF40, Bbr_0140 and Tuc2009 BppU/BppL that were previously insoluble or not expressed using existing L. lactis expression vectors. Over-expressed proteins were subsequently purified by Ni-TED affinity chromatography. Intact heterologous proteins were detected by immunoblotting analyses. We also show that the thioredoxin moiety of the purified fusion protein was specifically and efficiently cleaved off by enterokinase treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first description of a thioredoxin gene fusion expression system, purposely developed to circumvent problems associated with protein over-expression in L. lactis. It was shown to prevent protein insolubility and degradation, allowing sufficient production of soluble proteins for further structural and functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Douillard
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary O'Connell-Motherway
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d'Aix-Marseille I & II, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
The science and policy of pharmaceuticals produced and/or delivered by plants has evolved over the past twenty-one years from a backyard remedy to regulated, purified products. After seemingly frozen at Phase I human clinical trials with six orally delivered plant-made vaccines not progressing past this stage over seven years, plant-made pharmaceuticals have made a breakthrough with several purified plant-based products advancing to Phase II trials and beyond. Though fraught with the usual difficulties of pharmaceutical development, pharmaceuticals made by plants have achieved pertinent milestones albeit slowly compared to other pharmaceutical production systems and are now at the cusp of reaching the consumer. Though the current economic climate begs for cautious investment as opposed to trail blazing, it is perhaps a good time to look to the future of plant-made pharmaceutical technology to assist in planning for future developments in order not to slow this technology's momentum. To encourage continued progress, we highlight the advances made so far by this technology, particularly the change in paradigms, comparing developmental timelines, and summarizing the current status and future possibilities of plant-made pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.R.T.); (C.A.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Claire A. Penney
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.R.T.); (C.A.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Amrita Majumder
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.R.T.); (C.A.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Amanda M. Walmsley
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.R.T.); (C.A.P.); (A.M.)
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Scornaienchi ML, Thornton C, Willett KL, Wilson JY. Functional differences in the cytochrome P450 1 family enzymes from zebrafish (Danio rerio) using heterologously expressed proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 502:17-22. [PMID: 20599672 PMCID: PMC2945726 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) genes are well characterized, but in other vertebrates only the functions of CYP1A genes have been well studied. We determined the catalytic activity of zebrafish CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2, and CYP1D1 proteins using 11 fluorometric substrates and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The resorufin-based substrates, 7-ethoxyresorufin, 7-methoxyresorufin, and 7-benzyloxyresorufin, were well metabolized by all CYP1s except CYP1D1. CYP1A metabolized nearly all substrates tested, although rates for non-resorufin substrates were typically lower than resorufin-based substrates. Zebrafish CYP1s did not metabolize 7-benzyloxyquinoline, 3-[2-(N,N-diethyl-N-methylamino)ethyl]-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin or 7-methoxy-4-(aminomethyl)-coumarin. CYP1B1 and CYP1C2 had the highest rates of BaP metabolism. 3-Hydroxy-BaP was a prominent metabolite for all but CYP1D1. CYP1A showed broad specificity and had the highest metabolic rates for nearly all substrates. CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 had similar substrate specificity. CYP1D1 had very low activities for all substrates except BaP, and a different regioselectivity for BaP, suggesting that CYP1D1 function may be different from other CYP1s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | | | - Joanna Y. Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Hartmann AM, Wenz M, Mercado A, Störger C, Mount DB, Friauf E, Nothwang HG. Differences in the large extracellular loop between the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters KCC2 and KCC4. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23994-4002. [PMID: 20516068 PMCID: PMC2911324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.144063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
K(+)Cl(-) cotransporters (KCCs) play fundamental physiological roles in processes such as inhibitory neurotransmission and cell volume regulation. Mammalian genomes encode four distinct KCC paralogs, which share basic transport characteristics but differ significantly in ion affinity, pharmacology, and relative sensitivity to cell volume. Studies to identify divergence in functional characteristics have thus far focused on the cytoplasmic termini. Here, we investigated sequence requirements of the large extracellular loop (LEL) for function in KCC2 and KCC4. Mutation of all four evolutionarily conserved cysteines abolished KCC2 transport activity. This behavior differs from that of its closest relative, KCC4, which is insensitive to this mutation. Chimeras supported the differences in the LEL of the two cotransporters, because swapping wild-type LEL resulted in functional KCC2 but rendered KCC4 inactive. Insertion of the quadruple cysteine substitution mutant of the KCC4 loop, which was functional in the parental isoform, abolished transport activity in KCC2. Dose-response curves of wild-type and chimeric KCCs revealed that the LEL contributes to the different sensitivity to loop diuretics; a KCC2 chimera containing the KCC4 LEL displayed an IC(50) of 396.5 mum for furosemide, which was closer to KCC4 (548.8 mum) than to KCC2 (184.4 mum). Cell surface labeling and immunocytochemistry indicated that mutations do not affect trafficking to the plasma membrane. Taken together, our results show a dramatic and unexpected difference in the sequence requirements of the LEL between the closely related KCC2 and KCC4. Furthermore, they demonstrate that evolutionarily highly conserved amino acids can have different functions within KCC members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hartmann
- From the Department of Neurogenetics, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meike Wenz
- the Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Adriana Mercado
- the Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Christof Störger
- the Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - David B. Mount
- the Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
- the Renal Division, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132
| | - Eckhard Friauf
- the Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- From the Department of Neurogenetics, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- the Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserlautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Strasse 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Becker PD, Royo JL, Guzman CA. Exploitation of prokaryotic expression systems based on the salicylate-dependent control circuit encompassing nahR/P(sal)::xylS2 for biotechnological applications. Bioeng Bugs 2010; 1:244-51. [PMID: 21327056 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.4.11247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression vectors appear to be an indispensable tool for both biological studies and biotechnological applications. Controlling gene overexpression becomes a critical issue when protein production is desired. In addition to several aspects regarding toxicity or plasmid instability, tight control of gene expression is an essential factor in biotechnological processes. Thus, the search for better-controlled circuits is an important issue among biotechnologists. Traditionally, expression systems involve a single regulatory protein operating over a target promoter. However, these circuits are limited on their induction ratios (e.g., by their restriction in the maximal expression capacity, by their leakiness under non-induced conditions). Due to these limitations, regulatory cascades, which are far more efficient, are necessary for biotechnological applications. Thus, regulatory circuits with two modules operating in cascade offer a significant advantage. In this review, we describe the regulatory cascade based on two salicylate-responsive transcriptional regulators of Pseudomonas putida (nahR/P(sal)::xylS2), its properties, and contribution to a tighter control over heterologous gene expression in different applications.Nowadays, heterologous expression has been proven to be an indispensable tool for tackling basic biological questions, as well as for developing biotechnological applications. As the nature of the protein of interest becomes more complex, biotechnologists find that a tight control of gene expression is a key factor which conditions the success of the downstream purification process, as well as the interpretation of the results in other type of studies. Fortunately, different expression systems can be found in the market, each of them with their own pros and cons. In this review we discuss the exploitation of prokaryotic expression systems based on a promising expression system, the salicylate-dependent control circuit encompassing nahR/P(sal)::xylS2, as well as some of the improvements that have been done on this system to exploit it more efficiently in the context of both biotechnological applications and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Becker
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Schmidt G, Gadermaier G, Pertl H, Siegert M, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Ritala A, Himly M, Obermeyer G, Ferreira F. Production of recombinant allergens in plants. Phytochem Rev 2008; 7:539-552. [PMID: 21258627 PMCID: PMC3024541 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-008-9099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A large percentage of allergenic proteins are of plant origin. Hence, plant-based expression systems are considered ideal for the recombinant production of certain allergens. First attempts to establish production of plant-derived allergens in plants focused on transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana infected with recombinant viral vectors. Accordingly, allergens from birch and mugwort pollen, as well as from apple have been expressed in plants. Production of house dust mite allergens has been achieved by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco plants. Beside the use of plants as production systems, other approaches have focused on the development of edible vaccines expressing allergens or epitopes thereof, which bypasses the need of allergen purification. The potential of this approach has been convincingly demonstrated for transgenic rice seeds expressing seven dominant human T cell epitopes derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Parallel to efforts in developing recombinant-based diagnostic and therapeutic reagents, different gene-silencing approaches have been used to decrease the expression of allergenic proteins in allergen sources. In this way hypoallergenic ryegrass, soybean, rice, apple, and tomato were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schmidt
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
In 1967, the success of vaccination programs, combined with the seemingly unstoppable triumph of antibiotics, prompted the US Surgeon General to declare that "it was time to close the books on infectious diseases." We now know that the prediction was overly optimistic and that the fight against infectious diseases is here to stay. During the last 20 yr, infectious diseases have indeed made a staggering comeback for a variety of reasons, including resistance against existing antibiotics. As a consequence, several alternatives to antibiotics are currently being considered or reconsidered. Passive immunization (i.e., the administration of more or less pathogen-specific antibodies to the patient) prior to or after exposure to the disease-causing agent is one of those alternative strategies that was almost entirely abandoned with the introduction of chemical antibiotics but that is now gaining interest again. This review will discuss the early successes and limitations of passive immunization, formerly referred to as "serum therapy," the current use of antibody administration for prophylaxis or treatment of infectious diseases in agriculture, and, finally, recent developments in the field of antibody engineering and "molecular farming" of antibodies in various expression systems. Especially the potential of producing therapeutic antibodies in crops that are routine dietary components of farm animals, such as corn and soy beans, seems to hold promise for future application in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Berghman
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2472, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Many of the protein fusion systems used to enhance the yield of recombinant proteins result in the addition of a small number of amino acid residues onto the desired protein. Here, we investigate the effect of short (three amino acid) N-terminal extensions on the equilibrium denaturation and kinetic folding and unfolding reactions of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) and compare the results obtained with data collected on an FKBP variant lacking this extension. Isothermal equilibrium denaturation experiments demonstrated that the N-terminal extension had a slight destabilizing effect. NMR investigations showed that the N-terminal extension slightly perturbed the protein structure near the site of the extension, with lesser effects being propagated into the single alpha-helix of FKBP. These structural perturbations probably account for the differential stability. In contrast to the relatively minor equilibrium effects, the N-terminal extension generated a kinetic-folding intermediate that is not observed in the shorter construct. Kinetic experiments performed on a construct with a different amino acid sequence in the extension showed that the length and the sequence of the extension both contribute to the observed equilibrium and kinetic effects. These results point to an important role for the N terminus in the folding of FKBP and suggest that a biological consequence of N-terminal methionine removal observed in many eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins is to increase the folding efficiency of the polypeptide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Korepanova
- Graduate Program in Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Gazi L, Bobirnac I, Danzeisen M, Schüpbach E, Langenegger D, Sommer B, Hoyer D, Tricklebank M, Schoeffter P. Receptor density as a factor governing the efficacy of the dopamine D4 receptor ligands, L-745,870 and U-101958 at human recombinant D4.4 receptors expressed in CHO cells. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:613-20. [PMID: 10516640 PMCID: PMC1571689 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/1999] [Revised: 07/13/1999] [Accepted: 07/21/1999] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The relationships between the density of dopamine D4.4 receptors and the agonist efficacies of L-745,870 (3-(4-[4-chlorophhenyl]piperazin-1-yl)-methyl-1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b]pyridine) and U-101958 ((1-benzyl-piperidin-4-yl)-(3-isopropoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-methyl-a min e) were investigated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, after treatment with the gene expression enhancer, sodium butyrate. 2. In CHO cells expressing D4.4 receptors (CHO/D4 cells), dopamine inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation (Emax 56+/-1% inhibition, pEC50 7.4+/-0.1, n=10). U-101958 behaved as a partial agonist (39+/-7% the efficacy of dopamine, pEC50 8.1+/-0.3, n=4), whereas L-745,870 had no detectable agonist effect. 3. Receptor density, as estimated by [3H]-spiperone saturation binding was 240+/-30 fmol mg-1 protein (n=8) in CHO/D4 cell homogenates. It reached 560+/-150 (n=6), 1000+/-190 (n=4) and 840+/-120 (n=4) fmol mg-1 protein after treatment with sodium butyrate (5 mM) for 6, 18 and 48 h, respectively. 4. The increase in receptor density was associated with a gradual enhancement of the agonist effects (increased Emax and pEC50 values) of dopamine. The efficacy of U-101958 (relative to dopamine) doubled and L-745,870 was turned into a partial agonist (efficacy 49% relative to dopamine, pEC50 8. 6+/-0.2, n=6, after 48 h treatment with sodium butyrate). These agonist effects of U-101958 and L-745,870 could be antagonized by spiperone (0.1 microM) but not by raclopride (10 microM). 5. The results show that U-101958 and L-745,870 are partial agonists at human dopamine D4.4 receptors expressed in CHO cells. Their efficacy is governed by receptor density. Agonist effects of these two compounds in vivo cannot be excluded under circumstances of increased receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gazi
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Bobirnac
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Danzeisen
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Schüpbach
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Langenegger
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Sommer
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Hoyer
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Tricklebank
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Schoeffter
- Nervous System Therapeutic Area, Novartis Pharma Research, Novartis Pharma Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Harmsen MC, Heeringa P, van der Geld YM, Huitema MG, Klimp A, Tiran A, Kallenberg CG. Recombinant proteinase 3 (Wegener's antigen) expressed in Pichia pastoris is functionally active and is recognized by patient sera. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110:257-64. [PMID: 9367410 PMCID: PMC2265502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1997.tb08325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The open reading frame of human proteinase 3 (PR3) without the prepro-peptide was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (rcPR3) and in Pichia pastoris (rpPR3). The 6-histidine tagged rpPR3 was efficiently secreted into culture supernatant from which it could be purified by immobilized metal chelate chromatography. Purified rpPR3 migrated as a single 32-kD band on SDS-PAGE and harboured protease activity that could be inhibited with inhibitors specific for serine-proteases. By indirect antigen-capture ELISA using rpPR3, 60% of sera from patients with Wegener's granulomatosis bound to the recombinant product, although it was not recognized in ELISA with directly coated rpPR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Harmsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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