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Li YF, Yi P, Wang YL, Wu XJ, Yang F, Ma HN, Tan MS. [Function of NOD-like receptor protein 1 inflammasome in traumatic central nervous system injury]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2021; 34:1058-1064. [PMID: 34812025 DOI: 10.12200/j.issn.1003-0034.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome plays an important role in the innate immune response of human body. It can promote the activation of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases(Caspases), further activate interleukin-18 and interleukin-1 β, and mediate pyroptosis. NlRP1 inflammasome plays a role in traumatic central nervous system injury. In this study, the structure of NLRP1 inflammasome, the activation of NLRP1 inflammasome in traumatic central nervous system injury and the treatment with NLRP1 inflammasome as a target are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Li
- China-Janan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ping Yi
- China-Janan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan-Lei Wang
- China-Janan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin-Jie Wu
- China-Janan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Yang
- China-Janan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao-Ning Ma
- China-Janan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Estell K. Acute Central Nervous System Trauma in the Field. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:245-258. [PMID: 34119403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute central nervous system (CNS) trauma in the field is best approached by a systematic and thorough physical and neurologic examination that allows the practitioner to localize the brain or spinal cord injury. The skull and vertebral canal are complex 3-dimensional structures, and orthogonal radiographic views are necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Therapeutics aimed at decreasing pain, inflammation, and edema or increased intracranial pressure in the case of traumatic brain injury should be administered. Survival and return to athleticism can be achieved even in moderate-to-severe traumatic CNS injury with appropriate medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Estell
- Virginia Tech's Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, 17690 Old Waterford Rd, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA.
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3
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Gisslen M, Keating SM, Spudich S, Arechiga V, Stephenson S, Zetterberg H, Di Germanio C, Blennow K, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, Norris PJ, Peterson J, Shacklett BL, Yiannoutsos CT, Price RW. Compartmentalization of cerebrospinal fluid inflammation across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection, central nervous system injury and viral suppression. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250987. [PMID: 33983973 PMCID: PMC8118251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the evolution of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation in HIV-1 infection applying a panel of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory biomarkers to grouped subjects representing a broad spectrum of systemic HIV-1 immune suppression, CNS injury and viral control. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of archived CSF and blood samples, assessing concentrations of 10 functionally diverse soluble inflammatory biomarkers by immunoassays in 143 HIV-1-infected subjects divided into 8 groups: untreated primary HIV-1 infection (PHI); four untreated groups defined by their blood CD4+ T lymphocyte counts; untreated patients presenting with subacute HIV-associated dementia (HAD); antiretroviral-treated subjects with ≥1 years of plasma viral suppression; and untreated elite controllers. Twenty HIV-1-uninfected controls were included for comparison. Background biomarkers included blood CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, CSF and blood HIV-1 RNA, CSF white blood cell (WBC) count, CSF/blood albumin ratio, CSF neurofilament light chain (NfL), and CSF t-tau. FINDINGS HIV-1 infection was associated with a broad compartmentalized CSF inflammatory response that developed early in its course and changed with systemic disease progression, development of neurological injury, and viral suppression. CSF inflammation in untreated individuals without overt HAD exhibited at least two overall patterns of inflammation as blood CD4+ T lymphocytes decreased: one that peaked at 200-350 blood CD4+ T cells/μL and associated with lymphocytic CSF inflammation and HIV-1 RNA concentrations; and a second that steadily increased through the full range of CD4+ T cell decline and associated with macrophage responses and increasing CNS injury. Subacute HAD was distinguished by a third inflammatory profile with increased blood-brain barrier permeability and robust combined lymphocytic and macrophage CSF inflammation. Suppression of CSF and blood HIV-1 infections by antiretroviral treatment and elite viral control were associated with reduced CSF inflammation, though not fully to levels found in HIV-1 seronegative controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sheila M. Keating
- Vitalant Research Institute (formerly Blood Systems Research Institute), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Victor Arechiga
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sophie Stephenson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Vitalant Research Institute (formerly Blood Systems Research Institute), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip J. Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute (formerly Blood Systems Research Institute), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Julia Peterson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis CA, United States of America
| | - Constantin T. Yiannoutsos
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University R.M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain is characterized by spontaneous pain, pain sensations, and tactile allodynia. The pain sensory system normally functions under a fine balance between excitation and inhibition. Neuropathic pain arises when this balance is lost for some reason. In past reports, various mechanisms of neuropathic pain development have been reported, one of which is the downregulation of K+-Cl--cotransporter-2 (KCC2) expression. In fact, various neuropathic pain models indicate a decrease in KCC2 expression. This decrease in KCC2 expression is often due to a brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is released from microglia. However, a similar reaction has been reported in astrocytes, and it is unclear whether astrocytes or microglia are more important. This review discusses the hypothesis that astrocytes have a crucial influence on the alteration of KCC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitayama
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
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Alexander KA, Tseng HW, Salga M, Genêt F, Levesque JP. When the Nervous System Turns Skeletal Muscles into Bones: How to Solve the Conundrum of Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:666-676. [PMID: 33085000 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of extra-skeletal bones in periarticular muscles after damage to the central nervous system (CNS) such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, or cerebral anoxia. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NHO pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Recent animal models of NHO and recent findings investigating the communication between CNS injury, tissue inflammation, and upcoming NHO therapeutics are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models of NHO following TBI or SCI have shown that NHO requires the combined effects of a severe CNS injury and soft tissue damage, in particular muscular inflammation and the infiltration of macrophages into damaged muscles plays a key role. In the context of a CNS injury, the inflammatory response to soft tissue damage is exaggerated and persistent with excessive signaling via substance P-, oncostatin M-, and TGF-β1-mediated pathways. This review provides an overview of the known animal models and mechanisms of NHO and current therapeutic interventions for NHO patients. While some of the inflammatory mechanisms leading to NHO are common with other forms of traumatic and genetic heterotopic ossifications (HO), NHOs uniquely involve systemic changes in response to CNS injury. Future research into these CNS-mediated mechanisms is likely to reveal new targetable pathways to prevent NHO development in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Alexander
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Hsu-Wen Tseng
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Marjorie Salga
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, CIC 1429, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP, Garches, France
- END:ICAP U1179 INSERM, University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR Simone Veil-Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - François Genêt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, CIC 1429, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP, Garches, France
- END:ICAP U1179 INSERM, University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR Simone Veil-Santé, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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6
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Yilmaz EN, Bay S, Ozturk G, Ucisik MH. Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin-Loaded Emulsomes in a Laser Axotomy-Induced CNS Injury Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9211-9229. [PMID: 33244233 PMCID: PMC7685369 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s272931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Curcumin, a polyphenol isolated from the rhizomes of turmeric, holds great potential as a neuroprotective agent in addition to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. The poor bioavailability and low stability of curcumin are the greatest barriers to its clinical use. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of curcumin on axonal injury, by delivering the lipophilic polyphenol to a primary hippocampal neuron culture by means of a lipid-based drug delivery system, named emulsomes. METHODS To study neuroregeneration ex vivo, an injury model was established through single-cell laser axotomy on hippocampal neurites. Upon treatment with curcumin-loaded emulsomes (CurcuEmulsomes), curcumin and CurcuEmulsome uptake into neurons was verified by three-dimensional Z-stack images acquired with confocal microscopy. Neuron survival after axonal injury was tracked by propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst staining. Alterations in expression levels of physiological markers, such as anti-apoptotic marker Bcl2, apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3, neuroprotective marker Wnt3a and the neuronal survival marker mTOR, were investigated by immunocytochemistry analyses. RESULTS The results indicated significant improvement in the survival rate of injured neurons upon CurcuEmulsome treatment. Bcl2 expression was significantly higher for injured neurons treated with curcumin or CurcuEmulsome. Reduction in caspase 3 expression was seen in both curcumin and CurcuEmulsome treatment, whereas there were no significant changes in Wnt3a and mTOR expression. CONCLUSION The established laser-axotomy model was proven as a reliable methodology to study neurodegenerative models ex vivo. CurcuEmulsomes delivered curcumin to primary hippocampal neurons successfully. Treated with CurcuEmulsomes, injured hippocampal neurons benefit from the neuroprotective effects of curcumin, exhibiting a higher survival rate and increased anti-apoptotic marker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Yilmaz
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
- Graduate School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sadik Bay
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Ozturk
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hikmet Ucisik
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Jensen G, Holloway JL, Stabenfeldt SE. Hyaluronic Acid Biomaterials for Central Nervous System Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2020; 9:E2113. [PMID: 32957463 PMCID: PMC7565873 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a primary component of the brain extracellular matrix and functions through cellular receptors to regulate cell behavior within the central nervous system (CNS). These behaviors, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation contribute to maintenance and homeostasis of the CNS. However, such equilibrium is disrupted following injury or disease leading to significantly altered extracellular matrix milieu and cell functions. This imbalance thereby inhibits inherent homeostatic processes that support critical tissue health and functionality in the CNS. To mitigate the damage sustained by injury/disease, HA-based tissue engineering constructs have been investigated for CNS regenerative medicine applications. HA's effectiveness in tissue healing and regeneration is primarily attributed to its impact on cell signaling and the ease of customizing chemical and mechanical properties. This review focuses on recent findings to highlight the applications of HA-based materials in CNS regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Jensen
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85224, USA;
| | - Julianne L. Holloway
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85224, USA;
| | - Sarah E. Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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8
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Armitage EL, Roddie HG, Evans IR. Overexposure to apoptosis via disrupted glial specification perturbs Drosophila macrophage function and reveals roles of the CNS during injury. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32796812 PMCID: PMC7428013 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell clearance by phagocytes is a fundamental process during development, homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. However, the demands placed on phagocytic cells such as macrophages by this process, and the limitations these interactions impose on subsequent cellular behaviours are not yet clear. Here, we seek to understand how apoptotic cells affect macrophage function in the context of a genetically tractable Drosophila model in which macrophages encounter excessive amounts of apoptotic cells. Loss of the glial-specific transcription factor Repo prevents glia from contributing to apoptotic cell clearance in the developing embryo. We show that this leads to the challenge of macrophages with large numbers of apoptotic cells in vivo. As a consequence, macrophages become highly vacuolated with cleared apoptotic cells, and their developmental dispersal and migration is perturbed. We also show that the requirement to deal with excess apoptosis caused by a loss of repo function leads to impaired inflammatory responses to injury. However, in contrast to migratory phenotypes, defects in wound responses cannot be rescued by preventing apoptosis from occurring within a repo mutant background. In investigating the underlying cause of these impaired inflammatory responses, we demonstrate that wound-induced calcium waves propagate into surrounding tissues, including neurons and glia of the ventral nerve cord, which exhibit striking calcium waves on wounding, revealing a previously unanticipated contribution of these cells during responses to injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate important insights into macrophage biology and how repo mutants can be used to study macrophage-apoptotic cell interactions in the fly embryo. Furthermore, this work shows how these multipurpose cells can be 'overtasked' to the detriment of their other functions, alongside providing new insights into which cells govern macrophage responses to injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Louise Armitage
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Grace Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Iwan Robert Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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9
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Nagaraj V, Theis T, Johal AS, Seth A, Gore J, Arsha N, Patel M, Hao HB, Kurian N, Schachner M. Application of Antibodies to Neuronally Expressed Nogo-A Increases Neuronal Survival and Neurite Outgrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155417. [PMID: 32751444 PMCID: PMC7432704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A, a glycoprotein expressed in oligodendrocytes and central nervous system myelin, inhibits regeneration after injury. Antibodies against Nogo-A neutralize this inhibitory activity, improve locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured adult mammals, and promote regrowth/sprouting/saving of damaged axons beyond the lesion site. Nogo-A is also expressed by neurons. Complete ablation of Nogo-A in all cell types expressing it has been found to lead to recovery in some studies but not in others. Neuronal ablation of Nogo-A reduces axonal regrowth after injury. In view of these findings, we hypothesized that, in addition to neutralizing Nogo-A in oligodendrocytes and myelin, Nogo-A antibodies may act directly on neuronal Nogo-A to trigger neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. Here, we show that polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against Nogo-A enhance neurite growth and survival of cultured cerebellar granule neurons and increase expression of the neurite outgrowth-promoting L1 cell adhesion molecule and polysialic acid. Application of inhibitors of signal transducing molecules, such as c-src, c-fyn, protein kinase A, and casein kinase II reduce antibody-triggered neurite outgrowth. These observations indicate that the recovery-promoting functions of antibodies against Nogo-A may not only be due to neutralizing Nogo-A in oligodendrocytes and myelin, but also to their interactions with Nogo-A on neurons.
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Kiyoshi C, Tedeschi A. Axon growth and synaptic function: A balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:277-301. [PMID: 32902152 PMCID: PMC7754183 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate inside out due to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants. During CNS development, axon growth, synapse formation, and function are tightly regulated processes allowing immature neurons to effectively grow an axon, navigate toward target areas, form synaptic contacts and become part of information processing networks that control behavior in adulthood. Not only immature neurons are able to precisely control the expression of a plethora of genes necessary for axon extension and pathfinding, synapse formation and function, but also non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and microglia actively participate in sculpting the nervous system through refinement, consolidation, and elimination of synaptic contacts. Recent evidence indicates that a balancing act between axon regeneration and synaptic function may be crucial for rebuilding functional neuronal circuits after CNS trauma and disease in adulthood. Here, we review the role of classical and new intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants in the context of CNS development, injury, and disease. Moreover, we discuss strategies targeting neuronal and non-neuronal cell behaviors, either alone or in combination, to promote axon regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kiyoshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Shi Y, Luo P, Yi C, Xie J, Zhang Q. Effects of Mitofusin2 on astrocytes proliferation in vitro induced by scratch injury. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134969. [PMID: 32283113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis, a common phenomenon after central nervous system (CNS) injury, exerts negative effects on neuronal repair and recovery by forming a glial scar. Mitofusin2 (Mfn2), a hyperplasia suppression gene, is a potential target of therapeutics to better control astrogliosis. To simulate traumatic injury of the CNS in vivo, an in vitro scratch injury model was established to investigate the role of Mfn2 in the proliferation of astrocytes in this study. We demonstrated that scratch-injury stimulation upregulated the expression of the markers cyclin D1, PCNA and GFAP and turned quiescent astrocytes into mitotic cells, which may have been via activation of Ras-Raf1-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt signaling. Meanwhile, both the gene and protein of Mfn2 were markedly inhibited. Furthermore, overexpression of Mfn2 effectively attenuated astrocyte proliferation and halted the cell cycle, concomitant with marker downregulation and wound healing suppression. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of Mfn2 inhibits the reactive astrogliosis process by blocking the Raf1-ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt signal pathways. Therapeutic approaches that target Mfn2 may have protective effects against reactive gliosis and glia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Shi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital of Hubei Province, Hankou District, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital of Hubei Province, Hankou District, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengla Yi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-Ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, China
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12
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Carda S, Vuadens P, Van Den Keybus K, Diserens K. [Spasticity management: an interprofessional evaluation]. Rev Med Suisse 2020; 16:904-906. [PMID: 32374534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spasticity is a common sign of central nervous system lesions and its management is difficult because it is usually associated with other symptoms of upper motoneuron syndrome (paresis, spastic dystonia, contractures, …). We propose an interprofessional evaluation, which demonstrates that a standardized evaluation, a common approach and a gait analysis improve the therapeutic decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carda
- Service de neuropsychologie et neuroréhabilitation, Département des neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne
| | | | - Katrien Van Den Keybus
- Service de neuropsychologie et neuroréhabilitation, Département des neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Karin Diserens
- Unité de neurorééducation aiguë, Service de neurologie, Département des neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne
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13
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Tsai SCS, Lin FCF. Surgical treatments for post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis in patients with central nervous system injuries. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18628. [PMID: 32011442 PMCID: PMC7220156 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis is a complication commonly encountered in patients with central nervous system (CNS) injuries, often preventing decannulation. To date, no data is available in the literature focusing on this issue. Our objective was to describe surgical treatments for laryngotracheal stenosis and discuss factors associated with successful decannulation in this group of patients.Medical records of patients with CNS injury who received tracheal surgeries at our institution between 2009 and 2016 were retrospectively collected and analyzed.Data on 124 surgeries in 62 patients with CNS injury were collected. The total complication rate was 20.9% with no surgical mortality. The decannulation success rate was 85.5%. Argon laser surgeries (48), diode laser surgeries (22), tracheal resection and reconstructions (R&R) (9), and tracheal T-tube placements (67) were performed. The average times from the first bronchoscopy check up to surgery and surgery to decannulation were 0.7 and 8.2 months, accordingly. The mean post-decannulation follow-up time was 13.5 months. A shift from the use of rigid bronchoscopy in the initial surgeries to laryngeal mask in the latter surgeries yielded an average decrease of 3 days in hospital length of stay (LOS). A change from initial rigid bronchoscopic core out procedures and argon laser to interventional flexible bronchoscopic resections with diode laser also decreased LOS significantly.Surgical treatments for patients with CNS injury and laryngotracheal stenosis can be safely performed with low mortality, acceptable complications, and a high decannulation success rate. The majority of patients with laryngotracheal stenosis can be managed with laser endoscopic surgeries, though tracheal R&R might still be required in selected cases. The use of laryngeal mask to secure the airway and diode laser in the intra-luminal resections improved the surgical outcome and was therefore recommended for these patients suffering from post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Chin-Shaw Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital
- Department of Nutrition, Providence University
| | - Frank Cheau-Feng Lin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Choi BKA, D’Onofrio PM, Shabanzadeh AP, Koeberle PD. Stabilization of primary cilia reduces abortive cell cycle re-entry to protect injured adult CNS neurons from apoptosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220056. [PMID: 31369591 PMCID: PMC6675095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortive cell cycle (ACC) re-entry of apoptotic neurons is a recently characterized phenomenon that occurs after central nervous system (CNS) injury or over the course of CNS disease. Consequently, inhibiting cell cycle progression is neuroprotective in numerous CNS pathology models. Primary cilia are ubiquitous, centriole-based cellular organelles that prevent cell cycling, but their ability to modulate abortive cell cycle has not been described. Here, we show that neuronal cilia are ablated in-vitro and in-vivo following injury by hypoxia or optic nerve transection (ONT), respectively. Furthermore, forced cilia resorption sensitized neurons to these injuries and enhanced cell death. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition or shRNA knockdown of the proteins that disassemble the cilia increased neuron survival and decreased the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb), a master switch for cell cycle re-entry. Our findings show that the stabilization of neuronal primary cilia inhibits, at least transiently, apoptotic cell cycling, which has implications for future therapeutic strategies that halt or slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and acute CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. A. Choi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe M. D’Onofrio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alireza P. Shabanzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paulo D. Koeberle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kim T, Chelluboina B, Chokkalla AK, Vemuganti R. Age and sex differences in the pathophysiology of acute CNS injury. Neurochem Int 2019; 127:22-28. [PMID: 30654116 PMCID: PMC6579702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the immeasurable burden on patients and families, no effective therapies to protect the CNS after an acute injury are available yet. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms that promote neuronal death and functional deficits after injury remain to be poorly understood. The prevalence, age of onset, pathophysiology, and symptomatology of many CNS insults differ significantly between males and females. In the case of stroke, younger males tend to show a higher risk than younger females, while this trend reverses with age. Accumulating evidence from preclinical studies have shown that sex hormones play a crucial role in providing neuroprotection following ischemic stroke and other acute CNS injuries. Estrogen, in particular, exerts a neuroprotective effect by modulating the immune responses after injury. In addition, there exists a sexual dimorphism in cell death pathways between males and females that are independent of hormones. Meanwhile, recent studies suggest that microRNAs are critically involved in the sex-specific mechanisms of cell death. This review discusses the current knowledge on the contribution of sex and age to outcome after stroke. Implication of the interplay between these two factors on other CNS injuries (spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury) from the experimental evidence were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Walter J, Zweckberger K. [Not Available]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2019; 87:57-69. [PMID: 30802926 DOI: 10.1055/a-0822-7071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatische Verletzungen des zentralen Nervensystems stellen die Folge einer äußeren Gewalteinwirkung auf Gehirn oder Rückenmark dar. Sowohl das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma als auch das spinale Trauma sind dynamische Krankheitsbilder, die besondere Anforderungen an Diagnostik und Therapie stellen und somit in spezialisierten Zentren versorgt werden sollten.
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17
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Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, Healy LM, Baskar Jesudasan SJ, Jhelum P, Salmon CK, Formanek A, Russo MV, Antel JP, McGavern DB, McColl BW, David S. Peripherally derived macrophages modulate microglial function to reduce inflammation after CNS injury. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005264. [PMID: 30332405 PMCID: PMC6205650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and resident microglia dominate central nervous system (CNS) injury sites. Differential roles for these cell populations after injury are beginning to be uncovered. Here, we show evidence that MDMs and microglia directly communicate with one another and differentially modulate each other's functions. Importantly, microglia-mediated phagocytosis and inflammation are suppressed by infiltrating macrophages. In the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), preventing such communication increases microglial activation and worsens functional recovery. We suggest that macrophages entering the CNS provide a regulatory mechanism that controls acute and long-term microglia-mediated inflammation, which may drive damage in a variety of CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Greenhalgh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrated Neurobiology, UMR INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juan G. Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke M. Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sam J. Baskar Jesudasan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Salmon
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Formanek
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew V. Russo
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack P. Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barry W. McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Holle AW, Young JL, Van Vliet KJ, Kamm RD, Discher D, Janmey P, Spatz JP, Saif T. Cell-Extracellular Matrix Mechanobiology: Forceful Tools and Emerging Needs for Basic and Translational Research. Nano Lett 2018; 18:1-8. [PMID: 29178811 PMCID: PMC5842374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular biophysical cues have a profound influence on a wide range of cell behaviors, including growth, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, gene expression, adhesion, and signal transduction. Cells not only respond to definitively mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) but can also sometimes alter the mechanical properties of the matrix and hence influence subsequent matrix-based cues in both physiological and pathological processes. Interactions between cells and materials in vitro can modify cell phenotype and ECM structure, whether intentionally or inadvertently. Interactions between cell and matrix mechanics in vivo are of particular importance in a wide variety of disorders, including cancer, central nervous system injury, fibrotic diseases, and myocardial infarction. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects of this coupling between mechanics and biology hold important implications for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Holle
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Young
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Krystyn J Van Vliet
- BioSystems & Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology , Singapore
| | - Roger D Kamm
- BioSystems & Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology , Singapore
| | | | | | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taher Saif
- Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They are the first line of defense of the brain's innate immune response against infection, injury, and diseases. Microglia respond to extracellular signals and engulf unwanted neuronal debris by phagocytosis, thereby maintaining normal cellular homeostasis in the CNS. Pathological stimuli such as neuronal injury induce transformation and activation of resting microglia with ramified morphology into a motile amoeboid form and activated microglia chemotax toward lesion site. This review outlines the current research on microglial activation and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072,
P.R. China
| | - Lirui Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072,
P.R. China
| | - Chang Y. Chung
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072,
P.R. China
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20
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Nicholson JD, Guo Y, Bernstein SL. SUR1-Associated Mechanisms Are Not Involved in Ischemic Optic Neuropathy 1 Day Post-Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148855. [PMID: 27560494 PMCID: PMC4999058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury after central nervous system (CNS) injury presents a major health care challenge with few promising treatments. Recently, it has become possible to reduce edema after CNS injury by antagonizing a sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) regulated ion channel expressed after injury. SUR1 upregulation after injury is a necessary precondition for the formation of this channel, and has been implicated in white matter injury after clinical spinal cord trauma. Glibenclamide, an SUR1 antagonist, appears to have neuroprotective effect against cerebral stroke in an open-label small clinical trial and great effectiveness in reducing damage after varied experimental CNS injury models. Despite its importance in CNS injuries, SUR1 upregulation appears to play no part in rodent anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION) injury as tested by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining of rAION-injured rat optic nerve (ON). Furthermore, the SUR1 antagonist glibenclamide administered immediately after rAION injury provided no protection to proximal ON microvasculature 1 day post-injury but may reduce optic nerve head edema in a manner unrelated to ON SUR1 expression. Our results suggest that there may be fundamental differences between rAION optic nerve ischemia and other CNS white matter injuries where SUR1 appears to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Nicholson
- Department of Ophthalmology Visual Sciences, UMB School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology Visual Sciences, UMB School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology Visual Sciences, UMB School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, UMB School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Wu H, Che X, Tang J, Ma F, Pan K, Zhao M, Shao A, Wu Q, Zhang J, Hong Y. The K(+)-Cl(-) Cotransporter KCC2 and Chloride Homeostasis: Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Central Nervous System Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:2141-51. [PMID: 25941074 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2) is a well-known member of the electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters with a restricted expression pattern to neurons. This transmembrane protein mediates the efflux of Cl(-) out of neurons and exerts a critical role in inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) and glycinergic neurotransmission. Moreover, KCC2 participates in the regulation of various physiological processes of neurons, including cell migration, dendritic outgrowth, spine morphology, and dendritic synaptogenesis. It is important to note that down-regulation of KCC2 is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases, which is of particular relevance to acute central nervous system (CNS) injury. In this review, we aim to survey the pathogenic significance of KCC2 down-regulation under the condition of acute CNS injuries. We propose that further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regarding KCC2 down-regulation after acute CNS injuries is necessary because of potential promising avenues for prevention and treatment of acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoru Che
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjia Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiqiang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Fenrich K, Gordon T. Canadian Association of Neuroscience Review: Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems – Current Issues and Advances. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 31:142-56. [PMID: 15198438 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100053798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInjured nerves regenerate their axons in the peripheral (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). The contrasting capacities have been attributed to the growth permissive Schwann cells in the PNS and the growth inhibitory environment of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS. In the current review, we first contrast the robust regenerative response of injured PNS neurons with the weak response of the CNS neurons, and the capacity of Schwann cells and not the oligodendrocytes to support axonal regeneration. We then consider the factors that limit axonal regeneration in both the PNS and CNS. Limiting factors in the PNS include slow regeneration of axons across the injury site, progressive decline in the regenerative capacity of axotomized neurons (chronic axotomy) and progressive failure of denervated Schwann cells to support axonal regeneration (chronic denervation). In the CNS on the other hand, it is the poor regenerative response of neurons, the inhibitory proteins that are expressed by oligodendrocytes and act via a common receptor on CNS neurons, and the formation of the glial scar that prevent axonal regeneration in the CNS. Strategies to overcome these limitations in the PNS are considered in detail and contrasted with strategies in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fenrich
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Swiatkowski P, Murugan M, Eyo UB, Wang Y, Rangaraju S, Oh SB, Wu LJ. Activation of microglial P2Y12 receptor is required for outward potassium currents in response to neuronal injury. Neuroscience 2016; 318:22-33. [PMID: 26791526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), constantly survey the surrounding neural parenchyma and promptly respond to brain injury. Activation of purinergic receptors such as P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12R) in microglia has been implicated in chemotaxis toward ATP that is released by injured neurons and astrocytes. Activation of microglial P2Y12R elicits outward potassium current that is associated with microglial chemotaxis in response to injury. This study aimed at investigating the identity of the potassium channel implicated in microglial P2Y12R-mediated chemotaxis following neuronal injury and understanding the purinergic signaling pathway coupled to the channel. Using a combination of two-photon imaging, electrophysiology and genetic tools, we found the ATP-induced outward current to be largely dependent on P2Y12R activation and mediated by G-proteins. Similarly, P2Y12R-coupled outward current was also evoked in response to laser-induced single neuron injury. This current was abolished in microglia obtained from mice lacking P2Y12R. Dissecting the properties of the P2Y12R-mediated current using a pharmacological approach revealed that both the ATP and neuronal injury-induced outward current in microglia was sensitive to quinine (1mM) and bupivacaine (400μM), but not tetraethylammonium (TEA) (10mM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) (5mM). These results suggest that the quinine/bupivacaine-sensitive potassium channels are the functional effectors of the P2Y12R-mediated signaling in microglia activation following neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Swiatkowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - M Murugan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - U B Eyo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Y Wang
- Stomatological Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - S Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - S B Oh
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - L-J Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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Kato K, Konno D, Berry M, Matsuzaki F, Logan A, Hidalgo A. Prox1 Inhibits Proliferation and Is Required for Differentiation of the Oligodendrocyte Cell Lineage in the Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145334. [PMID: 26709696 PMCID: PMC4692484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injury induces a regenerative response in ensheathing glial cells comprising cell proliferation, spontaneous axonal remyelination, and limited functional recovery, but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In Drosophila, this involves the genes prospero and Notch controlling the balance between glial proliferation and differentiation, and manipulating their levels in glia can switch the response to injury from prevention to promotion of repair. In the mouse, Notch1 maintains NG2 oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in a progenitor state, but what factor may enable oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and functional remyelination is not understood. Here, we asked whether the mammalian homologue of prospero, Prox1, is involved. Our data show that Prox1 is distributed in NG2+ OPCs and in OLs in primary cultured cells, and in the mouse spinal cord in vivo. siRNA prox1 knockdown in primary OPCs increased cell proliferation, increased NG2+ OPC cell number and decreased CC1+ OL number. Prox1 conditional knockout in the OL cell lineage in mice increased NG2+ OPC cell number, and decreased CC1+ OL number. Lysolecithin-induced demyelination injury caused a reduction in CC1+ OLs in homozygous Prox1-/- conditional knockout mice compared to controls. Remarkably, Prox1-/- conditional knockout mice had smaller lesions than controls. Altogether, these data show that Prox1 is required to inhibit OPC proliferation and for OL differentiation, and could be a relevant component of the regenerative glial response. Therapeutic uses of glia and stem cells to promote regeneration and repair after central nervous system injury would benefit from manipulating Prox1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daijiro Konno
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Martin Berry
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ann Logan
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Shahim P, Arnell P, Kvarnström A, Rosén A, Bremell D, Hagberg L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of central nervous system injury in decompression illness - a case-controlled pilot study. Diving Hyperb Med 2015; 45:240-243. [PMID: 26687311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decompression sickness (DCS) may cause a wide variety of symptoms, including central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. The main objective of this study was to examine whether DCS is associated with neuronal injury, and whether DCS could result in altered amyloid metabolism. METHODS Seven, male divers with DCS and seven age-matched controls were included in the study. All the divers were treated by recompression but the controls did not receive hyperbaric oxygen. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected 7-10 days after the diving injury and at three months follow-up. CSF biomarkers of neuronal injury, astroglial Injury/activation, and a range of markers of amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism, as well as two proinflammatory interleukins, were analysed using immunochemical methods. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the best-established CSF markers of neuronal injury, total tau (T-tau) and neurofilament light, between DCS patients and controls or between the two sampling time points. Also, there were no significant changes in the astroglial or amyloid (Aβ)-related markers between DCS patients and controls. However, the only diver with CNS symptoms had the highest levels of CSF T-tau, Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42. CONCLUSION The results of our study speak against subclinical CNS injury or induction of inflammation or amyloid build-up in the brain among the six DCS patients without neurological symptoms. Further research, including on divers with CNS DCS, is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashtun Shahim
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital SE-43180 Mölndal, Sweden, Phone (mobile): +46-(0)762-704584, E-mail:
| | - Per Arnell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Bremell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital,Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital,Mölndal, Sweden, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Baer ML, Henderson SC, Colello RJ. Elucidating the Role of Injury-Induced Electric Fields (EFs) in Regulating the Astrocytic Response to Injury in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142740. [PMID: 26562295 PMCID: PMC4643040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) induces astrocytes to change their morphology, to increase their rate of proliferation, and to display directional migration to the injury site, all to facilitate repair. These astrocytic responses to injury occur in a clear temporal sequence and, by their intensity and duration, can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the repair of damaged CNS tissue. Studies on highly regenerative tissues in non-mammalian vertebrates have demonstrated that the intensity of direct-current extracellular electric fields (EFs) at the injury site, which are 50-100 fold greater than in uninjured tissue, represent a potent signal to drive tissue repair. In contrast, a 10-fold EF increase has been measured in many injured mammalian tissues where limited regeneration occurs. As the astrocytic response to CNS injury is crucial to the reparative outcome, we exposed purified rat cortical astrocytes to EF intensities associated with intact and injured mammalian tissues, as well as to those EF intensities measured in regenerating non-mammalian vertebrate tissues, to determine whether EFs may contribute to the astrocytic injury response. Astrocytes exposed to EF intensities associated with uninjured tissue showed little change in their cellular behavior. However, astrocytes exposed to EF intensities associated with injured tissue showed a dramatic increase in migration and proliferation. At EF intensities associated with regenerating non-mammalian vertebrate tissues, these cellular responses were even more robust and included morphological changes consistent with a regenerative phenotype. These findings suggest that endogenous EFs may be a crucial signal for regulating the astrocytic response to injury and that their manipulation may be a novel target for facilitating CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Baer
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Henderson
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raymond J. Colello
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tseng TC, Tao L, Hsieh FY, Wei Y, Chiu IM, Hsu SH. An Injectable, Self-Healing Hydrogel to Repair the Central Nervous System. Adv Mater 2015; 27:3518-24. [PMID: 25953204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An injectable, self-healing hydrogel (≈1.5 kPa) is developed for healing nerve-system deficits. Neurosphere-like progenitors proliferate in the hydrogel and differentiate into neuron-like cells. In the zebrafish injury model, the central nervous system function is partially rescued by injection of the hydrogel and significantly rescued by injection of the neurosphere-laden hydrogel. The self-healing hydrogel may thus potentially repair the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chen Tseng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Li H, Zhu YH, Chi C, Wu HW, Guo J. Role of cytoskeleton in axonal regeneration after neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury. Rev Neurosci 2015; 25:527-42. [PMID: 24622784 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, a number of well-functioning neurons need to be developed to make up for the loss of neurons and to restore the brain functions. Unfortunately, because the axons cannot regenerate well, brain function cannot be well compensated for even with the increasing number of newborn neurons, let alone the reformation of neural network. Cytoskeletal proteins play a crucial role in regeneration of axon. In this review, we summarize some cytoskeletal proteins, for instance, actin and actin-binding proteins, as well as tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins, and more importantly, their roles in the regulation of axonal regeneration in the brain. It will provide new opportunities for axonal regeneration after brain damage and will even bring new treatments to patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Salehi M, Ardeshirylajimi A, Mossahebi-Mohammadi M, Kondori Z, Jorjani M. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiation of nuclear transferred mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2015; 61:56-59. [PMID: 26025403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries cause to variable disorders in people around the world without any decisive treatment. Use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) would be helpful in repairing of neural system damages. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a way for implanting ESCs with lowest possible rejection. In the present study, mouse nuclear transfers ESCs (ntESCs) ability in differentiation to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) was investigated by morphological study, RT—PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Bi—polar and tri—polar, OPCs were observed in stem cells cultured in differentiation medium after four weeks. Result of gene expression analysis demonstrated that differentiated stem cells were expressed most important OPCs related gene markers after differentiation period. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis carried out to confirm other results that showed differentiated stem cells significantly expressed NG2 and O4 as critical OPC surface markers. Taken together, it seems that mouse ntESCs showed highly potential for OPC differentiation and could be an appropriate candidate for stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salehi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center Tehran Iran m.salehi@sbmu.ac.ir
| | - A Ardeshirylajimi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
| | - M Mossahebi-Mohammadi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
| | - Z Kondori
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center Tehran Iran
| | - M Jorjani
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Neurosience Research Center Tehran Iran
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Abstract
Microglia are considered the brain's resident immune cell involved in immune defense, immunocompetence, and phagocytosis. They maintain tissue homeostasis within the brain and spinal cord under normal condition and serves as its initial host defense system. However, when the central nervous system (CNS) faces injury, microglia respond through signaling molecules expressed or released by neighboring cells. Microglial responses are dual in nature. They induce a nonspecific immune response that may exacerbate CNS injury, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to CNS recovery and repair. The full range of microglial mechanisms have yet to be clarified, but there is accumulating knowledge about microglial activation in acute CNS injury. Microglial responses require hours to days to fully develop, and may present a therapeutic target for intervention with a much longer window of opportunity compare to other neurological treatments. The challenge will be to find ways to selectively suppress the deleterious effects of microglial activation without compromising its beneficial functions. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent progress relating on the deleterious and beneficial effect of microglia in the setting of acute CNS injury and the potential therapeutic intervention against microglial activation to CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Kawabori
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to investigate cerebral and cardiac tissue injury subsequent to use of vasopressin and adrenaline in combination compared with vasopressin alone during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS In a randomized, prospective, laboratory animal study 28 anesthetized piglets were subject to a 12-min untreated cardiac arrest and subsequent CPR. After 1 min of CPR, 10 of the piglets received 0.4 U/kg of arg(8)-vasopressin (V group), and 10 piglets received 0.4 U/kg of arg(8)-vasopressin, 1 min later followed by 20 µg/kg body weight of adrenaline, and another 1 min later continuous administration (10 µg/kg/min) of adrenaline (VA group). After 8 min of CPR, the piglets were defibrillated and monitored for another 3 h. Then they were killed and the brain immediately removed pending histological analysis. RESULTS During CPR, the VA group had higher mean blood pressure and cerebral cortical blood flow (CCBF) but similar coronary perfusion pressure. After restoration of spontaneous circulation there was no difference in the pressure variables, but CCBF tended to be (36% ± 16%) higher in the V group. Neuronal injury and signs of a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) were greater, 20% ± 4% and 21% ± 4%, respectively, in the VA group. In a background study of repeated single doses of adrenaline every third minute after 5 min arrest but otherwise the same protocol, histological measurements showed even worse neural injury and disruption of the BBB. CONCLUSION Combined use of vasopressin and adrenaline caused greater signs of cerebral and cardiac injury than use of vasopressin alone during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halvorsen
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samar Basu
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rzewnicki I, Łebkowski W, Kordecki JK. Evaluation of vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with damage to the central nervous system (GCS score 5-3). Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:107-11. [PMID: 25638706 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to evaluate the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in patients with severe damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in the diagnosis of brain death and survival prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in 20 patients with extensive primary central nervous system damage against spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage or craniocerebral trauma and secondary central nervous system damage as a result of cardiac arrest with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score from 3 to 5 treated in the Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital in Bialystok. For labyrinth stimulation we used water at 30°C, recording the reactions with ENG appliance. Records were analyzed in Nathanson-Bergman four-level scale. The first assessment was performed on the second day after the trauma and subsequently the assessments were repeated at 2-day intervals. RESULTS Of the 20 patients studied, the reflex was recorded in nine, which accounted for 45%. In the remaining 11 (55%) patients the reflex was not reported in any test and all of them died. Among patients with recorded VOR, five died and four survived. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show the usefulness of performing the vestibulo-ocular test in patients with severe brain injury to predict their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Rzewnicki
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łebkowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyn Ksawery Kordecki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration Hospital, Bialystok, Poland.
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Rottenberg EM. Re: Neural injury after use of vasopressin and adrenaline during porcine cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ups J Med Sci 2015; 120:213-4. [PMID: 25771828 PMCID: PMC4526877 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2015.1021936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Bergman L, Akhter T, Wikström AK, Wikström J, Naessen T, Åkerud H. Plasma levels of S100B in preeclampsia and association with possible central nervous system effects. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1105-11. [PMID: 24610883 PMCID: PMC4125339 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B is supposed to be a peripheral biomarker of central nervous system (CNS) injury. The purpose of this study was to compare levels of S100B in women with preeclampsia with levels in healthy pregnant control subjects and furthermore to analyze levels of S100B in relation to possible CNS effects. METHODS A cross-sectional case–control study in antenatal care centers in Uppsala, Sweden, was performed. Fifty-three women with preeclampsia and 58 healthy pregnant women were recruited at similar gestational length; women with preeclampsia were recruited at time of diagnosis, and control subjects were recruited during their routine visit to an antenatal clinic. Plasma samples were collected, and levels of S100B were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information about demographic and clinical characteristics, including symptoms related to CNS affection, was collected from the medical records. The main outcome measures were plasma levels of S100B and possible CNS effects. RESULTS Levels of S100B were significantly higher among women with preeclampsia than among control subjects (0.12 µg/L vs. 0.07 µg/L; P < 0.001). In preeclampsia, there was a significant association between high levels of S100B and visual disturbances (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS S100B is increased among women with preeclampsia, and high levels of S100B associate with visual disturbances, which might reflect CNS affection in women with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Bergman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research, Dalarna, Sweden;
| | - Tansim Akhter
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Wikström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Wikström
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tord Naessen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Åkerud
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Deng B, Gao F, Liu FF, Zhao XH, Yu CY, Ju G, Xu LX, Wang J. Two monoclonal antibodies recognising aa 634-668 and aa 1026-1055 of NogoA enhance axon extension and branching in cultured neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88554. [PMID: 24533107 PMCID: PMC3922884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in mice, aNogoA-N and aNogo-66 mAb, which were raised against recombinant N-terminal fragments of rat NogoA and Nogo-66, respectively. When compared with the commercial rabbit anti-rat NogoA polyclonal antibody (pAb), which can specifically recognise NogoA, the two mAbs were also specific for the NogoA antigen in immunofluorescence histochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot (WB) analysis. Serial truncations of NogoA covering the N-terminal region of NogoA (aa 570–691) and Nogo-66 (aa 1026–1091) were expressed in E. coli. The epitopes recognised by aNogoA-N and aNogo-66 are located in the aa 634–668 and aa 1026–1055 regions of NogoA, respectively. Both mAbs remarkably enhanced the axon growth and branching of cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. These results suggest that the antibodies that bind to aa 634–668 and aa 1026–1055 of NogoA may have stimulatory effects on axon growth and branching. Additionally, the two mAbs that we generated are specific for NogoA and significantly block NogoA function. In conclusion, two sites in NogoA located within aa 634–668 and aa 1026–1055 are recognised by our two antibodies and are novel and potentially promising targets for repair after central nervous system (CNS) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stomatological College, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, No. 174 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Zhao
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cai-Yong Yu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gong Ju
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Xian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stomatological College, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (LXX)
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (LXX)
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Hutson TH, Kathe C, Menezes SC, Rooney MC, Bueler H, Moon LDF. The use of an adeno-associated viral vector for efficient bicistronic expression of two genes in the central nervous system. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1162:189-207. [PMID: 24838969 PMCID: PMC5597041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0777-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are one of the most promising therapeutic delivery systems for gene therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). Preclinical testing of novel gene therapies requires the careful design and production of AAV vectors and their successful application in a model of CNS injury. One major limitation of AAV vectors is their limited packaging capacity (<5 kb) making the co-expression of two genes (e.g., from two promoters) difficult. An internal ribosomal entry site has been used to express two genes: However, the second transgene is often expressed at lower levels than the first. In addition to this, achieving high levels of transduction in the CNS can be challenging. In this chapter we describe the cloning of a bicistronic AAV vector that uses the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A sequence to efficiently express two genes from a single promoter. Bicistronic expression of a therapeutic gene and a reporter gene is desirable so that the axons from transduced neurons can be tracked and, after CNS injury, the amount of axonal sprouting or regeneration quantified. We go on to describe how to perform a pyramidotomy model of CNS injury and the injection of AAV vectors into the sensorimotor cortex to provide efficient transduction and bicistronic gene expression in cortical neurons such that transduced axons are detectable in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haynes Hutson
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK,
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East E, Johns N, Georgiou M, Golding JP, Loughlin AJ, Kingham PJ, Phillips JB. A 3D in vitro model reveals differences in the astrocyte response elicited by potential stem cell therapies for CNS injury. Regen Med 2013; 8:739-46. [PMID: 24147529 PMCID: PMC3831573 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to develop a 3D culture model to test the extent to which transplanted stem cells modulate astrocyte reactivity, where exacerbated glial cell activation could be detrimental to CNS repair success. MATERIALS & METHODS The reactivity of rat astrocytes to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) and differentiated adipose-derived stem cells was assessed after 5 days. Schwann cells were used as a positive control. RESULTS NCSCs and differentiated Schwann cell-like adipose-derived stem cells did not increase astrocyte reactivity. Highly reactive responses to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells were equivalent. CONCLUSION This approach can screen therapeutic cells prior to in vivo testing, allowing cells likely to trigger a substantial astrocyte response to be identified at an early stage. NCSCs and differentiated Schwann cell-like adipose-derived stem cells may be useful in treating CNS damage without increasing astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma East
- Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Noémie Johns
- Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Melanie Georgiou
- Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jon P Golding
- Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - A Jane Loughlin
- Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Paul J Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - James B Phillips
- Department of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Wetterslev M, Rose-Larsen K, Hansen-Schwartz J, Steen-Andersen J, Møller K, Møller-Sørensen H. Mechanism of injury and microbiological flora of the geographical location are essential for the prognosis in soldiers with serious warfare injuries. Dan Med J 2013; 60:A4704. [PMID: 24001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Denmark has been engaged in the Afghanistan war and as a result, Rigshospitalet has received a number of multi-traumatized Danish soldiers. Lesions sustained in armed conflict differ from their civilian counterparts and knowledge of the pathophysiology related to these types of lesions is essential when engaging in the intensive care of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted as a retrospective survey of Danish soldiers evacuated from Afghanistan to the Intensive Care Unit at Rigshospitalet in the 2002-2012 period. The following data were recorded: age, gender, hospitalization (days), mortality, organ involvement, respiratory therapy, dialysis, circulatory supportive care, antibiotic treatment and bacteriology. Furthermore, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, Simplified Acute Physiology Score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were calculated. RESULTS A total of twenty patients were identified and included in the study. All patients had sustained serious blast injuries as a result of explosion. Primarily the central nervous system, respiratory, musculoskeletal and abdominal systems were affected by the explosions. Eighteen patients survived to discharge and two patients died. DISCUSSION Explosion was the most frequent cause of injury in all cases and caused damage to several organ systems. Infections after combat injuries are a major problem because of the different microbiological profile. CONCLUSION The use of explosives has been and remains a substantial part of warfare, and this review has showed us that the knowledge of the mechanism of injury is indeed essential, and that intelligence on the microbiological flora of the geographical location of the conflict is essential. FUNDING not relevant. TRIAL REGISTRATION not relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mik Wetterslev
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 4141, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang Z, Wei E, Lu Y. [Role of G protein-coupled receptor 17 in central nervous system injury]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2013; 42:355-359. [PMID: 23801627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17), an originally orphan receptor, was identified as a new uracil nucleotides/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. However, whether GPR17 is really classified as a leukotriene receptor is a matter deserving further investigation. GPR17 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes including brain injury, spinal cord injury, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. GPR17 may become a new therapeutic target in these diseases. In this article, the research progress on the pharmacology and pathophysiological roles of GPR17 is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ahmed Z, Douglas MR, John G, Berry M, Logan A. AMIGO3 is an NgR1/p75 co-receptor signalling axon growth inhibition in the acute phase of adult central nervous system injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61878. [PMID: 23613963 PMCID: PMC3628841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the injured adult CNS is reportedly inhibited by myelin-derived inhibitory molecules, after binding to a receptor complex comprised of the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and two transmembrane co-receptors p75/TROY and LINGO-1. However, the post-injury expression pattern for LINGO-1 is inconsistent with its proposed function. We demonstrated that AMIGO3 levels were significantly higher acutely than those of LINGO-1 in dorsal column lesions and reduced in models of dorsal root ganglion neuron (DRGN) axon regeneration. Similarly, AMIGO3 levels were raised in the retina immediately after optic nerve crush, whilst levels were suppressed in regenerating optic nerves, induced by intravitreal peripheral nerve implantation. AMIGO3 interacted functionally with NgR1-p75/TROY in non-neuronal cells and in brain lysates, mediating RhoA activation in response to CNS myelin. Knockdown of AMIGO3 in myelin-inhibited adult primary DRG and retinal cultures promoted disinhibited neurite growth when cells were stimulated with appropriate neurotrophic factors. These findings demonstrate that AMIGO3 substitutes for LINGO-1 in the NgR1-p75/TROY inhibitory signalling complex and suggests that the NgR1-p75/TROY-AMIGO3 receptor complex mediates myelin-induced inhibition of axon growth acutely in the CNS. Thus, antagonizing AMIGO3 rather than LINGO-1 immediately after CNS injury is likely to be a more effective therapeutic strategy for promoting CNS axon regeneration when combined with neurotrophic factor administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Belousov AB, Fontes JD. Neuronal gap junctions: making and breaking connections during development and injury. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:227-36. [PMID: 23237660 PMCID: PMC3609876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), coupling of neurons by gap junctions (i.e., electrical synapses) and the expression of the neuronal gap junction protein, connexin 36 (Cx36), transiently increase during early postnatal development. The levels of both subsequently decline and remain low in the adult, confined to specific subsets of neurons. However, following neuronal injury [such as ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and epilepsy], the coupling and expression of Cx36 rise. Here we summarize new findings on the mechanisms of regulation of Cx36-containing gap junctions in the developing and mature CNS and following injury. We also review recent studies suggesting various roles for neuronal gap junctions and in particular their role in glutamate-mediated neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei B Belousov
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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42
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Abstracts of the 6th Pannonian Symposium on CNS injury, 5-6 April 2013, Pécs, Hungary. Ideggyogy Sz 2013; 66:128-38. [PMID: 23776973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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43
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Kinoshita H. [Application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for nerve injury in the central nervous system]. Masui 2013; 62:259-264. [PMID: 23544326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with both pluripotency and replication competence similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), have been developed from mouse fibroblasts in 2006 by Yamanaka et al. iPSCs are unique in employing somatic cells for their production, and can avoid ethical issues existing in ESCs. It is clear that progress in technology to produce iPSCs is one of the most crucial achievements of medicine in this century. Technology with the new pluripotent cells will offer many advantages in the field of regeneration medicine supplying new tissues to the injured organ and/or development of methodology to uncover many genetic diseases. On the other hand, we have to await adequate progress in issues regarding iPSCs, including enhanced efficiency to obtain iPSCs, the technology to produce organs from the cells, avoidance of tumorigenesis and decrease in immunity in response to iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute 480-1195
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Okano H. [Regenerative medicine of central and peripheral nervous system]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013; 53:1124. [PMID: 24291900 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology Keio University School of Medicine
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45
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Bazan NG. The docosanoid neuroprotectin D1 induces homeostatic regulation of neuroinflammation and cell survival. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:127-9. [PMID: 23022417 PMCID: PMC3538114 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The onset of neurodegenerations and nervous system injury both trigger cell signaling perturbations that lead to damage of neuronal circuits and synapic connections, as well as protective signaling that aims to halt disease onset. Here we review recent findings that support the role of the docosanoid mediator neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) as an early response or sentinel during the initial phase of nervous system damage. NPD1 is derived from docosahexaenoic acid that is selectively concentrated and retained in the nervous system. The protein misfolding triggers the biosynthesis of NPD1 which in turn downregulates pathways that lead to cell death and changes the outcome to cell survival. Proteotoxic stress as a result of protein misfolding is a widespread event in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, mechanisms and mediators such as NPD1 that curtail consequences of these events are of interest as leads in the search for novel preventive and or therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Astrocytes respond to all forms of CNS insult and disease by becoming reactive, a nonspecific but highly characteristic response that involves various morphological and molecular changes. Probably the most recognized aspect of reactive astrocytes is the formation of a glial scar that impedes axon regeneration. Although the reactive phenotype was first suggested more than 100 years ago based on morphological changes, the remodeling process is not well understood. We know little about the actual structure of a reactive astrocyte, how an astrocyte remodels during the progression of an insult, and how populations of these cells reorganize to form the glial scar. New methods of labeling astrocytes, along with transgenic mice, allow the complete morphology of reactive astrocytes to be visualized. Recent studies show that reactivity can induce a remarkable change in the shape of a single astrocyte, that not all astrocytes react in the same way, and that there is plasticity in the reactive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sun
- 1Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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47
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Kim HJ, Park JW, Byun JH, Vahidi B, Rhee SW, Jeon NL. Integrated microfluidics platforms for investigating injury and regeneration of CNS axons. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:1268-76. [PMID: 22302320 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of experimental platforms to quantify the regeneration of injured central nervous system (CNS) neurons by combining engineering technologies and primary neuronal cultures. Although the regeneration of CNS neurons is an important area of research, there are no currently available methods to screen for drugs. Conventional tissue culture based on Petri dish does not provide controlled microenvironment for the neurons and only provide qualitative information. In this review, we introduced the recent advances to generate in vitro model system that is capable of mimicking the niche of CNS injury and regeneration and also of testing candidate drugs. We reconstructed the microenvironment of the regeneration of CNS neurons after injury to provide as in vivo like model system where the soluble and surface bounded inhibitors for regeneration are presented in physiologically relevant manner using microfluidics and surface patterning methods. The ability to control factors and also to monitor them using live cell imaging allowed us to develop quantitative assays that can be used to compare various drug candidates and also to understand the basic mechanism behind nerve regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Simard JM, Woo SK, Schwartzbauer GT, Gerzanich V. Sulfonylurea receptor 1 in central nervous system injury: a focused review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1699-717. [PMID: 22714048 PMCID: PMC3434627 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1)-regulated NC(Ca-ATP) channel is a nonselective cation channel that is regulated by intracellular calcium and adenosine triphosphate. The channel is not constitutively expressed, but is transcriptionally upregulated de novo in all cells of the neurovascular unit, in many forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The channel is linked to microvascular dysfunction that manifests as edema formation and delayed secondary hemorrhage. Also implicated in oncotic cell swelling and oncotic (necrotic) cell death, the channel is a major molecular mechanism of 'accidental necrotic cell death' in the CNS. In animal models of SCI, pharmacological inhibition of Sur1 by glibenclamide, as well as gene suppression of Abcc8, prevents delayed capillary fragmentation and tissue necrosis. In models of stroke and TBI, glibenclamide ameliorates edema, secondary hemorrhage, and tissue damage. In a model of SAH, glibenclamide attenuates the inflammatory response due to extravasated blood. Clinical trials of an intravenous formulation of glibenclamide in TBI and stroke underscore the importance of recent advances in understanding the role of the Sur1-regulated NC(Ca-ATP) channel in acute ischemic, traumatic, and inflammatory injury to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595, USA.
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Abstract
Recruitment of inflammatory cells is known to drive the secondary damage cascades that are common to injuries of the central nervous system (CNS). Cell activation and infiltration to the injury site is orchestrated by changes in the expression of chemokines, the chemoattractive cytokines. Reducing the numbers of recruited inflammatory cells by the blocking of the action of chemokines has turned out be a promising approach to diminish neuroinflammation and to improve tissue preservation and neovascularization. In addition, several chemokines have been shown to be essential for stem/progenitor cell attraction, their survival, differentiation and cytokine production. Thus, chemokines might indirectly participate in remyelination, neovascularization and neuroprotection, which are important prerequisites for CNS repair after trauma. Moreover, CXCL12 promotes neurite outgrowth in the presence of growth inhibitory CNS myelin and enhances axonal sprouting after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we review current knowledge about the exciting functions of chemokines in CNS trauma, including SCI, traumatic brain injury and stroke. We identify common principles of chemokine action and discuss the potentials and challenges of therapeutic interventions with chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jaerve
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Kato K, Forero MG, Fenton JC, Hidalgo A. The glial regenerative response to central nervous system injury is enabled by pros-notch and pros-NFκB feedback. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001133. [PMID: 21912512 PMCID: PMC3166069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms are structurally robust, as cells accommodate changes preserving structural integrity and function. The molecular mechanisms underlying structural robustness and plasticity are poorly understood, but can be investigated by probing how cells respond to injury. Injury to the CNS induces proliferation of enwrapping glia, leading to axonal re-enwrapment and partial functional recovery. This glial regenerative response is found across species, and may reflect a common underlying genetic mechanism. Here, we show that injury to the Drosophila larval CNS induces glial proliferation, and we uncover a gene network controlling this response. It consists of the mutual maintenance between the cell cycle inhibitor Prospero (Pros) and the cell cycle activators Notch and NFκB. Together they maintain glia in the brink of dividing, they enable glial proliferation following injury, and subsequently they exert negative feedback on cell division restoring cell cycle arrest. Pros also promotes glial differentiation, resolving vacuolization, enabling debris clearance and axonal enwrapment. Disruption of this gene network prevents repair and induces tumourigenesis. Using wound area measurements across genotypes and time-lapse recordings we show that when glial proliferation and glial differentiation are abolished, both the size of the glial wound and neuropile vacuolization increase. When glial proliferation and differentiation are enabled, glial wound size decreases and injury-induced apoptosis and vacuolization are prevented. The uncovered gene network promotes regeneration of the glial lesion and neuropile repair. In the unharmed animal, it is most likely a homeostatic mechanism for structural robustness. This gene network may be of relevance to mammalian glia to promote repair upon CNS injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel G. Forero
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janine C. Fenton
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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