651
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Xu L, Beckebaum S, Iacob S, Wu G, Kaiser GM, Radtke A, Liu C, Kabar I, Schmidt HH, Zhang X, Lu M, Cicinnati VR. MicroRNA-101 inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma progression through EZH2 downregulation and increased cytostatic drug sensitivity. J Hepatol 2014; 60:590-8. [PMID: 24211739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oncogene polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been proposed to be a target gene of putative tumor suppressor microRNA-101 (miR-101). The aim of our study was to investigate the functional role of both miR-101 and EZH2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS MiR-101 and EZH2 expressions were evaluated in tumor tissues of 99 HCC patients and 7 liver cancer cell lines by real-time PCR. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to validate whether EZH2 represents a target gene of miR-101. The effect of miR-101 on HCC growth as well as programmed cell death was studied in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS MiR-101 expression was significantly downregulated in most of HCC tissues and all cell lines, whereas EZH2 was significantly overexpressed in most of HCC tissues and all cell lines. There was a negative correlation between expression levels of miR-101 and EZH2. Luciferase assay results confirmed EZH2 as a direct target gene of miR-101, which negatively regulates EZH2 expression in HCC. Ectopic overexpression of miR-101 dramatically repressed proliferation, invasion, colony formation as well as cell cycle progression in vitro and suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, miR-101 inhibited autophagy and synergized with either doxorubicin or fluorouracil to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. CONCLUSION Tumor suppressor miR-101 represses HCC progression through directly targeting EZH2 oncogene and sensitizes liver cancer cells to chemotherapeutic treatment. Our findings provide significant insights into molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis and may have clinical relevance for the development of novel targeted therapies for HCC.
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652
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Haikarainen T, Narwal M, Joensuu P, Lehtiö L. Evaluation and Structural Basis for the Inhibition of Tankyrases by PARP Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:18-22. [PMID: 24900770 DOI: 10.1021/ml400292s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tankyrases, an enzyme subfamily of human poly(ADP-ribosyl)polymerases, are potential drug targets especially against cancer. We have evaluated inhibition of tankyrases by known PARP inhibitors and report five cocrystal structures of the most potent compounds in complex with human tankyrase 2. The inhibitors include the small general PARP inhibitors Phenanthridinone, PJ-34, and TIQ-A as well as the more advanced inhibitors EB-47 and rucaparib. The compounds anchor to the nicotinamide subsite of tankyrase 2. Crystal structures reveal flexibility of the ligand binding site with implications for drug development against tankyrases and other ADP-ribosyltransferases. EB-47 mimics the substrate NAD(+) and extends from the nicotinamide to the adenosine subsite. The clinical ARTD1 inhibitor candidate rucaparib was the most potent tankyrase inhibitor identified (24 and 14 nM for tankyrases), which indicates that inhibition of tankyrases would affect the cellular responses of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Haikarainen
- Biocenter
Oulu, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mohit Narwal
- Biocenter
Oulu, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Joensuu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Biocenter
Oulu, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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653
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that use NAD(+) as a substrate to synthesize polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) as post-translational modifications of proteins. PARPs have important cellular roles that include preserving genomic integrity, telomere maintenance, transcriptional regulation, and cell fate determination. The diverse biological roles of PARPs have made them attractive therapeutic targets, which have fueled the pursuit of small molecule PARP inhibitors. The design of PARP inhibitors has matured over the past several years resulting in several lead candidates in clinical trials. PARP inhibitors are mainly used in clinical trials to treat cancer, particularly as sensitizing agents in combination with traditional chemotherapy to reduce side effects. An exciting aspect of PARP inhibitors is that they are also used to selectivity kill tumors with deficiencies in DNA repair proteins (e.g., BRCA1/2) through an approach termed "synthetic lethality." In the midst of the tremendous efforts that have brought PARP inhibitors to the forefront of modern chemotherapy, most clinically used PARP inhibitors bind to conserved regions that permits cross-selectivity with other PARPs containing homologous catalytic domains. Thus, the differences between therapeutic effects and adverse effects stemming from pan-PARP inhibition compared to selective inhibition are not well understood. In this review, we discuss current literature that has found ways to gain selectivity for one PARP over another. We furthermore provide insights into targeting other domains that make up PARPs, and how new classes of drugs that target these domains could provide a high degree of selectivity by affecting specific cellular functions. A clear understanding of the inhibition profiles of PARP inhibitors will not only enhance our understanding of the biology of individual PARPs, but may provide improved therapeutic options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin D Steffen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary, and Related Cancer Center, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Roger S Armen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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654
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Huang H, Guzman-Perez A, Acquaviva L, Berry V, Bregman H, Dovey J, Gunaydin H, Huang X, Huang L, Saffran D, Serafino R, Schneider S, Wilson C, DiMauro EF. Structure-based design of 2-aminopyridine oxazolidinones as potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1218-23. [PMID: 24900633 DOI: 10.1021/ml4003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway has been implicated in the development and formation of many cancers. TNKS inhibition has been shown to antagonize Wnt signaling via Axin stabilization in APC mutant colon cancer cell lines. We employed structure-based design to identify a series of 2-aminopyridine oxazolidinones as potent and selective TNKS inhibitors. These compounds exhibited good enzyme and cell potency as well as selectivity over other PARP isoforms. Co-crystal structures of these 2-aminopyridine oxazolidinones complexed to TNKS reveal an induced-pocket binding mode that does not involve interactions with the nicotinamide binding pocket. Oral dosing of lead compounds 3 and 4 resulted in significant effects on several Wnt-pathway biomarkers in a three day DLD-1 mouse tumor PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Huang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lisa Acquaviva
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Virginia Berry
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Howard Bregman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jennifer Dovey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xin Huang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Liyue Huang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Doug Saffran
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Randy Serafino
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steve Schneider
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cindy Wilson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erin F. DiMauro
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry; ‡Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism; §Oncology Research; and ∥Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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655
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Nathubhai A, Wood P, Lloyd MD, Thompson AS, Threadgill MD. Design and Discovery of 2-Arylquinazolin-4-ones as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Tankyrases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1173-7. [PMID: 24900625 PMCID: PMC4027532 DOI: 10.1021/ml400260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tankyrases (TNKSs) are poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) that are overexpressed in several clinical cancers. They regulate elongation of telomeres, regulate the Wnt system, and are essential for the function of the mitotic spindle. A set of 2-arylquinazolin-4-ones has been designed and identified as potent and selective TNKS inhibitors, some being more potent and selective than the lead inhibitor XAV939, with IC50 = 3 nM vs. TNKS-2. Methyl was preferred at the 8-position and modest bulk at the 4-position of the 2-phenyl group; electronic effects and H-bonding were irrelevant, but charge in the 4'-substituent must be avoided. Molecular modeling facilitated initial design of the compounds and rationalization of the SAR of binding into the nicotinamide-binding site of the target enzymes. These compounds have potential for further development into anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nathubhai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline
J. Wood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Lloyd
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Threadgill
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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656
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Lanoix D, Lacasse AA, Reiter RJ, Vaillancourt C. Melatonin: the watchdog of villous trophoblast homeostasis against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:35-45. [PMID: 23886990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human placenta produces melatonin and expresses its receptors. We propose that melatonin, an antioxidant, protects the human placenta against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced damage. Primary term villous cytotrophoblasts were cultured under normoxia (8% O2) with or without 1mM melatonin for 72h to induce differentiation into the syncytiotrophoblast. The cells were then cultured for an additional 22h under normoxia or subjected to hypoxia (0.5% O2) for 4h followed by 18h reoxygenation (8% O2) with or without melatonin. H/R induced oxidative stress, which activated the Bax/Bcl-2 mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and the downstream fragmentation of DNA. Villous trophoblast treatment with melatonin reversed all the negative effects induced by H/R to normoxic levels. This study shows that melatonin protects the villous trophoblast against H/R-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and suggests a potential preventive and therapeutic use of this indolamine in pregnancy complications characterized by syncytiotrophoblast survival alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Lanoix
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
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657
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Krietsch J, Rouleau M, Pic É, Ethier C, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Masson JY, Poirier GG, Gagné JP. Reprogramming cellular events by poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteins. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1066-87. [PMID: 23268355 PMCID: PMC3812366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). These enzymes covalently modify glutamic, aspartic and lysine amino acid side chains of acceptor proteins by the sequential addition of ADP-ribose (ADPr) units. The poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) polymers formed alter the physico-chemical characteristics of the substrate with functional consequences on its biological activities. Recently, non-covalent binding to pADPr has emerged as a key mechanism to modulate and coordinate several intracellular pathways including the DNA damage response, protein stability and cell death. In this review, we describe the basis of non-covalent binding to pADPr that has led to the emerging concept of pADPr-responsive signaling pathways. This review emphasizes the structural elements and the modular strategies developed by pADPr-binding proteins to exert a fine-tuned control of a variety of pathways. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions are highly regulated processes, both spatially and temporally, for which at least four specialized pADPr-binding modules accommodate different pADPr structures and reprogram protein functions. In this review, we highlight the role of well-characterized and newly discovered pADPr-binding modules in a diverse set of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krietsch
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Émilie Pic
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Chantal Ethier
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Guy G. Poirier
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
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658
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Wang B, Van Veldhoven PP, Brees C, Rubio N, Nordgren M, Apanasets O, Kunze M, Baes M, Agostinis P, Fransen M. Mitochondria are targets for peroxisome-derived oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:882-894. [PMID: 23988789 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular processes are driven by spatially and temporally regulated redox-dependent signaling events. Although mounting evidence indicates that organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria can function as signaling platforms for oxidative stress-regulated pathways, little is known about the role of peroxisomes in these processes. In this study, we employ targeted variants of the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed to gain a better insight into the interplay between peroxisomes and cellular oxidative stress. We show that the phototoxic effects of peroxisomal KillerRed induce mitochondria-mediated cell death and that this process can be counteracted by targeted overexpression of a select set of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxisomal glutathione S-transferase kappa 1, superoxide dismutase 1, and mitochondrial catalase. We also present evidence that peroxisomal disease cell lines deficient in plasmalogen biosynthesis or peroxisome assembly are more sensitive to KillerRed-induced oxidative stress than control cells. Collectively, these findings confirm and extend previous observations suggesting that disturbances in peroxisomal redox control and metabolism can sensitize cells to oxidative stress. In addition, they lend strong support to the ideas that peroxisomes and mitochondria share a redox-sensitive relationship and that the redox communication between these organelles is not only mediated by diffusion of reactive oxygen species from one compartment to the other. Finally, these findings indicate that mitochondria may act as dynamic receivers, integrators, and transmitters of peroxisome-derived mediators of oxidative stress, and this may have profound implications for our views on cellular aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Brees
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noemí Rubio
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oksana Apanasets
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Kunze
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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659
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García-Giménez JL, Seco-Cervera M, Aguado C, Romá-Mateo C, Dasí F, Priego S, Markovic J, Knecht E, Sanz P, Pallardó FV. Lafora disease fibroblasts exemplify the molecular interdependence between thioredoxin 1 and the proteasome in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:347-359. [PMID: 23850970 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is a key regulator of cellular redox balance and participates in cellular signaling events. Recent evidence from yeast indicates that members of the Trx family interact with the 20S proteasome, indicating redox regulation of proteasome activity. However, there is little information about the interrelationship of Trx proteins with the proteasome system in mammalian cells, especially in the nucleus. Here, we have investigated this relationship under various cellular conditions in mammalian cells. We show that Trx1 levels and its subcellular localization (cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus) depend on proteasome activity during the cell cycle in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and under stress conditions, when proteasomes are inhibited. In addition, we also studied in these cells how the main cellular antioxidant systems are stimulated when proteasome activity is inhibited. Finally, we describe a reduction in Trx1 levels in Lafora disease fibroblasts and demonstrate that the nuclear colocalization of Trx1 with 20S proteasomes in laforin-deficient cells is altered compared with control cells. Our results indicate a close relationship between Trx1 and the 20S nuclear proteasome and give a new perspective to the study of diseases or physiopathological conditions in which defects in the proteasome system are associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain; Fundación del Hospital Clínico Universitat de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Seco-Cervera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Dasí
- Fundación del Hospital Clínico Universitat de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Priego
- Research Core Facility, Medical School, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jelena Markovic
- Research Core Facility, Medical School, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Erwin Knecht
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain; Fundación del Hospital Clínico Universitat de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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660
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Carduner L, Picot CR, Leroy-Dudal J, Blay L, Kellouche S, Carreiras F. Cell cycle arrest or survival signaling through αv integrins, activation of PKC and ERK1/2 lead to anoikis resistance of ovarian cancer spheroids. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:329-42. [PMID: 24291221 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer mainly due to spheroids organization of cancer cells that disseminate within the peritoneal cavity. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer spheroids resist anoikis, choosing as models the 2 well-characterized human ovarian cancer cell lines IGROV1 and SKOV3. These cell lines have the propensity to float as clusters, and were isolated from tumor tissue and ascites, respectively. To form spheroids, IGROV1 and SKOV3 ovarian adenocarcinoma cells were maintained under anchorage-independent culture conditions, in which both lines survive at least a week. A short apoptotic period prior to a survival signaling commitment was observed for IGROV1 cells whereas SKOV3 cells entered G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. This difference in behavior was due to different signals. With regard to SKOV3 cells, activation of p38 and an increase in p130/Rb occurred once anchorage-independent culture was established. Analyses of the survival signaling pathway switched on by IGROV1 cells showed that activation of ERK1/2 was required to evade apoptosis, an effect partly dependent on PKC activation and αv integrins. αv-integrin expression is essential for survival through activation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The above data indicate that ovarian cancer cells can resist anoikis in the spheroid state by arrest in the cell cycle or through activation of αv-integrin-ERK-mediated survival signals. Such signaling might result in the selection of resistant cells within disseminating spheroids, favoring further relapse in ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Carduner
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire Cellules, ERRMECe (EA 1391), Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Cédric R Picot
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire Cellules, ERRMECe (EA 1391), Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France.
| | - Johanne Leroy-Dudal
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire Cellules, ERRMECe (EA 1391), Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Lyvia Blay
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire Cellules, ERRMECe (EA 1391), Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Kellouche
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire Cellules, ERRMECe (EA 1391), Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Franck Carreiras
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire Cellules, ERRMECe (EA 1391), Institut des Matériaux, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2 avenue Adolphe Chauvin, 95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
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661
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Chavez-Perez VA, Strasberg-Rieber M, Rieber M. Hypoxia and hypoxia mimetic cooperate to counteract tumor cell resistance to glucose starvation preferentially in tumor cells with mutant p53. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:120-5. [PMID: 24275138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that exogenous pyruvate promotes survival under glucose depletion in aerobic mutant p53 (R175H) human melanoma cells. Others subsequently indicated that mutant p53 tumor cells undergo p53 degradation and cell death under aerobic glucose-free conditions. Since glucose starvation occurs in hypoxic gradients of poorly vascularized tumors, we investigated the role of p53 siRNA under hypoxia in wt p53 C8161 melanoma using glucose starvation or 5mM physiological glucose. p53 Silencing decreased survival of glucose-starved C8161 melanoma with pyruvate supplementation under hypoxia (≤1% oxygen), but increased resistance to glycolytic inhibitors oxamate and 2-deoxyglucose in 5mM glucose, preferentially under normoxia. Aiming to counteract hypoxic tumor cell survival irrespective of p53 status, genetically-matched human C8161 melanoma harboring wt p53 or mutant p53 (R175H) were used combining true hypoxia (≤1% oxygen) and hypoxia mimetic CoCl2. No significant decrease in metabolic activity was evidenced in C8161 melanoma irrespective of p53 status in 2.5mM glucose after 48h of physical hypoxia. However, combining the latter with 100μM CoCl2 was preferentially toxic for mutant p53 C8161 melanoma, and was enhanced by catalase in wt p53 C8161 cells. Downregulation of MnSOD and LDHA accompanied the toxicity induced by hypoxia and CoCl2 in 5mM glucose, and these changes were enhanced by oxamate or 2-deoxyglucose. Our results show for the first time that survival of malignant cells in a hypoxic microenvironment can be counteracted by hypoxia mimetic co-treatment in a p53 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery A Chavez-Perez
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Mary Strasberg-Rieber
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Rieber
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), CMBC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
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662
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Fukaya M, Tamura Y, Chiba Y, Tanioka T, Mao J, Inoue Y, Yamada M, Waeber C, Ido-Kitamura Y, Kitamura T, Kaneki M. Protective effects of a nicotinamide derivative, isonicotinamide, against streptozotocin-induced β-cell damage and diabetes in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:92-8. [PMID: 24246675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinamide rescues β-cell damage and diabetes in rodents, but a large-scale clinical trial failed to show the benefit of nicotinamide in the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that Sirt1 deacetylase, a putative protector of β-cells, is inhibited by nicotinamide. We investigated the effects of isonicotinamide, which is a derivative of nicotinamide and does not inhibit Sirt1, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were administered with three different doses of STZ (65, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW) alone or in combination with subsequent high-fat feeding. The mice were treated with isonicotinamide (250 mg/kg BW/day) or phosphate-buffered saline for 10 days. The effects of isonicotinamide on STZ-induced diabetes were assessed by blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance test, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Isonicotinamide effectively prevented hyperglycemia induced by higher doses of STZ (75 and 100mg/kg BW) alone and low-dose STZ (65 mg/kg BW) followed by 6-week high-fat diet in mice. The protective effects of isonicotinamide were associated with decreased apoptosis of β-cells and reductions in both insulin content and insulin-positive area in the pancreas of STZ-administered mice. In addition, isonicotinamide inhibited STZ-induced apoptosis in cultured isolated islets. CONCLUSIONS These data clearly demonstrate that isonicotinamide exerts anti-diabetogenic effects by preventing β-cell damage after STZ administration. These findings warrant further investigations on the protective effects of isonicotinamide and related compounds against β-cell damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Fukaya
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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663
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Lee ST, Wong PF, Hooper JD, Mustafa MR. Alpha-tomatine synergises with paclitaxel to enhance apoptosis of androgen-independent human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:1297-1305. [PMID: 23920276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alpha (α)-tomatine, a major saponin found in tomato has been shown to inhibit the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells. The effects of α-tomatine in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel against PC-3 cells were investigated in the present study. Combined treatment with a sub-toxic dose of α-tomatine and paclitaxel significantly decreased cell viability with concomitant increase in the percentage of apoptotic PC-3 cells. The combined treatment, however, had no cytotoxic effect on the non-neoplastic prostate RWPE-1 cells. Apoptosis of PC-3 cells was accompanied by the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pro-survival signaling, an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD but a decrease in the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Results from a mouse xenograft model showed the combined treatment completely suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth without significant side effects. Consistent with its in vitro anti-cancer effects, tumor materials from mice showed increased apoptosis of tumor cells with reduced protein expression of activated PI3K/Akt. These results suggest that the synergistic anti-cancer effects of paclitaxel and α-tomatine may be beneficial for refractory prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Ting Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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664
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Kulkarni A, Oza J, Yao M, Sohail H, Ginjala V, Tomas-Loba A, Horejsi Z, Tan AR, Boulton SJ, Ganesan S. Tripartite Motif-containing 33 (TRIM33) protein functions in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase ( PARP)-dependent DNA damage response through interaction with Amplified in Liver Cancer 1 (ALC1) protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32357-32369. [PMID: 23926104 PMCID: PMC3820871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) near sites of DNA breaks facilitates recruitment of DNA repair proteins and promotes chromatin relaxation in part through the action of chromatin-remodeling enzyme Amplified in Liver Cancer 1 (ALC1). Through proteomic analysis we find that ALC1 interacts after DNA damage with Tripartite Motif-containing 33 (TRIM33), a multifunctional protein implicated in transcriptional regulation, TGF-β signaling, and tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that TRIM33 is dynamically recruited to DNA damage sites in a PARP1- and ALC1-dependent manner. TRIM33-deficient cells show enhanced sensitivity to DNA damage and prolonged retention of ALC1 at sites of DNA breaks. Conversely, overexpression of TRIM33 alleviates the DNA repair defects conferred by ALC1 overexpression. Thus, TRIM33 plays a role in PARP-dependent DNA damage response and regulates ALC1 activity by promoting its timely removal from sites of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kulkarni
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Jay Oza
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Ming Yao
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Honeah Sohail
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Vasudeva Ginjala
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Antonia Tomas-Loba
- the DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms, EN6 3LD Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Zuzana Horejsi
- the DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms, EN6 3LD Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Antoinette R Tan
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Simon J Boulton
- the DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms, EN6 3LD Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.
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665
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Jiang X, Huang XC, Ao L, Liu WB, Han F, Cao J, Zhang DY, Huang CS, Liu JY. Total alkaloids of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch inhibits tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:292-298. [PMID: 24212079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch (Celastraceae) (THH) root is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer. Alkaloid is one of the most bioactive components of THH extract. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of the total alkaloids of THH (THHta). MATERIALS AND METHODS THHta was extracted in pilot-scale. HCT116 cells were chose to establish human colon cancer xenograft model. The in vitro anti-tumor activity of THHta was tested by Cell malignant transformation test, Soft agar colony formation assay and MTT assay. The in vivo anti-tumor effect of THHta was confirmed by xenograft mouse model. THHta-induced apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were investigated by Western blot. RESULTS TPA-induced cell transformation was significantly inhibited by THHta in JB6 Cl41 cells. THHta inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro in a significant dose-dependent manner. Compared to the control set, i.p. administration of THHta to xenograft mice significantly reduced both tumor weight and volume. Apoptosis induction of THHta was mediated by activation of caspase-3, PARP and inhibiting of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and XIAP. CONCLUSION THHta was effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo at less toxic concentrations by inducing apoptosis which suggested it could be developed as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiao-chun Huang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Lin Ao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wen-bin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Dong-yun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Chuan-shu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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666
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Nakadate Y, Kodera Y, Kitamura Y, Tachibana T, Tamura T, Koizumi F. Silencing of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase sensitizes lung cancer cells to radiation through the abrogation of DNA damage checkpoint. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:793-8. [PMID: 24211580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is a major enzyme that plays a role in the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PARG deficiency reportedly sensitizes cells to the effects of radiation. In lung cancer, however, it has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated whether PARG siRNA contributes to an increased radiosensitivity using 8 lung cancer cell lines. Among them, the silencing of PARG induced a radiosensitizing effect in 5 cell lines. Radiation-induced G2/M arrest was largely suppressed by PARG siRNA in PC-14 and A427 cells, which exhibited significantly enhanced radiosensitivity in response to PARG knockdown. On the other hand, a similar effect was not observed in H520 cells, which did not exhibit a radiosensitizing effect. Consistent with a cell cycle analysis, radiation-induced checkpoint signals were not well activated in the PC-14 and A427 cells when treated with PARG siRNA. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity to radiation induced by PARG knockdown occurs through the abrogation of radiation-induced G2/M arrest and checkpoint activation in lung cancer cells. Our findings indicate that PARG could be a potential target for lung cancer treatments when used in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakadate
- Shien-Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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667
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Roche E, Lascombe I, Bittard H, Mougin C, Fauconnet S. The PPARβ agonist L-165041 promotes VEGF mRNA stabilization in HPV18-harboring HeLa cells through a receptor-independent mechanism. Cell Signal 2013; 26:433-43. [PMID: 24172859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-β (PPARβ) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor activated by both natural (fatty acids and derivatives) and high affinity synthetic agonists. It is thought to play a role in angiogenesis development and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) regulation but its contribution remains unclear. Until now, the PPARβ agonism effect on VEGF expression in cervical cancer cells was unknown. This led to our interest in assessing the effect of PPARβ activation on the regulation of different VEGF isoforms mRNA expression and the impact of E6 viral oncoprotein and its target p53 on this regulation in cervical cancer cells. Here, we showed that the PPARβ agonist L-165041 induces VEGF(121), VEGF(165) and VEGF(189) expression in HPV (Human Papillomavirus) positive HeLa cells but not in HPV negative cells. The underlying mechanisms did involve neither E6 oncoprotein nor p53. We highlighted a novel mode of PPARβ ligand action including a post-transcriptional regulation of VEGF mRNA expression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and the activation of the mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR. But most importantly, we clearly demonstrated that L-165041 acts independently of PPARβ since its effect was not reversed by a chemical inhibition with a specific antagonist and the siRNA-mediated knockdown of the nuclear receptor. As VEGF is crucial for cancer development, the impact of PPARβ ligands on VEGF production is of high importance. Thus, the molecular mechanism of their action has to be elucidated and as a result, PPARβ agonists currently in clinical trials should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Roche
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Isabelle Lascombe
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Hugues Bittard
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of Urology, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvie Fauconnet
- University of Franche - Comte, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 3181 - SFR FED 4234, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of Urology, CHRU Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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668
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Menon VR, Peterson EJ, Valerie K, Farrell NP, Povirk LF. Ligand modulation of a dinuclear platinum compound leads to mechanistic differences in cell cycle progression and arrest. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1708-20. [PMID: 24161784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite similar structures and DNA binding profiles, two recently synthesized dinuclear platinum compounds are shown to elicit highly divergent effects on cell cycle progression. In colorectal HCT116 cells, BBR3610 shows a classical G2/M arrest with initial accumulation in S phase, but the derivative compound BBR3610-DACH, formed by introduction of the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) as carrier ligand, results in severe G1/S as well as G2/M phase arrest, with nearly complete S phase depletion. The origin of this unique effect was studied. Cellular interstrand crosslinking as assayed by comet analysis was similar for both compounds, confirming previous in vitro results obtained on plasmid DNA. Immunoblotting revealed a stabilization of p53 and concomitant transient increases in p21 and p27 proteins after treatment with BBR3610-DACH. Cell viability assays and cytometric analysis of p53 and p21 null cells indicated that BBR3610-DACH-induced cell cycle arrest was p21-dependent and partially p53-dependent. However, an increase in the levels of cyclin E was observed with steady state levels of CDK2 and Cdc25A, suggesting that the G1 block occurs downstream of CDK/cyclin complex formation. The G2/M block was corroborated with decreased levels of cyclin A and cyclin B1. Surprisingly, BBR3610-DACH-induced G1 block was independent of ATM and ATR. Finally, both compounds induced apoptosis, with BBR3610-DACH showing a robust PARP-1 cleavage that was not associated with caspase-3/7 cleavage. In summary, BBR3610-DACH is a DNA binding platinum agent with unique inhibitory effects on cell cycle progression that could be further developed as a chemotherapeutic agent complementary to cisplatin and oxaliplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Menon
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, United States
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669
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Sparidans RW, Durmus S, Schinkel AH, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 88:626-9. [PMID: 24216281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay for the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor rucaparib was developed and validated. Plasma samples were pre-treated using protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing gefitinib as internal standard. Diluted extract was directly injected into the reversed-phase chromatographic system. The eluate was transferred into the electrospray interface with positive ionization and the analyte was detected in the selected reaction monitoring mode of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The assay was validated in a 1.25-2000ng/ml calibration range with r(2)=0.9958±0.0012 for linear regression with quadratic weighting (n=6). Within day precisions (n=18) were 2.0-5.4%, between day (3 days; n=18) precisions 3.2-8.0% and accuracies (n=18) were 89.7-93.2%. At the lower limit of quantification (1.25ng/ml) these parameters were 9.6%, 13.7% and 85.3%, respectively. The drug was sufficiently stable under all relevant analytical conditions. Finally, the assay was successfully used to determine drug pharmacokinetics in female FVB wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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670
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Zhang C, Wang C, Tang S, Sun Y, Zhao D, Zhang S, Deng S, Zhou Y, Xiao X. TNFR1/TNF-α and mitochondria interrelated signaling pathway mediates quinocetone-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:825-38. [PMID: 24161692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinocetone, a new quinoxaline 1, 4-dioxide derivative, has been widely used as an animal feed additive in China. This study was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by quinocetone in HepG2 cells. MTT assay revealed that the viability of HepG2 cells was significantly inhibited by quinocetone in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quinocetone-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was characterized by cell and nuclei morphology change, cell membrane phosphatidylserine translocation, DNA fragmentation, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and a cascade activation of caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Simultaneously, quinocetone induced HepG2 cell cycle arrest, which was supported by overexpression of p21. Cytochrome c release was caused by the mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, a process related to quinocetone-induced Bid cleavage and elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, quinocetone treatment caused the up-regulation of TNF-α and TNFR1 in HepG2 cells. Both soluble TNFR1 receptors and caspase inhibitors suppressed quinocetone-induced apoptosis. In addition, the protein levels of p53, p-p38 and p-JNK were increased in quinocetone-treated cells. Taken together, quinocetone induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of caspase, interaction of TNF-α and TNFR1 and modulation of the protein levels of Bid, Bax and Bcl-2, involving the participation of p53, p38 and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoming Zhang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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671
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Lu TH, Tseng TJ, Su CC, Tang FC, Yen CC, Liu YY, Yang CY, Wu CC, Chen KL, Hung DZ, Chen YW. Arsenic induces reactive oxygen species-caused neuronal cell apoptosis through JNK/ERK-mediated mitochondria-dependent and GRP 78/CHOP-regulated pathways. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:130-40. [PMID: 24157283 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a well-known high toxic metal, is an important environmental and industrial contaminant, and it induces oxidative stress, which causes many adverse health effects and diseases in humans, particularly in inorganic As (iAs) more harmful than organic As. Recently, epidemiological studies have suggested a possible relationship between iAs exposure and neurodegenerative disease development. However, the toxicological effects and underlying mechanisms of iAs-induced neuronal cell injuries are mostly unknown. The present study demonstrated that iAs significantly decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in Neuro-2a cells. iAs also increased oxidative stress damage (production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS, and reduction of Nrf2 and thioredoxin protein expression) and induced several features of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals, including: mitochondrial dysfunction, the activations of PARP and caspase cascades, and the increase in caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively reversed these iAs-induced responses. iAs also increased the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2, but did not that p38-MAPK, in treated Neuro-2a cells. NAC and the specific JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) abrogated iAs-induced cell cytotoxicity, caspase-3/-7 activity, and JNK and ERK1/2 activation. Additionally, exposure of Neuro-2a cells to iAs triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress identified through several key molecules (GRP 78, CHOP, XBP-1, and caspase-12), which was prevented by NAC. Transfection with GRP 78- and CHOP-specific si-RNA dramatically suppressed GRP 78 and CHOP expression, respectively, and attenuated the activations of caspase-12, -7, and -3 in iAs-exposed cells. Therefore, these results indicate that iAs induces ROS causing neuronal cell death via both JNK/ERK-mediated mitochondria-dependent and GRP 78/CHOP-triggered apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hui Lu
- Department of Physiology, and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Khan S, Shukla S, Sinha S, Meeran SM. Role of adipokines and cytokines in obesity-associated breast cancer: therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:503-13. [PMID: 24210902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the cause of a large proportion of breast cancer incidences and mortality in post-menopausal women. In obese people, elevated levels of various growth factors such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are found. Elevated insulin level leads to increased secretion of estrogen by binding to the circulating sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). The increased estrogen-mediated downstream signaling favors breast carcinogenesis. Obesity leads to altered expression profiles of various adipokines and cytokines including leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. The increased levels of leptin and decreased adiponectin secretion are directly associated with breast cancer development. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment promote tumor development. Efficacy of available breast cancer drugs against obesity-associated breast cancer is yet to be confirmed. In this review, we will discuss different adipokine- and cytokine-mediated molecular signaling pathways involved in obesity-associated breast cancer, available therapeutic strategies and potential therapeutic targets for obesity-associated breast cancer.
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673
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Bronner C, Krifa M, Mousli M. Increasing role of UHRF1 in the reading and inheritance of the epigenetic code as well as in tumorogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1643-9. [PMID: 24134914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications, allow cells to maintain the phenotype throughout successive mitosis. UHRF1 plays a major role in the inheritance of some epigenetic marks from mother cells to daughter cells due to its particular structural domains. The originality of UHRF1 lies in the fact that it can read epigenetic marks and recruit the enzymes that catalyze the same epigenetic mark. The SRA domain senses the presence of a methylated cytosine on one DNA strand allowing the recruitment of DNMT1, which methylates the cytosine on the newly synthesized DNA. The recently identified tudor domain of UHRF1 senses the presence of methylated histone H3 conducting UHRF1 to recruit histone methyltransferases. Recent studies deciphering the relationships between some of the structural domains of UHRF1 provides new insights on the reading of the epigenetic code over a larger portion of histone tail than usually expected. Furthermore, latest developments highlights that UHRF1 is one of the proteins which is able to directly connect DNA methylation to histone epigenetic marks. This paper reviews the principles how UHRF1 acts as an epigenetic reader and discusses the properties of UHRF1 to be a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bronner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Université de Strasbourg, Parc d'innovation, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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674
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Ge L, Trujillo G, Miller EJ, Kew RR. Circulating complexes of the vitamin D binding protein with G-actin induce lung inflammation by targeting endothelial cells. Immunobiology 2013; 219:198-207. [PMID: 24268110 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the actin scavenger function of the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in vivo using DBP null (-/-) mice. Intravenous injection of G-actin into wild-type (DBP+/+) and DBP-/- mice showed that contrary to expectations, DBP+/+ mice developed more severe acute lung inflammation. Inflammation was restricted to the lung and pathological changes were clearly evident at 1.5 and 4h post-injection but were largely resolved by 24h. Histology of DBP+/+ lungs revealed noticeably more vascular leakage, hemorrhage and thickening of the alveolar wall. Flow cytometry analysis of whole lung homogenates showed significantly increased neutrophil infiltration into DBP+/+ mouse lungs at 1.5 and 4h. Increased amounts of protein and leukocytes were also noted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from DBP+/+ mice 4h after actin injection. In vitro, purified DBP-actin complexes did not activate complement or neutrophils but induced injury and death of cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cells treated with DBP-actin showed a significant reduction in viability at 4h, this effect was reversible if cells were cultured in fresh media for another 24h. However, a 24-h treatment with DBP-actin complexes showed a significant increase in cell death (95% for HLMVEC, 45% for HUVEC). The mechanism of endothelial cell death was via both caspase-3 dependent (HUVEC) and independent (HLMVEC) pathways. These results demonstrate that elevated levels and/or prolonged exposure to DBP-actin complexes may induce endothelial cell injury and death, particularly in the lung microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyin Ge
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Glenda Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Edmund J Miller
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030-3816, USA
| | - Richard R Kew
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA.
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675
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Hu Y, Wang S, Wu X, Zhang J, Chen R, Chen M, Wang Y. Chinese herbal medicine-derived compounds for cancer therapy: a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:601-12. [PMID: 23916858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as the major histological subtype of primary liver cancer remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Due to the complicated molecular pathogenesis of HCC, the option for effective systemic treatment is quite limited. There exists a critical need to explore and evaluate possible alternative strategies for effective control of HCC. With a long history of clinical use, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is emerging as a noticeable choice for its multi-level, multi-target and coordinated intervention effects against HCC. With the aids of phytochemistry and molecular biological approaches, in the past decades many CHM-derived compounds have been carefully studied through both preclinical and clinical researches and have shown great potential in novel anti-HCC natural product development. The present review aimed at providing the most recent developments on anti-HCC compounds derived from CHM, especially their underlying pharmacological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of anti-HCC compounds from CHM was carried out focusing on literatures published both in English (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Medline) and in Chinese academic databases (Wanfang and CNKI database). RESULTS In this review, we tried to give a timely and comprehensive update about the anti-HCC effects and targets of several representative CHM-derived compounds, namely curcumin, resveratrol, silibinin, berberine, quercetin, tanshinone II-A and celastrol. Their mechanisms of anti-HCC behaviors, potential side effects or toxicity and future research directions were discussed. CONCLUSION Herbal compounds derived from CHM are of much significance in devising new drugs and providing unique ideas for the war against HCC. We propose that these breakthrough findings may have important implications for targeted-HCC therapy and modernization of CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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676
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Weng JR, Yen MH, Lin WY. Cytotoxic constituents from Celastrus paniculatus induce apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells. Phytochemistry 2013; 94:211-9. [PMID: 23810286 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Celastrus paniculatus is a traditional medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological activities. To identify its bioactive constituents, three new β-dihydroagarofuranoid sesquiterpenes were isolated from the whole plant, of which the major constituent is (1α,2α,8β,9β)-1,8-bis(acetyloxy)-2,9-bis(benzoyloxy)-14-hydroxy-β-dihydroagarofuran. It was assessed for its antiproliferative activity, and it suppressed the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC50 of 17±1μM. This growth inhibition was, in part, attributable to apoptosis. Moreover, this drug treatment led to LC3B-II accumulation, indicative of autophagy. Western blot analysis established its ability to target a broad range of signaling effectors related to survival and cell cycle progression, including Akt, NF-κB, p53, and MAP kinases. In addition, flow cytometry analysis indicates increased reactive oxygen species production in response to this compound. Taken together, these findings suggest a pleiotropic mode of mechanism that underlies the antiproliferative activity of this compound in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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677
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Shoeb M, Ramana KV, Srivastava SK. Aldose reductase inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced human colon cancer cell apoptosis through AKT/FOXO3a-dependent upregulation of death receptors. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:280-90. [PMID: 23732517 PMCID: PMC3729926 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems associated with the chemotherapy of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) that selectively kills tumor cells is decreased drug resistance. This warranted the development of safe novel pharmacological agents that could sensitize the tumor cells to TRAIL. Herein, we examined the role of aldose reductase (AR) in sensitizing cancer cells to TRAIL and potentiating TRAIL-induced apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. We demonstrate that AR inhibition potentiates TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells by upregulation of both death receptor (DR)-5 and DR4. Knockdown of DR5 and DR4 significantly (>85%) reduced the sensitizing effect of the AR inhibitor fidarestat on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Further, AR inhibition also downregulates cell survival proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, survivin, XIAP, and FLIP) and upregulates the expression of proapoptotic proteins such as Bax and alters mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cytochrome c release, caspases-3 activation, and PARP cleavage. We found that AR inhibition regulates AKT/PI3K-dependent activation of forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a. Knockdown of FOXO3a significantly (>80%) abolished AR inhibition-induced upregulation of DR5 and DR4 and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Overall, our results show that fidarestat potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through downregulation of cell survival proteins and upregulation of death receptors via activation of the AKT/FOXO3a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satish K Srivastava
- Corresponding Author: Satish K Srivastava, PhD , Telephone (409)-772-3926, Fax: 409-772-9679 and mailing address: #6.644 BSB, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas -77555, USA
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678
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Pietrofesa RA, Turowski JB, Arguiri E, Milovanova TN, Solomides CC, Thom SR, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Oxidative Lung Damage Resulting from Repeated Exposure to Radiation and Hyperoxia Associated with Space Exploration. J Pulm Respir Med 2013; 3:1000158. [PMID: 24358450 PMCID: PMC3866035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spaceflight missions may require crewmembers to conduct Extravehicular Activities (EVA) for repair, maintenance or scientific purposes. Pre-breathe protocols in preparation for an EVA entail 100% hyperoxia exposure that may last for a few hours (5-8 hours), and may be repeated 2-3 times weekly. Each EVA is associated with additional challenges such as low levels of total body cosmic/galactic radiation exposure that may present a threat to crewmember health and therefore, pose a threat to the success of the mission. We have developed a murine model of combined, hyperoxia and radiation exposure (double-hit) in the context of evaluating countermeasures to oxidative lung damage associated with space flight. In the current study, our objective was to characterize the early and chronic effects of repeated single and double-hit challenge on lung tissue using a novel murine model of repeated exposure to low-level total body radiation and hyperoxia. This is the first study of its kind evaluating lung damage relevant to space exploration in a rodent model. METHODS Mouse cohorts (n=5-15/group) were exposed to repeated: a) normoxia; b) >95% O2 (O2); c) 0.25Gy single fraction gamma radiation (IR); or d) a combination of O2 and IR (O2+IR) given 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Lungs were evaluated for oxidative damage, active TGFβ1 levels, cell apoptosis, inflammation, injury, and fibrosis at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks post-initiation of exposure. RESULTS Mouse cohorts exposed to all challenge conditions displayed decreased bodyweight compared to untreated controls at 4 and 8 weeks post-challenge initiation. Chronic oxidative lung damage to lipids (malondialdehyde levels), DNA (TUNEL, cleaved Caspase 3, cleaved PARP positivity) leading to apoptotic cell death and to proteins (nitrotyrosine levels) was elevated all treatment groups. Importantly, significant systemic oxidative stress was also noted at the late phase in mouse plasma, BAL fluid, and urine. Importantly, however, late oxidative damage across all parameters that we measured was significantly higher than controls in all cohorts but was exacerbated by the combined exposure to O2 and IR. Additionally, impaired levels of arterial blood oxygenation were noted in all exposure cohorts. Significant but transient elevation of lung tissue fibrosis (p<0.05), determined by lung hydroxyproline content, was detected as early as 2 week in mice exposed to challenge conditions and persisted for 4-8 weeks only. Interestingly, active TGFβ1 levels in +BAL fluid was also transiently elevated during the exposure time only (1-4 weeks). Inflammation and lung edema/lung injury was also significantly elevated in all groups at both early and late time points, especially the double-hit group. CONCLUSION We have characterized significant, early and chronic lung changes consistent with oxidative tissue damage in our murine model of repeated radiation and hyperoxia exposure relevant to space travel. Lung tissue changes, detectable several months after the original exposure, include significant oxidative lung damage (lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein nitrosative stress) and increased pulmonary fibrosis. These findings, along with increased oxidative stress in diverse body fluids and the observed decreases in blood oxygenation levels in all challenge conditions (whether single or in combination), lead us to conclude that in our model of repeated exposure to oxidative stressors, chronic tissue changes are detected that persist even months after the exposure to the stressor has ended. This data will provide useful information in the design of countermeasures to tissue oxidative damage associated with space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Pietrofesa
- Departments of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, and Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jason B Turowski
- Departments of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, and Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Evguenia Arguiri
- Departments of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, and Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tatyana N Milovanova
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Stephen R Thom
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Departments of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, and Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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679
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Morte MI, Carreira BP, Falcão MJ, Ambrósio AF, Soares-da-Silva P, Araújo IM, Carvalho CM. Evaluation of neurotoxic and neuroprotective pathways affected by antiepileptic drugs in cultured hippocampal neurons. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2193-202. [PMID: 24055897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the neurotoxicity of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), and of its in vivo metabolites eslicarbazepine (S-Lic) and R-licarbazepine (R-Lic), as compared to the structurally-related compounds carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC), in an in vitro model of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The non-related antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) lamotrigine (LTG) and sodium valproate (VPA) were also studied. We assessed whether AEDs modulate pro-survival/pro-apoptotic pathways, such as extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), Akt and stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). We found that neither ESL nor its metabolites, CBZ or LTG, up to 0.3mM, for 24h of exposure, decreased cell viability. OXC was the most toxic drug decreasing cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, leading to activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. VPA caused the appearance of the apoptotic markers, but did not alter cell viability. ESL, S-Lic and OXC decreased the levels of phospho-ERK1/2 and of phospho-Akt, when compared to basal levels, whereas CBZ decreased phospho-SAPK/JNK and phospho-Akt levels. LTG and VPA increased the phosphorylation levels of SAPK/JNK. These results suggest that ESL and its main metabolite S-Lic, as well as CBZ, LTG and VPA, are less toxic to hippocampal neurons than OXC, which was the most toxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Morte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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680
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Oh YS, Lee YJ, Park K, Choi HH, Yoo S, Jun HS. Treatment with glucokinase activator, YH-GKA, increases cell proliferation and decreases glucotoxic apoptosis in INS-1 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 51:137-45. [PMID: 24056026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK), an enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, has a role in regulating insulin secretion and proliferation in beta cells. GK activators (GKAs) have been developed as new therapies for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the proliferation and anti-apoptotic actions of YH-GKA, a novel and potent GKA, in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. YH-GKA treatment increased cell numbers at 3 mM glucose via upregulation of insulin receptor substrate-2 and subsequent activation of AKT/protein kinase B phosphorylation. YH-GKA also increased beta-catenin and cyclin D2 mRNA expression and inactivated GSK3β by increasing phosphorylation. These proliferative effects of YH-GKA were attenuated by IRS-2 downregulation. Moreover, YH-GKA reduced annexin-V-stained cells and expression levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 induced by glucotoxicity. YH-GKA inhibited apoptotic signaling via induction of ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and citrate synthase activity and was correlated with changes of the mitochondrial function-related genes. YH-GKA also increased interaction between GK and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein. Our results suggest that the novel GKA, YH-GKA, promotes beta cell growth and prevents glucotoxic beta cell apoptosis. Therefore, YH-GKA may provide a therapy that compensates for beta cell loss in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sin Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, 1198, Guwol-dong, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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681
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Gil-Araujo B, Toledo Lobo MV, Gutiérrez-Salmerón M, Gutiérrez-Pitalúa J, Ropero S, Angulo JC, Chiloeches A, Lasa M. Dual specificity phosphatase 1 expression inversely correlates with NF-κB activity and expression in prostate cancer and promotes apoptosis through a p38 MAPK dependent mechanism. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:27-38. [PMID: 24080497 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) and the transcription factor NF-κB are implicated in prostate cancer since their expression levels are altered along this disease, although there are no evidences up to date demonstrating a crosstalk between them. In this report, we show for the first time that DUSP1 over-expression in DU145 cells promotes apoptosis and decreases NF-κB activity by blocking p65/NF-κB nuclear translocation. Moreover, although DUSP1 impairs TNF-α-induced p38 MAPK and JNK activation, only the specific inhibition of p38 MAPK exerts the same effects than DUSP1 over-expression on both apoptosis and NF-κB activity. Consistently, DUSP1 promotes apoptosis and decreases NF-κB activity in cells in which p38 MAPK is induced by TNF-α treatment. These results demonstrate that p38 MAPK is specifically involved in DUSP1-mediated effects on both apoptosis and NF-κB activity. Interestingly, we show an inverse correlation between DUSP1 expression and activation of both p65/NF-κB and p38 MAPK in human prostate tissue specimens. Thus, most of apparently normal glands, benign prostatic hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia samples show high DUSP1 expression and low levels of both nuclear p65/NF-κB and activated p38 MAPK. By contrast, DUSP1 expression levels are low or even absent in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma samples, whereas nuclear p65/NF-κB and activated p38 MAPK are highly expressed in the same samples. Overall, our results provide evidence for a role of DUSP1 in the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, through a mechanism involving the inhibition of p38 MAPK and NF-κB. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the ratio between DUSP1 and p65/NF-κB expression levels, rather than the individual expression of both molecules, is a better marker for diagnostic purposes in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gil-Araujo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Val Toledo Lobo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; IRYCIS, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Salmerón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Gutiérrez-Pitalúa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ropero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier C Angulo
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Chiloeches
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Lasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
The discovery of the first major breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1, occurred almost 20 years ago. BRCA1, together with BRCA2 remain the most important discoveries in human cancer genetics. Identification of highly penetrant mutations in these two tumour suppressor genes has had broad implications for women at risk and their families, for health professionals caring for these persons and for basic researchers. The BRCA proteins have many critical functions, the most notable of which, from a clinical perspective, is repair of double-strand DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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683
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Colombo PE, Fabbro M, Theillet C, Bibeau F, Rouanet P, Ray-Coquard I. Sensitivity and resistance to treatment in the primary management of epithelial ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:207-16. [PMID: 24071502 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is the most lethal gynaecologic malignancy. Despite wide initial sensibility to chemotherapy especially to platinum-based regimens, the vast majority of patients with advanced stages of the disease develop recurrences and subsequent resistance to treatments. Ovarian cancer is actually considered as a heterogeneous disease at the clinical, histological and molecular level. In this review, the mechanisms of intrinsic sensitivity or resistance to treatment, especially to platinum-based chemotherapy are considered with particular reference to the significance of tumour heterogeneity. The molecular features involved in acquired resistance are reviewed and the current hypotheses are discussed. In particular, potential disruptions of the DNA reparation pathways are highlighted.
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684
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Antolin AA, Carotti A, Nuti R, Hakkaya A, Camaioni E, Mestres J, Pellicciari R, Macchiarulo A. Exploring the effect of PARP-1 flexibility in docking studies. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 45:192-201. [PMID: 24056306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an enzyme belonging to the ADP-ribosyltransferase family. A large body of works has validated PARP-1 as an attractive drug target for different therapeutic areas, including cancers and ischemia. Accordingly, sampling the conformational space of the enzyme is pivotal to understand its functions and improve structure-based drug discovery approaches. In the first part of this study we apply replica exchange molecular dynamic (REMD) simulations to sample the conformational space of the catalytic domain of PARP-1 in the ligand-bound and unbound forms. In the second part, we assess how and to what extend the emerging enzyme flexibility affects the performance of docking experiments of a library of PARP-1 inhibitors. This study pinpoints a putative key role of conformational shifts of Leu324, Tyr325 and Lys242 in opening an additional binding site pocket that affects the binding of ligands to the catalytic cleft of PARP-1. Furthermore, it highlights the improvement of the enrichment factor of active ligands obtained in docking experiments when using conformations generated with REMD simulations of ligand-bound PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolin
- Chemogenomics Laboratory, Research Program in Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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685
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Xu S, Bai P, Little PJ, Liu P. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 ( PARP1) in atherosclerosis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:644-75. [PMID: 24002940 DOI: 10.1002/med.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions, carried out by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs/ARTDs), are reversible posttranslational modifications impacting on numerous cellular processes (e.g., DNA repair, transcription, metabolism, or immune functions). PARP1 (EC 2.4.2.30), the founding member of PARPs, is particularly important for drug development for its role in DNA repair, cell death, and transcription of proinflammatory genes. Recent studies have established a novel concept that PARP1 is critically involved in the formation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques in experimental animal models and in humans. Reduction of PARP1 activity by pharmacological or molecular approaches attenuates atherosclerotic plaque development and enhances plaque stability as well as promotes the regression of pre-established atherosclerotic plaques. Mechanistically, PARP1 inhibition significantly reduces monocyte differentiation, macrophage recruitment, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inactivation, endothelial dysfunction, neointima formation, foam cell death, and inflammatory responses within plaques, all of which are central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This article presents an overview of the multiple roles and underlying mechanisms of PARP1 activation (poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation) in atherosclerosis and emphasizes the therapeutic potential of PARP1 inhibition in preventing or reversing atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular clinical sequalae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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686
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Hazeldine J, Lord JM. The impact of ageing on natural killer cell function and potential consequences for health in older adults. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1069-78. [PMID: 23660515 PMCID: PMC4147963 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Roles are emerging for natural killer (NK) cells beyond removing transformed cells. These include immune regulation and the elimination of senescent cells. Human ageing is associated with a decline in NK cell function. We propose some aspects of human ageing are due in part to reduced NK cell function. These include reduced vaccination efficacy and delayed resolution of inflammation.
Forming the first line of defence against virally infected and malignant cells, natural killer (NK) cells are critical effector cells of the innate immune system. With age, significant impairments have been reported in the two main mechanisms by which NK cells confer host protection: direct cytotoxicity and the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines. In elderly subjects, decreased NK cell activity has been shown to be associated with an increased incidence and severity of viral infection, highlighting the clinical implications that age-associated changes in NK cell biology have on the health of older adults. However, is an increased susceptibility to viral infection the only consequence of these age-related changes in NK cell function? Recently, evidence has emerged that has shown that in addition to eliminating transformed cells, NK cells are involved in many other biological processes such as immune regulation, anti-microbial immune responses and the recognition and elimination of senescent cells, novel functions that involve NK-mediated cytotoxicity and/or cytokine production. Thus, the decrease in NK cell function that accompanies physiological ageing is likely to have wider implications for the health of older adults than originally thought. Here, we give a detailed description of the changes in NK cell biology that accompany human ageing and propose that certain features of the ageing process such as: (i) the increased reactivation rates of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (ii) the slower resolution of inflammatory responses and (iii) the increased incidence of bacterial and fungal infection are attributable in part to an age-associated decline in NK cell function.
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687
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Jung CH, Lee WJ, Hwang JY, Lee MJ, Seol SM, Kim YM, Lee YL, Park JY. The preventive effect of uncarboxylated osteocalcin against free fatty acid-induced endothelial apoptosis through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Metabolism 2013; 62:1250-7. [PMID: 23639572 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that osteocalcin (OC), one of the osteoblast-specific proteins, has been associated with atherosclerosis, but results are conflicting. The aim of this study was to elucidate the independent effect of uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), an active form of osteocalcin which has been suggested to have an insulin sensitizing effect, on vascular endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used human aortic endothelial cells and treated them with ucOC. Linoleic acid (LA) was used as a representative free fatty acid. Apoptosis was evaluated using various methods including a terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling analysis kit and Western blotting for cleaved caspase 3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Bcl-xL. The phosphorylations of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as well as the level of NO were measured to confirm the effect of ucOC on insulin signaling pathway. RESULTS Pretreatment of ucOC (30 ng/ml) prevented LA-induced apoptosis in insulin-stimulated endothelial cells; effects were abolished by pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor, wortmannin. Treatment of ucOC (ranged from 0.3 to 30 ng/ml) significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS and nitric oxide secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3-kinase dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to demonstrate the independent effect of ucOC on vascular endothelial cells. Our results further suggest that ucOC could have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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688
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Pathania AS, Guru SK, Verma MK, Sharma C, Abdullah ST, Malik F, Chandra S, Katoch M, Bhushan S. Disruption of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade and induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by an essential oil from Monarda citriodora. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:246-54. [PMID: 23994707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated an essential oil from Monarda citriodora (MC) and characterized its 22 chemical constituents with thymol (82%), carvacrol (4.82%), β-myrcene (3.45%), terpinen-4-ol (2.78%) and p-cymene (1.53%) representing the major constituents. We have reported for the first time the chemotherapeutic potential of MC in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells by means of apoptosis and disruption of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. MC and its major constituent, thymol, inhibit the cell proliferation in different types of cancer cell lines like HL-60, MCF-7, PC-3, A-549 and MDAMB-231. MC was found to be more cytotoxic than thymol in HL-60 cells with an IC50 value of 22 μg/ml versus 45 μg/ml for thymol. Both MC and thymol induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells, which is evident by Hoechst staining, cell cycle analysis and immuno-expression of Bcl-xL, caspase-3,-8,-9 and PARP-1 cleavage. Both induce apoptosis by extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways that were confirmed by enhanced expression of death receptors (TNF-R1, Fas), caspase-9, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and regression of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Interestingly, both MC and thymol inhibit the downstream and upstream signaling of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The degree of apoptosis induction and disruption of the PI3K signaling cascade by MC was significantly higher when compared to thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singh Pathania
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu 180001, India
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689
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Xue G, Zou X, Zhou JY, Sun W, Wu J, Xu JL, Wang RP. Raddeanin A induces human gastric cancer cells apoptosis and inhibits their invasion in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;439:196-202. [PMID: 23988447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Raddeanin A is one of the triterpenoid saponins in herbal medicine Anemone raddeana Regel which was reported to suppress the growth of liver and lung cancer cells. However, little was known about its effect on gastric cancer (GC) cells. This study aimed to investigate its inhibitory effect on three kinds of different differentiation stage GC cells (BGC-823, SGC-7901 and MKN-28) in vitro and the possible mechanisms. Proliferation assay and flow cytometry demonstrated Raddeanin A's dose-dependent inhibitory effect and determined its induction of cells apoptosis, respectively. Transwell assay, wounding heal assay and cell matrix adhesion assay showed that Raddeanin A significantly inhibited the abilities of the invasion, migration and adhesion of the BGC-823 cells. Moreover, quantitative real time PCR and Western blot analysis found that Raddeanin A increased Bax expression while reduced Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Survivin expressions and significantly activated caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Besides, Raddeanin A could also up-regulate the expression of reversion inducing cysteine rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), E-cadherin (E-cad) and down-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, MMP-14 and Rhoc. In conclusion, Raddeanin A inhibits proliferation of human GC cells, induces their apoptosis and inhibits the abilities of invasion, migration and adhesion, exhibiting potential to become antitumor drug.
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690
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Lu L, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wu J, Zhang X. Synaptic acetylcholinesterase targeted by microRNA-212 functions as a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2530-40. [PMID: 23974008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase expression is modulated in various types of tumor, which suggests it is associated with tumor development; however, the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase gene regulation in tumors remains unclear. Here, we report that acetylcholinesterase is aberrantly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer and is an evolutionarily conserved functional target of miR-212. Acetylcholinesterase expression was negatively regulated by miR-212 in vitro and was inversely correlated with miR-212 expression in vivo. In addition, acetylcholinesterase levels were increased, and miR-212 levels decreased, in non-small cell lung cancer cells during cisplatin-induced apoptosis. We further determined that acetylcholinesterase acted as a pro-apoptotic gene in non-small cell lung cells; and attenuated the growth of xenografts in nude mice when upregulated. In contrast, elevated miR-212 levels preserved the protective effect of acetylcholinesterase silencing by RNA interference against cisplatin-induced apoptosis, whereas restoration of miR-212-resistant synaptic acetylcholinesterase expression inhibited the miR-212 anti-apoptotic function. The results demonstrated that miR-212 exerted an anti-apoptotic effect through direct repression of synaptic acetylcholinesterase expression in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Taken together, our study revealed that synaptic acetylcholinesterase may be a tumor suppressor and is modulated by miR-212 in non-small cell lung cancer.
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691
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Han YY, Liu HY, Han DJ, Zong XC, Zhang SQ, Chen YQ. Role of glycosylation in the anticancer activity of antibacterial peptides against breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1254-62. [PMID: 23962446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial peptides (ABPs) with cancer-selective toxicity have received much more attention as alternative chemotherapeutic agents in recent years. However, the basis of their anticancer activity remains unclear. The modification of cell surface glycosylation is a characteristic of cancer cells. The present study investigated the effect of glycosylation, in particular sialic acid, on the anticancer activity of ABPs. We showed that aurein 1.2, buforin IIb and BMAP-28m exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward MX-1 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The binding activity, cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of ABPs were enhanced by the presence of O-, N-glycoproteins, gangliosides and sialic acid on the surface of breast cancer cells. Among N-, O-glycoproteins and ganglioside, O-glycoproteins almost had the strongest effect on the binding and cytotoxicity of the three peptides. Further, up-regulation of hST6Gal1 in CHO-K1 cells enhanced the susceptibility of cells to these peptides. Finally, the growth of MX-1 xenograft tumors in mice was significantly suppressed by buforin IIb treatment, which was associated with induction of apoptosis and inhibition of vascularization. These data demonstrate that the three peptides bind to breast cancer cells via an interaction with surface O-, N-glycoproteins and gangliosides. Sialic acids act as key glycan binding sites for cationic ABP binding to glycoproteins and gangliosides. Therefore, glycosylation in breast cancer cells plays an important role in the anticancer activity of ABPs, which may partly explain their cancer-selective toxicity. Anticancer ABPs with cancer-selective cytotoxicity will be promising candidates for anticancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
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692
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Hernández-Breijo B, Monserrat J, Román ID, González-Rodríguez Á, Fernández-Moreno MD, Lobo MVT, Valverde ÁM, Gisbert JP, Guijarro LG. Azathioprine desensitizes liver cancer cells to insulin-like growth factor 1 and causes apoptosis when it is combined with bafilomycin A1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:568-78. [PMID: 23958494 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is a primary liver cancer that affects children, due to the sensitivity of this tumor to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). In this paper we show that azathioprine (AZA) is capable of inhibiting IGF1-mediated signaling cascade in HepG2 cells. The efficiency of AZA on inhibition of proliferation differs in the evaluated cell lines as follows: HepG2 (an experimental model of hepatoblastoma)>Hep3B (derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma)>HuH6 (derived from a hepatoblastoma)>>HuH7 (derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma)=Chang Liver cells (a non-malignant cellular model). The effect of AZA in HepG2 cells has been proven to derive from activation of Ras/ERK/TSC2, leading to activation of mTOR/p70S6K in a sustained manner. p70S6K phosphorylates IRS-1 in serine 307 which leads to the uncoupling between IRS-1 and p85 (the regulatory subunit of PI3K) and therefore causing the lack of response of HepG2 to IGF-1. As a consequence, proliferation induced by IGF-1 is inhibited by AZA and autophagy increases leading to senescence of HepG2 cells. Our results suggest that AZA induces the autophagic process in HepG2 activating senescence, and driving to deceleration of cell cycle but not to apoptosis. However, when simultaneous to AZA treatment the autophagy was inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and the degradation of regulatory proteins of cell cycle (e.g. Rb, E2F, and cyclin D1) provoked apoptosis. In conclusion, AZA induces resistance in hepatoblastoma cells to IGF-1, which leads to autophagy activation, and causes apoptosis when it is combined with bafilomycin A1. We are presenting here a novel mechanism of action of azathioprine, which could be useful in treatment of IGF-1 dependent tumors, especially in its combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Hernández-Breijo
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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693
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Yoon JS, Kim HM, Yadunandam AK, Kim NH, Jung HA, Choi JS, Kim CY, Kim GD. Neferine isolated from Nelumbo nucifera enhances anti-cancer activities in Hep3B cells: molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, ER stress induced apoptosis and anti-angiogenic response. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:1013-1022. [PMID: 23746959 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignant diseases and is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Neferine, a major bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the embryos of Nelumbo nucifera, has been reported a few physiological activities. However, the mechanisms of anticancer effects are not well understood and its detailed activities on Hep3B cells have not been determined. Our results suggest that neferine exhibited cytotoxicity against HCC Hep3B cells, but not against HCC Sk-Hep1 and THLE-3, a normal human liver cell line. In addition, consistent with the induction of G1/S phase cell population in flow cytometry, downregulation of c-Myc, cyclin D1, D3, CDK4, E2F-1, as well as dephosphorlyation of cdc2 by western blot analysis, as evidenced by the appearance of cell cycle arrest, were observed in Hep3B cells treated with neferine. Our results demonstrated neferine induced ER stress and apoptosis, acting through multiple signaling cascades by the activation of Bim, Bid, Bax, Bak, Puma, caspases-3, -6, -7, -8 and PARP, and the protein expression levels of Bip, calnexin, PDI, calpain-2 and caspase-12 were also upregulated dramatically by neferine treatment. Overexpression of GFP-LC3B by neferine resulted in a diffuse cytosolic GFP fluorescence and the strong fluorescent spots, representing autophagosomes. The significant reduction of the migration in Hep3B cells and the capillary tube-like formation of HUVECs by neferine were also determined. These observations reveal that the therapeutic potential of neferine in treating HCC Hep3B cells, containing copies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Soo Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Namgu, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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694
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Zuo L, Motherwell MS. The impact of reactive oxygen species and genetic mitochondrial mutations in Parkinson's disease. Gene 2013; 532:18-23. [PMID: 23954870 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The exact pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unknown and proper mechanisms that correspond to the disease remain unidentified. It is understood that PD is age-related; as age increases, the chance of onset responds accordingly. Although there are no current means of curing PD, the understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) provides significant insight to possible treatments. Complex I deficiencies of the respiratory chain account for the majority of unfavorable neural apoptosis generation in PD. Dopaminergic neurons are severely damaged as a result of the deficiency. Symptoms such as inhibited cognitive ability and loss of smooth motor function are the results of such impairment. The genetic mutations of Parkinson's related proteins such as PINK1 and LRRK2 contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction which precedes ROS formation. Various pathways are inhibited by these mutations, and inevitably causing neural cell damage. Antioxidants are known to negate the damaging effects of free radical overexpression. This paper expands on the specific impact of mitochondrial genetic change and production of free radicals as well as its correlation to the neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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695
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Suman S, Datta K, Chakraborty K, Kulkarni SS, Doiron K, Fornace AJ, Sree Kumar K, Hauer-Jensen M, Ghosh SP. Gamma tocotrienol, a potent radioprotector, preferentially upregulates expression of anti-apoptotic genes to promote intestinal cell survival. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;60:488-496. [PMID: 23941772 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gamma tocotrienol (GT3) has been reported as a potent ameliorator of radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity when administered prophylactically. This study aimed to evaluate the role of GT3 mediated pro- and anti-apoptotic gene regulation in protecting mice from radiation-induced GI damage. Male 10- to 12-weeks-old CD2F1 mice were administered with a single dose of 200 mg/kg of GT3 or equal volume of vehicle (5% Tween-80) 24 h before exposure to 11 Gy of whole-body γ-radiation. Mouse jejunum was surgically removed 4 and 24h after radiation exposure, and was used for PCR array, histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblot analysis. Results were compared among vehicle pre-treated no radiation, vehicle pre-treated irradiated, and GT3 pre-treated irradiated groups. GT3 pretreated irradiated groups, both 4h and 24h after radiation, showed greater upregulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression than vehicle pretreated irradiated groups. TUNEL staining and intestinal crypt analysis showed protection of jejunum after GT3 pre-treatment and immunoblot results were supportive of PCR data. Our study demonstrated that GT3-mediated protection of intestinal cells from a GI-toxic dose of radiation occurred via upregulation of antiapoptotic and downregulation of pro-apoptotic factors, both at the transcript as well as at the protein levels.
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696
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Bieche I, Pennaneach V, Driouch K, Vacher S, Zaremba T, Susini A, Lidereau R, Hall J. Variations in the mRNA expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3 in breast tumors and impact on clinical outcome. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2791-800. [PMID: 23736962 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the variation in expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family members and the hydrolases that degrade the poly(ADP-ribose) polymers they generate and possible associations with classical pathological parameters, including long-term outcome, the mRNA levels of PARP1, PARP2, PARP3, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3 (ARH3) were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 443 unilateral invasive breast cancers and linked to hormonal status, tumor proliferation and clinical outcome. PARP1 mRNA levels were the highest among these five genes in both normal and tumor tissues, with a 2.45-fold higher median level in tumors compared to normal tissues. Tumors (34.1%) showed PARP1 overexpression (>3 fold relative to normal breast tissues) compared to underexpression (<0.33 fold) in only 0.5%. This overexpression was seen in all breast tumor subgroups, with the highest fraction (51%) seen in the HR-positive/ERBB2-positive subgroup and was not highly associated with any other classical predictive factors. No correlation was seen between PARP1 mRNA and PARP-1 protein levels in a subset of 31 tumors. PARP3 was underexpressed in 10.4% of tumors, more frequently in the HR-negative tumors (25.4%) than the HR-positive tumors (5.9%). This PARP3 underexpression was mutually exclusive with a PARP1 overexpression. PARP2 levels were unchanged between normal and tumor tissues and few tumors showed overexpression of PARG (3.8%) or ARH3 (3.4%). Within the subgroup of triple negative tumors, PARG mRNA levels below the median were associated with a higher risk of developing metastases (p = 0.039) raising the possibility this might be marker of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bieche
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie-Hôpital René Huguenin, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France
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697
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Di Rosso ME, Barreiro Arcos ML, Elingold I, Sterle H, Baptista Ferreira S, Ferreira VF, Galleano M, Cremaschi G, Dubin M. Novel o-naphthoquinones induce apoptosis of EL-4 T lymphoma cells through the increase of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2094-104. [PMID: 23933437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel β-lapachone analogs 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione (NQ1), 2-p-tolyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione (NQ3) and 2-methyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione (NQ7), which have trypanocidal activity, were assayed for cytotoxic effects on murine EL-4 T lymphoma cells. The NQs inhibited the proliferation of EL-4 cells at concentrations above 1μM. Nuclear staining of the EL-4 cells revealed chromatin condensation and a nuclear morphology compatible with the induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometry assays with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide confirmed the cell death by apoptosis. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), a semiquinone radical was detected in EL-4 cells treated with NQs. In addition, a decrease in the GSH level in parallel with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was observed. Preincubation with n-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) was able to reverse the inhibitory effects of the NQs on cell proliferation, indicating that ROS generation is involved in NQ-induced apoptosis. In addition, the NQs induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the proteolytic activation of caspases 9 and 3 and the cleavage of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP). In conclusion, these results indicate that redox cycling is induced by the NQs in the EL-4 cell line, with the generation of ROS and other free radicals that could inhibit cellular proliferation as a result of the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Di Rosso
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Piso 16, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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698
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Omar HA, Arafa ESA, Salama SA, Arab HH, Wu CH, Weng JR. OSU-A9 inhibits angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via disrupting Akt-NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:616-24. [PMID: 23921148 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of angiogenesis as a useful target for cancer therapy, few agents have been approved for clinical use due to the rapid development of resistance. This problem can be minimized by simultaneous targeting of multiple angiogenesis signaling pathways, a potential strategy in cancer management known as polypharmacology. The current study aimed at exploring the anti-angiogenic activity of OSU-A9, an indole-3-carbinol-derived pleotropic agent that targets mainly Akt-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling which regulates many key players of angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to study the in vitro anti-angiogenic effect of OSU-A9 on several key steps of angiogenesis. Results showed that OSU-A9 effectively inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HUVECs. Besides, OSU-A9 inhibited angiogenesis as evidenced by abrogation of migration/invasion and Matrigel tube formation in HUVECs and attenuation of the in vivo neovascularization in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. Mechanistically, Western blot, RT-PCR and ELISA analyses showed the ability of OSU-A9 to inhibit MMP-2 production and VEGF expression induced by hypoxia or phorbol-12-myristyl-13-acetate. Furthermore, dual inhibition of Akt-NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, the key regulators of angiogenesis, was observed. Together, the current study highlights evidences for the promising anti-angiogenic activity of OSU-A9, at least in part through the inhibition of Akt-NF-κB and MAPK signaling and their consequent inhibition of VEGF and MMP-2. These findings support OSU-A9's clinical promise as a component of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Omar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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699
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Campbell S, Ismail IH, Young LC, Poirier GG, Hendzel MJ. Polycomb repressive complex 2 contributes to DNA double-strand break repair. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2675-83. [PMID: 23907130 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb protein histone methyltransferase, enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), is frequently overexpressed in human malignancy and is implicated in cancer cell proliferation and invasion. However, it is largely unknown whether EZH2 has a role in modulating the DNA damage response. Here, we show that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is recruited to sites of DNA damage. This recruitment is independent of histone 2A variant X (H2AX) and the PI-3-related kinases ATM and DNA-PKcs. We establish that PARP activity is required for retaining PRC2 at sites of DNA damage. Furthermore, depletion of EZH2 in cells decreases the efficiency of DSB repair and increases sensitivity of cells to gamma-irradiation. These data unravel a crucial role of PRC2 in determining cancer cellular sensitivity following DNA damage and suggest that therapeutic targeting of EZH2 activity might serve as a strategy for improving conventional chemotherapy in a given malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Campbell
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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700
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Gonçalves A, Sabatier R, Charafe-Jauffret E, Gilabert M, Provansal M, Tarpin C, Extra JM, Viens P, Bertucci F. [Triple-negative breast cancer: histoclinical and molecular features, therapeutic management and perspectives]. Bull Cancer 2013; 100:453-64. [PMID: 23695030 DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), as defined by the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, as well as the lack of HER2 overexpression/amplification, corresponds to 15% of breast cancer and represents an aggressive form of the disease. TNBC are frequently confounded with basal subtype in the molecular classification of breast cancer and also share some similarities with BRCA1-mutated tumors. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics are distinct from other subtypes, including a younger age at diagnosis, a higher risk of relapse in spite of increased chemosensitivity, and a higher incidence of lung and brain metastatic relapses. Conventional cytotoxics remain the mainstay of current systemic management but recent evaluation of more targeted therapeutics, including specific cytotoxics (such as the use of platinum salts), PARP and EGFR inhibition, and antiangiogenics have been performed, providing contrasted but rather disappointing results. Recent data indicate that TNBC represent a heterogeneous entity composed of multiple and distinct molecular subtypes, which should deserve specific targeted therapeutics.
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