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Yu H, Yang Y, Jiang T, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Pang G, Feng Y, Zhang S, Wang F, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang LW. Effective Radiotherapy in Tumor Assisted by Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide-Conjugated Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticles through Radiosensitization and Dendritic Cell Activation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:27536-27547. [PMID: 31294958 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a traditional method for cancer therapy but may become ineffective likely due to the radiation-induced immunosuppression. Instead of simply increasing the radiation dose, reactivation of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment is an alternative strategy for successful cancer treatment. In this work, we synthesized bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (BiNP) and conjugated with immunoactive Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP). GLP-BiNP were able to increase the sensitivity of radiotherapy, attributing to the efficient X-ray absorption of bismuth element. BiNP alone can mildly activate dendritic cells (DC) in vitro, while GLP-BiNP further enhanced the level of DC maturation, shown as the increase in phenotypic maturation markers, cytokine release, acid phosphatase activity, and T cell proliferation in DC/T cell co-culture. Compared to BiNP, GLP-BiNP altered the tissue distribution with faster accumulation in the tumor. Meanwhile, mature DC greatly increased in both tumor and spleen by GLP-BiNP within 24 h. GLP-BiNP combination with radiation achieved remarkable inhibition of tumor growth through apoptosis. Alternatively, lung metastasis was largely prohibited by GLP-BiNP, shown as a reduced amount of tumor nodules and cancer cell invasion by pathological findings. Mechanistically, GLP-BiNP altered the tumor immunosuppression microenvironment by preferably increasing the number of intratumor CD8+ T cell proliferation, as well as the improved immunobalance shown as the increased serum interferon-γ/interleukin-4 ratio. Specifically, GLP conjugation seemed to protect the kidney from injury occasionally introduced by bare BiNP. As a result, GLP-BiNP play a dual role in tumor treatment through radiosensitization and immunoactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Tianyan Jiang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Guibin Pang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Yahui Feng
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology , Zhuzhou 412007 , China
| | - Shulei Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Fujun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yangyun Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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Wu Q, Li Y, Peng K, Wang XL, Ding Z, Liu L, Xu P, Liu GQ. Isolation and Characterization of Three Antihypertension Peptides from the Mycelia of Ganoderma Lucidum (Agaricomycetes). J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:8149-8159. [PMID: 31246442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been widely used in Asia to treat hypertension, but the active substances responsible for its antihypertensive effects remain unclear. Using the well-established angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) as a target, we identified three ACE inhibitory peptides (ACEIPs), Gln-Leu-Val-Pro (QLVP), Gln-Asp-Val-Leu (QDVL), and Gln-Leu-Asp-Leu (QLDL), which account for the antihypertensive activity of G. lucidum. Notably, QLVP worked in a mixed-type manner against ACE with an IC50 value of 127.9 μmol/L. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that the potent charge energy of QLVP, which interacted with Gln242 and Lys472 of ACE via a hydrogen bond and a salt bridge, potentially contributed to ACE inhibitory activity. Moreover, QLVP markedly activated angiotensin I-mediated phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and partly reduced mRNA and protein expression of the vasoconstrictor factor endothelin-1. This is the first report of the antihypertensive activity of small ACEIPs originating from G. lucidum mycelia, paving the way for the possible application of these peptides as potent drug candidates for treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering , Shaoyang University , Shaoyang , 422000 , China
| | - Yong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| | - Kuan Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , 214122 , China
| | - Liming Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , 214122 , China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
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53
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Zhang Z, Diao H, Wang H, Wang K, Zhao M. Use of Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharide to control cotton fusarium wilt, and the mechanism involved. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 158:149-155. [PMID: 31378351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Induced resistance is an effective measure for controlling plant diseases by utilizing the natural defense of the host and meets the strategic needs of pesticide application and safety for agricultural products worldwide. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), which is the main active molecule of G. lucidum, has been widely used in functional food and clinical medicine. However, there are few reports of the use of GLP for the prevention and control of plant diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of GLP and its mechanism of inducing plant resistance. In this study, we found that GLP spray and irrigation root treatments can promote growth in cotton. After soaking in GLP, theseedling height and cotton fusarium wilt resistance both increased to some extent, effects that were dose dependent. After treatment of cotton with GLP, the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in leaves increased significantly, whereas the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. In addition, QRT-PCR results showed significantly increased relative expression of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway in cotton. Therefore, we speculate that GLP can induce plant resistance by stimulating the jasmonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hailing Diao
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Kaiyun Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250100, China.
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Wang YY, Li JQ, Liu HG, Wang YZ. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) Combined with Chemometrics Methods for the Classification of Lingzhi Species. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122210. [PMID: 31200472 PMCID: PMC6631843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the existence of Lingzhi adulteration, there is a growing demand for species classification of medicinal mushrooms by various techniques. The objective of this study was to explore a rapid and reliable way to distinguish between different Lingzhi species and compare the influence of data pretreatment methods on the recognition results. To this end, 120 fresh fruiting bodies of Lingzhi were collected, and all of them were analyzed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification models were established for raw and pretreated second derivative (SD) spectral matrices to authenticate different Lingzhi species. The results of multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the SD preprocessing method displayed a higher classification ability, which may be attributed to the analysis of powder samples that requires removal of overlapping peaks and baseline shifts. Compared with RF, the results of the SVM and PLS-DA methods were more satisfying, and their accuracies for the test set were both 100%. Among SVM and PLS-DA, the training set and test set accuracy of PLS-DA were both 100%. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy data pretreated by SD combined with PLS-DA is a simple, rapid, non-destructive and relatively inexpensive method to discriminate between mushroom species and provide a good reference to quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Jie-Qing Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hong-Gao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
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Satria D, Tamrakar S, Suhara H, Kaneko S, Shimizu K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Lingzhi ( Ganoderma lingzhi) During the Developmental Stages. Molecules 2019; 24:E2044. [PMID: 31146329 PMCID: PMC6600326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lingzhi is a Ganoderma mushroom species which has a wide range of bioactivities. Analysis of the changes in metabolites during the developmental stages of lingzhi is important to understand the underlying mechanism of its biosynthesis, as well as its bioactivity. It may also provide valuable information for the cultivation efficiency of lingzhi. In this study, mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was carried out to analyze the alteration of metabolites during developmental stages of lingzhi. Eight developmental stages were categorized on the basis of morphological changes; starting from mycelium stage to post-mature stage. GC/MS and LC/MS analyses along with multivariate analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were performed. Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, polyols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and some small polar metabolites were extracted as marker metabolites from GC/MS analysis, while, lanostane-type triterpenoids were observed in LC/MS analysis of lingzhi. The marker metabolites from untargeted analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were correlated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Two metabolites, compounds 34 and 35, were identified as potential contributors of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The current result shows that some metabolites are involved in the developmental process and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedi Satria
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Sumatera Barat, Bukittinggi 26181, Indonesia.
| | - Sonam Tamrakar
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Suhara
- Miyazaki Prefectural Wood Utilization Research Center, Miyazaki 885-0037, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Kaneko
- Fukuoka Prefecture Forest Research & Extension Center, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan.
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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56
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Wu YL, Han F, Luan SS, Ai R, Zhang P, Li H, Chen LX. Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and Their Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:5147-5158. [PMID: 30995041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, as food, tea, dietary supplement, and medicine, is widely used in China and Eastern Asian countries. In order to discover its anti-inflammatory constituents and provide some references for the usage of G. lucidum and G. sinense, two official species in China, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were studied, leading to the isolation of six new triterpenoids (1-6) and 27 known analogues (7-33). Compound 4 exhibited the most potent inhibition on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The production of IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB were dose-dependently reduced by 4. The phosphorylations of IκBα and IKKβ in LPS-induced macrophage cells were blocked by 4. Therefore, 4 could be used as a potential anti-inflammatory candidate and the total triterpenoids might be developed as value-added functional food for the prevention of inflammation. In combination of previous studies, it should be cautious for the interchangeable usage of G. lucidum and G. sinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Fei Han
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Shan-Shan Luan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Rui Ai
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Feng X, Wang Y. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and sedative-hypnotic activities of lucidone D extracted from Ganoderma lucidum. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2019; 65:37-42. [PMID: 31078150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and insomnia are two types of symptoms very likely occur in life, seriously perplexing people's work and life. How to alleviate these symptoms is an urgent medical problem. Lucidone D (LUC) is a terpene from the ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. Triterpenoids are also the main pharmacological components of Ganoderma lucidum. In recent years, people pay more and more attention to its anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, LPS induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammatory response model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of LUC. The results showed that LUC could significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators NO, which may play a role by down-regulating the expression level of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. Meanwhile, the production of TNF-α and IL-6 was significantly inhibited. These results indicate that LUC has obvious anti-inflammatory activity. Writhing and sedation tests in ICR male mice showed that LUC showed significant analgesic and sedative effects. In conclusion, these results suggest the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and sedative effects of LUC in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shibei Hospital of Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology,Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is an edible medicinal mushroom known as "Lingzhi" in China and "Reishi or Manetake" in Japan. It is a highly prized vitality-enhancing herb for >2000 years. G. lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) has been identified as one of the major bioactive components and developed into a drug named "Ji 731 Injection" in China since 1973. The large-scale production of the drug began in 1985 and approved by the Chinese FDA as "Polysacharidum of G. lucidum Karst Injection in 2000, which is applied intramuscularly. After more than 40 years of clinical use, its efficacy, safety, and long-term tolerability have been recognized by neurologists. It is one of a few non-hormonal drugs used for treating neurosis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, atrophic myotonia and muscular dystrophy. It is also used for combination therapy, which reduces the amount of glucocorticoid required for myopathy patient who is in remission. In addition, it reduces adverse reactions and improves the quality of life for cancer patients during chemotherapy. We found 81 qualified chemical, biochemical, preclinical, and clinical studies of GLPS both in English and Chinese spanning from 1973 to 2017 by searching CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wan Fang, and PubMed databases. The molecular mechanisms underlying GLPS's antioxidant, anti-tumor, immune-modulatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and other activities are discussed. Both preclinical and clinical studies are either deliberated or indexed in current article. We aimed to provide a molecular picture as well as a clinical basis to comprehend GLPS as one of few polysaccharide-based modern medicines with complicated chemical and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjiao Zeng
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yulong Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Maoqing Xing
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Yao G, Ma Y, Muhammad M, Huang Q. Understanding the infrared and Raman spectra of ganoderic acid A: An experimental and DFT study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 210:372-380. [PMID: 30502725 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderic Acids (GAs) are the major medicinal compounds in Ganoderma lucidum used as traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is the first discovered ganoderic acids reported in the literature, which is also one of most abundant triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum. Especially, GAA has been extensively investigated in recent decades for its positive medicinal activities. However, the vibrational properties of GAs have rarely been studied or reported. In this work, we focused on the typical GAA and studied the infrared (IR) and Raman spectra based on both experiments and DFT calculations. As such, we could not only achieve the assignments of the vibrational modes, but also from the IR and Raman spectra, we found that the spectral region from 1500 cm-1 to 1800 cm-1 is particularly useful for distinguishing different types of GAs. In addition, its dehydrogenated derivative ganoderenic acid A (GOA) was also studied, which could be identified due to its spectral feature of strong IR and Raman bands around 1620 cm-1. This work therefore may facilitate the application of IR and Raman spectroscopies in the inspection and quality control of Ganoderma lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Muhammad Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
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Tran PT, Dat NT, Dang NH, Van Cuong P, Lee S, Hwangbo C, Van Minh C, Lee JH. Ganomycin I from Ganoderma lucidum attenuates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting MAPKs and NFATc1. Phytomedicine 2019; 55:1-8. [PMID: 30668419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis are commonly associated with excessive activity of the osteoclast. Ganomycin I (GMI), a meroterpenoid isolated from Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possesses a variety of beneficial effects on human health. However, its impact and underlying mechanism on osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GMI on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in mouse BMMs and RAW264.7 cells. METHODS BMMs or RAW264.7 cells were treated with GMI followed by an evaluation of cell viability, RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, actin-ring formation, and resorption pits activity. Effects of GMI on RANKL-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs as well as the expression levels of NFATc1 and c-Fos were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Expression levels of osteoclast marker genes were evaluated by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-qPCR. RESULTS GMI significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreasing the number of osteoclasts, osteoclast actin-ring formation, and bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability. At molecular level, GMI inhibited the RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, as well as the expression levels of c-Fos and NFATc1, which are known to be crucial transcription factors for osteoclast formation. In addition, GMI decreased expression levels of osteoclastogenesis specific marker genes including c-Src, CtsK, TRAP, MMP-9, OSCAR, and DC-STAMP in RANKL-stimulated BMMs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that GMI can attenuate osteoclast formation by suppressing RANKL-mediated MAPKs and NFATc1 signaling pathways and the anti-osteoclastogenic activity of GMI may extend our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying biological activities and pharmacological use of G. lucidum as a traditional anti-osteoporotic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Tran
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Tien Dat
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hai Dang
- Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Cuong
- Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Li T, Yu H, Song Y, Zhang R, Ge M. Protective effects of Ganoderma triterpenoids on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory injury in chicken livers. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:118-125. [PMID: 30732871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted on liver damage caused by cadmium, but few on the protective effects of Ganoderma triterpenoids against liver damage due to cadmium. This experiment was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Ganoderma triterpenoids on the liver damage induced by cadmium in chickens. Eighty healthy seven-day-old Hyline male egg-laying chickens were randomly divided into four groups with 20 chickens in each group. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. The control group (K group) was fed a basal diet, the Cadmium group (Cd group) was fed a basal diet with 140 mg/kg of CdCl2, the Ganoderma triterpenoids treatment group (Cd + GT group) was fed with a full-fodder diet containing 140 mg/kg of CdCl2 and 0.5 mL of Ganoderma triterpenoids solution (20 mg/mL), and the Ganoderma triterpenoids group (GT group) was fed a basal diet and 0.5 mL of Ganoderma triterpenoids solution (20 mg/mL). At the 20th, 40th, and 60th days, fifteen chickens were randomly selected for euthanasia in each group. Livers were quickly removed and stored on ice. Some indicators, such as the cadmium content in the liver, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and inflammatory factors(Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6)), heat shock protein (HSP27, 40, 60, 70, and 90) mRNA levels, and protein levels of heat shock proteins (HSP60, 70, and 90) were detected, and chicken liver pathology was taken for each group every 60 days. The results showed that cadmium exposure caused accumulation of cadmium in liver tissue, inhibited antioxidant enzyme activity, and increased MDA content, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α IL-1β and IL-6), and heat shock protein (HSP27, 40, 60, 70, and 90) mRNA levels, and heat shock protein (HSP60, 70, and 90) levels, with severe tissue damage and inflammatory infiltrates. Ganoderma triterpenoids not only reduced the accumulation of cadmium in the chicken liver, but also significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes which is inhibited by cadmium, reduced the content of MDA, mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α IL-1β and IL-6), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, 40, 60, 70, and 90), and protein levels of heat shock proteins (HSP60, 70, and 90). Simultaneously, pathological tissue sections showed that the pathological damage of the liver tissue was significantly reduced. The results showed that Ganoderma triterpenoids can significantly reduce the accumulation of cadmium in the liver of chicken, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yangyang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Qin C, Wu S, Chen B, Wu X, Qu K, Liu J, Zhang G, Xu Y, Shu S, Sun L, Li Y, Zhu H, Huang L, Ma C, Xu Y, Han Y, Lu Y. Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Preparation on the Behavior,Biochemistry,and Autoimmune Parameters of Mouse Models of APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2019; 39:330-335. [PMID: 28695802 DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503x.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum preparation on the behaviors,biochemistry,and autoimmunity parameters of mouse models of APP/PS-1 double transgenic Alzheimer's disease(AD).Methods A total of 44 4-month-old APP/PS-1 double transgenic AD mice were randomly divided into AD model group,Aricept group,Ganoderma lucidum middle-dose(LZ-M)group,and Ganoderma lucidum high-dose(LZ-H)group,with 11 mice in each group.In addition,10 4-month-old C57BL/6 mice were used as the control group.Water maze test was conducted to observe the behavior changes,and the protein expressions in brain tissues were detected by Western blot analysis.The autoimmune indicators were detected by indirect immunofluorescence method.Results In the navigation experiment,the time of finding the platform was gradually shortened since the 2nd day in the control,LZ-H,and LZ-M groups,and the time of searching the platform in the AD model group gradually increased.On the 5th day,the time of finding platform was significantly shorter in control group (t=5.607,P=0.000) and LZ-H group(t=2.750,P=0.010)than AD model group.In the space exploration experiment,the number of crossing the target platform(t=2.452,P=0.025)and the residence time in the target quadrant(t=2.530,P=0.020)in AD model group mice was significantly smaller/shorter than those in control group;in addition,the number of crossing the target platform in the AD model group was significantly smaller than that in LZ-H group(t=2.317,P=0.030)and LZ-M group(t=2.443,P=0.030),while the residence time in target quadrant decreased significantly(t=2.770,P=0.020)compared with LZ-H group;the number of crossing through the target platform quadrant(t=2.493,P=0.022)and residence time in the target quadrant(t=2.683,P=0.015)in LZ-H group were significantly higher than in Aricept group.Western blot analysis showed that the expression of ApoA1 in the brain tissues of mice in LZ-H and LZ-M groups were significantly higher than those in AD model group(P<0.01,P<0.05);Aβ-40 expression in LZ-H group was significantly lower than that in AD model group(P<0.05);the expressions of Syt1,ApoE,and ABCA1 in brain tissues of mice in LZ-H group were significantly higher than those in model group(P<0.01,P<0.05).The plasma IgG level in Aricept group(t=30.945,P=0.000),LZ-M group(t=25.639,P=0.000)and LZ-H group(t=4.689,P=0.001)were significantly higher than that in the control group.Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum preparation can improve behavior disorders of AD model mice,promote the expressions of ApoA1,ApoE and Syt1,inhibit the expression of Aβ-40 protein,and improve the autoimmune function.
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Kumakura K, Hori C, Matsuoka H, Igarashi K, Samejima M. Protein components of water extracts from fruiting bodies of the reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum contribute to the production of functional molecules. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:529-535. [PMID: 29931755 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mushrooms have been widely considered as health foods as their extracts have anti-hypertensive and anti-tumor activities. After a thorough literature survey, we hypothesized that enzymes in mushroom extracts play an important role in synthesizing functional molecules. Therefore, in this study, proteins extracted from reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), which is used in oriental medicine, were identified by the proteomic approach, and appropriate extraction methods for improving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were investigated. RESULTS Various glycoside hydrolases (GHs), such as β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (GH family 20), α-1,2-mannosidase (GH family 47), endo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH family 128), and β-1,3-glucanase (GH152), that degrade glycans in the fruiting body were identified. The residual glucanase activities generated β-oligosaccharides. Additionally, the glutamic acid protease of the peptidase G1 family was determined as the major protein in the extract, and the residual peptidase activity of the extracts was found to improve ACE inhibitory activities. Finally, it was observed that extraction at 50 °C is suitable for yielding functional molecules with high ACE inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION Water extraction is generally believed to extract only functional macromolecules that exist in mushroom fruiting bodies. This study proposed a new concept that describes how functional molecules are produced by enzymes, including proteases and GHs, during extraction. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kumakura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hori
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuoka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Masahiro Samejima
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Luo Q, Zhang H, Cao J. Molecular characterization of the effects of Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharides on the structure and activity of bovine serum albumin. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 206:538-546. [PMID: 30179797 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The investigation about polysaccharides-protein system is attributed to numerous very important applications for pharmaceutical, food, chemical and other industries. In the present work, multi-spectral methods and molecular docking were used to analyze the molecular interactions of polysaccharides from Ganoderma Lucidum (GLP) with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The nonenzymatic glucosylation, fibrillation, thermal stability, and structure information of GLP-BSA system were also studied. The results showed that the formation of GLP-BSA complex by mainly hydrogen-bonding forces resulted in the conformational changes of protein. GLP acted as a stabilizer to increase the thermal stability of BSA solution having a novel and more stable conformational state during the thermal denaturation process. 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence spectral results suggested that there exist some intermediate state which has low binding ability with ANS in the presence of GLP. The presence of GLP caused a decrease in the formation of beta sheet structures with a lower rate. The fluorescence spectra of BSA glycosylated by GLP confirmed the formation of covalent bonds between BSA and GLP through the Maillard reaction which was also confirmed by using thermogravimetric (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. In addition, BSA still maintains the esterase-like good activity in the presence of GLP. These results provide a basis for screening the molecular interactions of polysaccharides with protein from the perspective of important food active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Ecology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Ecology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Ecology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Ecology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Cao
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Ecology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224051, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The anticancer potential of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) and its extracts has been widely demonstrated, including antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic, and multidrug resistance reversional activities, involving a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms besides antitumor immunology. Intrinsic- and extrinsic-initiated apoptotic pathway in association with cell cycle arresting, telomerase inhibiting, autophagy, and oxidative stress is involved in the antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive activities of Ganoderma and its extracts. The inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and migration by Ganoderma and its extracts involves molecular mechanisms such as AP-1, NF-κB, MMP, cadherin, β-integrin, c-Met, FAK, EMT, and so on. Targeting the major pro-angiogenic stimulus, VEGF, and its receptor contributes to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Ganoderma and its extracts. Inhibition against the ATP-dependent transmembrane drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the surface of resistant tumor cells to prevent reduction of the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs by pumping out the drugs plays an important role in the activities of Ganoderma and its extracts to reverse tumor cell multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China.
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Zhang QH, Hu QX, Xie D, Chang B, Miao HG, Wang YG, Liu DZ, Li XD. Ganoderma lucidum Exerts an Anticancer Effect on Human Osteosarcoma Cells via Suppressing the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Integr Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1534735419890917. [PMID: 31855073 PMCID: PMC6923688 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419890917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Current treatment of osteosarcoma is limited in part by side effects and low tolerability, problems generally avoided with traditional Chinese medicine. Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional Chinese medicine with antitumor effects, offers a potential alternative, but little is known about its molecular mechanisms in osteosarcoma cells. Objective: To investigate the effect of G lucidum on osteosarcoma cells and its mechanism. Methods: Osteosarcoma MG63 and U2-OS cells were treated with G lucidum, followed by assays for cell proliferation (Cell Counting Kit-8), colony formation, and apoptosis (Alexa Fluor 647-Annexin V/propidium iodide, flow cytometry). Migration and invasion of cells were assessed by wound healing and Transwell invasion assays, and the effect of G lucidum on Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction was studied by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and dual-luciferase assay. Results:G lucidum inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis of human osteosarcoma MG63 and U2-OS cells. Dual-luciferase assay showed that G lucidum suppressed the transcriptional activity of T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer factor in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, G lucidum blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting the Wnt co-receptor LRP5 and Wnt-related target genes, such as β-catenin, cyclin D1, C-Myc, MMP-2, and MMP-9. At the same time, when Wnt/β-catenin was inhibited, the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated. Conclusions: Our results suggest that G lucidum broadly suppresses osteosarcoma cell growth by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Hao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin-Xiao Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital (The
Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hou-Guang Miao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital (The
Affiliated Luohu Hospital) of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yun-Guo Wang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical
University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Zhong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- De-Zhong Liu, Department of Emergency
Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College,
Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- De-Zhong Liu, Department of Emergency
Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College,
Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People’s Republic of China.
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Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) is a kind of medical mushroom with various pharmacological compounds. It has been used for clinical applications for thousands of years as a highly nutritious and significantly effective medicinal herb. Compared with its immunomodulatory effect, there are a few studies on the neuropharmacological actions of Ganoderma, and the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. As far as we know, Ganoderma regulate the central nervous system (CNS) at least in part through its immunomodulatory activity. The neuropharmacological effects of G. lucidum mainly include but not limited to sedative and hypnotic, neuroprotective, antinociceptive and analgesic, antiepileptic, and antidepressant effects. Clinical trials of G. lucidum in the patients with these disorders are still rare. To date, there are no Ganoderma-related drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this chapter, we will summarize and elucidate recent progress of such effects of Ganoderma and its ingredients from both the preclinical and clinical points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghe Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood tumor arising from developing a sympathetic nervous system and causes around 10% of pediatric tumors. Despite advancement in the use of sophisticated techniques in molecular biology, neuroblastoma patient's survivability rate is very less. Notch pathway is significant in upholding cell maintenance and developmental process of organs. Notch-1 proteins are a ligand-activated transmembrane receptor which decides the fate of the cell. Notch signaling leads to transcription of genes which indulged in numerous diseases including tumor progression. Ganoderic acid, a lanosterol triterpene, isolated from fungus Ganoderma lucidum with a wide range of medicinal values. In the present study, various isoforms of the ganoderic acid and natural inhibitors were docked by molecular docking using Maestro 9 in the Notch-1 signaling pathway. The receptor-based molecular docking exposed the best binding interaction of Notch-1 with ganoderic acid A with GScore (- 8.088), kcal/mol, Lipophilic EvdW (- 1.74), Electro (- 1.18), Glide emodel (- 89.944) with the active participation of Arg 189, Arg 199, Glu 232 residues. On the other hand natural inhibitor, curcumin has GScore (- 7.644), kcal/mol, Lipophilic EvdW (- 2.19), Electro (- 0.73), Glide emodel (- 70.957) with Arg 75 residues involved in docking. The ligand binding affinity of ganoderic acid A in Notch-1 is calculated using MM-GBSA (- 76.782), whereas curcumin has (- 72.815) kcal/mol. The QikProp analyzed the various drug-likeness parameters such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) and isoforms of ganoderic acid require some modification to fall under Lipinski rule. The ganoderic acid A and curcumin were the best-docked among different compounds and exhibits downregulation in Notch-1 mRNA expression and inhibits proliferation, viability, and ROS activity in IMR-32 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Singh Gill
- Centre for Biosciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
- Department of Higher Education, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
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Zhu LF, Yao ZC, Ahmad Z, Li JS, Chang MW. Synthesis and Evaluation of Herbal Chitosan from Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder for Biomedical Applications. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14608. [PMID: 30279587 PMCID: PMC6168458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is an extremely valuable biopolymer and is usually obtained as a byproduct from the shells of crustaceans. In the current work, chitosan is obtained from an herbal source (Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GLSP)) for the first time. To show this, both standard (thermochemical deacetylation, (TCD)) and emerging (ultrasound-assisted deacetylation (USAD)) methods of chitosan preparation were used. The obtained chitosan was characterized by elemental analysis, XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and thermogravimetric measurements. The process resulted in chitosan possessing comparable values of DD, [η] and [Formula: see text] to the commercial product. Chitosan obtained via both processes (TCD and USAD) displayed excellent biocompatibility; although the USAD prepared biopolymer exhibited significantly improved fibroblast (L929 cell) viability and enhanced antibacterial zones for both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The findings of new herbal chitosan mark key developments of natural biomaterials; marking a potential shift from conventional sea-based organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
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Sharif S, Rashid S, Atta A, Irshad A, Riaz M, Shahid M, Mustafa G. Phenolics, tocopherols and fatty acid profiling of wild and commercial mushrooms from Pakistan. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2018; 32:863-867. [PMID: 30043568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms can be used as nutraceutical or functional foods to maintain and promote good health. In the present study, wild Ganoderma lucidum and four commercial mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, Volvariella volvacea, Hericium erinaceus and Lentinus edodes, collected from Pakistan were screened for phenolics, tocopherols and fatty acid contents. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic acids showed that chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-Coumaric and caffeic acids were observed in selected mushrooms. H. erinaceus contained high amounts of chlorogenic acid (11.49±0.1 µ/g of dry weight) and ferulic acid (7.84±0.7 µg/g of dry weight). γ-tocopherol and lutein were present in all studied mushrooms. Lutein contents were higher in H. erinaceus (2.42±0.087 µg/g of DW) followed by V. volvacea> P. ostreatus> L. edodes. γ-tocopherol was observed in the range of 74.25±3.01 to 29.65±1.2 µg/g of dry weight. GC/MS analysis of fatty acids showed that linoleic acid (18:2n6c), oleic acid (18:1n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), linolenic acid (18:3n3) and nonadecanoic acid (C19-0), were the main fatty acids found in selected mushrooms. The unsaturated fatty acids were predominated over saturated fatty acids. It is concluded that selected mushrooms are good sources of antioxidant compounds and unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharif
- College of Biosystem, Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - S Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Atta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
| | - A Irshad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - M Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - G Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zeng P, Guo Z, Zeng X, Hao C, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li H, Li J, Zhang L. Chemical, biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide as an approved drug for treating myopathy and other diseases in China. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3278-3297. [PMID: 29691994 PMCID: PMC6010762 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is an edible medicinal mushroom known as "Lingzhi" in China and "Reishi or Manetake" in Japan. It is a highly prized vitality-enhancing herb for more than 2000 years. G. lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) has been identified as one of the major bioactive components and developed into a drug named "Ji 731 Injection" in China since 1973. The large-scale production of the drug began in 1985 and approved by the Chinese FDA as "Polysaccharidum of G. lucidum Karst Injection" (Ling Bao Duo Tang Zhu She Ye) in 2000, which is applied intramuscularly. After more than forty years of clinical use, its efficacy, safety and long-term tolerability have been recognized by neurologists. It is one of a few non-hormonal drugs used for treating refractory myopathy. It is also used for combination therapy, which reduces the amount of glucocorticoid required for myopathy patient who is in remission. In addition, it reduces adverse reactions and improves the quality of life for cancer patients during chemotherapy. We found 81 qualified chemical, biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies of GLPS both in English and in Chinese spanning from 1973 to 2017 by searching CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang database and PubMed. The molecular mechanisms underlying GLPS's antioxidant, anti-tumour, immune-modulatory, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic and other activities are discussed. Both preclinical and clinical studies are either deliberated or indexed in the current article. We aimed at providing a molecular picture as well as a clinical basis to comprehend GLPS as one of few polysaccharide-based modern medicines with complicated chemical and pharmacological properties that prevent it from entering the world's market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjiao Zeng
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Zhihua Guo
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Cui Hao
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Meng Zhang
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yong Liu
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Hui Li
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Juan Li
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology & Medical Center for Complex DiseaseAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
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72
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Gurovic MSV, Viceconte FR, Pereyra MT, Bidegain MA, Cubitto MA. DNA damaging potential of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 217:83-88. [PMID: 29421594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) is a medicinal mushroom historically used in Asian countries to treat a wide variety of diseases and prolong life. In the last years, G. lucidum has been internationally recognized as an effective adjuvant in cancer treatment. Among active components, the most recent research indicates that polysaccharides modulate the immune response favoring the recovery from toxicity of chemo and radiotherapy while triterpenes are cytotoxic to tumoral cells mainly by altering gene expression. Beyond this body of evidence on the efficacy of G. lucidum in cancer treatment, it is not yet understood whether these extracts exert the same mechanisms of action than current antitumoral drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we tested the DNA damaging potential of G. lucidum extracts by the β-galactosidase biochemical prophage induction assay (BIA) using doxorubicin, a DNA intercalating agent, as a positive control. This assay was traditionally used to screen microbial metabolites towards antitumoral agents. Here, we used this bacterial assay for the first time to assess DNA damage of herbal drugs. RESULTS After a bioguided assay, only a purified fraction of G. lucidum containing a mixture of C16 and C18:1 fatty acids exerted weak activity which could not be attributed to direct interaction with DNA. At the same concentrations, the induction observed for doxorubicin was clearly contrasting. CONCLUSIONS The micro BIA assay could be successfully used to demonstrate differences in cellular effects between G. lucidum extracts and doxorubicin. These results showed that G. lucidum extracts display weak DNA damaging potential. Since DNA injury promotes aging and cancer, our results substantiate the traditional use of this mushroom to prolong life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Vela Gurovic
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Fátima R Viceconte
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo T Pereyra
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avda. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano A Bidegain
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - María Amelia Cubitto
- CERZOS UNS-CONICET CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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73
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Qin Y, Xiong L, Li M, Liu J, Wu H, Qiu H, Mu H, Xu X, Sun Q. Preparation of Bioactive Polysaccharide Nanoparticles with Enhanced Radical Scavenging Activity and Antimicrobial Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:4373-4383. [PMID: 29648814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability in vivo, natural polysaccharides are effective nanocarriers for delivery of active ingredients or drugs. Moreover, bioactive polysaccharides, such as tea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Momordica charantia polysaccharides (TP, GLP, and MCP), have antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiviral properties. In this study, tea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Momordica charantia polysaccharide nanoparticles (TP-NPs, GLP-NPs, and MCP-NPs) were prepared via the nanoprecipitation approach. When the ethanol to water ratio was 10:1, the diameter of the spherical polysaccharide nanoparticles was the smallest, and the mean particle size of the TP-NPs, GLP-NPs, and MCP-NPs was 99 ± 15, 95 ± 7, and 141 ± 9 nm, respectively. When exposed to heat, increased ionic strength and pH levels, the nanoparticles exhibited superior stability and higher activity than the corresponding polysaccharides. In physiological conditions (pH 7.4), the nanoparticles underwent different protein adsorption capacities in the following order: MCP-NPs> TP-NPs> GLP-NPs. Moreover, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging rates of the nanoparticles were increased by 9-25% as compared to the corresponding polysaccharides. Compared to the bioactive polysaccharides, the nanoparticles enhanced antimicrobial efficacy markedly and exhibited long-acting antibacterial activity.
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74
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Kubota A, Kobayashi M, Sarashina S, Takeno R, Okamoto K, Narumi K, Furugen A, Suzuki Y, Takahashi N, Iseki K. Reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum Modulates IgA production and alpha-defensin expression in the rat small intestine. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 214:240-243. [PMID: 29248453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion and alpha-defensins play a role in the innate immune system to protect against infection. Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Reishi) is a well-known mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to determine the effects of Reishi on IgA secretion from Peyer's patch (PP) cells and alpha-defensin-5 (RD-5) and RD-6 expression in the rat small intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats received an oral injection of 0.5-5mg/kg of Reishi powder (1mL/kg) by sonde. All animals were euthanized 24h after Reishi administration. We examined RD-5, RD-6, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mRNA levels in the jejunum, ileum, and in Peyer's patches (PP) through quantitative real-time PCR analysis. IgA secretion from PP was measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the supernatant after primary culture. RESULTS Reishi increased IgA secretion in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and increased TLR4 mRNA levels, but had no effect on the viability of PP cells. Moreover, Reishi increased RD-5, RD-6, and TLR4 mRNA levels significantly in the ileum in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Reishi can induce IgA secretion and increase the mRNA levels of RD-5 and RD-6 in the rat small intestine, through a TLR4-dependent pathway. The present results indicate that Reishi might reduce the risk of intestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhito Kubota
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Sota Sarashina
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Reiko Takeno
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo 006-8590, Japan
| | - Natsuko Takahashi
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo 006-8590, Japan.
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan.
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75
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Li CH, Zuo HL, Chen C, Hu YJ, Qian ZM, Li WJ, Xia ZN, Yang FQ. SDS-PAGE and 2-DE protein profiles of Ganoderma lucidum from different origins. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31:447-454. [PMID: 29618433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (Chizhi in Chinese) is one of the most valuable and widely used medicinal fungi in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Most of previous studies were focused on the triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum, whereas less attention had been paid on the protein, which is another bioactive compound in it. In the present study, protein maps of fourteen G. lucidum samples were comprehensively analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The results indicated that there were significant differences in protein profiles of G. lucidum samples from different origins. Furthermore, previous reported bioactive proteins from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, were mainly distributed in 4 taxa (A, B, C and D) based on their molecular weights on the 2-DE maps. The proteins should be considered as marker for the quality control of G. lucidum, because the proteomic variation may affect on their pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Li Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | | | - Wen-Jia Li
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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76
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Oludemi T, Barros L, Prieto MA, Heleno SA, Barreiro MF, Ferreira ICFR. Extraction of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: optimization study using the response surface methodology. Food Funct 2018. [PMID: 29215673 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01601h.10.1039/c7fo01601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds from Ganoderma lucidum was optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM), using heat and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques (HAE and UAE). The obtained results were compared with that of the standard Soxhlet procedure. RSM was applied using a circumscribed central composite design with three variables (time, ethanol content, and temperature or ultrasonic power) and five levels. The conditions that maximize the responses (extraction yield, triterpenoids and total phenolics) were: 78.9 min, 90.0 °C and 62.5% ethanol and 40 min, 100.0 W and 89.5% ethanol for HAE and UAE, respectively. The latter was the most effective, resulting in an extraction yield of 4.9 ± 0.6% comprising a content of 435.6 ± 21.1 mg g-1 of triterpenes and 106.6 ± 16.2 mg g-1 of total phenolics. The optimized extracts were fully characterized in terms of individual phenolic compounds and triterpenoids by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The recovery of the above-mentioned bioactive compounds was markedly enhanced using the UAE technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofiq Oludemi
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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77
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Chiu HF, Fu HY, Lu YY, Han YC, Shen YC, Venkatakrishnan K, Golovinskaia O, Wang CK. Triterpenoids and polysaccharide peptides-enriched Ganoderma lucidum: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of its antioxidation and hepatoprotective efficacy in healthy volunteers. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:1041-1046. [PMID: 28183232 PMCID: PMC6130508 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1288750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss: Fr) Karst. (Polyporaceae) is an oriental medicinal fungus, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating various condition or diseases such as hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hepatitis and cancer. OBJECTIVE The current study examines whether triterpenoids and polysaccharide-enriched G. lucidum (GL) influence antioxidation and hepatoprotective efficacy by suppressing oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two healthy subjects (22 male and 20 female) were recruited and segregated into two groups as experimental or placebo and requested to intake GL (n = 21) or placebo (n = 21) capsule (225 mg; after lunch or dinner) for six consecutive months and vice versa with one month washout period in between. The anthropometric analysis and biochemical assays, as well as abdominal ultrasonic examination were performed. RESULTS Consumption of GL substantially improved (p < 0.05) the total antioxidant capacity (TEAC; 79.33-84.04), total thiols and glutathione content (6-8.05) in plasma as well as significant (p < 0.05) enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Whereas, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; 3.37-2.47), 8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine (8-OH-dG; 15.99-11.98) and hepatic marker enzymes (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GOT and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; GPT) were concomitantly reduced (42 and 27%) on treatment with GL. Furthermore, the abdominal ultrasonic examination in GL subjects displayed a notable alteration on hepatic condition by reversing from mild fatty liver condition (initial) to normal condition. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The outcome of the present intervention demonstrated the antioxidation, anti-aging and hepatoprotective nature of GL by effectively curbing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yu Fu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ying Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chun Han
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - You-Cheng Shen
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kamesh Venkatakrishnan
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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78
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Ergun B. Evaluation of antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom). Pak J Pharm Sci 2017; 30:1991-1995. [PMID: 29105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a mushroom used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of various infections since ancient times. This study, was aimed to investigate antimicrobial activity potential of GL against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilopsis. Furthermore, it was also aimed to evaluate the toxicity potential of GL. Antimicrobial activities were screened by using microbroth dilution method. With regard to toxicity studies, cytotoxicity was evaluated by using XTT method against NIH3T3 cell lines, whereas genotoxicity study was conducted by Ames MPF 98/100 mutagenicity assay. Obtained data indicated that minimal inhibitory concentration values of the extract against the tested microorganisms ranged from 200 to 400μg/ml. No cytotoxic activity was observed related to the Ganoderma lucidum administrations. However, results of the Ames test pointed out a genetic damage with metabolic activation against TA98. At the highest concentration (5mg/ml) the extract showed 2.71 fold increase over the baseline significantly. (p<0.05). In conclusion, in spite of significant antimicrobial effect potential, Ganoderma lucidum should be used carefully because of its genotoxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Ergun
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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79
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Fu H, Yin Q, Xu L, Wang W, Chen F, Yang T. A comprehensive quality evaluation method by FT-NIR spectroscopy and chemometric: Fine classification and untargeted authentication against multiple frauds for Chinese Ganoderma lucidum. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 182:17-25. [PMID: 28388474 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The origins and authenticity against frauds are two essential aspects of food quality. In this work, a comprehensive quality evaluation method by FT-NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics were suggested to address the geographical origins and authentication of Chinese Ganoderma lucidum (GL). Classification for 25 groups of GL samples (7 common species from 15 producing areas) was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy and interval-combination One-Versus-One least squares support vector machine (IC-OVO-LS-SVM). Untargeted analysis of 4 adulterants of cheaper mushrooms was performed by one-class partial least squares (OCPLS) modeling for each of the 7 GL species. After outlier diagnosis and comparing the influences of different preprocessing methods and spectral intervals on classification, IC-OVO-LS-SVM with standard normal variate (SNV) spectra obtained a total classification accuracy of 0.9317, an average sensitivity and specificity of 0.9306 and 0.9971, respectively. With SNV or second-order derivative (D2) spectra, OCPLS could detect at least 2% or more doping levels of adulterants for 5 of the 7 GL species and 5% or more doping levels for the other 2 GL species. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using new chemometrics and NIR spectroscopy for fine classification of GL geographical origins and species as well as for untargeted analysis of multiple adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Qiaobo Yin
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lu Xu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Weizheng Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Tianming Yang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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80
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Levin RM, Xia L, Wei W, Schuler C, Leggett RE, Lin ADY. Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum shell-broken spore on oxidative stress of the rabbit urinary bladder using an in vivo model of ischemia/reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 435:25-35. [PMID: 28484937 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in specific disease pathophysiology and the aging process. In the history of human kind, many herbs were utilized for disease prevention and anti-aging treatment. However, there are few direct evidences provided by modern laboratory technology. The current study was designed to evaluate Ganoderma Lucidum's (GL) ability to reduce the damage from in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) using a rabbit model of I/R that has been effectively utilized to prove the effects of drugs and supplements to reduce oxidative stress. Urinary bladder dysfunction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major affliction of aging men. One of the major etiologies of obstructive bladder dysfunction (OBD) is oxidative stress induced by I/R. Pharmaceutical studies and clinical research have proven that GL is useful in helping to prevent certain types of pathology and also helpful in prolonging human life in part by acting as an antioxidant. Using an in vivo model of I/R, we have investigated the ability of GL to protect bladder function from oxidative damage mediated by I/R. Our studies demonstrated that ischemia followed by reperfusion resulted in a significant decrease in bladder compliance and decreases in the contractile responses to a variety of forms of contractile stimulation. Pretreatment of rabbits with Ganoderma Lucidum prior to subjecting the rabbits to I/R completely inhibited the negative effects of I/R on both the compliance and contractile responses. These results demonstrate that Ganoderma provides excellent protection of bladder function following I/R (oxidative stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Levin
- Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Li Xia
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Alpha D-Y Lin
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., LTD., Beijing, China
- The Central-Clinic Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Urology Department, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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81
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Zhang Y. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) suppresses proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:679-684. [PMID: 28427938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The medical mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), a traditional Chinese medicine, has exhibited a promising anti-cancer effect. However, the molecular mechanism of its action on cancer cells remains unclear. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is the cause of many types of cancer, including breast cancer. Here we investigated the effect of Reishi on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and elucidated the molecular mechanism of its function in inhibiting breast cancer cells. We found that Reishi blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling through inhibiting the phosphorylation of Wnt co-receptor LRP6. In human (MDA-MB-231) and mouse (4T1) breast cancer cell lines, Reishi significantly decreased the phosphorylation of LRP6 and suppressed Wnt3a-activated Wnt target gene Axin2 expression. Administration of Reishi inhibited Wnt-induced hyper-proliferation of breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Our results provide evidence that Reishi suppresses breast cancer cell growth and migration through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, indicating that Reishi may be a potential natural inhibitor for breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Mice
- Reishi/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Wu L, Liang W, Chen W, Li S, Cui Y, Qi Q, Zhang L. Screening and Analysis of the Marker Components in Ganoderma lucidum by HPLC and HPLC-MS n with the Aid of Chemometrics. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040584. [PMID: 28383512 PMCID: PMC6154496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, which is a popularly used traditional Chinese medicine for complementary cancer therapy. The present study was to establish a fingerprint evaluation system based on Similarity Analysis (SA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the identification and quality control of G. lucidum. Fifteen samples from the Chinese provinces of Hainan, Neimeng, Shangdong, Jilin, Anhui, Henan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Fujian were analyzed by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MSn. Forty-seven compounds were detected by HPLC, of which forty-two compounds were tentatively identified by comparing their retention times and mass spectrometry data with that of reference compounds and reviewing the literature. Ganoderic acid B, 3,7,15-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxolanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid, lucidenic acid A, ganoderic acid G, and 3,7-oxo-12-acetylganoderic acid DM were deemed to be the marker compounds to distinguish the samples with different quality according to both CA and PCA. This study provides helpful chemical information for further research on the anti-tumor activity and mechanism of action of G. lucidum. The results proved that fingerprints combined with chemometrics are a simple, rapid and effective method for the quality control of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenyi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Shi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yaping Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lanzhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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83
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Chen S, Li X, Yong T, Wang Z, Su J, Jiao C, Xie Y, Yang BB. Cytotoxic lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their structure-activity relationships. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10071-10084. [PMID: 28052025 PMCID: PMC5354642 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a study of Ganoderma lucidum metabolites and isolated 35 lanostane-type triterpenoids, including 5 new ganoderols (1-5). By spectroscopy, we compared the structures of these compounds with known related compounds in this group. All of the isolated compounds were assayed for their effect against the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 and hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Corresponding three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were built and analyzed using Discovery Studio. These results provide further evidence for anti-cancer constituents within Ganoderma lucidum, and may provide a theoretical foundation for designing novel therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanggen Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunwei Jiao
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Burton B. Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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84
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Zhang DH, Li N, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Xu JW. Overexpression of the homologous lanosterol synthase gene in ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lingzhi. Phytochemistry 2017; 134:46-53. [PMID: 27894599 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) in Ganoderma lingzhi exhibit anticancer and antimetastatic activities. GA yields can be potentially improved by manipulating G. lingzhi through genetic engineering. In this study, a putative lanosterol synthase (LS) gene was cloned and overexpressed in G. lingzhi. Results showed that its overexpression (OE) increased the ganoderic acid (GA) content and the accumulation of lanosterol and ergosterol in a submerged G. lingzhi culture. The maximum contents of GA-O, GA-Mk, GA-T, GA-S, GA-Mf, and GA-Me in transgenic strains were 46.6 ± 4.8, 24.3 ± 3.5, 69.8 ± 8.2, 28.9 ± 1.4, 15.4 ± 1.2, and 26.7 ± 3.1 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively, these values being 6.1-, 2.2-, 3.2-, 4.8-, 2.0-, and 1.9-times higher than those in wild-type strains. In addition, accumulated amounts of lanosterol and ergosterol in transgenic strains were 2.3 and 1.4-fold higher than those in the control strains, respectively. The transcription level of LS was also increased by more than five times in the presence of the G. lingzhi glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter, whereas transcription levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A enzyme and squalene synthase did not change significantly in transgenic strains. This study demonstrated that OE of the homologous LS gene can enhance lanosterol accumulation. A large precursor supply promotes GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Huai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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85
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Haneef M, Ceseracciu L, Canale C, Bayer IS, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Athanassiou A. Advanced Materials From Fungal Mycelium: Fabrication and Tuning of Physical Properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41292. [PMID: 28117421 PMCID: PMC5259796 DOI: 10.1038/srep41292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work is presented a new category of self-growing, fibrous, natural composite materials with controlled physical properties that can be produced in large quantities and over wide areas, based on mycelium, the main body of fungi. Mycelia from two types of edible, medicinal fungi, Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus, have been carefully cultivated, being fed by two bio-substrates: cellulose and cellulose/potato-dextrose, the second being easier to digest by mycelium due to presence of simple sugars in its composition. After specific growing times the mycelia have been processed in order to cease their growth. Depending on their feeding substrate, the final fibrous structures showed different relative concentrations in polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and chitin. Such differences are reflected as alterations in morphology and mechanical properties. The materials grown on cellulose contained more chitin and showed higher Young's modulus and lower elongation than those grown on dextrose-containing substrates, indicating that the mycelium materials get stiffer when their feeding substrate is harder to digest. All the developed fibrous materials were hydrophobic with water contact angles higher than 120°. The possibility of tailoring mycelium materials' properties by properly choosing their nutrient substrates paves the way for their use in various scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haneef
- Smart Materials, Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, via Opera Pia, 13, 16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Ceseracciu
- Smart Materials, Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Smart Materials, Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilker S. Bayer
- Smart Materials, Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - José A. Heredia-Guerrero
- Smart Materials, Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Smart Materials, Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
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Zeng Q, Zhou F, Lei L, Chen J, Lu J, Zhou J, Cao K, Gao L, Xia F, Ding S, Huang L, Xiang H, Wang J, Xiao Y, Xiao R, Huang J. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides protect fibroblasts against UVB-induced photoaging. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:111-116. [PMID: 27959406 PMCID: PMC5355704 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has featured in traditional Chinese medicine for >1,000 years. Ganoderma polysaccharides (GL-PS), a major active ingredient in Ganoderma, confer immune regulation, antitumor effects and significant antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of GL‑PS‑associated inhibition of ultraviolet B (UVB)‑induced photoaging in human fibroblasts in vitro. Primary human skin fibroblasts were cultured, and a fibroblast photoaging model was built through exposure to UVB. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Aged cells were stained using a senescence‑associated β-galactosidase staining (SA‑β‑gal) kit. ELISA kits were used to analyze matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) ‑1 and C‑telopeptides of Type I collagen (CICP) protein levels in cellular supernatant. ROS levels were quantified by flow cytometry. Cells exposed to UVB had decreased cell viability, increased aged cells, decreased CICP protein expression, increased MMP‑1 protein expression, and increased cellular ROS levels compared with non‑exposed cells. However, cells exposed to UVB and treated with 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml GL‑PS demonstrated increased cell viability, decreased aged cells, increased CICP protein expression, decreased MMP‑1 protein expression, and decreased cellular ROS levels compared with UVB exposed/GL‑PS untreated cells. These results demonstrate that GL‑PS protects fibroblasts against photoaging by eliminating UVB‑induced ROS. This finding indicates GL‑PS treatment may serve as a novel strategy for antiphotoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xia
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shu Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Huang
- The Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xiang
- The Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yangfan Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Bilal M, Asgher M, Hu H, Zhang X. Kinetic characterization, thermo-stability and Reactive Red 195A dye detoxifying properties of manganese peroxidase-coupled gelatin hydrogel. Water Sci Technol 2016; 74:1809-1820. [PMID: 27789882 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An indigenous and industrially important manganese peroxidase (MnP) was isolated from solid-state bio-processing of wheat bran by white-rot fungal strain Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 under pre-optimized growth conditions. Crude MnP extract was partially purified (2.34-fold) to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. The homogeneous enzyme preparation was encapsulated on gelatin matrix using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Optimal conditions for highest immobilization (82.5%) were: gelatin 20% (w/v), glutaraldehyde 0.25% (v/v) and 2 h activation time using 0.6 mg/mL of protein concentration. Gelatin-encapsulated MnP presented its maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 60 °C. Thermo-stability was considerably improved after immobilization. The optimally active MnP fraction was tested against MnSO4 as a substrate to calculate kinetic parameters. More than 90% decolorization of Sandal-fix Red C4BLN (Reactive Red 195A) dye was achieved with immobilized MnP in 5 h. It also preserved more than 50% of its original activity after the sixth reusability cycle. The water quality parameters (pH, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon) and cytotoxicity (brine shrimp and Daphnia magna) studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the bio-treated dye sample. A lower Km, higher Vmax, greater acidic and thermal-resistant up to 60 °C were the improved catalytic features of immobilized MnP suggesting its suitability for a variety of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan E-mail: ; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Asgher
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Meneses ME, Martínez-Carrera D, Torres N, Sánchez-Tapia M, Aguilar-López M, Morales P, Sobal M, Bernabé T, Escudero H, Granados-Portillo O, Tovar AR. Hypocholesterolemic Properties and Prebiotic Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum in C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159631. [PMID: 27438015 PMCID: PMC4954724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible and medicinal mushrooms contain bioactive compounds with promising effects on several cardiovascular risk biomarkers. However, strains of Ganoderma lucidum of Mexican origin have not yet been studied. Standardized extracts of G. lucidum (Gl) were given to C57BL/6 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with the drug simvastatin. The effects of the extracts on serum biochemical parameters, liver lipid content, cholesterol metabolism, and the composition of gut microbiota were assessed. Acetylsalicylic acid (10 mM) added to the cultivation substrate modulated properties of Gl extracts obtained from mature basidiomata. Compared to the high-cholesterol diet group, the consumption of Gl extracts significantly reduced total serum cholesterol (by 19.2% to 27.1%), LDL-C (by 4.5% to 35.1%), triglyceride concentration (by 16.3% to 46.6%), hepatic cholesterol (by 28.7% to 52%) and hepatic triglycerides (by 43.8% to 56.6%). These effects were associated with a significant reduction in the expression of lipogenic genes (Hmgcr, Srebp1c, Fasn, and Acaca) and genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (Abcg5 and Abcg8), as well as an increase in Ldlr gene expression in the liver. No significant changes were observed in the gene expression of Srebp2, Abca1 or Cyp7a1. In several cases, Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts showed better effects on lipid metabolism than the drug simvastatin. A proposed mechanism of action for the reduction in cholesterol levels is mediated by α-glucans and β-glucans from Gl, which promoted decreased absorption of cholesterol in the gut, as well as greater excretion of fecal bile acids and cholesterol. The prebiotic effects of Gl-1 and Gl-2 extracts modulated the composition of gut microbiota and produced an increase in the Lactobacillaceae family and Lactobacillus genus level compared to the control group, high-cholesterol diet group and group supplemented with simvastatin. Mexican genetic resources of Gl represent a new source of bioactive compounds showing hypocholesterolemic properties and prebiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Meneses
- CONACYT–Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Daniel Martínez-Carrera
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam Aguilar-López
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Porfirio Morales
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Mercedes Sobal
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Teodoro Bernabé
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Helios Escudero
- Biotecnología de Hongos Comestibles, Funcionales y Medicinales, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), Campus Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Omar Granados-Portillo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Ciudad de México, México
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89
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Unlu A, Nayir E, Kirca O, Ozdogan M. Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi Mushroom) and cancer. J BUON 2016; 21:792-798. [PMID: 27685898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Having a long historical past in traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma Lucidum (G. Lucidum) is a type of mushroom believed to extend life and promote health. Due to the increasing consumption pattern, it has been cultivated and marketed intensively since the 1970s. It is claimed to be effective in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, and in addition, it exerts anticancer properties. Almost all the data on the benefits of G. Lucidum are based on laboratory and preclinical studies. The few clinical studies conducted are questionable. Nevertheless, when the findings obtained from laboratory studies are considered, it turns that G. Lucidum is likely to have some benefits for cancer patients. What is important at this point is to determine the components that will provide these benefits, and use them in drug development, after testing their reliability. In conclusion, it would be the right approach to abstain from using and incentivizing this product, until its benefits and harms are set out clearly, by considering its potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Unlu
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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90
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Yang ZW, Wu F, Zhang SL. Effects of ganoderic acids on epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons: insights from alterations of BDNF,TRPC3 and apoptosis. Pharmazie 2016; 71:340-344. [PMID: 27455554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS) have shown anti-epileptic effects. However, there are no reports on the anti-epileptic effects of its chemical constituents ganoderic acids (GAs), and more research is needed to better understand the mechanism of GLS activity. In this work, rat primary hippocampal neurons in an in vitro model were used to assess the intervention effects of GAs on epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons and expression of both BDNF and TRPC3, with the aid of immunofluorescence, MTT method and flow cytometry. It was found that BDNF and TRPC3 are expressed in all cells and were mainly localized in the cytoplasm. The fluorescence intensities of BDNF and TRPC3 in GAs groups were higher than those of normal control and model groups, especially at 80 μg/ml (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of neurons was inversely proportional to BDNF and TRPC3 changes (P < 0.01). Therefore, BDNF and TRPC3 should be involved in the occurrence and development of epilepsy. GAs might indirectly inhibit mossy fiber sprouting and adjust the synaptic reconstructions by promoting the expression of BDNF and TRPC3. Besides, GAs could exert a protective effect on hippocampal neurons by promoting neuronal survival and the recovery of injured neurons.
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91
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Shao Y, Qiao L, Wu L, Sun X, Zhu D, Yang G, Zhang X, Mao X, Chen W, Liang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Structure Identification and Anti-Cancer Pharmacological Prediction of Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Molecules 2016; 21:E678. [PMID: 27213329 PMCID: PMC6273610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, which is a popularly used traditional Chinese medicine for complementary cancer therapy. In the present study, systematic isolation, and in silico pharmacological prediction are implemented to discover potential anti-cancer active GTs from G. lucidum. Nineteen GTs, three steroids, one cerebroside, and one thymidine were isolated from G. lucidum. Six GTs were first isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, including 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (1), 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (2), 3β,7β,15α,28-tetrahydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (3), ganotropic acid (4), 26-nor-11,23-dioxo-5α-lanost-8-en-3β,7β,15α,25-tetrol (5) and (3β,7α)-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien- 11-one (6). (4E,8E)-N-d-2'-hydroxypalmitoyl-l-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-spingodienine (7), and stigmasta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6α-triol (8) were first reported from the genus Ganodema. By using reverse pharmacophoric profiling of the six GTs, thirty potential anti-cancer therapeutic targets were identified and utilized to construct their ingredient-target interaction network. Then nineteen high frequency targets of GTs were selected from thirty potential targets to construct a protein interaction network (PIN). In order to cluster the pharmacological activity of GTs, twelve function modules were identified by molecular complex detection (MCODE) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. The results indicated that anti-cancer effect of GTs might be related to histone acetylation and interphase of mitotic cell cycle by regulating general control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5) and cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), respectively. This research mode of extraction, isolation, pharmacological prediction, and PIN analysis might be beneficial to rapidly predict and discover pharmacological activities of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Liansheng Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lingfang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xuefei Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Guanghui Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenyi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Foundation and New Drug Research, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lanzhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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92
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Li L, Guo HJ, Zhu LY, Zheng L, Liu X. A supercritical-CO2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum spores inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell migration by reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:491-497. [PMID: 27064008 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is an oriental medical mushroom that has been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent and treat different diseases, including cancer. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cholangiocarcinoma cells. STUDY DESIGN This was an in vitro study with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells treated with varying concentrations of G. lucidum. METHODS A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores (GLE) was obtained from completely sporoderm-broken germinating G. lucidum spores by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCF-CO2) extraction. GLE pre-incubated with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells prior to TGF-β1 treatment (2ng/ml) for 48h. Changes in EMT markers were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The formation of F-actin stress fibers was assessed via immunostaining with phalloidin and examined using confocal microscopy. Additionally, the effect of the GLE on TGF-β1-induced migration was investigated by a Boyden chamber assay. RESULTS TGF-β1-induced reduction in E-cadherin expression was associated with a loss of epithelial morphology and cell-cell contact. Concomitant increases in N-cadherin and Fibronectin were evident in predominantly elongated fibroblast-like cells. The GLE suppressed the TGF-β1-induced morphological changes and the changes in cadherin expression, and also inhibited the formation of F-actin stress fibers, which are a hallmark of EMT. The GLE also inhibited TGF-β1-induced migration of TFK-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new evidence that GLE suppress cholangiocarcinoma migration in vitro through inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT. The GLE may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui-Jun Guo
- Basic Medical College Jiangxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Academy of Food and Health Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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93
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Smina TP, Mathew J, Janardhanan KK. Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes attenuate DLA induced ascites and EAC induced solid tumours in Swiss albino mice. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:55-59. [PMID: 27188870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
G. lucidum total triterpenes were assessed for its apoptosis-inducing and anti-tumour activities. The ability of the total triterpenes to induce apoptosis was evaluated in Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell lines. Total triterpenes were found to be highly cytotoxic to DLA and EAC cell lines with IC50 values 5 ± 0.32 and 7.9 ± 0.2 µg/ml respectively. Total triterpenes induced apoptosis in both cell lines which is evident from the DNA fragmentation assay. Anti-tumour activity was accessed using DLA induced solid and EAC induced ascites tumour models in Swiss albino mice. Administration of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg b. wt. total triterpenes showed 11.86, 27.27 and 40.57% increase in life span of animals in ascites tumour model. Treatment with 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg b. wt. total triterpenes exhibited 76.86, 85.01 and 91.03% inhibition in tumour volume and 67.96, 72.38 and 77.90% inhibition in tumour weight respectively in the solid tumour model. The study reveals the significant dose-dependent anti-tumour activity of total triterpenes in both models. Total triterpenes were more active against the solid tumour than the ascites tumour. The anti-oxidant potential and ability to induce cell-specific apoptosis could be contributing to its anti-tumour activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Smina
- Amala Cancer Research Centre Thrissur India
| | - J Mathew
- Amala Cancer Research Centre Thrissur India
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94
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma lucidum is a natural medicine that is widely used and recommended by Asian physicians and naturopaths for its supporting effects on immune system. Laboratory research and a handful of preclinical trials have suggested that G. lucidum carries promising anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. The popularity of taking G. lucidum as an alternative medicine has been increasing in cancer patients. However, there is no systematic review that has been conducted to evaluate the actual benefits of G. lucidum in cancer treatment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effects of G. lucidum on long-term survival, tumour response, host immune functions and quality of life in cancer patients, as well as adverse events associated with its use. SEARCH METHODS We searched an extensive set of databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, NIH, AMED, CBM, CNKI, CMCC and VIP Information/Chinese Scientific Journals Database was searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in October 2011. Other strategies used were scanning the references of articles retrieved, handsearching of the International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms and contact with herbal medicine experts and manufacturers of G. lucidum. For this update we updated the searches in February 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA To be eligible for being included in this review, studies had to be RCTs comparing the efficacy of G. lucidum medications to active or placebo control in patients with cancer that had been diagnosed by pathology. All types and stages of cancer were eligible for inclusion. Trials were not restricted on the basis of language. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Five RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Two independent review authors assessed the methodological quality of individual trials. Common primary outcomes were tumour response evaluated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, immune function parameters such as natural killer (NK)-cell activity and T-lymphocyte co-receptor subsets, and quality of life measured by the Karnofsky scale score. No trial had recorded long-term survival rates. Associated adverse events were reported in one study. A meta-analysis was performed to pool available data from the primary trials. Results were gauged using relative risks (RR) and standard mean differences (SMD) for dichotomous and continuous data respectively, with a 95% confidence interval (CI). MAIN RESULTS The methodological quality of primary studies was generally unsatisfying and the results were reported inadequately in many aspects. Additional information was not available from primary trialists. The meta-analysis results showed that patients who had been given G. lucidum alongside with chemo/radiotherapy were more likely to respond positively compared to chemo/radiotherapy alone (RR 1.50; 95% CI 0.90 to 2.51, P = 0.02). G. lucidum treatment alone did not demonstrate the same regression rate as that seen in combined therapy. The results for host immune function indicators suggested that G. lucidum simultaneously increases the percentage of CD3, CD4 and CD8 by 3.91% (95% CI 1.92% to 5.90%, P < 0.01), 3.05% (95% CI 1.00% to 5.11%, P < 0.01) and 2.02% (95% CI 0.21% to 3.84%, P = 0.03), respectively. In addition, leukocyte, NK-cell activity and CD4/CD8 ratio were marginally elevated. Four studies showed that patients in the G. lucidum group had relatively improved quality of life in comparison to controls. One study recorded minimal side effects, including nausea and insomnia. No significant haematological or hepatological toxicity was reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our review did not find sufficient evidence to justify the use of G. lucidum as a first-line treatment for cancer. It remains uncertain whether G. lucidum helps prolong long-term cancer survival. However, G. lucidum could be administered as an alternative adjunct to conventional treatment in consideration of its potential of enhancing tumour response and stimulating host immunity. G. lucidum was generally well tolerated by most participants with only a scattered number of minor adverse events. No major toxicity was observed across the studies. Although there were few reports of harmful effect of G. lucidum, the use of its extract should be judicious, especially after thorough consideration of cost-benefit and patient preference. Future studies should put emphasis on the improvement in methodological quality and further clinical research on the effect of G. lucidum on cancer long-term survival are needed. An update to this review will be performed every two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhong Jin
- University of TasmaniaMenzies Institute for Medical Research17 Liverpool StreetHobartTasmaniaAustralia7000
| | | | | | - Godfrey CF Chan
- The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary HospitalDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine121 Pokfulam RoadHong KongChina
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95
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Yaoita Y, Machida K. Structure Revision of (22E)-Ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14α- pentol from the Spores of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:183-184. [PMID: 27032196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Careful reexamination of the published ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data of (22E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14α-pentol (1), isolated from the spores of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, indicates that, in reality, the compound is (22E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14β-pentol (5).
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96
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Zhao ZZ, Chen HP, Feng T, Li ZH, Dong ZJ, Liu JK. Lucidimine A-D, four new alkaloids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2015; 17:1160-1165. [PMID: 26666338 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1119128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four new polycylic alkaloids, lucidimine A-D, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their chemical structures were established based on 1D and 2D NMR data as well as HREIMS/HRESIMS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhu Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
- c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - He-Ping Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
- c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tao Feng
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Ze-Jun Dong
- a State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
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97
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Zhang P, Chen F, Lai TQ, Jin LY, Li Y. [Effects of Loquat-Branch Dust Substitution on Ganoderma lucidum Cultivation in Its Main Active Components]. Zhong Yao Cai 2015; 38:2464-2467. [PMID: 27352526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To select the best Ganoderma lucidum cultivation medium of replacing sawdust into loquat-branch dust, in order to realize high output and high quality production of Ganoderma lucidum. METHODS Loquat-branch dust was added as substitution in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, its effects on the biomass and the content of Ganoderma polysaccharides, triterpenoids and flavonoids were analyzed. RESULTS By using loquat-branch dust in culture, Ganoderma lucidum grew well with normal fruiting body obtained and spores released. Compared with control group, the biological efficiency was increased by 11.34%, when the addition of the loquat-branch dust was 80%, while the amount of spore had little difference. When the addition of the loquat-branch dust was 90%, the content of Ganoderma polysaccharides and triterpenoids was increased by 32.29% and 30.58% respectively, while the efficiency of flavonoids had little difference. CONCLUSION Using loquat-branch dust cultivation can improve the quality of Ganoderma lucidum. According to the comprehensive score, 80% loquat-branch dust is the most suitable cultivation medium.
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98
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Binh PT, Descoutures D, Dang NH, Nguyen NPD, Dat NT. A New Cytotoxic Gymnomitrane Sesquiterpene from Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:1911-1912. [PMID: 26749823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoid, gymnomitrane-3α,5α,9β,15-tetrol (1), was isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Its structure was elucidated using spectroscopic methods. This compound significantly inhibited the growth of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor EGFR-TKI-resistant human lung cancer A549 and human prostate cancer PC3 cell lines.
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99
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Li JJ, Liu JJ, Si JP, Cao LS. [Analysis of fatty composition from different parts of Ganoderma lucidum]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:2814-2819. [PMID: 26666032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oil content and fatty acid composition of Ganoderma lucidum collected from different producing areas, varieties, tissue types and growth periods were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the oil content was 23. 61%-34.17% in different domestic producing areas of China; the oil content of fruiting bodies from major varieties cultured in Zhejiang province were 0.81%-1.87%, wall-unbroken spores were 0.07%-0.24%, wall-broken spores were 27.54%-34.17%, so the oil content of wall-unbroken spores were much higher than fruiting bodies, and wall-breaking treatment would increase the oil extraction rate 150-340 times. G. lucidum spores oil was mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acid composition. oleic acid and linoleic content were 53.26%-58.16% and 10.69%-16.87% respectively. Fatty acid composition ratio of spores and fruiting bodies were significantly different by PLS-DA. Determining the composition of fatty acid, especially the content of oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid, could identify the tissue types of G. lucidum products' sources. In addition, the study result showed that the spores and fruiting bodies collected in the first year contained richer oil and fatty acid than second year's samples from the same variety of G. lucidum.
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100
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Hasnat MA, Pervin M, Cha KM, Kim SK, Lim BO. Anti-inflammatory activity on mice of extract of Ganoderma lucidum grown on rice via modulation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Phytochemistry 2015; 114:125-136. [PMID: 25457483 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a popular medicinal mushroom with anti-inflammatory potential. In the present study, the aim was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and mode of action of G. lucidum grown on germinated brown rice (GLBR) in a mouse model of colitis. It was shown that GLBR suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and decreased the expression of COX-2, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNAs. GLBR also inhibited activation of p38, ERK, JNK, MAPKs, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In a mouse model of colitis, colonic mucosal injury was evaluated using macroscopic, biochemical, and histopathological testing. Disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic score, and histological score significantly decreased upon GLBR treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence studies indicated that DSS activates nuclear translocation of NF-κB in colon tissue, which is attenuated by GLBR extract. These findings suggest that GLBR is protective against colitis via inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abul Hasnat
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mehnaz Pervin
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Cha
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Kwan Kim
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beong Ou Lim
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea.
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