101
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Major AS, Wilson MT, McCaleb JL, Ru Su Y, Stanic AK, Joyce S, Van Kaer L, Fazio S, Linton MF. Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in Proatherogenic NKT Cells in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:2351-7. [PMID: 15472130 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000147112.84168.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Atherosclerosis is a disease marked by lipid accumulation and inflammation. Recently, atherosclerosis has gained recognition as an autoimmune-type syndrome characterized by increased activation of the innate and acquired immune systems. Natural killer T (NKT) cells have characteristics of both conventional T cells and NK cells and recognize glycolipid antigens presented in association with CD1d molecules on antigen-presenting cells. The capacity of NKT cells to respond to lipid antigens and modulate innate and acquired immunity suggests that they may play a role in atherogenesis.
Methods and Results—
We examined the role of NKT cells in atherogenesis and how the atherosclerotic environment affects the NKT cell population itself. The data show that CD1d-deficiency in male apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE
0
) mice results in reduction in atherosclerosis, and treatment of apoE
0
mice with α-galactosylceramide, a potent and specific NKT cell activator, results in a 2-fold increase in atherosclerosis. Interestingly, we demonstrate that α-galactosylceramide–induced interferon-γ responses and numbers of NKT cells in apoE
0
mice show age-dependent qualitative and quantitative differences as compared with age-matched wild-type mice.
Conclusions—
Collectively, these findings reveal that hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis have significant effects on NKT cell responses and that these cells are proatherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Major
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Room 383 PRB, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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102
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Parekh VV, Singh AK, Wilson MT, Olivares-Villagómez D, Bezbradica JS, Inazawa H, Ehara H, Sakai T, Serizawa I, Wu L, Wang CR, Joyce S, Van Kaer L. Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in the In Vivo Response of NKT Cells to Distinct α- and β-Anomeric Glycolipids. J Immunol 2004; 173:3693-706. [PMID: 15356115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells represent a unique subset of immunoregulatory T cells that recognize glycolipid Ags presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Because of their immunoregulatory properties, NKT cells are attractive targets for the development of immunotherapies. The prototypical NKT cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), originally isolated from a marine sponge, has potent immunomodulatory activities in mice, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy against metastatic tumors, infections, and autoimmune diseases, but also has a number of adverse side effects. In vivo administration of alpha-GalCer to mice results in the rapid activation of NKT cells, which is characterized by cytokine secretion, surface receptor down-regulation, expansion, and secondary activation of a variety of innate and adaptive immune system cells. In this study, we have evaluated the in vivo immune response of mice to a set of structural analogues of alpha-GalCer. Our results show that, contrary to current thinking, beta-anomeric GalCer can induce CD1d-dependent biological activities in mice, albeit at lower potency than alpha-anomeric GalCer. In addition, we show that the response of NKT cells to distinct GalCer differs not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. These findings indicate that NKT cells can fine-tune their immune responses to distinct glycolipid Ags in vivo, a property that may be exploited for the development of effective and safe NKT cell-based immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/mortality
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/therapeutic use
- Glycolipids/administration & dosage
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Glycolipids/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Psychosine/administration & dosage
- Psychosine/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrajesh V Parekh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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103
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Saito T, Okumura A, Watanabe H, Asano M, Ishida-Okawara A, Sakagami J, Sudo K, Hatano-Yokoe Y, Bezbradica JS, Joyce S, Abo T, Iwakura Y, Suzuki K, Yamagoe S. Increase in hepatic NKT cells in leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2-deficient mice contributes to severe concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. J Immunol 2004; 173:579-85. [PMID: 15210819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) was originally identified for its possible chemotactic activity against human neutrophils in vitro. It is a 16-kDa protein that is preferentially expressed in the liver. Its homologues have been widely identified in many vertebrates. Current evidence suggests that LECT2 may be a multifunctional protein like cytokines. However, the function of LECT2 in vivo remains unclear. To elucidate the role of this protein in vivo, we have generated LECT2-deficient (LECT2(-/-)) mice. We found that the proportion of NKT cells in the liver increased significantly in LECT2(-/-) mice, although those of conventional T cells, NK cells, and other cell types were comparable with those in wild-type mice. Consistent with increased hepatic NKT cell number, the production of IL-4 and IFN-gamma was augmented in LECT2(-/-) mice upon stimulation with alpha-galactosylceramide, which specifically activates Valpha14 NKT cells. In addition, NKT cell-mediated cytotoxic activity against syngeneic thymocytes increased in hepatic mononuclear cells obtained from LECT2(-/-) mice in vitro. Interestingly, the hepatic injury was exacerbated in LECT2(-/-) mice upon treatment with Con A, possibly because of the significantly higher expression of IL-4 and Fas ligand. These results suggest that LECT2 might regulate the homeostasis of NKT cells in the liver and might be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saito
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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104
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Takagi D, Iwabuchi K, Iwabuchi C, Nakamaru Y, Maguchi S, Ohwatari R, Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Joyce S, Onoé K. Immunoregulatory defects of V alpha 24V+ beta 11+ NKT cells in development of Wegener's granulomatosis and relapsing polychondritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:591-600. [PMID: 15147365 PMCID: PMC1809067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of either CD4(-)8(-) (double negative; DN) or CD4(+) V alpha 24(+)V beta 11(+) NKT cells, the expression of CD1d and the binding of CD1d-tetramer loaded with alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) to NKT cells were analysed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), relapsing polychondritis (RP) and healthy subjects (HS). DN and CD4(+) V alpha 24(+)V beta 11(+) NKT cells as well as CD1d-alpha-GalCer tetramer-positive NKT cells, were significantly decreased in number in both WG and RP patients compared to those from HS. When cytokine profiles were analysed in these PBMCs upon stimulation with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore, CD4(+) T cells from patients with WG and RP exhibited a Th1 bias, whereas CD4(+) NKT cells from WG patients in remission showed a Th2 bias. These findings suggest that NKT cells (especially CD4(+) NKT cells) play a regulatory role in Th1 autoimmunity in patients with WG and RP. The reduction in NKT cell counts appears to be associated with the low responsiveness to alpha-GalCer. The dysfunction of NKT cells to recognize ligands such as alpha-GalCer may also contribute to the defects observed in NKT cells from WG and RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Takagi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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105
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Stanic AK, Bezbradica JS, Park JJ, Matsuki N, Mora AL, Van Kaer L, Boothby MR, Joyce S. NF-kappa B controls cell fate specification, survival, and molecular differentiation of immunoregulatory natural T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2004; 172:2265-73. [PMID: 14764695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic, homeostatic, and functional deficiencies within immunoregulatory natural T (iNKT) lymphocytes underlie various inflammatory immune disorders including autoimmunity. Signaling events that control cell fate specification and molecular differentiation of iNKT cells are only partly understood. Here we demonstrate that these processes within iNKT cells require classical NF-kappaB signaling. Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling blocks iNKT cell ontogeny at an immature stage and reveals an apparent, novel precursor in which negative selection occurs. Most importantly, this block occurs due to a lack of survival signals, as Bcl-x(L) overexpression rescues iNKT cell ontogeny. Maturation of immature iNKT cell precursors induces Bcl-2 expression, which is defective in the absence of NF-kappaB signaling. Bcl-x(L) overexpression also rescues this maturation-induced Bcl-2 expression. Thus, antiapoptotic signals relayed by NF-kappaB critically control cell fate specification and molecular differentiation of iNKT cells and, hence, reveal a novel role for such signals within the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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106
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Yoshimura Y, Yadav R, Christianson GJ, Ajayi WU, Roopenian DC, Joyce S. Duration of Alloantigen Presentation and Avidity of T Cell Antigen Recognition Correlate with Immunodominance of CTL Response to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens. J Immunol 2004; 172:6666-74. [PMID: 15153482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8 T lymphocytes (CTL) responsive to immunodominant minor histocompatibility (minor H) Ags are thought to play a disproportionate role in allograft rejection in MHC-identical solid and bone marrow transplant settings. Although many studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying immunodominance in models of infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and allograft immunity, key issues regarding the molecular basis of immunodominance remain poorly understood. In this study, we exploit the minor H Ag system to understand the relationship of the various biochemical parameters of Ag presentation and recognition to immunodominance. We show that the duration of individual minor H Ag presentation and the avidity of T cell Ag recognition influence the magnitude and, hence, the immunodominance of the CTL response to minor H Ags. These properties of CTL Ag presentation and recognition that contribute to immunodominance have implications not only for tissue transplantation, but also for autoimmunity and tumor vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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107
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Nakai Y, Iwabuchi K, Fujii S, Ishimori N, Dashtsoodol N, Watano K, Mishima T, Iwabuchi C, Tanaka S, Bezbradica JS, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Miyake S, Yamamura T, Kitabatake A, Joyce S, Van Kaer L, Onoé K. Natural killer T cells accelerate atherogenesis in mice. Blood 2004; 104:2051-9. [PMID: 15113755 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the potential role of CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells in the development of atherosclerosis in mice. When fed an atherogenic diet (AD), NKT cell-deficient CD1d(-/-) mice had significantly smaller atherosclerotic lesions than AD-fed C57BL/6 (wild-type [WT]) mice. A significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was also demonstrated in AD-fed, low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice reconstituted with CD1d(-/-) bone marrow cells compared with the lesions observed in Ldlr(-/-)mice reconstituted with WT marrow cells. In addition, repeated injections of alpha-GalCer or the related glycolipid OCH to apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice during the early phase of atherosclerosis significantly enlarged the lesion areas compared with mice injected with vehicle control. However, administering alpha-GalCer to apoE(-/-) mice with established lesions did not significantly increase the lesion area but considerably decreased the collagen content. Atherosclerosis development in either AD-fed WT or apoE(-/-) mice was associated with the presence of Valpha14Jalpha18 transcripts in the atherosclerotic arterial walls, indicating that NKT cells were recruited to these lesions. Thioglycolate-elicited macrophages pulsed with oxidized low-density lipoproteins expressed enhanced CD1d levels and induced NKT cells to produce interferon-gamma, a potentially proatherogenic T-helper 1 (TH1) cytokine. Collectively, we conclude that NKT cells are proatherogenic in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Nakai
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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108
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Stanic AK, Bezbradica JS, Park JJ, Van Kaer L, Boothby MR, Joyce S. Cutting Edge: The Ontogeny and Function of Va14Ja18 Natural T Lymphocytes Require Signal Processing by Protein Kinase Cθ and NF-κB. J Immunol 2004; 172:4667-71. [PMID: 15067039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and robust immunoregulatory cytokine response of Va14Ja18 natural T (iNKT) cells to glycolipid Ags determines their diverse functions. Unlike conventional T cells, iNKT lymphocyte ontogeny absolutely requires NF-kappa B signaling. However, the precise role of NF-kappa B in iNKT cell function and the identity of upstream signals that activate NF-kappa B in this T cell subset remain unknown. Using mice in which iNKT cell ontogeny has been rescued despite inhibition of NF-kappa B signaling, we demonstrate that iNKT cell function requires NF-kappa B in a lymphocyte-intrinsic manner. Furthermore, the ontogeny of functional iNKT cells requires signaling through protein kinase C theta, which is dispensable for conventional T lymphocyte development. The unique requirement of protein kinase C theta implies that signals emanating from the TCR activate NF-kappa B during iNKT cell development and function. Thus, we conclude that NF-kappa B signaling plays a crucial role at distinct levels of iNKT cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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109
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Park JJ, Kang SJ, De Silva AD, Stanic AK, Casorati G, Hachey DL, Cresswell P, Joyce S. Lipid-protein interactions: biosynthetic assembly of CD1 with lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum is evolutionarily conserved. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1022-6. [PMID: 14722359 PMCID: PMC327144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307847100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD1 family consists of lipid antigen-presenting molecules, which include group I CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c and group II CD1d proteins. Topologically, they resemble the classical peptide antigen-presenting MHC molecules except that the large, exclusively nonpolar and hydrophobic, antigen-binding groove of CD1 has evolved to present cellular and pathogen-derived lipid antigens to specific T lymphocytes. As an approach to understanding the biochemical basis of lipid antigen presentation by CD1 molecules, we have characterized the natural ligands associated with mouse CD1d1 as well as human CD1b and CD1d molecules. We found that both group I and II CD1 molecules assemble with cellular phosphatidylinositol (PI), which contains heterogeneous fatty acyl chains. Further, this assembly occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum. Because the structures of the antigen-binding grooves of CD1a and CD1c closely resemble those of CD1b and CD1d, we conclude that the assembly of CD1 molecules with PI in the endoplasmic reticulum is evolutionarily conserved. These findings suggest that PI plays a chaperone-like role in CD1 assembly, possibly to preserve the integrity of the antigen-binding groove until CD1 binds antigenic lipids in the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-June Park
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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110
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Zhang F, Liang Z, Matsuki N, Van Kaer L, Joyce S, Wakeland EK, Aune TM. A Murine Locus on Chromosome 18 Controls NKT Cell Homeostasis and Th Cell Differentiation. J Immunol 2003; 171:4613-20. [PMID: 14568935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Th cell differentiation is a critical event in the adaptive immune response. C57BL strains develop predominant Th1 responses while BALB/c develops a predominant Th2 response. To identify quantitative trait loci controlling this variation, we performed Th1/Th2 differentiation assays of F(1) x BALB/c progeny. A single strong quantitative trait locus was identified on chromosome 18, with weaker effects detectable on chromosomes 5, 12, and 14. By preparing a congenic BALB.B10.D2c18 strain, we were able to demonstrate that this single locus was sufficient to "repolarize" spleen cell cultures. This difference was not due to intrinsic differences in CD4(+) T cells. Rather, introgression of the chromosome 18 locus into BALB/c disrupted Va14Ja18 NKT cell homeostasis resulting in the almost complete absence of this T cell subset. Taken together, these data indicate that genes within chromosome 18 control strain-dependent development of Va14Ja18 NKT cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping/methods
- Crosses, Genetic
- Genetic Carrier Screening
- Genetic Linkage
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Quantitative Trait Loci/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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111
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Stanic AK, Shashidharamurthy R, Bezbradica JS, Matsuki N, Yoshimura Y, Miyake S, Choi EY, Schell TD, Van Kaer L, Tevethia SS, Roopenian DC, Yamamura T, Joyce S. Another View of T Cell Antigen Recognition: Cooperative Engagement of Glycolipid Antigens by Va14Ja18 Natural TCR. J Immunol 2003; 171:4539-51. [PMID: 14568927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Va14Ja18 natural T (iNKT) cells rapidly elicit a robust effector response to different glycolipid Ags, with distinct functional outcomes. Biochemical parameters controlling iNKT cell function are partly defined. However, the impact of iNKT cell receptor beta-chain repertoire and how alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) analogues induce distinct functional responses have remained elusive. Using altered glycolipid ligands, we discovered that the Vb repertoire of iNKT cells impacts recognition and Ag avidity, and that stimulation with suboptimal avidity Ag results in preferential expansion of high-affinity iNKT cells. iNKT cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, which correlate with iNKT cell receptor down-regulation, are induced within narrow biochemical thresholds. Multimers of CD1d1-alphaGalCer- and alphaGalCer analogue-loaded complexes demonstrate cooperative engagement of the Va14Ja18 iNKT cell receptor whose structure and/or organization appear distinct from conventional alphabeta TCR. Our findings demonstrate that iNKT cell functions are controlled by affinity thresholds for glycolipid Ags and reveal a novel property of their Ag receptor apparatus that may have an important role in iNKT cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sphingosine/immunology
- Sphingosine/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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112
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Wilson MT, Johansson C, Olivares-Villagómez D, Singh AK, Stanic AK, Wang CR, Joyce S, Wick MJ, Van Kaer L. The response of natural killer T cells to glycolipid antigens is characterized by surface receptor down-modulation and expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10913-8. [PMID: 12960397 PMCID: PMC196902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1833166100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of regulatory T cells that react with glycolipid antigens. Although preclinical studies have effectively targeted NKT cells for immunotherapy, little is known regarding the early in vivo response of these cells to antigenic stimulation. We have analyzed the early response of NKT cells to glycolipid antigens and bacterial infection by using specific reagents for tracking these cells. Our results demonstrate dramatic in vivo expansion and surface phenotype alterations after NKT cell activation with alpha-galactosylceramide. In addition, we show significant NK1.1 down-modulation on NKT cells in the setting of oral Salmonella infection. Our results indicate that in vivo activation of NKT cells leads to a dynamic response characterized by surface receptor down-modulation and expansion. These findings alter current understanding of NKT cell biology and should aid in the rational design of NKT cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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113
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Mora AL, Corn RA, Stanic AK, Goenka S, Aronica M, Stanley S, Ballard DW, Joyce S, Boothby M. Antiapoptotic function of NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes is influenced by their differentiation status: roles of Fas, c-FLIP, and Bcl-xL. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:1032-44. [PMID: 12934078 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible protection from apoptosis in vivo controls the size of cell populations. An important question in this respect is how differentiation affects mechanisms of apoptosis regulation. Among mature T lymphocytes, the NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors are coupled to receptors that control cell population sizes by concurrently regulating survival and multiplication. In the present study, we used a transgenic inhibitor of NF-kappaB/Rel signaling to investigate the role of this pathway in proliferation and death of mature T cells in vivo. The results indicate that NF-kappaB integrates two critical yet distinct molecular pathways preventing apoptosis affected by the death receptor Fas, coordinately regulating levels of FLIP and Bcl-x(L) in primary T cells. Surprisingly, NF-kappaB blockade preferentially impacted naive as compared to memory T cells. The Fas/FasL pathway was linked to these findings by evidence that the abnormalities imposed by NF-kappaB inhibition were ameliorated by Fas deficiency, particularly for the CD4(+) lineage. Moreover, levels of an inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis, c-FLIP, were diminished in cells expressing the transgenic inhibitor. NF-kappaB was also linked to T cell survival in vivo by mediating induction of Bcl-x(L): restoration of Bcl-x(L) levels reversed the preferential deficit of naive T cells, differentially impacting the CD4 and CD8 subsets. These results show that promoting survival and effective multiplication are central roles for NF-kappaB in T lymphoid homeostasis in vivo, but this effect and its underlying mechanisms are influenced by the developmental state of the lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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114
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Yang JQ, Singh AK, Wilson MT, Satoh M, Stanic AK, Park JJ, Hong S, Gadola SD, Mizutani A, Kakumanu SR, Reeves WH, Cerundolo V, Joyce S, Van Kaer L, Singh RR. Immunoregulatory role of CD1d in the hydrocarbon oil-induced model of lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2003; 171:2142-53. [PMID: 12902521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is accompanied by the emergence of autoreactive T cells and a reduction in regulatory T cells. Humans and mice with SLE have reduced numbers of CD1d-restricted NK T cells, suggesting a role for these cells in the regulation of SLE. In this study, we show that CD1d deficiency exacerbates lupus nephritis induced by the hydrocarbon oil pristane. This exacerbation in disease is associated with: 1) reduced TNF-alpha and IL-4 production by T cells, especially during the disease induction phase; and 2) expansion of marginal zone B cells. Strikingly, inoculation of pristane in wild-type mice resulted in reduced numbers and/or functions of NK T cells and CD1d-expressing dendritic cells. These findings suggest that CD1d may play an immunoregulatory role in the development of lupus in the pristane-induced model.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Gene Deletion
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lupus Nephritis/chemically induced
- Lupus Nephritis/genetics
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Terpenes/administration & dosage
- Terpenes/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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115
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116
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Yang J, Jaramillo A, Liu W, Olack B, Yoshimura Y, Joyce S, Kaleem Z, Mohanakumar T. Chronic rejection of murine cardiac allografts discordant at the H13 minor histocompatibility antigen correlates with the generation of the H13-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Transplantation 2003; 76:84-91. [PMID: 12865791 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000072013.21336.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor histocompatibility antigen (mHag) discordances have been shown to play a critical role in graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation. However, the role of mHag in rejection of solid-organ allografts remains unknown. Therefore, the goal of this study was to define the role of a single mHag discordance derived from the polymorphic H13 allele in the development of cardiac allograft rejection in mice. The H13a and H13b alleles encode for the SSVVGVWYL (SVL9) and SSVIGVWYL (SIL9) mHag bound to the H2Db molecule, respectively. METHODS C56BL/10SnJ (H13a) cardiac allografts were transplanted into congenic B10.CE-H13b Aw(30NX)/Sn (H13b) mice. Allograft function was monitored daily and rejection was defined by cessation of heart beat. Rejection was confirmed histologically. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of the graft-infiltrating cells were analyzed by in situ and in vitro staining with H13a-specific tetramers and by chromium-51 (51Cr)-release assay, respectively. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of H13-incompatible allografts were rejected in 37.0+/-14.5 days. Sixty-eight percent of the H13a allografts transplanted into H13a-sensitized mice were rejected earlier, in 27.6+/-15.9 days. Rejected allografts showed histopathologic signs of chronic rejection with diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration, concentric intimal hyperplasia, and fibrosis. Both CD8+ (87%) and CD4+ (13%) T cells were observed in rejected allografts. In addition, 60% of the graft-infiltrating CD8+ T cells recognized a H2Db/SVL9 tetramer. Graft-infiltrating CD8+ T cells showed a significant H2Db-restricted, SVL9-specific cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS A single mHag discordance, as demonstrated with H13 disparity, results in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection of major histocompatibility complex-matched vascularized solid-organ allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Yang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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117
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Motsinger A, Azimzadeh A, Stanic AK, Johnson RP, Van Kaer L, Joyce S, Unutmaz D. Identification and simian immunodeficiency virus infection of CD1d-restricted macaque natural killer T cells. J Virol 2003; 77:8153-8. [PMID: 12829854 PMCID: PMC161937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.14.8153-8158.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells express a highly conserved T-cell receptor (TCR) and recognize glycolipids in the context of CD1d molecules. We recently demonstrated that CD4+ NKT cells are highly susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and are selectively depleted in HIV-infected individuals. Here, we identified macaque NKT cells using CD1d tetramers and human Valpha24 antibodies. Similar to human NKT cells, alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-pulsed dendritic cells activate and expand macaque NKT cells. Upon restimulation with alpha-GalCer-pulsed CD1d(+) cells, macaque NKT cells secreted high levels of cytokines, a characteristic of these T cells. Remarkably, the majority of resting and activated macaque NKT cells expressed CD8, and a smaller portion expressed CD4. Macaque NKT cells also expressed the HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) coreceptor CCR5, and the CD4+ subset was susceptible to SIV infection. Identification of macaque NKT cells has major implications for delineating the role of these cells in nonhuman primate disease models of HIV as well as other pathological conditions, such as allograft rejection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Motsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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118
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Matsuki N, Stanic AK, Embers ME, Van Kaer L, Morel L, Joyce S. Genetic dissection of V alpha 14J alpha 18 natural T cell number and function in autoimmune-prone mice. J Immunol 2003; 170:5429-37. [PMID: 12759418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for type I diabetes (TID), have reduced numbers of invariant V alpha 14J alpha 18 TCR alpha-chain-positive natural T (iNKT) cells that do not release IL-4 in response to in vivo activation through their Ag receptor. The deficit in iNKT cell number and function is implicated in immune dysregulation and the etiology of TID. Therefore, we reasoned that the genetic determinant(s) that controls iNKT cell number and function might lie within Idd (insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility locus) regions, which are known to contain TID resistance or susceptibility genes. A systematic analysis of iNKT cell number and function in Idd congenic mice revealed that neither iNKT cell number nor their inability to rapidly secrete IL-4 in response to acute in vivo activation by Ag underlies the mechanism of protection from diabetes in Idd congenic mice. Moreover, the regulation of iNKT cell number and function appears to be under the control of several genes. The most notable of these map to the Idd4, Idd5, Idd9.1, and Idd13 regions of the mouse genome. Together these findings provide a clue to the genetic mechanism(s) underlying iNKT cell deficiency in NOD mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/administration & dosage
- Antigens/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Transcriptional Activation/immunology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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119
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Abstract
This review attempts to illuminate the glycolipid antigen presentation properties of CD1d, how CD1d controls the function of natural T (iNKT) cells and how CD1d and iNKT cells interact to jump-start the immune system. It is postulated that the CD1d-iNKT cell system functions as a sensor, sensing alterations in cellular lipid content by virtue of its affinity for such ligands. The presentation of a neo-self glycolipid, presumably by infectious assault of antigen-presenting cells, activates iNKT cells, which promptly release pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and jump-start the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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120
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Yadav R, Yoshimura Y, Boesteanu A, Christianson GJ, Ajayi WU, Shashidharamurthy R, Stanic AK, Roopenian DC, Joyce S. The H4b minor histocompatibility antigen is caused by a combination of genetically determined and posttranslational modifications. J Immunol 2003; 170:5133-42. [PMID: 12734360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility (H) Ag disparities result in graft-vs-host disease and chronic solid allograft rejection in MHC-identical donor-recipient combinations. Minor H Ags are self protein-derived peptides presented by MHC class I molecules. Most arise as a consequence of allelic variation in the bound peptide (p) that results in TCR recognizing the p/MHC as foreign. We used a combinational peptide screening approach to identify the immune dominant H2K(b)-restricted epitope defining the mouse H4(b) minor H Ag. H4(b) is a consequence of a P3 threonine to isoleucine change in the MHC-bound peptide derived from epithelial membrane protein-3. This allelic variation also leads to phosphorylation of the H4(b) but not the H4(a) epitope. Further, ex vivo CD8(+) T lymphocytes bind phosphorylated Ag tetramers with high efficiency. Although we document the above process in the minor H Ag system, posttranslational modifications made possible by subtle amino acid changes could also contribute to immunogenicity and immune dominance in tumor immunotherapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwardhan Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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121
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Chun T, Page MJ, Gapin L, Matsuda JL, Xu H, Nguyen H, Kang HS, Stanic AK, Joyce S, Koltun WA, Chorney MJ, Kronenberg M, Wang CR. CD1d-expressing dendritic cells but not thymic epithelial cells can mediate negative selection of NKT cells. J Exp Med 2003; 197:907-18. [PMID: 12682110 PMCID: PMC2193895 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique immunoregulatory T cell population that is positively selected by CD1d-expressing thymocytes. Previous studies have shown that NKT cells exhibit autoreactivity, which raises the question of whether they are subject to negative selection. Here, we report that the addition of agonist glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) to a fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC) induces a dose-dependent disappearance of NKT cells, suggesting that NKT cells are susceptible to negative selection. Overexpression of CD1d in transgenic (Tg) mice results in reduced numbers of NKT cells, and the residual NKT cells in CD1d-Tg mice exhibit both an altered Vbeta usage and a reduced sensitivity to antigen. Furthermore, bone marrow (BM) chimeras between Tg and WT mice reveal that CD1d-expressing BM-derived dendritic cells, but not thymic epithelial cells, mediate the efficient negative selection of NKT cells. Thus, our data suggest that NKT cells developmentally undergo negative selection when engaged by high-avidity antigen or abundant self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Chun
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th St., R412, Chicago, IL 60637-5420, USA
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122
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Yang L, Yamagata N, Yadav R, Brandon S, Courtney RL, Morrow JD, Shyr Y, Boothby M, Joyce S, Carbone DP, Breyer RM. Cancer-associated immunodeficiency and dendritic cell abnormalities mediated by the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:727-35. [PMID: 12618527 PMCID: PMC151895 DOI: 10.1172/jci16492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a major COX metabolite, plays important roles in several facets of tumor biology. We characterized the contribution of the PGE(2) EP2 receptor to cancer-associated immune deficiency using EP2(-/-) mice. EP2(-/-) mice exhibited significantly attenuated tumor growth and longer survival times when challenged with MC26 or Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines as compared with their wild-type littermates. While no differences in T cell function were observed, PGE(2) suppressed differentiation of DCs from wild-type bone marrow progenitors, whereas EP2-null cells were refractory to this effect. Stimulation of cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions by wild-type DCs was suppressed by treatment with PGE(2), while EP2(-/-)-derived DCs were resistant to this effect. In vivo, DCs, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cells were significantly more abundant in draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing EP2(-/-) mice than in tumor-bearing wild-type mice, and a significant antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte response could be observed only in the EP2(-/-) animals. Our data demonstrate an important role for the EP2 receptor in PGE(2)-induced inhibition of DC differentiation and function and the diminished antitumor cellular immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Medicine, The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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123
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Stanic AK, De Silva AD, Park JJ, Sriram V, Ichikawa S, Hirabyashi Y, Hayakawa K, Van Kaer L, Brutkiewicz RR, Joyce S. Defective presentation of the CD1d1-restricted natural Va14Ja18 NKT lymphocyte antigen caused by beta-D-glucosylceramide synthase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1849-54. [PMID: 12576547 PMCID: PMC149922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0430327100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2002] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Va14Ja18 natural T (NKT) cells play an immunoregulatory role, which is controlled by a self glycolipid(s) presented by CD1d. Although the synthetic antigen alpha-D-galactosylceramide (alpha-D-GalCer) stimulates all Va14Ja18 NKT cells, alpha-anomeric D-glycosylceramides are currently unknown in mammals. We have used beta-D-GalCer-deficient mice and beta-D-glucosylceramide (beta-D-GlcCer)-deficient cells to define the chemical nature of a natural NKT cell antigen. beta-D-GalCer-deficient mice exhibit normal NKT cell development and function, and cells from these animals potently stimulate NKT hybridomas. In striking contrast, the same hybridomas fail to react to CD1d1 expressed by a beta-D-GlcCer-deficient cell line. Importantly, human beta-D-GlcCer synthase cDNA transfer, and hence the biosynthesis of beta-D-GlcCer, restores the recognition of mutant cells expressing CD1d1 by the Va14Ja18 NKT hybridomas. Additionally, suppression of beta-D-GlcCer synthesis inhibits antigen presentation to Va14Ja18 NKT cells. The possibility that beta-D-GlcCer itself is the natural NKT cell antigen was excluded because it was unable to activate NKT hybridomas in a cell-free antigen-presentation assay. These findings suggest that beta-D-GlcCer may play an important role in generating and/or loading a natural Va14Ja18 NKT antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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124
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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125
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Choi EY, Christianson GJ, Yoshimura Y, Jung N, Sproule TJ, Malarkannan S, Joyce S, Roopenian DC. Real-time T-cell profiling identifies H60 as a major minor histocompatibility antigen in murine graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2002; 100:4259-65. [PMID: 12393464 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD8 T cells are thought to be a principal effector population of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), their dynamics and specificity remain a mystery. Using a mouse model in which donor and recipient were incompatible at many minor histocompatibility antigens (minor H Ags), the CD8 T-cell response was tracked temporally and spatially through the course of GVHD. Donor CD8 T cells in the circulation, spleen, lung, and liver demonstrated virtually identical kinetics: rapid expansion and then decline prior to morbidity. Remarkably, up to one fourth of the CD8 T cells were directed against a single minor antigen, H60. Extreme H60 immunodominance occurred regardless of sampling time, site, and genetic background. This study is the first to analyze the T cells participating in GVHD in "real-time," demonstrates the exceptional degree to which immunodominance of H60 can occur, and suggests that such superdominant minor H Ags could be risk factors for GVHD.
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126
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Choi EY, Christianson GJ, Yoshimura Y, Sproule TJ, Jung N, Joyce S, Roopenian DC. Immunodominance of H60 is caused by an abnormally high precursor T cell pool directed against its unique minor histocompatibility antigen peptide. Immunity 2002; 17:593-603. [PMID: 12433366 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The H60 minor histocompatibility (H) antigen peptide is derived from a glycoprotein that serves as a ligand for the stimulatory NKG2D receptor. We show that this peptide is remarkably immunodominant in that it competes effectively with MHC alloantigens, is efficiently crosspresented by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and readily elicits naive CD8 T cell responses in vitro. H60 immunodominance is neither a consequence of NKG2D engagement nor competition among minor H antigens on APCs. Instead, H60 immunodominance is a consequence of an abnormally high naive precursor frequency of H60 peptide reactive CD8 T cells. Understanding why the H60 peptide is so immunogenic has important implications in tissue transplantation and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Choi
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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127
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Schell TD, Mylin LM, Tevethia SS, Joyce S. The assembly of functional beta(2)-microglobulin-free MHC class I molecules that interact with peptides and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2002; 14:775-82. [PMID: 12096037 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxf041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional MHC class I molecules are expressed on the cell surface in the absence of beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) light chain that can interact with CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Whether their assembly requires peptide binding and whether their recognition by CD8(+) T lymphocytes involves the presentation of peptide epitopes remains unknown. We show that beta(2)m-free H-2D(b) assembles with short peptides that are approximately 9 amino acid residues in length, akin to ligands associated with completely assembled beta(2)m(+) H-2D(b). Remarkably, a subset of the peptides associated with the beta(2)m-free H-2D(b) has an altered anchor motif. However, they also include peptides that contain a beta(2)m(+)H-2D(b) binding anchor motif. Further, the H-2K(b)- and H-2D(b)-restricted peptide epitopes derived from SV-40 T antigen also assemble with H-2(b) class I in beta(2)m-deficient cells and are recognized by epitope-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Taken together our data reveal that functional MHC class I molecules assemble in the absence of beta(2)m with peptides and form CD8(+) T lymphocyte epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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128
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Cerwenka A, O'Callaghan CA, Hamerman JA, Yadav R, Ajayi W, Roopenian DC, Joyce S, Lanier LL. Cutting edge: the minor histocompatibility antigen H60 peptide interacts with both H-2Kb and NKG2D. J Immunol 2002; 168:3131-4. [PMID: 11907062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility Ags elicit cell-mediated immune responses and graft rejection in individuals receiving MHC-matched tissues. H60 represents a dominant Ag that elicits a strong CTL response in C57BL/6 mice immunized against BALB.B. An 8-aa peptide in the H60 protein is presented by H-2K(b) and this is recognized by the TCR as an alloantigen. The intact H60 glycoprotein is a ligand for the costimulatory NKG2D receptor that is expressed by activated CD8(+) T cells. Thus, H60 may provide both an allogeneic peptide and its own costimulation. We show that mutation of an H-2K(b)-binding anchor residue in the H60 peptide completely abrogates binding of H60 glycoprotein to NKG2D and a synthetic H60 peptide partially blocks the binding of NKG2D to its ligand. Ligands of the human NKG2D receptor are remarkably polymorphic, suggesting that these may also serve as minor histocompatibility Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/physiology
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/physiology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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129
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Motsinger A, Haas DW, Stanic AK, Van Kaer L, Joyce S, Unutmaz D. CD1d-restricted human natural killer T cells are highly susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:869-79. [PMID: 11927631 PMCID: PMC2193731 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) T cells are unique T lymphocytes that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) Valpha24-Vbeta11 and have been implicated to play a role in various diseases. A subset of NKT cells express CD4 and hence are potential targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. We demonstrate that both resting and activated human Valpha24(+) T cells express high levels of the HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and Bonzo (CXCR6), but low levels of CCR7, as compared with conventional T cells. Remarkably NKT cells activated with alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-pulsed dendritic cells were profoundly more susceptible to infection with R5-tropic, but not X4-tropic, strains of HIV-1, compared with conventional CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, resting CD4(+) NKT cells were also more susceptible to infection. After initial infection, HIV-1 rapidly replicated and depleted the CD4(+) subset of NKT cells. In addition, peripheral blood NKT cells were markedly and selectively depleted in HIV-1 infected individuals. Although the mechanisms of this decline are not clear, low numbers or absence of NKT cells may affect the course of HIV-1 infection. Taken together, our findings indicate that CD4(+) NKT cells are directly targeted by HIV-1 and may have a potential role during viral transmission and spread in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Seronegativity
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CXCR4/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Motsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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130
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De Silva AD, Park JJ, Matsuki N, Stanic AK, Brutkiewicz RR, Medof ME, Joyce S. Lipid protein interactions: the assembly of CD1d1 with cellular phospholipids occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Immunol 2002; 168:723-33. [PMID: 11777966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD1d1 is a member of a family of lipid Ag-presenting molecules. The cellular ligands associated with CD1d1 were isolated and characterized by biochemical means as an approach to elucidate the mechanism by which CD1 molecules assemble in vivo. Natural ligands of mouse CD1d1 included cellular phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol-glycans that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Further biochemical data revealed that the two CD1d1 mutants, one defective in recycling from-and-to the plasma membrane and the other in efficiently negotiating the secretory pathway, associated with phosphatidylinositol. Thus phosphatidylinositol associated with CD1d1 in the early secretory pathway. Phosphatidylinositol also associated with CD1d1 in Pig-A-deficient cells that are defective in the first glycosylation step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Moreover, cellular phosphatidylinositol-glycans are not Valpha14Jalpha15 natural T cell Ags. Therefore, we predict that cellular lipids occlude the hydrophobic Ag-binding groove of CD1 during assembly until they are exchanged for a glycolipid Ag(s) within the recycling compartment for display on the plasma membrane. In this manner, cellular lipids might play a chaperone-like role in the assembly of CD1d1 in vivo, akin to the function of invariant chain in MHC class II assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dharshan De Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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131
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Abstract
Effective immunity to infectious agents requires the initial recognition of antigen by specific receptors, which leads to the activation of immunocytes and the elicitation of an immune response. Because T cell antigen recognition and directed responses are complex processes, they are initiated and quelled in a highly regulated manner. Our laboratory has focused on defining the molecular processes that control T cell antigen presentation and recognition. Research in this area is focused on determining the chemical nature of antigens displayed by Major histocompatibility, complex (MHC)-encoded class I molecules and the nonclassical class I-like protein CD1d. Quantitative aspects of antigen presentation and recognition are also being studied to determine how these factors control the initiation of a T cell response. Our studies provide insights into the biochemical basis of T cell antigen recognition and response as well as the molecular processes underlying the initiation and regulation of immune responses by CD1d-restricted natural T lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Antiporters/deficiency
- Antiporters/physiology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immune System/cytology
- Immune System/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/deficiency
- Immunoglobulins/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Lipids/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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132
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Singh AK, Wilson MT, Hong S, Olivares-Villagómez D, Du C, Stanic AK, Joyce S, Sriram S, Koezuka Y, Van Kaer L. Natural killer T cell activation protects mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1801-11. [PMID: 11748281 PMCID: PMC2193577 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.12.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as a prototypic model for T cell-mediated autoimmunity. V(alpha)14 natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein CD1d. Here, we show that activation of V(alpha)14 NKT cells by the glycosphingolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) protects susceptible mice against EAE. beta-GalCer, which binds CD1d but is not recognized by NKT cells, failed to protect mice against EAE. Furthermore, alpha-GalCer was unable to protect CD1d knockout (KO) mice against EAE, indicating the requirement for an intact CD1d antigen presentation pathway. Protection of disease conferred by alpha-GalCer correlated with its ability to suppress myelin antigen-specific Th1 responses and/or to promote myelin antigen-specific Th2 cell responses. alpha-GalCer was unable to protect IL-4 KO and IL-10 KO mice against EAE, indicating a critical role for both of these cytokines. Because recognition of alpha-GalCer by NKT cells is phylogenetically conserved, our findings have identified NKT cells as novel target cells for treatment of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0295, USA
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133
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Serreze DV, Johnson EA, Chapman HD, Graser RT, Marron MP, DiLorenzo TP, Silveira P, Yoshimura Y, Nathenson SG, Joyce S. Autoreactive diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice can efficiently expand from a greatly reduced precursor pool. Diabetes 2001; 50:1992-2000. [PMID: 11522664 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.9.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A broad repertoire of pancreatic beta-cell autoreactive T-cells normally contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. However, it has been unknown if a large reduction in the precursor pool from which autoreactive T-cells are drawn would inhibit the development of type 1 diabetes. To address this issue, we reduced the precursor frequency of autoreactive T-cells in NOD mice through allelic exclusion induced by transgenic expression of an H2-Db class I-restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for a pathologically irrelevant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) peptide. TCR allelic exclusion greatly reduced the pool of T-cells from which diabetogenic effectors could be derived in these NODxLCMV TCR Tg mice. Surprisingly, this did not impair their type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Furthermore, a diabetogenic CD8 T-cell population that is prevalent in standard NOD mice was present at essentially equivalent levels in pancreatic islets of NODxLCMV TCR Tg mice. Other data indicated that the antigenic specificity of these CD8 T-cells is primarily the function of a shared TCR-alpha chain. Although the percentage of TCR transgenic T-cells decreased in NOD versus B6,D2 control mice, much higher total numbers of both the TCR transgenic and the nontransgenic T-cells accumulated in the NOD strain. This transgenic T-cell accumulation in the absence of the cognate peptide indicated that the NOD genetic background preferentially promotes a highly efficient antigen-independent T-cell expansion. This might allow diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice to undergo an efficient expansion before encountering antigen, which would represent an important and previously unconsidered aspect of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
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134
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Choi EY, Yoshimura Y, Christianson GJ, Sproule TJ, Malarkannan S, Shastri N, Joyce S, Roopenian DC. Quantitative analysis of the immune response to mouse non-MHC transplantation antigens in vivo: the H60 histocompatibility antigen dominates over all others. J Immunol 2001; 166:4370-9. [PMID: 11254691 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility Ags (minor H Ags) are substantial impediments to MHC-matched solid tissue and bone marrow transplantation. From an antigenic standpoint, transplantation between MHC-matched individuals has the potential to be remarkably complex. To determine the extent to which the immune response is simplified by the phenomenon of immunodominance, we used peptide/MHC tetramers based on recently discovered minor H Ags (H60, H13, and HY) and monitored in vivo CD8 T cell responses of female C57BL/6 mice primed with MHC-matched, but background-disparate, male BALB.B cells. CD8 T cells against H60 overwhelmed responses to the H13 and HY throughout primary and secondary challenge. H60 immunodominance was an inherent quality, overcoming a lower memory precursor frequency compared with that of H13 and evoking a T cell response with diverse TCRV beta usage. IFN-gamma staining examining congenically defined minor H Ags extended H60 dominance over additional minor H Ags, H28, H4, and H7. These four minor H Ags accounted for up to 85% of the CD8 T cell response, but H60 stood out as the major contributor. These findings show that immunodominance applies to antigenically complex transplantation settings in vivo and that the responses to the H60 minor H Ag dominates in this model. We suggest that immunodominant minor H Ags are those that result from the absence of a self analog.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunodominant Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Longitudinal Studies
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/administration & dosage
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Choi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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135
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136
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Abstract
Cellular and humoral immune mechanisms recruited to defend the host from infectious agents depend upon the early immune events triggered by antigen. The cytokine milieu within which the immune response matures is the most important of many factors that govern the nature of the immune response. Natural T cells, whose function is controlled by CD1d molecules, are an early source of cytokines that can bestow type 1 or type 2 differentiative potential upon helper T lymphocytes. This review attempts to illuminate the glycolipid antigen presentation properties of CD1d, how CD1d controls the function of natural T cells and how CD1d and natural T cells interact to jump start the immune system. CD1d is postulated to function as a sensor, sensing alterations in cellular lipid content by virtue of its affinity for such ligands. The presentation of a neo-self glycolipid, presumably by infectious assault of antigen-presenting cells, activates natural T cells, which promptly release pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and jump-start the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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137
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Mylin LM, Schell TD, Roberts D, Epler M, Boesteanu A, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA, Joyce S, Tevethia SS. Quantitation of CD8(+) T-lymphocyte responses to multiple epitopes from simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen in C57BL/6 mice immunized with SV40, SV40 T-antigen-transformed cells, or vaccinia virus recombinants expressing full-length T antigen or epitope minigenes. J Virol 2000; 74:6922-34. [PMID: 10888631 PMCID: PMC112209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.15.6922-6934.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2000] [Accepted: 05/03/2000] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to wild-type simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (Tag) in C57BL/6 (H2(b)) mice is directed against three H2-D(b)-restricted epitopes, I, II/III, and V, and one H2-K(b)-restricted epitope, IV. Epitopes I, II/III, and IV are immunodominant, while epitope V is immunorecessive. We investigated whether this hierarchical response was established in vivo or was due to differential expansion in vitro by using direct enumeration of CD8(+) T lymphocytes with Tag epitope/major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers and intracellular gamma interferon staining. The results demonstrate that epitope IV-specific CD8(+) T cells dominated the Tag-specific response in vivo following immunization with full-length Tag while CD8(+) T cells specific for epitopes I and II/III were detected at less than one-third of this level. The immunorecessive nature of epitope V was apparent in vivo, since epitope V-specific CD8(+) T cells were undetectable following immunization with full-length Tag. In contrast, high levels of epitope V-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes were recruited in vivo following immunization and boosting with a Tag variant in which epitopes I, II/III, and IV had been inactivated. In addition, analysis of the T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) repertoire of Tag epitope-specific CD8(+) cells revealed that multiple TCRbeta variable regions were utilized for each epitope except Tag epitope II/III, which was limited to TCRbeta10 usage. These results indicate that the hierarchy of Tag epitope-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses is established in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mylin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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138
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Beletskii A, Grigoriev A, Joyce S, Bhagwat AS. Mutations induced by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase and their effects on the composition of the T7 genome. J Mol Biol 2000; 300:1057-65. [PMID: 10903854 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We show here that transcription by the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase increases the deamination of cytosine bases in the non-transcribed strand to uracil, causing C to T mutations in that strand. Under optimal conditions, the mutation frequency increases about fivefold over background, and is similar to that seen with the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Further, we found that a mutant T7 RNA polymerase with a slower rate of elongation caused more cytosine deaminations than its wild-type parent. These results suggest that promoting cytosine deamination in the non-transcribed strand is a general property of transcription in E. coli and is dependent on the length of time the transcription bubble stays open during elongation. To see if transcription-induced mutations have influenced the evolution of bacteriophage T7, we analyzed its genome for a bias in base composition. Our analysis showed a significant excess of thymine over cytosine bases in the highly transcribed regions of the genome. Moreover, the average value of this bias correlated well with the levels of transcription of different genomic regions. Our results indicate that transcription-induced mutations have altered the composition of bacteriophage T7 genome and suggest that this may be a significant force in genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beletskii
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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139
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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140
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Ramsay C, Moreland J, Ho M, Joyce S, Walker S, Pullar T. An observer-blinded comparison of supervised and unsupervised aerobic exercise regimens in fibromyalgia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39:501-5. [PMID: 10852980 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.5.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare a supervised 12-week aerobic exercise class with unsupervised home aerobic exercises in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS This was a 48-week randomized single (observer) blind study in a teaching hospital rheumatology and physiotherapy department. The subjects were 74 patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia. Results and conclusions. A 12-week exercise class programme with home exercises demonstrated no benefit over a single physiotherapy session with home exercises in the treatment of pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Neither group (nor the groups combined) showed an improvement in pain compared with baseline. There was some significant benefit in psychological well-being in the exercise class group and perhaps a slowing of functional deterioration in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramsay
- Physiotherapy Department, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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141
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Kennedy MK, Glaccum M, Brown SN, Butz EA, Viney JL, Embers M, Matsuki N, Charrier K, Sedger L, Willis CR, Brasel K, Morrissey PJ, Stocking K, Schuh JC, Joyce S, Peschon JJ. Reversible defects in natural killer and memory CD8 T cell lineages in interleukin 15-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2000; 191:771-80. [PMID: 10704459 PMCID: PMC2195858 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.5.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1273] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice genetically deficient in interleukin 15 (IL-15(-/-) mice) were generated by gene targeting. IL-15(-/-) mice displayed marked reductions in numbers of thymic and peripheral natural killer (NK) T cells, memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells, and distinct subpopulations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The reduction but not absence of these populations in IL-15(-/-) mice likely reflects an important role for IL-15 for expansion and/or survival of these cells. IL-15(-/-) mice lacked NK cells, as assessed by both immunophenotyping and functional criteria, indicating an obligate role for IL-15 in the development and functional maturation of NK cells. Specific defects associated with IL-15 deficiency were reversed by in vivo administration of exogenous IL-15. Despite their immunological defects, IL-15(-/-) mice remained healthy when maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions. However, IL-15(-/-) mice are likely to have compromised host defense responses to various pathogens, as they were unable to mount a protective response to challenge with vaccinia virus. These data reveal critical roles for IL-15 in the development of specific lymphoid lineages. Moreover, the ability to rescue lymphoid defects in IL-15(-/-) mice by IL-15 administration represents a powerful means by which to further elucidate the biological roles of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kennedy
- Immunex Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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142
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Abstract
After the great Mississippi River flood of 1993, the hypoxic (or low-oxygen) "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico more than doubled its size, reaching an all-time high of over 7,700 square miles in July of 1999. Scientists attribute the Gulf of Mexico dead zone largely to nutrient runoff from agriculture in the Mississippi River basin. During the warm months, these nutrients fuel eutrophication, or high organic production, causing large algal blooms. When the algae decay, the result is hypoxia. Reports of such hypoxic events around the world have been increasing since the mid 1960s. Eutrophication and hypoxia have resulted in mortality of bottom-dwelling life in dozens of marine ecosystems and have stressed fisheries worldwide. Some algal blooms can alter the function of coastal ecosystems or, potentially, threaten human health. Anthropogenic nutrient loading from sources such as agriculture, fossil fuel emissions, and climate events is believed to be related to the global increase in frequency, size, and duration of certain algal blooms.
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143
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Abstract
After the great Mississippi River flood of 1993, the hypoxic (or low-oxygen) "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico more than doubled its size, reaching an all-time high of over 7,700 square miles in July of 1999. Scientists attribute the Gulf of Mexico dead zone largely to nutrient runoff from agriculture in the Mississippi River basin. During the warm months, these nutrients fuel eutrophication, or high organic production, causing large algal blooms. When the algae decay, the result is hypoxia. Reports of such hypoxic events around the world have been increasing since the mid 1960s. Eutrophication and hypoxia have resulted in mortality of bottom-dwelling life in dozens of marine ecosystems and have stressed fisheries worldwide. Some algal blooms can alter the function of coastal ecosystems or, potentially, threaten human health. Anthropogenic nutrient loading from sources such as agriculture, fossil fuel emissions, and climate events is believed to be related to the global increase in frequency, size, and duration of certain algal blooms.
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144
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De Silva AD, Boesteanu A, Song R, Nagy N, Harhaj E, Harding CV, Joyce S. Thermolabile H-2Kb Molecules Expressed by Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing-Deficient RMA-S Cells Are Occupied by Low-Affinity Peptides. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
RMA-S cells do not express functional TAP, yet they express MHC class I molecules at the cell surface, especially at reduced temperatures (26°C). It is generally assumed that such class I molecules are “empty,” devoid of any associated peptide. A radiochemical approach was used to label class I-associated peptides and to determine the extent to which Kb molecules in RMA-S cells are associated with peptides. These studies revealed that at 26°C Kb molecules in RMA-S cells are occupied with self-peptides. Such peptides stably associate with Kb at 26°C but easily dissociate from them at 37°C, suggesting low-affinity interactions between Kb and the associated peptides. At 26°C, at least some of these Kb molecules are stably expressed in a peptide-receptive state on the cell surface, whereas at 37°C they are short lived and are only transiently capable of binding and presenting exogenously supplied OVA 257–264 peptide for presentation to CD8+ Kb-restricted T lymphocytes. Thus contrary to current models of class I assembly in TAP-deficient RMA-S cells, the presumably “empty” molecules are in fact associated with peptides at 26°C. Together, our data support the existence of an alternative mechanism of peptide binding and display by MHC class I molecules in TAP-deficient cells that could explain their ability to present Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dharshan De Silva
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Alina Boesteanu
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Rui Song
- †Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nancy Nagy
- †Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Edward Harhaj
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Clifford V. Harding
- †Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; and
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De Silva AD, Boesteanu A, Song R, Nagy N, Harhaj E, Harding CV, Joyce S. Thermolabile H-2Kb molecules expressed by transporter associated with antigen processing-deficient RMA-S cells are occupied by low-affinity peptides. J Immunol 1999; 163:4413-20. [PMID: 10510382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
RMA-S cells do not express functional TAP, yet they express MHC class I molecules at the cell surface, especially at reduced temperatures (26 degrees C). It is generally assumed that such class I molecules are "empty," devoid of any associated peptide. A radiochemical approach was used to label class I-associated peptides and to determine the extent to which Kb molecules in RMA-S cells are associated with peptides. These studies revealed that at 26 degrees C Kb molecules in RMA-S cells are occupied with self-peptides. Such peptides stably associate with Kb at 26 degrees C but easily dissociate from them at 37 degrees C, suggesting low-affinity interactions between Kb and the associated peptides. At 26 degrees C, at least some of these Kb molecules are stably expressed in a peptide-receptive state on the cell surface, whereas at 37 degrees C they are short lived and are only transiently capable of binding and presenting exogenously supplied OVA 257-264 peptide for presentation to CD8+ Kb-restricted T lymphocytes. Thus contrary to current models of class I assembly in TAP-deficient RMA-S cells, the presumably "empty" molecules are in fact associated with peptides at 26 degrees C. Together, our data support the existence of an alternative mechanism of peptide binding and display by MHC class I molecules in TAP-deficient cells that could explain their ability to present Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D De Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center 17033, USA
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146
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147
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Abstract
This study examines and evaluates the contents of the first 24 volumes of Journal of Homosexuality (JH), from 1974 to 1993. Data from each issue of JH, in terms of source articles and contributing authors, were collected and analyzed. JH is shown to be a scholarly journal, with high rates of citations per article, high levels of author education, a prevalence of scholarly methodological approaches, and a low rate of self-citation. Articles that disseminated the findings of empirical research noticeably decreased over time, while articles focusing on historical analysis noticeably increased. This trend was consonant with the change over time of JH's mission statement and editorial policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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148
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Boesteanu A, Brehm M, Mylin LM, Christianson GJ, Tevethia SS, Roopenian DC, Joyce S. A molecular basis for how a single TCR interfaces multiple ligands. J Immunol 1998; 161:4719-27. [PMID: 9794402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells respond to Ags when their clonotypic receptor, the TCR, recognizes nonself peptides displayed by MHC class I molecules. The TCR/ligand interactions are degenerate because, in its life time, the TCR interacts with self MHC class I-self peptide complexes during ontogeny and with self class I complexed with nonself peptides to initiate Ag-specific responses. Additionally, the same TCR has the potential to interact with nonself class I complexed with nonself peptides. How a single TCR interfaces multiple ligands remains unclear. Combinatorial synthetic peptide libraries provide a powerful tool to elucidate the rules that dictate how a single TCR engages multiple ligands. Such libraries were used to probe the requirements for TCR recognition by cloned CD8+ T cells directed against Ags presented by H-2Kb class I molecules. When H-2Kb contact residues were examined, position 3 of the peptides proved more critical than the dominant carboxyl-terminal anchor residue. Thus, secondary anchor residues can play a dominant role in determining the antigenicity of the epitope presented by class I molecules. When the four solvent-exposed potential TCR contact residues were examined, only one or two of these positions required structurally similar residues. Considerable structural variability was tolerated at the remaining two or three solvent-exposed residues of the Kb-binding peptides. The TCR, therefore, requires close physico-chemical complementarity with only a few amino acid residues, thus explaining why TCR/MHC interactions are of low affinity and degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boesteanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
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149
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Boesteanu A, Brehm M, Mylin LM, Christianson GJ, Tevethia SS, Roopenian DC, Joyce S. A Molecular Basis for How a Single TCR Interfaces Multiple Ligands. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cells respond to Ags when their clonotypic receptor, the TCR, recognizes nonself peptides displayed by MHC class I molecules. The TCR/ligand interactions are degenerate because, in its life time, the TCR interacts with self MHC class I-self peptide complexes during ontogeny and with self class I complexed with nonself peptides to initiate Ag-specific responses. Additionally, the same TCR has the potential to interact with nonself class I complexed with nonself peptides. How a single TCR interfaces multiple ligands remains unclear. Combinatorial synthetic peptide libraries provide a powerful tool to elucidate the rules that dictate how a single TCR engages multiple ligands. Such libraries were used to probe the requirements for TCR recognition by cloned CD8+ T cells directed against Ags presented by H-2Kb class I molecules. When H-2Kb contact residues were examined, position 3 of the peptides proved more critical than the dominant carboxyl-terminal anchor residue. Thus, secondary anchor residues can play a dominant role in determining the antigenicity of the epitope presented by class I molecules. When the four solvent-exposed potential TCR contact residues were examined, only one or two of these positions required structurally similar residues. Considerable structural variability was tolerated at the remaining two or three solvent-exposed residues of the Kb-binding peptides. The TCR, therefore, requires close physico-chemical complementarity with only a few amino acid residues, thus explaining why TCR/MHC interactions are of low affinity and degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Boesteanu
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Michael Brehm
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Lawrence M. Mylin
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | | | - Satvir S. Tevethia
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
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Abstract
As recently as the last few decades, thousands of miners died in explosions, roof collapses, fires, and floods each year, and lung disease caused by inhaling mineral dusts was ubiquitous. Miners worked virtually unprotected, and were often treated as expendable bodies fulfilling critical roles in this important industry, which in the United States comprises about 5% of the gross domestic product.
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