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Esmaeilzadeh A, Bahmaie N, Nouri E, Hajkazemi MJ, Zareh Rafie M. Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12552. [PMID: 34830435 PMCID: PMC8625918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exponential growth in the usage of "cytokines" (as seroimmunobiomarkers) has facilitated more accurate prognosis, early diagnosis, novel, and efficient immunotherapeutics. Numerous studies have reported immunopathophysiological and immunopathological processes of interleukin-38 (IL-38). Therefore, in this systematic review article, the authors aimed to present an updated comprehensive overview on the immunobiological mechanisms, diagnostic, and immune gene-based therapeutic potentials of IL-38. According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 216 articles were collected from several search engines and databases from the January 2012 to July 2021 time interval by using six main keywords. Physiologic or pathologic microenvironments, optimal dosage, and involved receptors affect the functionalities of IL-38. Alterations in serum levels of IL-38 play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of a wide array of immune-mediated disorders. IL-38 shows anti-inflammatory activities by reduction or inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting the therapeutic aspects of IL-38 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. According to the importance of pre-clinical studies, it seems that manipulation of the immune system by immunomodulatory properties of IL-38 can increase the accuracy of diagnosis, and decipher optimal clinical outcomes. To promote our knowledge, more collaboration is highly recommended among laboratory scientists, internal/infectious diseases specialists, oncologists, immunologists, diseases-specific biomarkers scientists, and basic medical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
- Immunotherapy Research & Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
- Pediatric Ward, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Near East University affiliated Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Serology and Immunology Ward, Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory, Private Baskent Hospital, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Elham Nouri
- School of Paramedicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran;
- Shahid Beheshti University Affiliated Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajkazemi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Maryam Zareh Rafie
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran; (M.J.H.); (M.Z.R.)
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102
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Chan L, Karimi N, Morovati S, Alizadeh K, Kakish JE, Vanderkamp S, Fazel F, Napoleoni C, Alizadeh K, Mehrani Y, Minott JA, Bridle BW, Karimi K. The Roles of Neutrophils in Cytokine Storms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112318. [PMID: 34835125 PMCID: PMC8624379 DOI: 10.3390/v13112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytokine storm is an abnormal discharge of soluble mediators following an inappropriate inflammatory response that leads to immunopathological events. Cytokine storms can occur after severe infections as well as in non-infectious situations where inflammatory cytokine responses are initiated, then exaggerated, but fail to return to homeostasis. Neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer cells are among the innate leukocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis of cytokine storms. Neutrophils participate as mediators of inflammation and have roles in promoting homeostatic conditions following pathological inflammation. This review highlights the advances in understanding the mechanisms governing neutrophilic inflammation against viral and bacterial pathogens, in cancers, and in autoimmune diseases, and how neutrophils could influence the development of cytokine storm syndromes. Evidence for the destructive potential of neutrophils in their capacity to contribute to the onset of cytokine storm syndromes is presented across a multitude of clinical scenarios. Further, a variety of potential therapeutic strategies that target neutrophils are discussed in the context of suppressing multiple inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Negar Karimi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-4897, Iran;
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran;
| | - Kasra Alizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Julia E. Kakish
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Sierra Vanderkamp
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Fatemeh Fazel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Christina Napoleoni
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Kimia Alizadeh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-4897, Iran;
| | - Jessica A. Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
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103
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De Bellis A, Bellastella G, Pernice V, Cirillo P, Longo M, Maio A, Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Bellastella A, Esposito K, Montoya JG. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Autoimmunity and Related Impairment of Hormone Secretions in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e5147-e5155. [PMID: 34254637 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a severe chronic illness that reduces the quality of life. A potential role of neuroendocrine autoimmune dysfunction has been hypothesized. OBJECTIVE This work aims to investigate the occurrence of antipituitary (APA) and antihypothalamic (AHA) antibodies and possible related hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunctions in ME/CSF patients. METHODS This is a case-control study conducted in a university hospital setting (Stanford, California, USA; and Naples, Italy). Thirty women with ME/CSF (group 1) diagnosed according to Fukuda, Canadian, and Institute of Medicine criteria, at Stanford University, were enrolled and compared with 25 age-matched healthy controls. APA and AHA were detected by immunofluorescence; moreover, we investigated hormonal secretions of anterior pituitary and respective target glands. APA and AHA titers both were assessed and the prevalence of pituitary hormone deficiencies was also investigated. RESULTS Patients in group 1 showed a high prevalence of AHA (33%) and APA (56%) and significantly lower levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)/cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) peak/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) vs controls (all AHA/APA negative). Patients in group 1A (13 patients positive at high titers, ≥ 1:32) showed ACTH/cortisol and GH peak/IGF-1 levels significantly lower and more severe forms of ME/CFS with respect to patients in group 1B (7 positive at middle/low titers, 1:16-1:8) and 1C (10 antibody-negative patients). CONCLUSION Both AHA and/or APA at high titers were associated with hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction, suggesting that hypothalamic/pituitary autoimmunity may play an important role in the manifestations of ME/CFS, especially in its more severe forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria De Bellis
- Unit of Andrology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bellastella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vlenia Pernice
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Maio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - José G Montoya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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104
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Akama-Garren EH, van den Broek T, Simoni L, Castrillon C, van der Poel CE, Carroll MC. Follicular T cells are clonally and transcriptionally distinct in B cell-driven mouse autoimmune disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6687. [PMID: 34795279 PMCID: PMC8602266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and clinical decline in autoimmune disease. Follicular T cells are central regulators of germinal centers, although their contribution to autoantibody-mediated disease remains unclear. Here we perform single cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of follicular T cells in a mouse model of autoantibody-mediated disease, allowing for analyses of paired transcriptomes and unbiased TCRαβ repertoires at single cell resolution. A minority of clonotypes are preferentially shared amongst autoimmune follicular T cells and clonotypic expansion is associated with differential gene signatures in autoimmune disease. Antigen prediction using algorithmic and machine learning approaches indicates convergence towards shared specificities between non-autoimmune and autoimmune follicular T cells. However, differential autoimmune transcriptional signatures are preserved even amongst follicular T cells with shared predicted specificities. These results demonstrate that follicular T cells are phenotypically distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease, providing potential therapeutic targets to modulate autoantibody development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- RNA-Seq/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Theo van den Broek
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lea Simoni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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105
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Abstract
The majority of human genome are non-coding genes. Recent research have revealed that about half of these genome sequences make up of transposable elements (TEs). A branch of these belong to the endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are germline viral infection that occurred over millions of years ago. They are generally harmless as evolutionary mutations have made them unable to produce viral agents and are mostly epigenetically silenced. Nevertheless, ERVs are able to express by still unknown mechanisms and recent evidences have shown links between ERVs and major proinflammatory diseases and cancers. The major challenge is to elucidate a detailed mechanistic understanding between them, so that novel therapeutic approaches can be explored. Here, we provide a brief overview of TEs, human ERVs and their links to microbiome, innate immune response, proinflammatory diseases and cancer. Finally, we recommend the employment of systems biology approaches for future HERV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Helmy
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Kumar Selvarajoo
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program & SynCTI, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Kent Ridge, Singapore
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106
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Sun J, Liu R, He X, Bian J, Zhao W, Shi W, Ruan Q. MicroRNA-21 Regulates Diametrically Opposed Biological Functions of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766757. [PMID: 34858422 PMCID: PMC8632542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered important for controlling the onset and development of autoimmune disease. Although studies have shown that miR-21 is expressed at higher levels in Treg cells, it remains largely elusive whether miR-21 regulates the immune-suppressive function of Tregs. In the current study, we generated mice lacking miR-21 specifically in their Tregs and investigated the role of miR-21 in regulating Treg function both in vitro and in vivo. Our study revealed that Tregs lacking miR-21 exhibit normal phenotype and unaltered function in suppressing T cell proliferation and dendritic cell activation in vitro. However, compared with miR-21-sufficient Tregs, they produce significant more IL-17 and IL-10 when under pathogenic Th17-priming condition. Adenoviral delivery of miR-21 into Treg cells is able to reduce the expression of both IL-17 and IL-10. Mechanistic study revealed that miR-21 down-regulates IL-10 expression through direct targeting of IL-10, and suppresses reprogramming of Tregs into IL-17-secreting cells through down-regulating Stat3 activity. However, we detected no significant or marginal difference in the development of various autoimmune diseases between wild type mice and mice with Treg-specific deletion of miR-21. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that miR-21 in Tregs regulates diametrically opposed biological Treg functions and is largely dispensable for the development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Sun
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaozhen He
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiang Bian
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingguo Ruan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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107
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Garcia-Guillén A, Jeria S, Lobo-Prat D, Sainz L. COVID-19: Overview of rheumatology fellows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:491-493. [PMID: 34756308 PMCID: PMC7561292 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-COV-2 infection has spread worldwide since it originated in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. The pandemic has largely demonstrated the resilience of the world's health systems and is the greatest health emergency since World War II. There is no single therapeutic approach to the treatment of COVID-19 and the associated immune disorder. The lack of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) has led different countries to tackle the disease based on case series, or from results of observational studies with off-label drugs. We as rheumatologists in general, and specifically rheumatology fellows, have been on the front line of the pandemic, modifying our activities and altering our training itinerary. We have attended patients, we have learned about the management of the disease and from our previous experience with drugs for arthritis and giant cell arteritis, we have used these drugs to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sicylle Jeria
- Servei de Reumatologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Lobo-Prat
- Servei de Reumatologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luís Sainz
- Servei de Reumatologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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108
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Boro H, Gupta U, Singh C, Malhotra R, Khadgawat R. Continuous glucose monitoring and Rituximab treatment in insulin autoimmune syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102294. [PMID: 34562871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) or Hirata's disease is a rare cause of hypoglycemia. It is characterized by hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, elevated insulin autoantibody titers, no prior exposure to exogenous insulin and no pathological abnormalities of pancreatic islets. Hypoglycemia usually occurs in the post prandial and post absorptive state. Most cases of IAS are self-limiting, with resolution of symptoms within six months to one year. In intractable cases, treatment modalities include low-carbohydrate meals; acarbose; diazoxide; glucocorticoids; immune-suppressants like Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil; plasmapheresis and partial pancreatectomy. Rituximab, an anti CD20 monoclonal antibody, was first used in 2016 in a patient with IAS who did not respond to glucocorticoids. Subsequently, there have been three more case reports of IAS where Rituximab was used along with other modalities of treatment. Here, we report the case of a 64-year old Asian Indian woman who presented with recurrent episodes of severe post prandial hypoglycemia and was diagnosed with insulin autoimmune syndrome. She was managed with continuous glucose monitoring and two doses of Rituximab 10 weeks apart, that resulted in resolution of hypoglycemia. This case report underlies the role of Rituximab as a first line agent for treatment of hypoglycemia in IAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiya Boro
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Uttio Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Charandeep Singh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Malhotra
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Khadgawat
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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109
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Danieli MG, Piga MA, Paladini A, Longhi E, Mezzanotte C, Moroncini G, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin as an important adjunct in the prevention and therapy of coronavirus 2019 disease. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13101. [PMID: 34940980 PMCID: PMC8646640 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) challenged globally with its morbidity and mortality. A small percentage of affected patients (20%) progress into the second stage of the disease clinically presenting with severe or fatal involvement of lung, heart and vascular system, all contributing to multiple-organ failure. The so-called 'cytokines storm' is considered the pathogenic basis of severe disease and it is a target for treatment with corticosteroids, immunotherapies and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). We provide an overview of the role of IVIg in the therapy of adult patients with COVID-19 disease. After discussing the possible underlying mechanisms of IVIg immunomodulation in COVID-19 disease, we review the studies in which IVIg was employed. Considering the latest evidence that show a link between new coronavirus and autoimmunity, we also discuss the use of IVIg in COVID-19 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination related autoimmune diseases and the post-COVID-19 syndrome. The benefit of high-dose IVIg is evident in almost all studies with a rapid response, a reduction in mortality and improved pulmonary function in critically ill COVID-19 patients. It seems that an early administration of IVIg is crucial for a successful outcome. Studies' limitations are represented by the small number of patients, the lack of control groups in some and the heterogeneity of included patients. IVIg treatment can reduce the stay in ICU and the demand for mechanical ventilation, thus contributing to attenuate the burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Danieli
- Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona and DISCLIMOUniversità Politecnica delle Marche, Clinica MedicaAnconaItaly
- School of Specialisation in Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di AnconaUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Mario Andrea Piga
- School of Specialisation in Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di AnconaUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Alberto Paladini
- School of Specialisation in Internal Medicine, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di AnconaUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Eleonora Longhi
- Scuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaAlma Mater StudiorumUniversità degli Studi di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Cristina Mezzanotte
- School of Specialisation in Internal Medicine, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di AnconaUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona and DISCLIMOUniversità Politecnica delle Marche, Clinica MedicaAnconaItaly
- School of Specialisation in Internal Medicine, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di AnconaUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Ariel UniversityArielIsrael
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune DiseasesSheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
- Saint Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)MoscowRussia
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Ceeraz S, Thompson CR, Beatson R, Choy EH. Harnessing CD8 +CD28 - Regulatory T Cells as a Tool to Treat Autoimmune Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112973. [PMID: 34831195 PMCID: PMC8616472 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cell therapy presents a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with autoimmune diseases or who are undergoing transplantation. At present, the CD4+ Treg population has been extensively characterized, as a result of defined phenotypic and functional readouts. In this review article, we discuss the development and biology of CD8+ Tregs and their role in murine and human disease indications. A subset of CD8+ Tregs that lack the surface expression of CD28 (CD8+CD28− Treg) has proved efficacious in preclinical models. CD8+CD28− Tregs are present in healthy individuals, but their impaired functionality in disease renders them less effective in mediating immunosuppression. We primarily focus on harnessing CD8+ Treg cell therapy in the clinic to support current treatment for patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Beatson
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Ernest H. Choy
- CREATE Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)29-2068-7092
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111
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Giza HM, Bozzacco L. Unboxing dendritic cells: Tales of multi-faceted biology and function. Immunology 2021; 164:433-449. [PMID: 34309853 PMCID: PMC8517577 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Often referred to as the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that constitute a unique, yet complex cell system. Among other APCs, DCs display the unique property of inducing protective immune responses against invading microbes, or cancer cells, while safeguarding the proper homeostatic equilibrium of the immune system and maintaining self-tolerance. Unsurprisingly, DCs play a role in many diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, infectious disease and cancer. This makes them attractive but challenging targets for therapeutics. Since their initial discovery, research and understanding of DC biology have flourished. We now recognize the presence of multiple subsets of DCs distributed across tissues. Recent studies of phenotype and gene expression at the single cell level have identified heterogeneity even within the same DC type, supporting the idea that DCs have evolved to greatly expand the flexibility of the immune system to react appropriately to a wide range of threats. This review is meant to serve as a quick and robust guide to understand the basic divisions of DC subsets and their role in the immune system. Between mice and humans, there are some differences in how these subsets are identified and function, and we will point out specific distinctions as necessary. Throughout the text, we are using both fundamental and therapeutic lens to describe overlaps and distinctions and what this could mean for future research and therapies.
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112
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Sacristán-Gómez P, Serrano-Somavilla A, González-Amaro R, Martínez-Hernández R, Marazuela M. Analysis of Expression of Different Histone Deacetylases in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3213-3227. [PMID: 34272941 PMCID: PMC8530745 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HAT) have an important role in the regulation of gene transcription as well as in the development and function of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. Our group and others have reported that patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) show abnormalities in the levels and function of different Treg cell subsets. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the levels of expression of several HDACs and the Tip60 HAT in the thyroid gland and immune cells from patients with AITD. METHODS The expression of HDAC1-11 and the Tip60 HAT, at RNA and protein levels, were determined in thyroid tissue from 20 patients with AITD and 10 healthy controls and these findings were correlated with clinical data. HDAC9 and Tip60 levels were also analyzed in thyroid cell cultures, stimulated or not with proinflammatory cytokines, as well as in different cell subsets from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Altered expression of different HDACs was observed in thyroid tissue from AITD patients, including a significant increase in HDAC9, at RNA and protein levels. Likewise, HDAC9 expression was increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells particularly in Treg cells in patients with AITD. In contrast, Tip60 expression was reduced in thyroid gland samples from patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HDAC expression is dysregulated in thyroid gland and immune cells from patients with AITD, suggesting involvement in the pathogenesis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sacristán-Gómez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano-Somavilla
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto González-Amaro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UASLP, 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Center for Applied Research in Health and Biomedicine, UASLP, 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Martínez-Hernández
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
- Rebeca Martínez-Hernández, PhD, Hospital de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: Monica Marazuela, MD, PhD, Hospital de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Marcuzzi A, Melloni E, Zauli G, Romani A, Secchiero P, Maximova N, Rimondi E. Autoinflammatory Diseases and Cytokine Storms-Imbalances of Innate and Adaptative Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11241. [PMID: 34681901 PMCID: PMC8541037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses have a well-known link and represent the distinctive origins of several diseases, many of which may be the consequence of the loss of balance between these two responses. Indeed, autoinflammation and autoimmunity represent the two extremes of a continuous spectrum of pathologic conditions with numerous overlaps in different pathologies. A common characteristic of these dysregulations is represented by hyperinflammation, which is an exaggerated response of the immune system, especially involving white blood cells, macrophages, and inflammasome activation with the hyperproduction of cytokines in response to various triggering stimuli. Moreover, hyperinflammation is of great interest, as it is one of the main manifestations of COVID-19 infection, and the cytokine storm and its most important components are the targets of the pharmacological treatments used to combat COVID-19 damage. In this context, the purpose of our review is to provide a focus on the pathogenesis of autoinflammation and, in particular, of hyperinflammation in order to generate insights for the identification of new therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Arianna Romani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.M.); (G.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Paola Secchiero
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Natalia Maximova
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Erika Rimondi
- LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.M.); (E.R.)
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Kulkarni A, Patel S, Khanna D, Parmar MS. Current pharmacological approaches and potential future therapies for Celiac disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174434. [PMID: 34418405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CeD) is estimated to currently affect 2 million Americans in the United States. This autoimmune disorder occurs when the consumption of gluten-based products leads to an inflammatory response in the small intestine. Over time, this inflammatory response permanently damages the villi in the small intestine. Celiac disease patients generally present with fatigue, diarrhea, and weight loss due to the disease. The current gold standard for diagnosing CeD is the endoscopy with duodenal biopsy indicating villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. No FDA-approved medication exists for the treatment of CeD and the only recommended course to alleviate CeD induced symptoms is to abstain from consuming any gluten-based products. There are several clinical trials actively developing and testing pharmacological approaches to treat CeD. Two of the further advanced clinical trials include AT-1001 (Larazotide acetate) and IMGX-003 (Latiglutenase; formerly known as ALV003) therapies. These drugs aim to alleviate celiac disease-induced symptoms using two different approaches. AT-1001 aims to close the villi's tight junctions, while IMGX-003 acts as a gluten endopeptidase that degrades gluten before being absorbed in the small intestine. This review article summarizes the various preclinical research and clinical trials being conducted and specifies the mechanism by which these drugs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Kulkarni
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shuchi Patel
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa Bay Campus, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Deepesh Khanna
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa Bay Campus, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Mayur S Parmar
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa Bay Campus, Clearwater, FL, USA.
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115
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Bloomquist MS, Powell J, Masand RP, Dhall D, Karamchandani DM, Jain S. Lack of uniformity in reporting autoimmune gastritis among a diverse group of pathologists. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 56:151840. [PMID: 34773775 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a clinicopathologic diagnosis requiring characteristic histopathology and correlation with laboratory work-up. To better understand how the diagnosis of AIG is made and reported in the pathology community, we conducted an anonymous web-based survey which was circulated among a diverse group of pathologists. Excluding trainees there were 64 respondents: 25 academic gastrointestinal pathologists (AGI, 39%), 22 academic general pathologists (AGP, 34%), 17 private general pathologists (PP, 27%). Our survey results highlighted variations in work-up and sign-out practices. The type of metaplasia needed to diagnose AIG lacked consensus. There was variation in accurate interpretation of immunostains with a trend towards more accurate diagnosis of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia by AGI (92%) and AGP (95%) than PP (71%) (p = 0.07). G-cells in antrum on neuroendocrine immunostain, a mimicker of ECL cell hyperplasia, was more frequently misdiagnosed by PP/ AGP (44%), versus AGI (12%) (p = 0.02). A triple immunostain panel (H. pylori, neuroendocrine, gastrin) was used in the work-up of AIG by 72% of AGI versus 23% AGP and 12% PP (p = 0.000061). The less-specific term "atrophic gastritis" was used in the diagnostic line more by respondents with >10 years sign-out experience compared with others (p = 0.04). In conclusion, the survey results highlighted deficiencies in the interpretation of neuroendocrine immunostains which is crucial for AIG diagnosis, as well as variation in reporting practices and definitions. Uniform criteria and terminology are needed in this field to improve communication with clinicians, resulting in appropriate testing and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzanne Bloomquist
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - John Powell
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ramya P Masand
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Deepti Dhall
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Dipti M Karamchandani
- Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Shilpa Jain
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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116
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disorders (CID), such as autoimmune diseases, are characterized by overactivation of the immune system and loss of immune tolerance. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of multiple CID, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In line with the increasingly recognized contribution of innate immune cells to the modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function and DC-driven adaptive immune responses, we recently showed that neutrophils are required for DC-driven Th17 cell differentiation from human naive T cells. Consequently, recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed tissues and lymph nodes likely creates a highly inflammatory loop through the induction of Th17 cells that should be intercepted to attenuate disease progression. Tolerogenic therapy via DCs, the central orchestrators of the adaptive immune response, is a promising strategy for the treatment of CID. Tolerogenic DCs could restore immune tolerance by driving the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. In this review, we discuss the effects of the tolerogenic adjuvants vitamin D3 (VD3), corticosteroids (CS), and retinoic acid (RA) on both DCs and neutrophils and their potential interplay. We briefly summarize how neutrophils shape DC-driven T-cell development in general. We propose that, for optimization of tolerogenic DC therapy for the treatment of CID, both DCs for tolerance induction and the neutrophil inflammatory loop should be targeted while preserving the potential Treg-enhancing effects of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Motavalli R, Majidi T, Pourlak T, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Zununi Vahed S, Etemadi J. The clinical significance of the glucocorticoid receptors: Genetics and epigenetics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 213:105952. [PMID: 34274458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of glucocorticoids (GCs) are mainly mediated by a nuclear receptor (GR) existing in almost every tissue. The GR regulates a wide range of physiological functions, including inflammation, cell metabolism, and differentiation playing a major role in cellular responses to GCs and stress. Therefore, the dysregulation or disruption of GR can cause deficiencies in the adaptation to stress and the preservation of homeostasis. The number of GR polymorphisms associated with different diseases has been mounting per year. Tackling these clinical complications obliges a comprehensive understanding of the molecular network action of GCs at the level of the GR structure and its signaling pathways. Beyond genetic variation in the GR gene, epigenetic changes can enhance our understanding of causal factors involved in the development of diseases and identifying biomarkers. In this review, we highlight the relationships of GC receptor gene polymorphisms and epigenetics with different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Motavalli
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taraneh Majidi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tala Pourlak
- Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Abediazar
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Clinical Academy of Teaching and Learning, Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, FL, USA
| | | | - Jalal Etemadi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mrak D, Tobudic S, Koblischke M, Graninger M, Radner H, Sieghart D, Hofer P, Perkmann T, Haslacher H, Thalhammer R, Winkler S, Blüml S, Stiasny K, Aberle JH, Smolen JS, Heinz LX, Aletaha D, Bonelli M. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: B cells promote humoral immune responses in the presence of T-cell-mediated immunity. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1345-1350. [PMID: 34285048 PMCID: PMC8295012 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab (RTX) affects humoral immune response after vaccination. It remains unclear whether RTX-treated patients can develop a humoral and T-cell-mediated immune response against SARS-CoV-2 after immunisation. METHODS Patients under RTX treatment (n=74) were vaccinated twice with either mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2. Antibodies were quantified using the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and neutralisation tests. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were quantified by IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Prepandemic healthy individuals (n=5), as well as healthy individuals (n=10) vaccinated with BNT162b2, served as controls. RESULTS All healthy controls developed antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD of the spike protein, but only 39% of the patients under RTX treatment seroconverted. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD significantly correlated with neutralising antibodies (τ=0.74, p<0.001). Patients without detectable CD19+ peripheral B cells (n=36) did not develop specific antibodies, except for one patient. Circulating B cells correlated with the levels of antibodies (τ=0.4, p<0.001). However, even patients with a low number of B cells (<1%) mounted detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detected in 58% of the patients, independent of a humoral immune response. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that vaccination can induce SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in RTX-treated patients, once peripheral B cells at least partially repopulate. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells that evolved in more than half of the vaccinated patients may exert protective effects independent of humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mrak
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Tobudic
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Helga Radner
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Sieghart
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hofer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Thalhammer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Blüml
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonhard X Heinz
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Aletaha
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Furer V, Eviatar T, Zisman D, Peleg H, Paran D, Levartovsky D, Zisapel M, Elalouf O, Kaufman I, Meidan R, Broyde A, Polachek A, Wollman J, Litinsky I, Meridor K, Nochomovitz H, Silberman A, Rosenberg D, Feld J, Haddad A, Gazzit T, Elias M, Higazi N, Kharouf F, Shefer G, Sharon O, Pel S, Nevo S, Elkayam O. Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and in the general population: a multicentre study. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1330-1338. [PMID: 34127481 PMCID: PMC8206170 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination represents a cornerstone in mastering the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on immunogenicity and safety of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) are limited. METHODS A multicentre observational study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of the two-dose regimen BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in adult patients with AIIRD (n=686) compared with the general population (n=121). Serum IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike S1/S2 proteins were measured 2-6 weeks after the second vaccine dose. Seropositivity was defined as IgG ≥15 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL. Vaccination efficacy, safety, and disease activity were assessed within 6 weeks after the second vaccine dose. RESULTS Following vaccination, the seropositivity rate and S1/S2 IgG levels were significantly lower among patients with AIIRD versus controls (86% (n=590) vs 100%, p<0.0001 and 132.9±91.7 vs 218.6±82.06 BAU/mL, p<0.0001, respectively). Risk factors for reduced immunogenicity included older age and treatment with glucocorticoids, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and abatacept. Rituximab was the main cause of a seronegative response (39% seropositivity). There were no postvaccination symptomatic cases of COVID-19 among patients with AIIRD and one mild case in the control group. Major adverse events in patients with AIIRD included death (n=2) several weeks after the second vaccine dose, non-disseminated herpes zoster (n=6), uveitis (n=2), and pericarditis (n=1). Postvaccination disease activity remained stable in the majority of patients. CONCLUSION mRNA BNTb262 vaccine was immunogenic in the majority of patients with AIIRD, with an acceptable safety profile. Treatment with glucocorticoids, rituximab, MMF, and abatacept was associated with a significantly reduced BNT162b2-induced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Furer
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Eviatar
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Devy Zisman
- Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
- Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hagit Peleg
- Rheumatology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daphna Paran
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Levartovsky
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Zisapel
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Elalouf
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Kaufman
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Meidan
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Internal Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Broyde
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Polachek
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Wollman
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ira Litinsky
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Katya Meridor
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Nochomovitz
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Silberman
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Rosenberg
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joy Feld
- Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Haddad
- Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Gazzit
- Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Muna Elias
- Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nizar Higazi
- Rheumatology Unit, Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fadi Kharouf
- Rheumatology Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabi Shefer
- Endocrinology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orly Sharon
- Endocrinology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Pel
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Nevo
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Elkayam
- Rheumatology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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120
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Prendecki M, Clarke C, Edwards H, McIntyre S, Mortimer P, Gleeson S, Martin P, Thomson T, Randell P, Shah A, Singanayagam A, Lightstone L, Cox A, Kelleher P, Willicombe M, McAdoo SP. Humoral and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving immunosuppression. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1322-1329. [PMID: 34362747 PMCID: PMC8350975 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an urgent need to assess the impact of immunosuppressive therapies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS Serological and T-cell ELISpot assays were used to assess the response to first-dose and second-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (with either BNT162b2 mRNA or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines) in 140 participants receiving immunosuppression for autoimmune rheumatic and glomerular diseases. RESULTS Following first-dose vaccine, 28.6% (34/119) of infection-naïve participants seroconverted and 26.0% (13/50) had detectable T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. Immune responses were augmented by second-dose vaccine, increasing seroconversion and T-cell response rates to 59.3% (54/91) and 82.6% (38/46), respectively. B-cell depletion at the time of vaccination was associated with failure to seroconvert, and tacrolimus therapy was associated with diminished T-cell responses. Reassuringly, only 8.7% of infection-naïve patients had neither antibody nor T-cell responses detected following second-dose vaccine. In patients with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (19/140), all mounted high-titre antibody responses after first-dose vaccine, regardless of immunosuppressive therapy. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are immunogenic in patients receiving immunosuppression, when assessed by a combination of serology and cell-based assays, although the response is impaired compared with healthy individuals. B-cell depletion following rituximab impairs serological responses, but T-cell responses are preserved in this group. We suggest that repeat vaccine doses for serological non-responders should be investigated as means to induce more robust immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prendecki
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Candice Clarke
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Helena Edwards
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stacey McIntyre
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paige Mortimer
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Gleeson
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tina Thomson
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Randell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, North West London Pathology NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anand Shah
- Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Harefield Hospital, London, UK
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alison Cox
- Department of Infection and Immunity, North West London Pathology NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Infection and Immunity, North West London Pathology NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Willicombe
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen P McAdoo
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Bozonnat A, Assan F, LeGoff J, Bourrat E, Bachelez H. SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing severe flare up of Deficiency of Interleukin Thirty-six (IL-36) Receptor Antagonist (DITRA) resulting from a mutation invalidating the activating cleavage site of the IL-36 receptor antagonist. J Clin Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34176064 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01076-6/figures/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Bozonnat
- Department of General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC-Saint Louis, ), Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Florence Assan
- Laboratory of Genetics of Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme LeGoff
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourrat
- Department of General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC-Saint Louis, ), Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bachelez
- Laboratory of Genetics of Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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122
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Fernandes das Neves M, Batuca JR, Delgado Alves J. The role of high-density lipoprotein in the regulation of the immune response: implications for atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Immunology 2021; 164:231-241. [PMID: 33934336 PMCID: PMC8442240 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immune dysfunction have been increasingly recognized as crucial mechanisms in atherogenesis. Modifications in cell lipid metabolism, plasma dyslipidaemia and particularly low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels occur both in atherosclerosis and in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (which are strongly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis), suggesting the presence of a crucial link. HDL, the plasma lipoprotein responsible for reverse cholesterol transport, is known for its several protective effects in the context of atherosclerosis. Among these, HDL immunomodulatory effects are possibly the less understood. Through the efflux of cholesterol from plasma cell membranes with the consequent disruption of lipid rafts and the interaction with the cholesterol transporters present in the plasma membrane, HDL affects both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Animal and human studies have demonstrated a predominance of HDL anti-inflammatory effects, despite some pro-inflammatory actions having also been reported. The HDL role on the modulation of the immune response is further suggested by the detection of low levels together with a dysfunctional HDL in patients with autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the current knowledge of the immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis and the modulatory effects HDL may have on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Fernandes das Neves
- Center of the Study of Chronic DiseasesNew University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Medicine 4 DepartmentFernando Fonseca HospitalAmadoraPortugal
| | - Joana R. Batuca
- Center of the Study of Chronic DiseasesNew University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - José Delgado Alves
- Center of the Study of Chronic DiseasesNew University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Medicine 4 DepartmentFernando Fonseca HospitalAmadoraPortugal
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123
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Abstract
Innate immunity is regulated by a broad set of evolutionary conserved receptors to finely probe the local environment and maintain host integrity. Besides pathogen recognition through conserved motifs, several of these receptors also sense aberrant or misplaced self-molecules as a sign of perturbed homeostasis. Among them, self-nucleic acid sensing by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway alerts on the presence of both exogenous and endogenous DNA in the cytoplasm. We review recent literature demonstrating that self-nucleic acid detection through the STING pathway is central to numerous processes, from cell physiology to sterile injury, auto-immunity and cancer. We address the role of STING in autoimmune diseases linked to dysfunctional DNAse or related to mutations in DNA sensing pathways. We expose the role of the cGAS/STING pathway in inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative conditions and cancer. Connections between STING in various cell processes including autophagy and cell death are developed. Finally, we review proposed mechanisms to explain the sources of cytoplasmic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Laboratory (INEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7355 and University of Orleans, Orleans, France
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124
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Skrzypiec-Spring M, Sapa-Wojciechowska A, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Piasecki T, Kwiatkowska J, Podhorska-Okołów M, Szeląg A. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Simvastatin Is Effective in Decreasing Degree of Myocarditis by Inhibiting Metalloproteinases Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101415. [PMID: 34680049 PMCID: PMC8533153 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myocarditis often progresses to heart failure because there is no effective, etiology-targeted therapy of this disease. Simvastatin has been shown to be cardioprotective by decreasing matrix metalloproteinases’ (MMPs) activity. The study was designed to determine whether simvastatin inhibits MMPs activity, decreases the severity of inflammation and contractile dysfunction of the heart in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Methods: Simvastatin (3 or 30 mg/kg/day) was given to experimental rats with EAM by gastric gavage for 21 days. Then transthoracic echocardiography was performed, MMPs activity and troponin I level were determined and tissue samples were assessed under a light and transmission electron microscope. Results: Hearts treated with simvastatin did not show left ventricular enlargement. As a result of EAM, there was an enhanced activation of MMP-9, which was significantly reduced in the high-dose simvastatin group compared to the low-dose group. It was accompanied by prevention of myofilaments degradation and reduction of severity of inflammation. Conclusions: The cardioprotective effects of simvastatin in the acute phase of EAM are, at least in part, due to its ability to decrease MMP-9 activity and subsequent decline in myofilaments degradation and suppression of inflammation. These effects were achieved in doses equivalent to therapeutic doses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Skrzypiec-Spring
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (J.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-7841438
| | | | | | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-013 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (J.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-013 Wrocław, Poland; (K.H.-L.); (M.P.-O.)
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland; (J.K.); (A.S.)
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125
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Gershteyn IM, Burov AA, Miao BY, Morais VH, Ferreira LMR. Immunodietica: interrogating the role of diet in autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 2021; 32:771-783. [PMID: 32808986 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is an environmental factor in autoimmune disorders, where the immune system erroneously destroys one's own tissues. Yet, interactions between diet and autoimmunity remain largely unexplored, particularly the impact of immunogenetics, one's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele make-up, in this interplay. Here, we interrogated animals and plants for the presence of epitopes implicated in human autoimmune diseases. We mapped autoimmune epitope distribution across organisms and determined their tissue expression pattern. Interestingly, diet-derived epitopes implicated in a disease were more likely to bind to HLA alleles associated with that disease than to protective alleles, with visible differences between organisms with similar autoimmune epitope content. We then analyzed an individual's HLA haplotype, generating a personalized heatmap of potential dietary autoimmune triggers. Our work uncovered differences in autoimmunogenic potential across food sources and revealed differential binding of diet-derived epitopes to autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles, shedding light on the impact of diet on autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif M Gershteyn
- Ajax Biomedical Foundation, Newton, MA, USA
- ImmuVia LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
- SoundMedicine LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Brenda Y Miao
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vasco H Morais
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Ajax Biomedical Foundation, Newton, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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126
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Pham MN, Khoryati L, Jamison BL, Hayes E, Sullivan JM, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. In Vivo Expansion of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells through Staggered Fc.IL-2 Mutein Dosing and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:782-791. [PMID: 34583939 PMCID: PMC11034776 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, Ag administration in the absence of adjuvant typically elicits tolerogenic immune responses through the deletion or inactivation of conventional CD4 T cells and the formation or expansion of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg). Although these "Ag-specific immunotherapy" (ASI) approaches are currently under clinical development to treat autoinflammatory conditions, efficacy and safety may be variable and unpredictable because of the diverse activation states of immune cells in subjects with autoimmune and allergic diseases. To reliably induce Ag-specific tolerance in patients, novel methods to control T cell responses during ASI are needed, and strategies that permanently increase Treg frequencies among Ag-specific CD4 T cells may provide long-lasting immunosuppression between treatments. In this study, we present an approach to durably increase the frequency of Ag-specific Treg in mice by administering ASI when Treg numbers are transiently increased with individual doses of a half-life-extended Treg-selective IL-2 mutein. Repeated weekly cycles of IL-2 mutein doses (day 0) followed by ASI (day 3) resulted in a 3- to 5-fold enrichment in Treg among Ag-responsive CD4 T cells. Expanded Ag-specific Treg persisted for more than 3 wk following treatment cessation, as well as through an inflammatory T cell response to an Ag-expressing virus. Combining Treg enrichment with ASI has the potential to durably treat autoimmune disease or allergy by increasing the Treg/conventional CD4 T cell ratio among autoantigen- or allergen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh N Pham
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Erika Hayes
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Marc A Gavin
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
- Omeros Corp., Seattle, WA
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127
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Ahmed AR, Aksoy M. IgM Deficiency in Autoimmune Blistering Mucocutaneous Diseases Following Various Treatments: Long Term Follow-Up and Relevant Observations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727520. [PMID: 34646266 PMCID: PMC8504479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM deficiency has been reported in patients with many autoimmune diseases treated with Rituximab (RTX). It has not been studied, in detail, in autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases (AIMBD). Our objectives were: (i) Examine the dynamics of IgM levels in patients with and without RTX. (ii) Influence of reduced serum IgM levels on clinical and laboratory parameters. (iii) Explore the possible molecular and cellular basis for reduced serum IgM levels. This retrospective study that was conducted in a single-center from 2000 to 2020. Serial IgM levels were studied in 348 patients with five AIMBD (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid) and found decreased in 55 patients treated with RTX, IVIG, and conventional immunosuppressive therapy (CIST). Hence the incidence of decreased serum IgM is low. The incidence of decreased IgM in patients treated with RTX was 19.6%, in patients treated with IVIG and CIST, it was 52.8% amongst the 55 patients. IgM levels in the post-RTX group were statistically significantly different from the IVIG group (p<0.018) and CIST group (p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in other clinical and laboratory measures. Decreased serum IgM did not affect depletion or repopulation of CD19+ B cells. Patients in the three groups achieved clinical and serological remission, in spite of decreased IgM levels. Decrease in IgM was isolated, since IgG and IgA were normal throughout the study period. Decreased IgM persisted at the same level, while the patients were in clinical remission, for several years. In spite of persistent decreased IgM levels, the patients did not develop infections, tumors, other autoimmune diseases, or warrant hospitalization. Studies on IgM deficiency in knockout mice provided valuable insights. There is no universally accepted mechanism that defines decreased IgM levels in AIMBD. The data is complex, multifactorial, sometimes contradictory, and not well understood. Nonetheless, data in this study provides novel information that enhances our understanding of the biology of IgM in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Razzaque Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Blistering Diseases, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Dermatology Service, Boston Veterans Administration Health Services, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Merve Aksoy
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Blistering Diseases, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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128
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Fernandez Lahore G, Förster M, Johannesson M, Sabatier P, Lönnblom E, Aoun M, He Y, Nandakumar KS, Zubarev RA, Holmdahl R. Polymorphic estrogen receptor binding site causes Cd2-dependent sex bias in the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5565. [PMID: 34552089 PMCID: PMC8458462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex autoimmune diseases are sexually dimorphic. An interplay between predisposing genetics and sex-related factors probably controls the sex discrepancy in the immune response, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we positionally identify a polymorphic estrogen receptor binding site that regulates Cd2 expression, leading to female-specific differences in T cell-dependent mouse models of autoimmunity. Female mice with reduced Cd2 expression have impaired autoreactive T cell responses. T cells lacking Cd2 costimulation upregulate inhibitory Lag-3. These findings help explain sexual dimorphism in human autoimmunity, as we find that CD2 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis and 17-β-estradiol-regulation of CD2 is conserved in human T cells. Hormonal regulation of CD2 might have implications for CD2-targeted therapy, as anti-Cd2 treatment more potently affects T cells in female mice. These results demonstrate the relevance of sex-genotype interactions, providing strong evidence for CD2 as a sex-sensitive predisposing factor in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Fernandez Lahore
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael Förster
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Sabatier
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mike Aoun
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yibo He
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammation Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division Medical Inflammation Research, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xibei Hospital), 710004, Xi'an, China.
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129
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Takeuchi Y, Ohara D, Watanabe H, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S, Kondoh G, Morinobu A, Mimori T, Hirota K. Dispensable roles of Gsdmd and Ripk3 in sustaining IL-1β production and chronic inflammation in Th17-mediated autoimmune arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18679. [PMID: 34548542 PMCID: PMC8455622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed necrosis, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis, is a highly pro-inflammatory cellular event that is associated with chronic inflammation. Although there are various triggers of pyroptosis and necroptosis in autoimmune tissue inflammation and subsequent lytic forms of cell death release abundant inflammatory mediators, including damage-associated molecular patterns and IL-1β, capable of amplifying autoimmune Th17 effector functions, it remains largely unclear whether the programs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. We herein report that Gasdermin D (Gsdmd) and receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3 (Ripk3)-key molecules of pyroptosis and necroptosis, respectively-are upregulated in inflamed synovial tissues, but dispensable for IL-1β production and the development of IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis in SKG mice. Gsdmd-/-, Ripk3-/-, or Gsdmd-/- Ripk3-/- SKG mice showed severe arthritis with expansion of arthritogenic Th17 cells in the draining LNs and inflamed joints, which was comparable to that in wild-type SKG mice. Despite the marked reduction of IL-1β secretion from Gsdmd-/- or Ripk3-/- bone marrow-derived DCs by canonical stimuli, IL-1β levels in the inflamed synovium were not affected in the absence of Gsdmd or Ripk3. Our results revealed that T cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis proceeds independently of the pyroptosis and necroptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daiya Ohara
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akio Morinobu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, 601-1495, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Matheakakis A, Batsali A, Papadaki HA, Pontikoglou CG. Therapeutic Implications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10132. [PMID: 34576296 PMCID: PMC8468750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are perivascular multipotent stem cells originally identified in the bone marrow (BM) stroma and subsequently in virtually all vascularized tissues. Because of their ability to differentiate into various mesodermal lineages, their trophic properties, homing capacity, and immunomodulatory functions, MSCs have emerged as attractive candidates in tissue repair and treatment of autoimmune disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of MSCs may be primarily mediated via a number of paracrine-acting soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-coated vesicles that are increasingly being acknowledged as playing a key role in intercellular communication via their capacity to carry and deliver their cargo, consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to recipient cells. MSC-EVs recapitulate the functions of the cells they originate, including immunoregulatory effects but do not seem to be associated with the limitations and concerns of cell-based therapies, thereby emerging as an appealing alternative therapeutic option in immune-mediated disorders. In the present review, the biology of MSCs will be outlined and an overview of their immunomodulatory functions will be provided. In addition, current knowledge on the features of MSC-EVs and their immunoregulatory potential will be summarized. Finally, therapeutic applications of MSCs and MSC-EVs in autoimmune disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Matheakakis
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Aristea Batsali
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Helen A. Papadaki
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Charalampos G. Pontikoglou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
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131
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Hudec M, Riegerová K, Pala J, Kútna V, Černá M, O´Leary VB. Celiac Disease Defined by Over-Sensitivity to Gliadin Activation and Superior Antigen Presentation of Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189982. [PMID: 34576145 PMCID: PMC8469067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune condition, Celiac Disease (CeD), displays broad clinical symptoms due to gluten exposure. Its genetic association with DQ variants in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has been recognised. Monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (MoDCs) present gluten peptides through HLA-DQ and co-stimulatory molecules to T lymphocytes, eliciting a cytokine-rich microenvironment. Having access to CeD associated families prevalent in the Czech Republic, this study utilised an in vitro model to investigate their differential monocyte profile. The higher monocyte yields isolated from PBMCs of CeD patients versus control individuals also reflected the greater proportion of dendritic cells derived from these sources following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ peptic-tryptic-gliadin (PTG) fragment stimulation. Cell surface markers of CeD monocytes and MoDCs were subsequently profiled. This foremost study identified a novel bio-profile characterised by elevated CD64 and reduced CD33 levels, unique to CD14++ monocytes of CeD patients. Normalisation to LPS stimulation revealed the increased sensitivity of CeD-MoDCs to PTG, as shown by CD86 and HLA-DQ flow cytometric readouts. Enhanced CD86 and HLA-DQ expression in CeD-MoDCs were revealed by confocal microscopy. Analysis highlighted their dominance at the CeD-MoDC membrane in comparison to controls, reflective of superior antigen presentation ability. In conclusion, this investigative study deciphered the monocytes and MoDCs of CeD patients with the identification of a novel bio-profile marker of potential diagnostic value for clinical interpretation. Herein, the characterisation of CD86 and HLA-DQ as activators to stimulants, along with robust membrane assembly reflective of efficient antigen presentation, offers CeD targeted therapeutic avenues worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hudec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Č.); (V.B.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Riegerová
- Department of Immunology and Clinical Biochemistry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Pala
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic;
| | - Viera Kútna
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic;
| | - Marie Černá
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Č.); (V.B.O.)
| | - Valerie Bríd O´Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Č.); (V.B.O.)
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132
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Osaki T, Souri M, Ichinose A. Important roles of the human leukocyte antigen class I and II molecules and their associated genes in the autoimmune coagulation factor XIII deficiency via whole-exome sequencing analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257322. [PMID: 34506591 PMCID: PMC8432773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune coagulation factor XIII deficiency is a bleeding disorder caused by the formation of autoantibodies against the coagulation factor XIII (FXIII); however, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate this mechanism by performing whole-exome sequencing analysis of 20 cases of autoimmune FXIII deficiency. We identified approximately 21,788–23,916 variants in each case. In addition to their ability to activate T cells, present antigens, and immune tolerance, the candidate alleles were further narrowed down according to their allelic frequencies and the magnitude of damage caused by the substitution of amino acids. After selecting 44 candidate alleles, we investigated whether they were associated with the FXIII inhibitory titers and/or the anti-FXIII autoantibodies. We found that two polymorphisms whose variant allele frequencies were significantly lower in the patients tended to decrease FXIII inhibitory titers as the number of variant alleles increased. We also found that five polymorphisms whose variant allele frequencies were significantly higher in the patients tended to increase the levels of the anti-FXIII autoantibodies as the number of variant alleles increased. All of these polymorphisms were found in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II molecules and their associated genes. In particular, the HLA class II molecule and its associated genes were found to be involved in the presentation of foreign antigens as well as the negative regulation of the proliferation of T-cells and the release of cytokines. Polymorphisms in the HLA class II molecules and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 have been reported to be associated with the development of autoantibodies in acquired hemophilia A. Therefore, we hypothesized that these polymorphisms may be associated with the development of autoantibodies in autoimmune FXIII deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Osaki
- Japanese Collaborative Research Group on Autoimmune Coagulation Factor Deficiencies (JCRG supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare), Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Molecular Patho-Biochemistry and Patho-Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masayoshi Souri
- Japanese Collaborative Research Group on Autoimmune Coagulation Factor Deficiencies (JCRG supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare), Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Molecular Patho-Biochemistry and Patho-Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akitada Ichinose
- Japanese Collaborative Research Group on Autoimmune Coagulation Factor Deficiencies (JCRG supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare), Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Molecular Patho-Biochemistry and Patho-Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Abstract
The complement system is central to first-line defense against invading pathogens. However, excessive complement activation and/or the loss of complement regulation contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases, systemic inflammation, and thrombosis. One of the three pathways of the complement system, the alternative complement pathway, plays a vital role in amplifying complement activation and pathway signaling. Complement factor D, a serine protease of this pathway that is required for the formation of C3 convertase, is the rate-limiting enzyme. In this review, we discuss the function of factor D within the alternative pathway and its implication in both healthy physiology and disease. Because the alternative pathway has a role in many diseases that are characterized by excessive or poorly mediated complement activation, this pathway is an enticing target for effective therapeutic intervention. Nonetheless, although the underlying disease mechanisms of many of these complement-driven diseases are quite well understood, some of the diseases have limited treatment options or no approved treatments at all. Therefore, in this review we explore factor D as a strategic target for advancing therapeutic control of pathological complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ilene Weitz
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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134
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Abstract
TRIM21 (Ro52/SSA1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with key roles in immune host defence, signal transduction, and possibly cell cycle regulation. It is also an autoantibody target in Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarise the structure and function of this enzyme, its roles in innate immunity, adaptive immunity and cellular homeostasis, the pathogenesis of autoimmunity against TRIM21, and the potential impacts of autoantibodies to this intracellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Jones
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn B Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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135
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Joalland N, Ducoin K, Cadiou G, Rabu C, Guillonneau C. 24th "Nantes Actualités en Transplantation" and 4th "LabEx Immunotherapy-Graft-Oncology" NAT and IGO Joint Meeting "New Horizons in Immunotherapy". Front Immunol 2021; 12:738312. [PMID: 34539674 PMCID: PMC8446638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 24th edition of the annual NAT conference (Nantes Actualités Transplantation) and the 4th edition of the biennial LabEx IGO meeting (Immunotherapy Graft Oncology) were held jointly around a common theme: "New horizons in immunotherapy", on May 31st and June 1st 2021 to highlight new findings in the fields of transplantation, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Joalland
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Carole Guillonneau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
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136
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Saito K, Mori S, Kodama T. McH-lpr/lpr-RA1 mice: A novel spontaneous mouse model of autoimmune sialadenitis. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:3-10. [PMID: 34174253 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies of the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome have been performed using spontaneous mouse models. In the present study, we describe the characteristics of McH/lpr-RA1 mice and propose their use as a novel murine model of autoimmune sialadenitis. The McH/lpr-RA1 mouse is a recombinant congenic strain derived from generation F54 or more of MRL-Faslpr x (MRL- Faslpr x C3H- Faslpr) F1. We show for the first time that this mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune sialadenitis and vasculitis in submandibular gland tissues. Sialadenitis was accompanied by extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue destruction. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the salivary gland lesions strongly expressed four sialadenitis-related molecules: SSA and SSB (autoantigens of Sjögren's syndrome), gp91phox (an accelerator of reactive oxygen species production) and single strand DNA (a marker of apoptotic cells). In contrast, expression of aquaporin-5 (AQP5), which stimulates salivary secretion was weak or negligible. Statistical correlation analyses indicated that the apoptosis of salivary gland cells provoked by oxidative stress contributed to the severe sialadenitis and reduced expression of AQP5. Our study has demonstrated that McH/lpr-RA1 mice spontaneously develop the pathognomonic features of autoimmune sialadenitis and thus could be used as a new animal model of Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Saito
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiro Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering for Cancer, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan.
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137
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Shechtman Y, Shalata W, Khoury R, Mahajna A, Weller B, Agbarya A. Encephalitis Induced by Durvalumab During Treatment of Metastatic Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Illustrative Case and Review of the Literature. J Immunother 2021; 44:243-247. [PMID: 33734140 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved the standards of care in cancer treatment and have dramatically improved patient prognoses. These new antibodies turned to be an integral part of the standard of care for metastatic small-cell lung cancer. Platinum-based chemotherapy combined with checkpoint inhibitors, resulted in statistically significant improvement of progression free survival and overall survival. Immune checkpoint inhibitors immune-related adverse events have been observed and reported as a consequence of administering these innovative treatment drugs. Neurological immune-related adverse events are rare complications; however, they can be potentially fatal, particularly encephalitis. This report describes a 66-year-old female who received Durvalumab for metastatic small-cell lung cancer. Following 3 cycles of treatment, she developed encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walid Shalata
- The Legacy Heritage Oncology Center and Dr Larry Norton Institute, Soroka Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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138
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Kim J, Lee JY, Kim HG, Kwak MW, Kang TH. Fc Receptor Variants and Disease: A Crucial Factor to Consider in the Antibody Therapeutics in Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9489. [PMID: 34502398 PMCID: PMC8431278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of antibodies is responsible for their protective function and long-lasting serum half-life via Fc-mediated effector function, transcytosis, and recycling through its interaction with Fc receptors (FcRs) expressed on various immune leukocytes, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Therefore, the Fc-FcRs interaction is a control point of both endogenous and therapeutic antibody function. There are a number of reported genetic variants of FcRs, which include polymorphisms in (i) extracellular domain of FcRs, which change their affinities to Fc domain of antibodies; (ii) both cytoplasmic and intracellular domain, which alters the extent of signal transduction; and (iii) the promoter region of the FcRs gene, which affects the expression level of FcRs, thus being associated with the pathogenesis of disease indications. In this review, we firstly describe the correlation between the genetic variants of FcRs and immunological disorders by individual differences in the extent of FcRs-mediated regulations. Secondly, we discuss the influence of the genetic variants of FcRs on the susceptibility to infectious diseases or cancer in the perspective of FcRs-induced effector functions. Overall, we concluded that the genetic variants of FcRs are one of the key elements in the design of antibody therapeutics due to their variety of clinical outcomes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Han Gil Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Min Woo Kwak
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
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139
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Wright JA, Bazile C, Clark ES, Carlesso G, Boucher J, Kleiman E, Mahmoud T, Cheng LI, López-Rodríguez DM, Satterthwaite AB, Altman NH, Greidinger EL, Khan WN. Impaired B Cell Apoptosis Results in Autoimmunity That Is Alleviated by Ablation of Btk. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705307. [PMID: 34512628 PMCID: PMC8427801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While apoptosis plays a role in B-cell self-tolerance, its significance in preventing autoimmunity remains unclear. Here, we report that dysregulated B cell apoptosis leads to delayed onset autoimmune phenotype in mice. Our longitudinal studies revealed that mice with B cell-specific deletion of pro-apoptotic Bim (BBimfl/fl ) have an expanded B cell compartment with a notable increase in transitional, antibody secreting and recently described double negative (DN) B cells. They develop greater hypergammaglobulinemia than mice lacking Bim in all cells and accumulate several autoantibodies characteristic of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and related Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) including anti-nuclear, anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB at a level comparable to NODH2h4 autoimmune mouse model. Furthermore, lymphocytes infiltrated the tissues including submandibular glands and formed follicle-like structures populated with B cells, plasma cells and T follicular helper cells indicative of ongoing immune reaction. This autoimmunity was ameliorated upon deletion of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene, which encodes a key B cell signaling protein. These studies suggest that Bim-mediated apoptosis suppresses and B cell tyrosine kinase signaling promotes B cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Cassandra Bazile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Emily S. Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gianluca Carlesso
- Early Oncology Discovery, Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Justin Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eden Kleiman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tamer Mahmoud
- Early Oncology Discovery, Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Lily I. Cheng
- Oncology Safety/Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Darlah M. López-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Norman H. Altman
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eric L. Greidinger
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wasif N. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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140
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Moody R, Wilson K, Flanagan KL, Jaworowski A, Plebanski M. Adaptive Immunity and the Risk of Autoreactivity in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168965. [PMID: 34445670 PMCID: PMC8396528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While first and foremost considered a respiratory infection, COVID-19 can result in complications affecting multiple organs. Immune responses in COVID-19 can both protect against the disease as well as drive it. Insights into these responses, and specifically the targets being recognised by the immune system, are of vital importance in understanding the side effects of COVID-19 and associated pathologies. The body's adaptive immunity recognises and responds against specific targets (antigens) expressed by foreign pathogens, but not usually to target self-antigens. However, if the immune system becomes dysfunctional, adaptive immune cells can react to self-antigens, which can result in autoimmune disease. Viral infections are well reported to be associated with, or exacerbate, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In COVID-19 patients, both new onset MS and SLE, as well as the occurrence of other autoimmune-like pathologies, have been reported. Additionally, the presence of autoantibodies, both with and without known associations to autoimmune diseases, have been found. Herein we describe the mechanisms of virally induced autoimmunity and summarise some of the emerging reports on the autoimmune-like diseases and autoreactivity that is reported to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiane Moody
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.M.); (K.W.); (K.L.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Kirsty Wilson
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.M.); (K.W.); (K.L.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.M.); (K.W.); (K.L.F.); (A.J.)
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.M.); (K.W.); (K.L.F.); (A.J.)
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (R.M.); (K.W.); (K.L.F.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
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141
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Abstract
The immunopathology of type I diabetes (T1D) presents a complicated case in part because of the multifactorial origin of this disease. Typically, T1D is thought to occur as a result of autoimmunity toward islets of Langerhans, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing cells (β cells) and thus lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin. However, that explanation obscures much of the underlying mechanism, and the actual precipitating events along with the associated actors (latent viral infection, diverse immune cell types and their roles) are not completely understood. Notably, there is a malfunctioning in the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target endocrine cells through antigen-mediated attack. Further examination has revealed the likelihood of an imbalance in distinct subpopulations of tolerogenic and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells that may be the catalyst of adaptive immune system malfunction. The contributions of components outside the immune system, including environmental factors such as chronic viral infection also need more consideration, and much of the recent literature investigating the origins of this disease have focused on these factors. In this review, the details of the immunopathology of T1D regarding NK cell disfunction is discussed, along with how those mechanisms stand within the context of general autoimmune disorders. Finally, the rarer cases of latent autoimmune, COVID-19 (viral), and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes are discussed as their exceptional pathology offers insight into the evolution of the disease as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Tissue and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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142
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Kiener S, Ribi C, Keller I, Chizzolini C, Trendelenburg M, Huynh-Do U, von Kempis J, Leeb T. Variants Affecting the C-Terminal Tail of UNC93B1 Are Not a Common Risk Factor for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1268. [PMID: 34440442 PMCID: PMC8392493 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous multifactorial disease. Upregulated TLR7 signaling is a known risk factor for SLE. Recently, it was shown that specific genetic variants in UNC93B1 affect the physiological regulation of TLR7 signaling and cause characteristic autoimmune phenotypes with monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance in mutant mice and dogs. We therefore hypothesized that homologous variants in the human UNC93B1 gene might be responsible for a fraction of human SLE patients. We analyzed 536 patients of the Swiss SLE Cohort Study for the presence of genetic variants affecting the C-terminal tail of UNC93B1. None of the investigated patients carried bi-allelic UNC93B1 variants that were likely to explain their SLE phenotypes. We conclude that genetic variants affecting the C-terminal tail of UNC93B1 are not a common risk factor for SLE. It cannot be excluded that such variants might contribute to other heritable autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Camillo Ribi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Irene Keller
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Geneva University, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine and Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Uyen Huynh-Do
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Johannes von Kempis
- Division of Rheumatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | | | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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143
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Beutgen VM, Schmelter C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Contribution of the Commensal Microflora to the Immunological Homeostasis and the Importance of Immune-Related Drug Development for Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8896. [PMID: 34445599 PMCID: PMC8396286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Not long ago, self-reactive immune activity was considered as pathological trait. A paradigm shift has now led to the recognition of autoimmune processes as part of natural maintenance of molecular homeostasis. The immune system is assigned further roles beneath the defense against pathogenic organisms. Regarding the humoral immune system, the investigation of natural autoantibodies that are frequently found in healthy individuals has led to further hypotheses involving natural autoimmunity in other processes as the clearing of cellular debris or decrease in inflammatory processes. However, their role and origin have not been entirely clarified, but accumulating evidence links their formation to immune reactions against the gut microbiome. Antibodies targeting highly conserved proteins of the commensal microflora are suggested to show self-reactive properties, following the paradigm of the molecular mimicry. Here, we discuss recent findings, which demonstrate potential links of the commensal microflora to the immunological homeostasis and highlight the possible implications for various diseases. Furthermore, specific components of the immune system, especially antibodies, have become a focus of attention for the medical management of various diseases and provide attractive treatment options in the future. Nevertheless, the development and optimization of such macromolecules still represents a very time-consuming task, shifting the need to more medical agents with simple structural properties and low manufacturing costs. Synthesizing only the biologically active sites of antibodies has become of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry and offers a wide range of therapeutic application areas as it will be discussed in the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz H. Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.M.B.); (C.S.); (N.P.)
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144
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Gokuladhas S, Schierding W, Golovina E, Fadason T, O’Sullivan J. Unravelling the Shared Genetic Mechanisms Underlying 18 Autoimmune Diseases Using a Systems Approach. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693142. [PMID: 34484189 PMCID: PMC8415031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AiDs) are complex heterogeneous diseases characterized by hyperactive immune responses against self. Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with several AiDs. While these studies have identified a handful of pleiotropic loci that confer risk to multiple AiDs, they lack the power to detect shared genetic factors residing outside of these loci. Here, we integrated chromatin contact, expression quantitative trait loci and protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to identify genes that are regulated by both pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic SNPs. The PPI analysis revealed complex interactions between the shared and disease-specific genes. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the shared genes co-occur with disease-specific genes within the same biological pathways. In conclusion, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic risk loci associated with multiple AiDs converge on a core set of biological processes that potentially contribute to the emergence of polyautoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Schierding
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evgeniia Golovina
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tayaza Fadason
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin O’Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schett
- From the Departments of Medicine 3 (G.S.) and Medicine 1 (M.F.N.) and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (G.S., M.F.N.), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and the College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.B.M.)
| | - Iain B McInnes
- From the Departments of Medicine 3 (G.S.) and Medicine 1 (M.F.N.) and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (G.S., M.F.N.), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and the College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.B.M.)
| | - Markus F Neurath
- From the Departments of Medicine 3 (G.S.) and Medicine 1 (M.F.N.) and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (G.S., M.F.N.), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and the College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.B.M.)
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146
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Karami Fath M, Jahangiri A, Ganji M, Sefid F, Payandeh Z, Hashemi ZS, Pourzardosht N, Hessami A, Mard-Soltani M, Zakeri A, Rahbar MR, Khalili S. SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Harbors Peptides Which Are Able to Trigger Autoimmunity Responses: Implications for Infection, Vaccination, and Population Coverage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705772. [PMID: 34447375 PMCID: PMC8383889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) could occur due to infectious diseases and vaccination programs. Since millions of people are expected to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated against it, autoimmune consequences seem inevitable. Therefore, we have investigated the whole proteome of the SARS-CoV-2 for its ability to trigger ADs. In this regard, the entire proteome of the SARS-CoV-2 was chopped into more than 48000 peptides. The produced peptides were searched against the entire human proteome to find shared peptides with similar experimentally confirmed T-cell and B-cell epitopes. The obtained peptides were checked for their ability to bind to HLA molecules. The possible population coverage was calculated for the most potent peptides. The obtained results indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 and human proteomes share 23 peptides originated from ORF1ab polyprotein, nonstructural protein NS7a, Surface glycoprotein, and Envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2. Among these peptides, 21 peptides had experimentally confirmed equivalent epitopes. Amongst, only nine peptides were predicted to bind to HLAs with known global allele frequency data, and three peptides were able to bind to experimentally confirmed HLAs of equivalent epitopes. Given the HLAs which have already been reported to be associated with ADs, the ESGLKTIL, RYPANSIV, NVAITRAK, and RRARSVAS were determined to be the most harmful peptides of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. It would be expected that the COVID-19 pandemic and the vaccination against this pathogen could significantly increase the ADs incidences, especially in populations harboring HLA-B*08:01, HLA-A*024:02, HLA-A*11:01 and HLA-B*27:05. The Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania are at higher risk of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sefid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Anahita Hessami
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
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147
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Kageyama R, Honda T, Tokura Y. Acquired Idiopathic Generalized Anhidrosis (AIGA) and Its Complications: Implications for AIGA as an Autoimmune Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8389. [PMID: 34445091 PMCID: PMC8395056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA) is a rare disorder in which systemic anhidrosis/hypohidrosis occurs without causative dermatological, metabolic or neurological disorder. Most cases of AIGA have been reported in Asia, especially in Japan, but there have been only a few reports in Europe and the United States. Severe AIGA may result in heatstroke and can reduce quality of life due to restriction of exercise and outdoor works. AIGA is often accompanied by cholinergic urticaria (CholU), and it is thought that AIGA and CholU with anhidrosis/hypohidrosis belong to the same spectrum of the disease. However, the pathophysiology of AIGA has not yet been clarified. Decreased expression of cholinergic receptor M3 on the epithelial cells of eccrine sweat glands is often accompanied by T cell infiltration around eccrine apparatus, suggesting an immunological mechanism of disordered perspiration. AIGA is occasionally associated with various complications indicative of autoimmune disorders. The association of autoimmune complications further suggests that AIGA is an autoimmune disorder. Studies on complications may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of AIGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kageyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Allergic Disease Research Center and Department of Dermatology, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan;
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148
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Brandum EP, Jørgensen AS, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. Dendritic Cells and CCR7 Expression: An Important Factor for Autoimmune Diseases, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158340. [PMID: 34361107 PMCID: PMC8348795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic cytokines-chemokines-control immune cell migration in the process of initiation and resolution of inflammatory conditions as part of the body's defense system. Many chemokines also participate in pathological processes leading up to and exacerbating the inflammatory state characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and the central chemokine receptor CCR7 in the initiation and sustainment of selected chronic inflammatory diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. We revisit the binary role that CCR7 plays in combatting and progressing cancer, and we discuss how CCR7 and DCs can be harnessed for the treatment of cancer. To provide the necessary background, we review the differential roles of the natural ligands of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 and how they direct the mobilization of activated DCs to lymphoid organs and control the formation of associated lymphoid tissues (ALTs). We provide an overview of DC subsets and, briefly, elaborate on the different T-cell effector types generated upon DC-T cell priming. In the conclusion, we promote CCR7 as a possible target of future drugs with an antagonistic effect to reduce inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and an agonistic effect for boosting the reactivation of the immune system against cancer in cell-based and/or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based anti-cancer therapy.
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149
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are pathologically activated neutrophils and monocytes with potent immunosuppressive activity. They are implicated in the regulation of immune responses in many pathological conditions and are closely associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. Recent studies have indicated key distinctions between MDSCs and classical neutrophils and monocytes, and, in this Review, we discuss new data on the major genomic and metabolic characteristics of MDSCs. We explain how these characteristics shape MDSC function and could facilitate therapeutic targeting of these cells, particularly in cancer and in autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we briefly discuss emerging data on MDSC involvement in pregnancy, neonatal biology and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Veglia
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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150
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current therapies for autoimmune disorders often employ broad suppression of the immune system. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) seeks to overcome the side-effects of immunosuppressive therapy by specifically targeting only disease-related autoreactive T and B cells. Although it has been in development for several decades, ASI still is not in use clinically to treat autoimmunity. Novel ways to deliver antigen may be effective in inducing ASI. Here we review recent innovations in antigen delivery. RECENT FINDINGS New ways to deliver antigen include particle and nonparticle approaches. One main focus has been the targeting of antigen-presenting cells in a tolerogenic context. This technique often results in the induction and/or expansion of regulatory T cells, which has the potential to be effective against a complex, polyclonal immune response. SUMMARY Whether novel delivery approaches can help bring ASI into general clinical use for therapy of autoimmune diseases remains to be seen. However, preclinical work and early results from clinical trials using these new techniques show promising signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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