151
|
Guan YZ, Shan SM, Zhang W, Luo JG, Kong LY. Withanolides from Physalis minima and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Steroids 2014; 82:38-43. [PMID: 24480102 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Six new withanolides (1-6), including two uncommon 1,10-seco withanolides (1 and 2), together with five known withanolides (7-11), were isolated from the whole plants of Physalis minima Linn.. The structures of new compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic methods, including (1)H, (13)C NMR, 2D-NMR, HRESIMS and circular dichroism (CD). Inhibitory effects of the isolates on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccaride-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated. Compounds 2 and 5 showed strong inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 8.04 and 10.01 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 9 and 10 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities with IC50 values from 25.54 to 43.58 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhou Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Ming Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Beg M, Chauhan P, Varshney S, Shankar K, Rajan S, Saini D, Srivastava MN, Yadav PP, Gaikwad AN. A withanolide coagulin-L inhibits adipogenesis modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway and cell cycle in mitotic clonal expansion. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:406-414. [PMID: 24252344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a result of adipocyte hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia. It is a risk factor for several metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Coagulanolides, particularly coagulin-L isolated from W. coagulan has earlier been reported for anti-hyperglycemic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of coagulin-L on in vitro models of adipocyte differentiation including 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte, mouse stromal mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells and bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our results showed that, coagulin-L reduces the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), the major transcription factors orchestrating adipocyte differentiation. Detailed analysis further proved that early exposure of coagulin-L is sufficient to cause significant inhibition during adipogenesis. Coagulin-L inhibited mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) by delayed entry in G1 to S phase transition and S-phase arrest. This MCE blockade was caused apparently by decreased phosphorylation of C/EBPβ, modulation in expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the early stage regulatory proteins of adipogenic induction. Taken together all evidences, a known anti-hyperglycemic agent coagulin-L has shown potential to inhibit adipogenesis significantly, which can be therapeutically exploited for treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muheeb Beg
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Parul Chauhan
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - M N Srivastava
- Division of Botany, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Prem P Yadav
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Szarc vel Szic K, Op de Beeck K, Ratman D, Wouters A, Beck IM, Declerck K, Heyninck K, Fransen E, Bracke M, De Bosscher K, Lardon F, Van Camp G, Berghe WV. Pharmacological levels of Withaferin A (Withania somnifera) trigger clinically relevant anticancer effects specific to triple negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87850. [PMID: 24498382 PMCID: PMC3912072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) isolated from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) has recently become an attractive phytochemical under investigation in various preclinical studies for treatment of different cancer types. In the present study, a comparative pathway-based transcriptome analysis was applied in epithelial-like MCF-7 and triple negative mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exposed to different concentrations of WA which can be detected systemically in in vivo experiments. Whereas WA treatment demonstrated attenuation of multiple cancer hallmarks, the withanolide analogue Withanone (WN) did not exert any of the described effects at comparable concentrations. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that WA targets specific cancer processes related to cell death, cell cycle and proliferation, which could be functionally validated by flow cytometry and real-time cell proliferation assays. WA also strongly decreased MDA-MB-231 invasion as determined by single-cell collagen invasion assay. This was further supported by decreased gene expression of extracellular matrix-degrading proteases (uPA, PLAT, ADAM8), cell adhesion molecules (integrins, laminins), pro-inflammatory mediators of the metastasis-promoting tumor microenvironment (TNFSF12, IL6, ANGPTL2, CSF1R) and concomitant increased expression of the validated breast cancer metastasis suppressor gene (BRMS1). In line with the transcriptional changes, nanomolar concentrations of WA significantly decreased protein levels and corresponding activity of uPA in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatant, further supporting its anti-metastatic properties. Finally, hierarchical clustering analysis of 84 chromatin writer-reader-eraser enzymes revealed that WA treatment of invasive mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cells reprogrammed their transcription levels more similarly towards the pattern observed in non-invasive MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, taking into account that sub-cytotoxic concentrations of WA target multiple metastatic effectors in therapy-resistant triple negative breast cancer, WA-based therapeutic strategies targeting the uPA pathway hold promise for further (pre)clinical development to defeat aggressive metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szarc vel Szic
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dariusz Ratman
- Nuclear Receptor Signaling Unit, Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse M. Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Therapy and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Heyninck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Therapy and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Nuclear Receptor Signaling Unit, Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
β-catenin plays a pivotal role in organogenesis and oncogenesis. Alterations in β-catenin expression are common in pancreatic cancer, which is an extremely aggressive malignancy with a notably poor prognosis. In this report, we analyzed the apoptotic activity of withanolide-D (witha-D), a steroidal lactone that was purified from an Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, and its underlying mechanism of action. Witha-D induced apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by prompting cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This lactone abrogated β-catenin signaling in these cells regardless of disease grade, mutational status, and gemcitabine sensitivity. Witha-D also upregulated E-cadherin in most cells, thereby supporting the inversion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, the Akt/Gsk3β kinase cascade was identified as a critical mediator of G2/M regulation and β-catenin signaling. Witha-D deactivated Akt, which failed to promote Gsk3β deactivation phosphorylation. Consequently, activated Gsk3β facilitated β-catenin destruction in pancreatic carcinoma cells. The knockdown of Chk1 and Chk2 further activated Akt and reversed the molecular signal. Taken together, the results of the current study represent the first evidence of β-catenin signal crosstalk during the G2/M phase by functionally inactivating Akt via witha-D treatment in pancreatic cancer cells. In conclusion, this finding suggests the potential identification of a new lead molecule in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sarkar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India Bio-Processing Unit, Department of Bio-Technology, Govt. of India, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Gu M, Yu Y, Gunaherath GMKB, Leslie Gunatilaka AA, Li D, Sun D. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of withanolides to inhibit Hsp90 for its activity in pancreatic cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:68-74. [PMID: 23887853 PMCID: PMC3865103 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a naturally occurring steroidal lactone, directly binds to Hsp90 and leads to the degradation of Hsp90 client protein. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure activity relationship (SAR) of withanolides for their inhibition of Hsp90 and anti-proliferative activities in pancreatic cancer cells. In pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells, withaferin A (WA) and its four analogues withanolide E (WE), 4-hydroxywithanolide E (HWE), 3-aziridinylwithaferin A (AzWA) inhibited cell proliferation with IC50 ranged from 1.0 to 2.8 μM. WA, WE, HWE, and AzWA also induced caspase-3 activity by 21-, 6-, 11- and 15-fold, respectively, in Panc-1 cells, while withaperuvin (WP) did not show any activity. Our data showed that WA, WE, HWE, and AzWA, but not WP, all directly bound to Hsp90 and induced Hsp90 aggregation,hence inhibited Hsp90 chaperone activity to induce degradation of Hsp90 client proteins Akt and Cdk4 through proteasome-dependent pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. However, only WA, HWE and AzWA disrupted Hsp90-Cdc37 complexes but not WE and WP. SAR study suggested that the C-5(6)-epoxy functional group contributes considerably for withanolide to bind to Hsp90, inhibit Hsp90 chaperone activity, and result in Hsp90 client protein depletion. Meanwhile, the hydroxyl group at C-4 of ring A may enhance withanolide to inhibit Hsp90 activity and disrupt Hsp90-Cdc37 interaction. These SAR data provide possible mechanisms of anti-proliferative action of withanolides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mancang Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, ZJ 310013. P.R.China
| | - Yanke Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G. M. Kamal B Gunaherath
- SW Center for Natural Products Research & Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW Center for Natural Products Research & Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, ZJ 310013. P.R.China
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Joshi P, Misra L, Siddique AA, Srivastava M, Kumar S, Darokar MP. Epoxide group relationship with cytotoxicity in withanolide derivatives from Withania somnifera. Steroids 2014; 79:19-27. [PMID: 24184562 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera is one of the highly reputed medicinal plants of India. Its steroidal constituents exist in the form of two major substitution patterns, viz. withaferin A (1) and withanone (5). Withaferin A with oxidation at carbons 4, 5, and 6 is considered as an active type, especially as anticancer, whereas the withanones with oxidation at carbons 5, 6, and 7 rarely show any activity. We prepared a series of derivatives with modifications at carbons 5, 6, and 7 in ring B of these withanolides to study the role of the epoxide group towards the cytotoxic property of these bioactive steroids. We have converted withanolides into the respective thiiranes, amino alcohols and alcohols by selective reactions at the epoxide ring and were evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines to study the structure activity relationships. The transformations of the epoxide group in withanolides of the withaferin A type showed moderate reduction in their cytotoxicity whereas the almost inactive withanones have shown some improvements in their alcohol derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Joshi
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Laxminarain Misra
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
| | - Amreen A Siddique
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Monica Srivastava
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mahendra P Darokar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Nicotra VE, Basso AV, Ramacciotti NS, Misico RI. Withanolides with phytotoxic activity from two species of the genus Salpichroa: S. origanifolia and S. tristis var. lehmannii. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:2219-2225. [PMID: 24303781 DOI: 10.1021/np400559p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven new withanolides, salpichrolides O-U (1-7), the known 2,3-dihydrosalpichrolide B (9), a substance not previously isolated from a natural source, and three known compounds, salpichrolide D (8), salpichrolide A (10), and salpichrolide C (11), were isolated and characterized from the aerial parts of Salpichroa origanifolia and S. tristis var. lehmannii. Compounds 1-4 and 8 have an oxygenated D ring, while compounds 5-7 and 9-11 possess a six-membered aromatic D ring. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data including NMR and MS. Withanolides 1, 3, 8, 10, and 11 exhibited selective radicle growth inhibition toward Lactuca sativa (lettuce) at 150 and 400 ppm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Sinha P, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell function is reduced by Withaferin A, a potent and abundant component of Withania somnifera root extract. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1663-73. [PMID: 23982485 PMCID: PMC11028968 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells play a crucial role in tumor progression. The most common tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). These cells promote tumor growth by their inherent immune suppressive activity which is enhanced by their cross-talk. The root extract of the plant Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) (WRE) has been reported to reduce tumor growth. HPLC analysis identified Withaferin A (WA) as the most abundant constituent of WRE and led us to determine whether the anti-tumor effects of WRE and WA involve modulating MDSC and TAM activity. A prominent effect of MDSC is their production of IL-10 which increases upon cross-talk with macrophages, thus polarizing immunity to a pro-tumor type 2 phenotype. In vitro treatment with WA decreased MDSC production of IL-10 and prevented additional MDSC production of IL-10 generated by MDSC-macrophage cross-talk. Macrophage secretion of IL-6 and TNFα, cytokines that increase MDSC accumulation and function, was also reduced by in vitro treatment with WA. Much of the T-cell suppressive activity of MDSC is due to MDSC production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and WA significantly reduced MDSC production of ROS through a STAT3-dependent mechanism. In vivo treatment of tumor-bearing mice with WA decreased tumor weight, reduced the quantity of granulocytic MDSC, and reduced the ability of MDSC to suppress antigen-driven activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Thus, adjunctive treatment with WA reduced myeloid cell-mediated immune suppression, polarized immunity toward a tumor-rejecting type 1 phenotype, and may facilitate the development of anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Roy RV, Suman S, Das TP, Luevano J, Damodaran C. Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone from Withania somnifera, induces mitotic catastrophe and growth arrest in prostate cancer cells. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1909-15. [PMID: 24079846 PMCID: PMC4144448 DOI: 10.1021/np400441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle deregulation is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Clinical trials of cell cycle regulators that target either the G0/G1 or G2/M phase to inhibit the growth of cancers including prostate cancer are increasing. The present study focused on the cell cycle regulatory potential of the withanolide withaferin A (1) on prostate cancer cells. Compound 1 induced G2/M arrest in both prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU-145) when treated for 48 h. The G2/M arrest was accompanied by upregulation of phosphorylated Wee-1, phosphorylated histone H3, p21, and Aurora B. On the other hand, downregulation of cyclins (A2, B1, and E2) and a reduction in phosphorylated Cdc2 (Tyr15) were observed in 1-treated prostate cancer cells. In addition, decreased levels of phosphorylated Chk1 (Ser345) and Chk2 (Thr68) were evident in prostate cancer cells on treatment with 1. These results suggest that activation of Cdc2 leads to arrest in the M phase, with abnormal duplication, and initiation of mitotic catastrophe that results in cell death. In conclusion, these results show clearly the potential of 1 as a regulator of the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and as a therapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chendil Damodaran
- Chendil Damodaran, Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, , Phone: 915-215-4228, Fax: 915-783-522
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Huang CY, Liaw CC, Chen BW, Chen PC, Su JH, Sung PJ, Dai CF, Chiang MY, Sheu JH. Withanolide-based steroids from the cultured soft coral Sinularia brassica. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1902-1908. [PMID: 24128077 DOI: 10.1021/np400454q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven novel withanolides, sinubrasolides A-G (1-7), have been isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia brassica. The structures of the new metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1-7 against a limited panel of cancer cell lines also were determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Rasheed A, Satyanarayana KV, Gulabi PS, Rao MS. Chemical and pharmacological standardization of Ashwagandhadi lehyam: an ayurvedic formulation. J Complement Integr Med 2013; 10:/j/jcim.2013.10.issue-1/jcim-2012-0026/jcim-2012-0026.xml. [PMID: 24127547 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2012-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Standardization is an important measurement for ensuring the quality control of herbal drugs. It has become essential to develop reliable, specific and sensitive quality control methods. One of the prime ingredients of Ashwagandhadi lehyam is Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanaceae) (ashwagandha). In the present study, Ashwagandhadi lehyam was formulated and the quality assessment of the formulation was based on phytochemical screening and physico-chemical evaluation. Ashwagandhadi lehyam was formulated according to a working formula and subjected to phytochemical screening by FTIR analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting, heavy metal determination by AAS, determination of alcohol content, tested for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic bacteria, yeasts and mould, oral toxicity studies and anti-epileptic activity by MES method. The physico-chemical studies showed total ash content as 6.45%, extractive values and some trace elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic with 3.2, 0.05, 0.18 and 0.48 ppm, respectively. FTIR and HPTLC studies revealed the presence of functional groups of withanolides in Ashwagandhadi lehyam, resulting in its chemical standardization. The formulation exhibited less epileptic seizures in various phases when compared with that of standard phenytoin and found to possess better anti-inflammatory activity, thus making it biologically standardized. The physico-chemical and pharmacological analysis to standardize Ashwagandhadi lehyam confirmed its use as a safe anti-inflammatory agent and for various seizure disorders.
Collapse
|
162
|
Ji L, Yuan Y, Ma Z, Chen Z, Gan L, Ma X, Huang D. Induction of quinone reductase (QR) by withanolides isolated from Physalis pubescens L. (Solanaceae). Steroids 2013; 78:860-5. [PMID: 23685089 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, it was demonstrated that the dichloromethane extract of Physalis pubescens L. (DEPP) had weak potential quinone reductase (QR) inducing activity, but an UPLC-ESI-MS method with glutathione (GSH) as the substrate revealed that the DEPP had electrophiles (with an α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety). These electrophiles could induce quinone reductase (QR) activity, which might be attributed to the modification of the highly reactive cysteine residues in Keap1. Herein, four withanolides, including three new compounds physapubescin B (2), physapubescin C (3), physapubescin D (4), together with one known steroidal compound physapubescin (1) were isolated. Structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis and that of physapubescin C (3) was confirmed by a combination of molecular modeling and quantum chemical DFT-GIAO calculations. Evaluation of the QR inducing activities of all withanolides indicated potent activities of compounds 1 and 2, which had a common α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
El Bouzidi L, Mahiou-Leddet V, Bun SS, Larhsini M, Abbad A, Markouk M, Fathi M, Boudon M, Ollivier E, Bekkouche K. Cytotoxic withanolides from the leaves of Moroccan Withania frutescens. Pharm Biol 2013; 51:1040-1046. [PMID: 23742647 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.775162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Withania species are a rich source of interesting phytochemical substances (withanolides) which have shown several biological properties. OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic potential of Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy (Solanaceae) leaf extracts and isolated active compounds against cultured tumor cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude methanol extract of W. frutescens leaves was partitioned with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. MeOH extract and its fractions were tested for their cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines (HepG2 and HT29) using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed for the active CH₂Cl₂ fraction employing column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural elucidation of the isolated active compounds was carried out mainly by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The compounds were then tested for their cytotoxic activity. RESULTS The CH₂Cl₂ fraction was the most active against HT29 cell line. The fractionation procedure resulted in the isolation of 4β,17α,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-22-R-witha-2,5,24-trienolide (1), 5β,6β-epoxy-4β,17α,27-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide (2) and 2,3-dihydroxywithaferin A-3β-O-sulfate (3). The latter exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity against HT29 cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ of 1.78 ± 0.09 µM) which was comparable to that of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) used as the positive antimitotic control. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from W. frutescens for the first time. Data obtained suggest that the sulfated steroidal lactone (3) can be considered as a compound with potential application in the new anticancer drugs development field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila El Bouzidi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
He H, Zang LH, Feng YS, Chen LX, Kang N, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Qiu F, Ikejima T. Physalin A induces apoptosis via p53-Noxa-mediated ROS generation, and autophagy plays a protective role against apoptosis through p38-NF-κB survival pathway in A375-S2 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 148:544-555. [PMID: 23684722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Physalin A is a bioactive withanolide isolated from natural plant Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine named Jindenglong which has long been used for the treatment of cough, sore throat, hepatitis, eczema, dysuria and tumors in China. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the previous study that physalin A induced cytotoxic effect in human melanoma A375-S2 cells, this study was designed to further illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability was evaluated in A375-S2 cells by MTT assay, and the mechanisms involved in physalin A-induced A375-S2 cell death were investigated by phase contrast microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, siRNA transfection, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. RESULTS We demonstrated that physalin A decreased the proportion of viable A375-S2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and exposure of A375-S2 cells to physalin A led to both apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, physalin A-induced apoptosis was triggered by activation of p53-Noxa pathway and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The administration of ROS scavengers NAC and GSH resulted in the complete inhibition of physalin A-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. Application of p53 inhibitor PFT-α or transfection with Noxa-siRNA could also lead to the same results. Autophagy, demonstrated by the punctuate distribution of monodansylcadaverine staining, as well as the change of LC3-II/LC3-I proportion and Beclin 1 activation, played a protective role against apoptosis via up-regulation of the p38-NF-κB survival pathway in A375-S2 cells. Additionally, inhibition of autophagy by the specific autophagic inhibitor 3MA or blocking the p38-NF-κB pathway with p38 inhibitor SB203580 or NF-κB inhibitor PDTC obviously promoted physalin A-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Physalin A induced apoptotic cell death via p53-Noxa-mediated ROS generation, and autophagy played a protective role against apoptosis through up-regulating the p38-NF-κB survival pathway in A375-S2 cells. These results stated the possibility that physalin A would be a potential agent for the treatment of melanoma in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
He H, Zang LH, Feng YS, Wang J, Liu WW, Chen LX, Kang N, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Qiu F, Ikejima T. Physalin A induces apoptotic cell death and protective autophagy in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:880-888. [PMID: 23647462 DOI: 10.1021/np400017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Physalin A (1) is a withanolide isolated from Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii. In this study, the selective growth inhibitory effects on tumor cells induced by 1 were screened, and the mechanism was investigated on 1-induced growth inhibition, including apoptosis and autophagy, in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Apoptosis induced by 1 in HT1080 cells was associated with up-regulation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression. However, there were no significant changes in caspase-9, Bid, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression, indicating that 1-induced apoptosis in HT1080 cells occurs mainly through activation of the death receptor-associated extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Autophagy induced by 1 was found to antagonize apoptosis in HT1080 cells. This effect was enhanced by rapamycin and suppressed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA). Loss of beclin 1 (as an autophagic regulator) function led to similar results to 3MA. However, 1 did not show inhibitory effects on normal human cells (human peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Taken together, these results suggest that 1 may be a promising agent for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Bargagna-Mohan P, Deokule SP, Thompson K, Wizeman J, Srinivasan C, Vooturi S, Kompella UB, Mohan R. Withaferin A effectively targets soluble vimentin in the glaucoma filtration surgical model of fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63881. [PMID: 23667686 PMCID: PMC3648549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA) is a natural product that binds to soluble forms of the type III intermediate filament (IF) vimentin. Currently, it is unknown under what pathophysiological contexts vimentin is druggable, as cytoskeltal vimentin-IFs are abundantly expressed. To investigate druggability of vimentin, we exploited rabbit Tenon's capsule fibroblast (RbTCF) cell cultures and the rabbit glaucoma filtration surgical (GFS) model of fibrosis. WFA potently caused G₀/G₁ cell cycle inhibition (IC₅₀ 25 nM) in RbTCFs, downregulating ubiquitin E3 ligase skp2 and inducing p27(Kip1) expression. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-induced myofibroblast transformation caused development of cell spheroids with numerous elongated invadopodia, which WFA blocked potently by downregulating soluble vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression. In the pilot proof-of-concept study using the GFS model, subconjunctival injections of a low WFA dose reduced skp2 expression in Tenon's capsule and increased p27(Kip1) expression without significant alteration to vimentin-IFs. This treatment maintains significant nanomolar WFA concentrations in anterior segment tissues that correspond to WFA's cell cycle targeting activity. A ten-fold higher WFA dose caused potent downregulation of soluble vimentin and skp2 expression, but as found in cell cultures, no further increase in p27(Kip1) expression was observed. Instead, this high WFA dose potently induced vimentin-IF disruption and downregulated α-SMA expression that mimicked WFA activity in TGF-ß-treated RbTCFs that blocked cell contractile activity at submicromolar concentrations. These findings illuminate that localized WFA injection to ocular tissues exerts pharmacological control over the skp2-p27(Kip1) pathway by targeting of soluble vimentin in a model of surgical fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sunil P. Deokule
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - John Wizeman
- Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Cidambi Srinivasan
- Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sunil Vooturi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Royce Mohan
- Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Zhang H, Bazzill J, Gallagher RJ, Subramanian C, Grogan PT, Day VW, Kindscher K, Cohen MS, Timmermann BN. Antiproliferative withanolides from Datura wrightii. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:445-449. [PMID: 23252848 PMCID: PMC3606642 DOI: 10.1021/np300766p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new withanolide, named withawrightolide (1), and four known withanolides (2-5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Datura wrightii. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated through 2D NMR and other spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the structure of withametelin L (2) was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Using MTS viability assays, withanolides 1-5 showed antiproliferative activities against human glioblastoma (U251 and U87), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (MDA-1986), and normal fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells with IC50 values in the range between 0.56 and 5.6 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joseph Bazzill
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert J. Gallagher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chitra Subramanian
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick T. Grogan
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Victor W. Day
- The Small-Molecule X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kelly Kindscher
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Mark S. Cohen
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Barbara N. Timmermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Veronica J, Sundar S, Maurya R. An in vitro study of apoptotic like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes by withanolides. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:253-61. [PMID: 23416156 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate the withanolides in inducing apoptotic like death in Leishmania donovani in vitro. Withanolides were fractionated and isolated from the leaves of Withania somnifera and LC-MS/MS analysis of two fractions namely, F5 and F6 of ethanolic extracts, obtained through column chromatography with silica gel, was performed. The antileishmanial effect of withanolides on L. donovani promastigotes was assessed in vitro using PI dye exclusion test. The effect of withanolides on promastigote morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy. To understand their mode of action against L. donovani, DNA fragmentation, quantification of parasites at sub G0/G1 phase, determination of phosphatidylserine externalization, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) were done. Results showed that LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of withanolides in isolated fractions. Treatment with withanolides resulted in morphological alterations from spindle to round shape and loss of flagella/cell integrity in promastigotes. Moreover, it induced DNA nicks, cell cycle arrest at sub G0/G1 phase and externalization of phosphatidylserine in dose and time dependent manner via increase in ROS and decrease in Ψm. Results of this study indicate that withanolides induce apoptotic like death through the production of ROS from mitochondria and disruption of Ψm in promastigotes of L donovani.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sambamurthy Chandrasekaran
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, AP, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Reyes-Reyes EM, Jin Z, Vaisberg AJ, Hammond GB, Bates PJ. Physangulidine A, a withanolide from Physalis angulata, perturbs the cell cycle and induces cell death by apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:2-7. [PMID: 23270478 DOI: 10.1021/np300457g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, our group reported the discovery of three new withanolides, physangulidines A-C, from Physalis angulata. In this study, the biological effects of physangulidine A (1), which was the most active and abundant of the three new constituents, are described. It was found that 1 significantly reduces survival in clonogenic assays for two hormone-independent prostate cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies in DU145 human prostate cancer cells indicated that 1 induces cell cycle arrest in the G(2)/M phase and causes defective mitosis. It was determined also that 1 produces programed cell death by apoptosis, as evidenced by biochemical markers and distinct changes in cell morphology. These results imply that the antimitotic and proapoptotic effects of 1 may contribute significantly to the biological activities and potential medicinal properties of its plant of origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Merit Reyes-Reyes
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Youn UJ, Chai X, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Simmons CJ, Borris RP, Mirza B, Pezzuto JM, Chang LC. Biologically active withanolides from Withania coagulans. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:22-28. [PMID: 23316950 DOI: 10.1021/np300534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the crude extract of Withania coagulans, using two assays for cancer chemopreventive mechanisms, led to the isolation of three new steroidal lactones, withacoagulin G (1), withacoagulin H (2), and withacoagulin I (3), along with six known derivatives (4-9). The structures and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometry, and CD analyses. The structure of 1 was confirmed using X-ray diffraction methods. Compounds 1-9 inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with IC(50) values in the range of 1.9-38.2 μM. Compounds 1 and 2 were the most active (IC(50) 3.1 and 1.9 μM, respectively). Withanolides 1-9 exhibited inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation with IC(50) values in the range of 1.60-12.4 μM.
Collapse
|
171
|
Kinghorn AD. Changes for volume 76. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1. [PMID: 23245495 DOI: 10.1021/np300843w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|
172
|
Khan S, Rammeloo AW, Heikkila JJ. Withaferin A induces proteasome inhibition, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the heat shock response and acquisition of thermotolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50547. [PMID: 23226310 PMCID: PMC3511540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties, inhibited proteasome activity and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cytoplasmic HSP accumulation in Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells. Proteasomal inhibition by WA was indicated by an accumulation of ubiquitinated protein and a decrease in chymotrypsin-like activity. Additionally, immunoblot analysis revealed that treatment of cells with WA induced the accumulation of HSPs including ER chaperones, BiP and GRP94, as well as cytoplasmic/nuclear HSPs, HSP70 and HSP30. Furthermore, WA-induced an increase in the relative levels of the protein kinase, Akt, while the levels of actin were unchanged compared to control. Northern blot experiments determined that WA induced an accumulation in bip, hsp70 and hsp30 mRNA but not eIF-1α mRNA. Interestingly, WA acted synergistically with mild heat shock to enhance HSP70 and HSP30 accumulation to a greater extent than the sum of both stressors individually. This latter phenomenon was not observed with BiP or GRP94. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that WA-induced BiP accumulation occurred mainly in the perinuclear region in a punctate pattern, while HSP30 accumulation occurred primarily in a granular pattern in the cytoplasm with some staining in the nucleus. Prolonged exposure to WA resulted in disorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton as well as the production of relatively large HSP30 staining structures that co-localized with F-actin. Finally, prior exposure of cells to WA treatment, which induced the accumulation of HSPs conferred a state of thermal protection since it protected the F-actin cytoskeleton against a subsequent cytotoxic thermal challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Khan
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley W. Rammeloo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J. Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Vaishnavi K, Saxena N, Shah N, Singh R, Manjunath K, Uthayakumar M, Kanaujia SP, Kaul SC, Sekar K, Wadhwa R. Differential activities of the two closely related withanolides, Withaferin A and Withanone: bioinformatics and experimental evidences. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44419. [PMID: 22973447 PMCID: PMC3433425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Withanolides are naturally occurring chemical compounds. They are secondary metabolites produced via oxidation of steroids and structurally consist of a steroid-backbone bound to a lactone or its derivatives. They are known to protect plants against herbivores and have medicinal value including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, adaptogenic and anti-oxidant effects. Withaferin A (Wi-A) and Withanone (Wi-N) are two structurally similar withanolides isolated from Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Ashwagandha alcoholic leaf extract (i-Extract), rich in Wi-N, was shown to kill cancer cells selectively. Furthermore, the two closely related purified phytochemicals, Wi-A and Wi-N, showed differential activity in normal and cancer human cells in vitro and in vivo. We had earlier identified several genes involved in cytotoxicity of i-Extract in human cancer cells by loss-of-function assays using either siRNA or randomized ribozyme library. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we have employed bioinformatics tools on four genes, i.e., mortalin, p53, p21 and Nrf2, identified by loss-of-function screenings. We examined the docking efficacy of Wi-N and Wi-A to each of the four targets and found that the two closely related phytochemicals have differential binding properties to the selected cellular targets that can potentially instigate differential molecular effects. We validated these findings by undertaking parallel experiments on specific gene responses to either Wi-N or Wi-A in human normal and cancer cells. We demonstrate that Wi-A that binds strongly to the selected targets acts as a strong cytotoxic agent both for normal and cancer cells. Wi-N, on the other hand, has a weak binding to the targets; it showed milder cytotoxicity towards cancer cells and was safe for normal cells. The present molecular docking analyses and experimental evidence revealed important insights to the use of Wi-A and Wi-N for cancer treatment and development of new anti-cancer phytochemical cocktails.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Vaishnavi
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nishant Saxena
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Navjot Shah
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rumani Singh
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kavyashree Manjunath
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - M. Uthayakumar
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shankar P. Kanaujia
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail: (KS); (RW)
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail: (KS); (RW)
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Rah B, Amin H, Yousuf K, Khan S, Jamwal G, Mukherjee D, Goswami A. A novel MMP-2 inhibitor 3-azidowithaferin A (3-azidoWA) abrogates cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis by modulating extracellular Par-4. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44039. [PMID: 22962598 PMCID: PMC3433490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withaferin A, which is a naturally derived steroidal lactone, has been found to prevent angiogenesis and metastasis in diverse tumor models. It has also been recognized by different groups for prominent anti-carcinogenic roles. However, in spite of these studies on withanolides, their detailed anti-metastatic mechanism of action remained unknown. The current study has poised to address the machinery involved in invasion regulation by stable derivative of Withaferin A, 3-azido Withaferin A (3-azidoWA) in human cervical HeLa and prostate PC-3 cells. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sub-toxic concentration of 3-azidowithaferin A (3-azido WA) inhibited cancer cell motility and invasion in wound healing and Boyden chamber invasion by suppressing MMP-2 activity in gelatin zymography and its expression has proved to be a major obstacle in chemo-sensitivity. We have uncovered a novel mechanism of 3-azidoWA induced extracellular pro-apoptotic candidate tumor suppressor Par-4 protein stimulation in conditioned media and also noticed a concomitant marked reduction in pAkt and pERK signaling by immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, our zymography results suggest 3-azidoWA induced MMP-2 inhibition was mediated through secretory Par-4. The inhibition of apoptosis by 3-azidoWA could not restore MMP-2 gelatinase activity. In addition to this, our in vivo animal experiments data showed 3-azidoWA abrogated neovascularisation in dose dependent manner in mouse Matrigel plug assay. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE For this report, we found that 3-azidoWA suppressed motility and invasion of HeLa and PC-3 cells in MMP-2 dependent manner. Our in vitro result strongly suggests that sub-toxic doses of 3-azidoWA enhanced the secretion of extracellular Par-4 that abolished secretory MMP-2 expression and activity. Depletion of secretory Par-4 restored MMP-2 expression and invasion capability of HeLa and PC-3 cells. Further, our findings implied that 3-azidoWA attenuated internal phospho-ERK and phospho-Akt expression in a dose dependent manner might play a key role in inhibition of mouse angiogenesis by 3-azidoWA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Rah
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Hina Amin
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Khalid Yousuf
- Nautral Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sheema Khan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Gayatri Jamwal
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Nautral Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Challa AA, Vukmirovic M, Blackmon J, Stefanovic B. Withaferin-A reduces type I collagen expression in vitro and inhibits development of myocardial fibrosis in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42989. [PMID: 22900077 PMCID: PMC3416765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. Its excessive synthesis results in fibrosis of various organs. Fibrosis is a major medical problem without an existing cure. Excessive synthesis of type I collagen in fibrosis is primarily due to stabilization of collagen mRNAs. We recently reported that intermediate filaments composed of vimentin regulate collagen synthesis by stabilizing collagen mRNAs. Vimentin is a primary target of Withaferin-A (WF-A). Therefore, we hypothesized that WF-A may reduce type I collagen production by disrupting vimentin filaments and decreasing the stability of collagen mRNAs. This study is to determine if WF-A exhibits anti-fibrotic properties in vitro and in vivo and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its action. In lung, skin and heart fibroblasts WF-A disrupted vimentin filaments at concentrations of 0.5-1.5 µM and reduced 3 fold the half-lives of collagen α1(I) and α2(I) mRNAs and protein expression. In addition, WF-A inhibited TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of TGF-β1 receptor I, Smad3 phosphorylation and transcription of collagen genes. WF-A also inhibited in vitro activation of primary hepatic stellate cells and decreased their type I collagen expression. In mice, administration of 4 mg/kg WF-A daily for 2 weeks reduced isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis by 50%. Our findings provide strong evidence that Withaferin-A could act as an anti-fibrotic compound against fibroproliferative diseases, including, but not limited to, cardiac interstitial fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azariyas A. Challa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Milica Vukmirovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Blackmon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Fong MY, Jin S, Rane M, Singh RK, Gupta R, Kakar SS. Withaferin A synergizes the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin through ROS-mediated autophagy in ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42265. [PMID: 22860102 PMCID: PMC3408484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of doxorubicin (Dox) for the treatment of cancer is restricted due to its severe side effects. We used combination strategy by combining doxorubicin (Dox) with withaferin A (WFA) to minimize the ill effects of Dox. Treatment of various epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780/CP70 and CaOV3) with combination of WFA and Dox (WFA/DOX) showed a time- and dose-dependent synergistic effect on inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death, thus reducing the dosage requirement of Dox. Combination treatment resulted in a significant enhancement of ROS production resulting in immense DNA damage, induction of autophagy analyzed by transmission electron microscope and increase in expression of autophagy marker LC3B, and culminated in cell death analyzed by cleaved caspase 3. We validated combination therapy on tumor growth using an in vitro 3Dimension (3D) tumor model and the more classic in vivo xenograft model of ovarian cancer. Both tumor models showed a 70 to 80% reduction in tumor growth compared to control or animals treated with WFA or Dox alone. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor tissues from animals treated with WFA/Dox combination showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation and formation of microvessels accompanied by increased in LC3B level, cleaved caspase 3, and DNA damage. Taken together, our data suggest that combining WFA with Dox decreases the dosage requirement of Dox, therefore, minimizing/eliminating the severe side effects associated with high doses of DOX, suggesting the application of this combination strategy for the treatment of ovarian and other cancers with no or minimum side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Y. Fong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shunying Jin
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Madhavi Rane
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Raj K. Singh
- Vivo Biosciences Inc., Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Prabhakaran Y, Dinakaran SK, Macharala SP, Ghosh S, Karanam SR, Kanthasamy N, Avasarala H. Molecular docking studies of withanolides against Cox-2 enzyme. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25:595-598. [PMID: 22713947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Withaniasomnifera (Ashwaganda) belonging to the family solanaceae is the subject of our present study. Withanoloides which are the major chemical constituents have been proved of interest because of their structural variations in the hybrids of different races. Docking is the process which brings the two structures together. In the present study we focus the extensive use of tool and graphical software for the identification of the binding energy of selected Withanolides like Withaferin -A, Withanolide-D from Withaniasomnifera and to screen the phytoconstituents that will dock/bind to the active sites of COX-2 enzyme. The relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain can be by the Pharmacological inhibition of COX which involves the prediction of potential ligand for the treatment of inflammation. The energy value of docking between the target and the phytoconstituents under investigation and comparison with Diclofenac sodium was taken into consideration for coming into conclusion regarding the best pose and the binding ability.
Collapse
|
178
|
Grin B, Mahammad S, Wedig T, Cleland MM, Tsai L, Herrmann H, Goldman RD. Withaferin a alters intermediate filament organization, cell shape and behavior. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39065. [PMID: 22720028 PMCID: PMC3376126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA) is a steroidal lactone present in Withania somnifera which has been shown in vitro to bind to the intermediate filament protein, vimentin. Based upon its affinity for vimentin, it has been proposed that WFA can be used as an anti-tumor agent to target metastatic cells which up-regulate vimentin expression. We show that WFA treatment of human fibroblasts rapidly reorganizes vimentin intermediate filaments (VIF) into a perinuclear aggregate. This reorganization is dose dependent and is accompanied by a change in cell shape, decreased motility and an increase in vimentin phosphorylation at serine-38. Furthermore, vimentin lacking cysteine-328, the proposed WFA binding site, remains sensitive to WFA demonstrating that this site is not required for its cellular effects. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, viscometry, electron microscopy and sedimentation assays we show that WFA has no effect on VIF assembly in vitro. Furthermore, WFA is not specific for vimentin as it disrupts the cellular organization and induces perinuclear aggregates of several other IF networks comprised of peripherin, neurofilament-triplet protein, and keratin. In cells co-expressing keratin IF and VIF, the former are significantly less sensitive to WFA with respect to inducing perinuclear aggregates. The organization of microtubules and actin/microfilaments is also affected by WFA. Microtubules become wavier and sparser and the number of stress fibers appears to increase. Following 24 hrs of exposure to doses of WFA that alter VIF organization and motility, cells undergo apoptosis. Lower doses of the drug do not kill cells but cause them to senesce. In light of our findings that WFA affects multiple IF systems, which are expressed in many tissues of the body, caution is warranted in its use as an anti-cancer agent, since it may have debilitating organism-wide effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Grin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
García ME, Barboza GE, Oberti JC, Ríos-Luci C, Padrón JM, Nicotra VE, Estévez-Braun A, Ravelo AG. Antiproliferative activity of withanolide derivatives from Jaborosa cabrerae and Jaborosa reflexa. Chemotaxonomic considerations. Phytochemistry 2012; 76:150-157. [PMID: 22325549 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three withanolides were isolated from the aerial parts of Jaborosa reflexa Phil. Jaborosa cabrerae Barboza yielded five sativolide withanolides (including jaborosalactones R, S, 38, and 39) and two trechonolide withanolides epimeric at C-23 (trechonolide A and jaborosalactone 32). In addition, five derivatives were obtained by chemical derivatization of jaborosalactone 38, and all compounds were fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies. The in vitro antiproliferative activities of the major natural withanolides and the semisynthetic derivatives were examined against HBL-100, HeLa, SW1573, T-47D, and WiDr human solid tumor cancer cell lines. Some chemotaxonomic considerations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela E García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Mondal S, Bhattacharya K, Mallick A, Sangwan R, Mandal C. Bak compensated for Bax in p53-null cells to release cytochrome c for the initiation of mitochondrial signaling during Withanolide D-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34277. [PMID: 22479585 PMCID: PMC3315518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer chemotherapy to induce multi-directional apoptosis as targeting a single pathway is unable to decrease all the downstream effect arises from crosstalk. Present study reports that Withanolide D (WithaD), a steroidal lactone isolated from Withania somnifera, induced cellular apoptosis in which mitochondria and p53 were intricately involved. In MOLT-3 and HCT116p53+/+ cells, WithaD induced crosstalk between intrinsic and extrinsic signaling through Bid, whereas in K562 and HCT116p53−/− cells, only intrinsic pathway was activated where Bid remain unaltered. WithaD showed pronounced activation of p53 in cancer cells. Moreover, lowered apoptogenic effect of HCT116p53−/− over HCT116p53+/+ established a strong correlation between WithaD-mediated apoptosis and p53. WithaD induced Bax and Bak upregulation in HCT116p53+/+, whereas increase only Bak expression in HCT116p53−/− cells, which was coordinated with augmented p53 expression. p53 inhibition substantially reduced Bax level and failed to inhibit Bak upregulation in HCT116p53+/+ cells confirming p53-dependent Bax and p53-independent Bak activation. Additionally, in HCT116p53+/+ cells, combined loss of Bax and Bak (HCT116Bax−Bak−) reduced WithaD-induced apoptosis and completely blocked cytochrome c release whereas single loss of Bax or Bak (HCT116Bax−Bak+/HCT116Bax+Bak−) was only marginally effective after WithaD treatment. In HCT116p53−/− cells, though Bax translocation to mitochondria was abrogated, Bak oligomerization helped the cells to release cytochrome c even before the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. WithaD also showed in vitro growth-inhibitory activity against an array of p53 wild type and null cancer cells and K562 xenograft in vivo. Taken together, WithaD elicited apoptosis in malignant cells through Bax/Bak dependent pathway in p53-wild type cells, whereas Bak compensated against loss of Bax in p53-null cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mondal
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushik Bhattacharya
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Asish Mallick
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajender Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Zhang H, Samadi AK, Gallagher RJ, Araya JJ, Tong X, Day VW, Cohen MS, Kindscher K, Gollapudi R, Timmermann BN. Cytotoxic withanolide constituents of Physalis longifolia. J Nat Prod 2011; 74:2532-44. [PMID: 22098611 PMCID: PMC3253737 DOI: 10.1021/np200635r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen new withanolides, 1-14, named withalongolides A-N, respectively, were isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis longifolia together with eight known compounds (15-22). The structures of compounds 1-14 were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques and chemical methods. In addition, the structures of withanolides 1, 2, 3, and 6 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Using a MTS viability assay, eight withanolides (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 19) and four acetylated derivatives (1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b) showed potent cytotoxicity against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (JMAR and MDA-1986), melanoma (B16F10 and SKMEL-28), and normal fetal fibroblast (MRC-5) cells with IC₅₀ values in the range between 0.067 and 9.3 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Abbas K. Samadi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Robert J. Gallagher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Juan J. Araya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Victor W. Day
- The Small-Molecule X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Mark S. Cohen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Kelly Kindscher
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Rao Gollapudi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Barbara N. Timmermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Bellila A, Tremblay C, Pichette A, Marzouk B, Mshvildadze V, Lavoie S, Legault J. Cytotoxic activity of withanolides isolated from Tunisian Datura metel L. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:2031-2036. [PMID: 21851957 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Withanolide-type steroids, withametelin Q (1) and 12α-hydroxydaturametelin B (2) along with three known withanolides, were isolated from leaves of Datura metel L. (Solanaceae). The respective structures, characterized mainly by NMR spectroscopy, were identified as (20R,22R,24R)-21,24-epoxy-1α,3β-dihydroxywitha-5,25(27)-dienolide-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (20R,22R,24R)-12α,21,27-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was evaluated against human lung carcinoma cells (A549) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (DLD-1), respectively. Compound 2 exhibited cytotoxicity against A549 and DLD-1 cell lines, with IC50 values of 7 and 2.0 μM, respectively. However, for compounds 6 and 7, cytotoxicities were higher against DLD-1 cells with IC(50) values of 0.6 and 0.7 μM. Both compounds blocked the cell cycle in the S-phase and induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amor Bellila
- Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Unit, Biotechnological Center in Borj-Cedria Techno-park, 901 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Hahm ER, Moura MB, Kelley EE, Van Houten B, Shiva S, Singh SV. Withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23354. [PMID: 21853114 PMCID: PMC3154436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a promising anticancer constituent of Ayurvedic medicinal plant Withania somnifera, inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture and MDA-MB-231 xenografts in vivo in association with apoptosis induction, but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. We now demonstrate, for the first time, that WA-induced apoptosis is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. WA treatment caused ROS production in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, but not in a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (HMEC). The HMEC was also resistant to WA-induced apoptosis. WA-mediated ROS production as well as apoptotic histone-associated DNA fragment release into the cytosol was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. ROS production resulting from WA exposure was accompanied by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of complex III activity. Mitochondrial DNA-deficient Rho-0 variants of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were resistant to WA-induced ROS production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis compared with respective wild-type cells. WA treatment resulted in activation of Bax and Bak in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, and SV40 immortalized embryonic fibroblasts derived from Bax and Bak double knockout mouse were significantly more resistant to WA-induced apoptosis compared with fibroblasts derived from wild-type mouse. In conclusion, the present study provides novel insight into the molecular circuitry of WA-induced apoptosis involving ROS production and activation of Bax/Bak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ryeong Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle B. Moura
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shivendra V. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Abstract
Edible yams are tropical crops that serve as important staple foods in many parts of the world. The rhizome of Dioscorea japonica , well-known as "Japanese yam", is a food and medicinal source known as "San Yak" in Korea. Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the extract of this yam resulted in the identification of two new withanolides, named dioscorolide A (1) and dioscorolide B (2). The structures of these new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and chemical methods. The cytotoxic activities of the isolates (1 and 2) were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15) and a human normal cell line (HUVEC) using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) bioassay. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15) with IC(50) values ranging from 6.3 to 26.9 μM and exhibited lower activity against the normal cell line (HUVEC) with IC(50) values ranging from 27.1 to 28.8 μM, suggesting selective toxicity among tumor and normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Chao CH, Chou KJ, Wen ZH, Wang GH, Wu YC, Dai CF, Sheu JH. Paraminabeolides A-F, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory marine withanolides from the soft coral Paraminabea acronocephala. J Nat Prod 2011; 74:1132-41. [PMID: 21425785 DOI: 10.1021/np2000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Six new withanolides, paraminabeolides A-F (1-6), along with five known compounds, minabeolides-1, -2, -4, -5, and -8 (7-11), were isolated from a Formosan soft coral, Paraminabea acronocephala. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation. The absolute configuration of 4 was determined by the application of Mosher's method. Compounds 1 and 7 were cytotoxic toward Hep G2 cancer cells. Compounds 1-4 and 7-10 were found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein. Compounds 7-10 also could effectively reduce the expression of COX-2 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Chao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Vermillion K, Holguin FO, Berhow MA, Richins RD, Redhouse T, O’Connell MA, Posakony J, Mahajan SS, Kelly SM, Simon JA. Dinoxin B, a withanolide from Datura inoxia leaves with specific cytotoxic activities. J Nat Prod 2011; 74:267-271. [PMID: 21280589 PMCID: PMC3057138 DOI: 10.1021/np1004714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new withanolide, dinoxin B (12,21-dihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1), was isolated from a methanol extract of Datura inoxia leaves, using bioassay-guided fractionation. The structure was determined by spectroscopic techniques, including (1)H, (13)C, and 2D NMR experiments as well as by HRMS. Extracts and the purified compound were tested for their antiproliferative activities toward a panel of human normal and cancer cell lines. Dinoxin B (1) and its aglycone (2) exhibited submicromolar IC(50) values against multiple human cancer cell lines. Among the most sensitive were several breast cancer cell lines. Dinoxin B (1) was found only in D. inoxia and was not detected in D. metel or D. stramonium. The accumulation of this compound was limited largely to leaf tissue, with little to none detected in extracts from the flowers, fruits, roots, or stems of D. inoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Vermillion
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center of Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - F. Omar Holguin
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-6041
| | - Mark A. Berhow
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center of Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Richard D. Richins
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-6041
| | - Thurman Redhouse
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-6041
| | - Mary A. O’Connell
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-6041
| | - Jeff Posakony
- Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sumit S. Mahajan
- Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sean M. Kelly
- Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Julian A. Simon
- Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Grover A, Shandilya A, Agrawal V, Pratik P, Bhasme D, Bisaria VS, Sundar D. Hsp90/Cdc37 chaperone/co-chaperone complex, a novel junction anticancer target elucidated by the mode of action of herbal drug Withaferin A. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12 Suppl 1:S30. [PMID: 21342561 PMCID: PMC3044286 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-s1-s30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HSPs (Heat shock proteins) are highly conserved ubiquitous proteins among species which are involved in maintaining appropriate folding and conformation of other proteins and are thus referred to as molecular chaperones. Hsp90 (Heat-shock protein 90 kDa) is one of a group of molecular chaperones responsible for managing protein folding and quality control in cell environment. However it is also involved in the maturation and stabilization of a wide range of oncogenic client proteins which are crucial for oncogenesis and malignant progression. Hsp90 requires a series of co-chaperones to assemble into a super-chaperone complex for its function. These co-chaperones bind and leave the complex at various stages to regulate the chaperoning process. Arresting the chaperone cycle at these stages by targeting different co-chaperone/Hsp90 interactions seems to be quite a viable alternative and is likely to achieve similar consequences as that of Hsp90 direct inhibition with added favors of high specificity and reduced side effect profile. The study conducted here is an attempt to explore the potential of Withania somnifera's major constituent WA (Withaferin A) in attenuating the Hsp90/Cdc37 chaperone/co-chaperone interactions for enhanced tumor arresting activity and to elucidate the underlying mode of action using computational approaches. RESULTS Formation of active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex is one of the essential steps for facilitation of chaperone client interaction, non-assembly of which can lead to prevention of the chaperone-client association resulting in apoptosis of tumor cells. From our flexible docking analysis of WA into active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex in which key interfacing residues of the complex were kept flexible, disruption of the active association complex can be discerned. While docking of WA into segregated Hsp90 leaves the interface residues untouched. Thus the molecular docking analysis of WA into Hsp90 and active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex conducted in this study provides significant evidence in support of the proposed mechanism of chaperone assembly suppression by inhibition or disruption of active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex formation being accounted by non-assembly of the catalytically active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex. Results from the molecular dynamics simulations in water show that the trajectories of the protein complexed with ligand WA are stable over a considerably long time period of 4 ns, with the energies of the complex being lowered in comparison to the un-docked association complex, suggesting the thermodynamic stability of WA complexed Hsp90/Cdc37. CONCLUSIONS The molecular chaperone Hsp90 has been a promising target for cancer therapy. Cancer is a disease marked by genetic instability. Thus specific inhibition of individual proteins or signalling pathways holds a great potential for subversion of this genetic plasticity of cancers. This study is a step forward in this direction. Our computational analysis provided a rationalization to the ability of naturally occurring WA to alter the chaperone signalling pathway. The large value of binding energy involved in binding of WA to the active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex consolidates the thermodynamic stability of the binding. Our docking results obtained substantiate the hypothesis that WA has the potential to inhibit the association of chaperone (Hsp90) to its co-chaperone (Cdc37) by disrupting the stability of attachment of Hsp90 to Cdc37. Conclusively our results strongly suggest that withaferin A is a potent anticancer agent as ascertained by its potent Hsp90-client modulating capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Grover
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashutosh Shandilya
- Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vibhuti Agrawal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Piyush Pratik
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Divya Bhasme
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Virendra S Bisaria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Gautam R, Jachak SM, Saklani A. Anti-inflammatory effect of Ajuga bracteosa Wall Ex Benth. mediated through cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133:928-30. [PMID: 21073945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ajuga bracteosa Wall Ex Benth. (Labiateae) is described in Ayurveda for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, palsy and amenorrhea. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of present investigation is to study anti-inflammatory activity of Ajuga bracteosa, to understand possible mechanism of action and to identify the constituents responsible for its activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activity of 70% ethanolic extract was evaluated in TPA-induced mouse ear edema assay and in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity was determined using EIA kits employing appropriate reference standards. Aajugarin I, lupulin A, withaferin A, reptoside and 6-deoxyharpagide were isolated from the 70% ethanolic extract by silica gel column chromatography. RESULTS The 70% ethanol extract of whole plants of Ajuga bracteosa showed a significant (p<0.05) and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in an acute inflammation model at the dose of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ear. The extract also exhibited a strong in vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity at 25 and 50 μg/mL concentration. Among the isolated compounds 6-deoxyharpagide exhibited highest COX-2 inhibition while rest of the compounds exhibited weak to moderate COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition at 30 μM concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the 70% ethanol extract of Ajuga bracteosa possesses promising anti-inflammatory activity, which is possibly mediated through inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The isolated constituents could be responsible in part for its anti-inflammatory and COX inhibitory activity. The study supports traditional use of Ajuga bracteosa for inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Gautam
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Choi MJ, Park EJ, Min KJ, Park JW, Kwon TK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:692-8. [PMID: 21266191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in cellular stress that initiates a specialized response designated as the unfolded protein response. ER stress has been implicated in a variety of common diseases, such as diabetes, ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Withaferin A, a major chemical constituent of Withania somnifera, has been reported to inhibit tumor cell growth. We show that withaferin A induced a dose-dependent apoptotic cell death in several types of human cancer cells, as measured by FACS analysis and PARP cleavage. Treatment of Caki cells with withaferin A induced a number of signature ER stress markers, including phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF-2 α), ER stress-specific XBP1 splicing, and up-regulation of glucose-regulated protein (GRP)-78. In addition, withaferin A caused up-regulation of CAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), suggesting the induction of ER stress. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly inhibited withaferin A-mediated ER stress proteins and cell death, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate withaferin A-induced ER stress. Furthermore, CHOP siRNA or inhibition of caspase-4 activity attenuated withaferin A-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the present study provides strong evidence supporting an important role of the ER stress response in mediating withaferin A-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Choi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 2800 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Choudhary MI, Hussain S, Yousuf S, Dar A. Chlorinated and diepoxy withanolides from Withania somnifera and their cytotoxic effects against human lung cancer cell line. Phytochemistry 2010; 71:2205-9. [PMID: 21044792 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical studies on the aerial parts of Withania somnifera L. Dunal. (Solanaceae) led to the isolation of a chlorinated steroidal lactone (27-acetoxy-4β,6α-dihydroxy-5β-chloro-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide), a diepoxy withanolide (5β,6β,14α,15α-diepoxy-4β,27-dihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide), and withaferin A. Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques. All three compounds exhibited a growth inhibition and cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cell line (NCI-H460), with withaferin A being the most potent (GI(50)=0.18 μg/mL and LC(50)=0.45 μg/mL) among three compounds tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Llanos GG, Araujo LM, Jiménez IA, Moujir LM, Vázquez JT, Bazzocchi IL. Withanolides from Withania aristata and their cytotoxic activity. Steroids 2010; 75:974-81. [PMID: 20542049 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven new withanolides (1-7), along with three known ones (8-10), were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR experiments and spectrometric techniques, and the absolute configuration of 1 and 2 was established by CD analysis. In the search for new cytotoxic compounds from Withania species, the isolated compounds 1-9, along with two derivatives, were assayed for their cytotoxicity against HeLa, MCF-7 and A-549 human tumor cell lines. Derivative (4S,20R,22R)-27-acetoxy-4-p-bromobenzoyloxy-1-oxo-witha-2,5,16,24-tetraenolide (13) showed cytotoxicity against all the cell lines assayed with IC(50) values ranging from 2.8 to 3.6microM, and (4S,20R,22R)-4,27-diacetoxy-4-hydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2,5,16,24-tetraenolide (12) exhibited an IC(50) value of 5.4microM on the MCF-7 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G Llanos
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, and Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Samadi AK, Tong X, Mukerji R, Zhang H, Timmermann BN, Cohen MS. Withaferin A, a cytotoxic steroid from Vassobia breviflora, induces apoptosis in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Nat Prod 2010; 73:1476-81. [PMID: 20726569 PMCID: PMC2945430 DOI: 10.1021/np100112p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As part of a program to discover drug leads from plant biodiversity, the present investigation was undertaken to explore the anticancer potential of compounds derived from selected Latin American plants. Bioassay-guided fractionation of a crude extract of the aerial parts of Vassobia breviflora led to the isolation of the withanolide-type steroidal lactone withaferin A (1). This compound was tested for antiproliferative activity against the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, MDA1986, JMAR, UM-SCC-2, and JHU011. The inhibitory concentrations to reduce cell viability to 50% (IC(50)) were determined by the MTS cytotoxicity assay, and 1 reduced cell viability with IC(50) values in the range 0.5-2.2 μM. A mechanistic study showed that 1 induces apoptosis and cell death in HNSCC cells as well as a cell-cycle shift from G(0)/G(1) to G(2)/M. Cells treated with 1 exhibited inactivation of Akt and a reduction in total Akt concentration. This investigation constitutes the first report of the antiproliferative activity of withaferin A (1) against head and neck squamous carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara N. Timmermann
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (913)588-2706. Fax: (913)588-4593. (M.S.C.). Tel: (785)864-4844. Fax: (785)864-5326. (B.N.T.)
| | - Mark S. Cohen
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (913)588-2706. Fax: (913)588-4593. (M.S.C.). Tel: (785)864-4844. Fax: (785)864-5326. (B.N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Roumy V, Biabiany M, Hennebelle T, Aliouat EM, Pottier M, Joseph H, Joha S, Quesnel B, Alkhatib R, Sahpaz S, Bailleul F. Antifungal and cytotoxic activity of withanolides from Acnistus arborescens. J Nat Prod 2010; 73:1313-1317. [PMID: 20590148 DOI: 10.1021/np100201p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Three compounds were isolated from Acnistus arborescens, a tree commonly used in South and Central America in traditional medicine against several infectious diseases, some of which are caused by fungi. Bioassay-guided fractionation of a MeOH extract of leaves, based on its anti-Pneumocystis carinii activity, led to the isolation of compounds 1-3. Mono- and bidimensional NMR analyses enabled identification of two new withanolides, (20R,22R)-5beta,6beta-epoxy-4beta,12beta,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowith-2-en-24-enolide (1) and (20R,22R)-16beta-acetoxy-3beta,4beta;5beta,6beta-diepoxy-12beta,20-dihydroxy-1-oxowith-24-enolide (2), and withanolide D (3). Antifungal activity on 13 fungi responsible for human infections (five dermatophytes, one nondermatophyte mold, six yeasts, and Pneumocystis carinii) was examined. Cytotoxicity of these compounds was also evaluated in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roumy
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, EA4481 (GRIIOT), Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Universite Lille Nord de France (Lille 2), Lille Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Machin RP, Veleiro AS, Nicotra VE, Oberti JC, M Padrón J. Antiproliferative activity of withanolides against human breast cancer cell lines. J Nat Prod 2010; 73:966-8. [PMID: 20438092 DOI: 10.1021/np9006734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro antiproliferative activity of a series of 22 naturally occurring withanolides was examined against the T-47D, MCF7, MCF7/BUS, MDA-MB-231, and SK-Br-3 human solid tumor breast cancer cell lines. The most active compound showed GI(50) values in the range 0.16-0.71 muM. The aromatic withanolide 19 exhibited specific activity for the estrogen-receptor-positive cell lines (T-47D, MCF7, and MCF7/BUS). Overall, the results demonstrated the relevance of the substitution pattern on the A and B rings on the resultant antiproliferative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén P Machin
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Bco. Ballena s/n 35010, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Lahat G, Zhu QS, Huang KL, Wang S, Bolshakov S, Liu J, Torres K, Langley RR, Lazar AJ, Hung MC, Lev D. Vimentin is a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target; insights from in vitro and in vivo mice xenograft studies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10105. [PMID: 20419128 PMCID: PMC2855704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vimentin is a ubiquitous mesenchymal intermediate filament supporting mechano-structural integrity of quiescent cells while participating in adhesion, migration, survival, and cell signaling processes via dynamic assembly/disassembly in activated cells. Soft tissue sarcomas and some epithelial cancers exhibiting "epithelial to mesenchymal transition" phenotypes express vimentin. Withaferin-A, a naturally derived bioactive compound, may molecularly target vimentin, so we sought to evaluate its effects on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo thereby elucidating the role of vimentin in drug-induced responses. METHODS AND FINDINGS Withaferin-A elicited marked apoptosis and vimentin cleavage in vimentin-expressing tumor cells but significantly less in normal mesenchymal cells. This proapoptotic response was abrogated after vimentin knockdown or by blockade of caspase-induced vimentin degradation via caspase inhibitors or overexpression of mutated caspase-resistant vimentin. Pronounced anti-angiogenic effects of Withaferin-A were demonstrated, with only minimal effects seen in non-proliferating endothelial cells. Moreover, Withaferin-A significantly blocked soft tissue sarcoma growth, local recurrence, and metastasis in a panel of soft tissue sarcoma xenograft experiments. Apoptosis, decreased angiogenesis, and vimentin degradation were all seen in Withaferin-A treated specimens. CONCLUSIONS In light of these findings, evaluation of Withaferin-A, its analogs, or other anti-vimentin therapeutic approaches in soft tissue sarcoma and "epithelial to mesenchymal transition" clinical contexts is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lahat
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Quan-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai-Lieh Huang
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suizhao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Bolshakov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keila Torres
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Langley
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mien Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dina Lev
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Benjumea D, Martín-Herrera D, Abdala S, Gutiérrez-Luis J, Quiñones W, Cardona D, Torres F, Echeverri F. Withanolides from Whitania aristata and their diuretic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 123:351-355. [PMID: 19146940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Withania aristata is an endemic plant used traditionally in Canary Islands as a diuretic. In this paper, we report on this pharmacological activity in several extracts of the dry vegetal material collected and the identification and diuretic activity of two withanolides, one of them previously not reported, isolated from the most active fraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four Whitania aristata extracts at 100 mg/kg were orally administered to laboratory animals to evaluate their diuretic activity. From the most active fraction, two withanolides were isolated. Both and a mixture of them at 5 and 10 mg/kg were analyzed too as diuretics. Water excretion rate and content of Na(+) and K(+) electrolytes were measured in the urine of saline-loaded animals. RESULTS Whitania aristata water fraction, the two withanolides and the mixture of these compounds displayed high diuretic activity, with a significant excretion of sodium and potassium ions in laboratory animals. CONCLUSIONS This research supports the ethno-medicinal use of Whitania aristata as diuretic. This activity seems to be associated to the presence of a new type of natural diuretic agents, such as withaferin A and witharistatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Benjumea
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38207, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Wube AA, Wenzig EM, Gibbons S, Asres K, Bauer R, Bucar F. Constituents of the stem bark of Discopodium penninervium and their LTB4 and COX-1 and -2 inhibitory activities. Phytochemistry 2008; 69:982-987. [PMID: 18086481 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The stem bark of Discopodium penninervium afforded a withanolide, 6alpha,7alpha-epoxy-1-oxo-5alpha,12alpha,17alpha-trihydroxywitha-2,24-dienolide (1) and a coloratane sesquiterpene, 7alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-4(13),8-coloratadien-12,11-olide (4) along with five known compounds, withanone (2), 5alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-6alpha,7alpha-epoxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide (3), 7alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-8-drimen-12,11-olide (5), withasomnine (6), and (E,Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (7). The identity of the compounds was established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds were assessed for inhibition of leukotriene metabolism in an in vitro bioassay using activated human neutrophile granulocytes, and for in vitro cycloxygenase-1 and -2 inhibition from sheep cotyledons and seminal vesicles, respectively. In the leukotriene biosynthesis assay all compounds tested at a concentration of 50 microM exhibited activity with percentage inhibitions ranging from 11.5 to 36.6. The withanolide, 1, displayed a 46.4% inhibition of COX-2 and a 22.9% inhibition of LTB(4) formation at 50 microM concentration. Compounds 4 and 6 inhibited LTB(4) biosynthesis but showed minor inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. The remaining compounds, on the other hand, were found to be inactive on COX enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Abebe Wube
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Singh D, Aggarwal A, Maurya R, Naik S. Withania somnifera inhibits NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factors in human peripheral blood and synovial fluid mononuclear cells. Phytother Res 2008; 21:905-13. [PMID: 17562568 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (WS) is an important herb with known antiinflammatory activity. Its molecular mechanism of action has not been investigated. The effect of a WS crude ethanol extract was studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal individuals and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and synovial fluid mononuclear cells of RA patients in vitro. The WS extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-12p40 in normal individuals and RA patients, but had no effect on IL-6 production at the protein and transcript level. WS also suppressed LPS activated nitric oxide production in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. The extract inhibited nuclear translocation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha in normal and RA patients' mononuclear cells. HPLC analysis of the crude extract showed the presence of withaferin A and pure withaferin A also inhibited NF-kappaB translocation. The study demonstrated that the WS crude ethanol extract suppressed the production of proinflammatory molecules in vitro. This activity is partly through the inhibition of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 by the constituent withanolide. The role of additional constituents needs to be studied. Studies on the mechanism of action of the extract may yield potentially useful compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Abstract
Two new withanolides were isolated and characterized from the aerial parts of Jaborosa kurtzii, namely, jaborosalactone 43 (1), with a spiranoid delta-lactone at C-22, and jaborosalactone 44 (2), a 12-oxowithanolide, which may function as a biosynthetic precursor to 1. These new compounds were fully characterized by a combination of spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 showed selective phytotoxicity toward a dicotyledon species, Lactuca sativa (lettuce).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Ramacciotti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciencias Químicas II, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|