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de-Oliveira-Pinto LM, Gandini M, Freitas LP, Siqueira MM, Marinho CF, Setúbal S, Kubelka CF, Cruz OG, Oliveira SAD. Profile of circulating levels of IL-1Ra, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL4/MIP-1β and CCL2/MCP-1 in dengue fever and parvovirosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:48-56. [PMID: 22310535 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections are acute exanthematic febrile illnesses that are not easily differentiated on clinical grounds and affect the paediatric population. Patients with these acute exanthematic diseases were studied. Fever was more frequent in DENV than in B19V-infected patients. Arthritis/arthralgias with DENV infection were shown to be significantly more frequent in adults than in children. The circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (Ra), CXCL10/inducible protein-10 (IP-10), CCL4/macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta and CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined by multiplex immunoassay in serum samples obtained from B19V (37) and DENV-infected (36) patients and from healthy individuals (7). Forward stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that circulating CXCL10/IP-10 tends to be associated with DENV infection and that IL-1Ra was significantly associated with DENV infection. Similar analysis showed that circulating CCL2/MCP-1 tends to be associated with B19V infection. In dengue fever, increased circulating IL-1Ra may exert antipyretic actions in an effort to counteract the already increased concentrations of IL-1β, while CXCL10/IP-10 was confirmed as a strong pro-inflammatory marker. Recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and upregulation of the humoral immune response by CCL2/MCP-1 by B19V may be involved in the persistence of the infection. Children with B19V or DENV infections had levels of these cytokines similar to those of adult patients.
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Abstract
Dengue viruses cause two severe diseases that alter vascular fluid barrier functions, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Preexisting antibodies to dengue virus disposes patients to immune-enhanced edema (DSS) or hemorrhagic (DHF) disease following infection by a discrete dengue virus serotype. Although the endothelium is the primary vascular fluid barrier, direct effects of dengue virus on endothelial cells (ECs) have not been considered primary factors in pathogenesis. Here, we show that dengue virus infection of human ECs elicits immune-enhancing EC responses. Our results suggest that rapid early dengue virus proliferation within ECs is permitted by dengue virus regulation of early, but not late, beta interferon (IFN-β) responses. The analysis of EC responses following synchronous dengue virus infection revealed the high-level induction and secretion of immune cells (T cells, B cells, and mast cells) as well as activating and recruiting cytokines BAFF (119-fold), IL-6/8 (4- to 7-fold), CXCL9/10/11 (45- to 338-fold), RANTES (724-fold), and interleukin-7 (IL-7; 128-fold). Moreover, we found that properdin factor B, an alternative pathway complement activator that directs chemotactic anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a production, was induced 34-fold. Thus, dengue virus-infected ECs evoke key inflammatory responses observed in dengue virus patients which are linked to DHF and DSS. Our findings suggest that dengue virus-infected ECs directly contribute to immune enhancement, capillary permeability, viremia, and immune targeting of the endothelium. These data implicate EC responses in dengue virus pathogenesis and further rationalize therapeutic targeting of the endothelium as a means of reducing the severity of dengue virus disease.
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Tsai YT, Chen YH, Chang DM, Chen PC, Lai JH. Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway is crucial in chemokine production from hepatocytes infected by dengue virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1156-65. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are one of the important targets in dengue virus (DV) infection. Chemokines produced in DV infection play important immunopathogenic roles. We previously showed that DV infection can directly activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in dendritic cells. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 pathway in chemokine production from DV-infected hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were infected by DV. The activation of STAT3, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- κB) and other transcription factors was determined by Western blotting or electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The concentrations of chemokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Virus titers were determined by plaque assays. A genetic manipulation with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was applied to knock-down STAT3. Chemotaxis assays were used to evaluate cell migration. We observed that DV infection induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and its DNA-binding activity and such effects were attenuated by the inhibitor of JAK2 or JAK3. Blocking JAK2 or JAK3 reduced DV-induced cell migration and production of chemokines like interleukin-8 and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). At high doses, the JAK2 but not JAK3 inhibitor could significantly inhibit DV production. Knocking down STAT3 with shRNA suppressed DV-induced STAT3, NF- κB and AP-1 activation. Furthermore, reduction of STAT3 suppressed DV-induced chemokine production and cell migration but had no effect on virus production. In conclusion, the results show that the JAK/STAT3 pathway is critical in chemokine production from DV-infected hepatocytes. Targeting this pathway may be of benefit in the therapy of DV-induced immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 114 Taipei
| | - Pei-Chih Chen
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, 710 Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Wu WL, Ho LJ, Chen PC, Tsai YT, Hsu ST, Chang DM, Lai JH. Immunosuppressive effects and mechanisms of leflunomide in dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:1065-78. [PMID: 21845515 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a serious public health issue without specific treatment. We examined the potential immunomodulatory effects of leflunomide, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor commonly prescribed for arthritis, in DENV-stimulated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs). METHODS mo-DCs were prepared from purified monocytes. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of cell surface markers or viral E protein was measured by flow cytometry. The activation of transcription factors and kinases was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Western blotting, or immunoprecipitation kinase assays. Chemotaxis assays were used to determine cell migration. RESULTS Leflunomide at therapeutic concentrations inhibited cytokine and chemokine production from DENV-infected mo-DCs. Leflunomide suppressed mo-DC maturation by downregulating the expression of both CD80 and CD86. In addition, leflunomide inhibited DENV-induced mo-DC migration and mo-DC response to chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. Inhibition of mo-DC migration was likely due to the suppression of CCR7 expression on mo-DCs. These events were associated with the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B and activator protein-1 signaling pathways by leflunomide. CONCLUSIONS Leflunomide preserves immunosuppressive effects, inhibiting activation of DENV-stimulated mo-DCs. Leflunomide may be helpful in the development of therapeutics for DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Renneson J, Guabiraba R, Maillet I, Marques RE, Ivanov S, Fontaine J, Paget C, Quesniaux V, Faveeuw C, Ryffel B, Teixeira MM, Trottein F. A detrimental role for invariant natural killer T cells in the pathogenesis of experimental dengue virus infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1872-83. [PMID: 21843496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), a member of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses, is a serious public health problem in many tropical countries. We assessed the in vivo physiologic contribution of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a population of nonconventional lipid-reactive αβ T lymphocytes, to the host response during experimental DENV infection. We used a mouse-adapted DENV serotype 2 strain that causes a disease that resembles severe dengue in humans. On DENV challenge, splenic and hepatic iNKT cells became activated insofar as CD69 and Fas ligand up-regulation and interferon-γ production. C57BL/6 mice deficient in iNKT cells (Jα18(-/-)) were more resistant to lethal infection than were wild-type animals, and the phenotype was reversed by adoptive transfer of iNKT cells to Jα18(-/-) animals. The absence of iNKT cells in Jα18(-/-) mice was associated with decreased systemic and local inflammatory responses, less liver injury, diminished vascular leak syndrome, and reduced activation of natural killer cells and neutrophils. iNKT cell functions were not necessary for control of primary DENV infection, after either natural endogenous activation or exogenous activation with the canonical iNKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide. Together, these data reveal a novel and critical role for iNKT cells in the pathogenesis of severe experimental dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Renneson
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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Spaniol V, Troller R, Schaller A, Aebi C. Physiologic cold shock of Moraxella catarrhalis affects the expression of genes involved in the iron acquisition, serum resistance and immune evasion. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:182. [PMID: 21838871 PMCID: PMC3163540 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moraxella catarrhalis, a major nasopharyngeal pathogen of the human respiratory tract, is exposed to rapid downshifts of environmental temperature when humans breathe cold air. It was previously shown that the prevalence of pharyngeal colonization and respiratory tract infections caused by M. catarrhalis are greatest in winter. The aim of this study was to investigate how M. catarrhalis uses the physiologic exposure to cold air to upregulate pivotal survival systems in the pharynx that may contribute to M. catarrhalis virulence. Results A 26°C cold shock induces the expression of genes involved in transferrin and lactoferrin acquisition, and enhances binding of these proteins on the surface of M. catarrhalis. Exposure of M. catarrhalis to 26°C upregulates the expression of UspA2, a major outer membrane protein involved in serum resistance, leading to improved binding of vitronectin which neutralizes the lethal effect of human complement. In contrast, cold shock decreases the expression of Hemagglutinin, a major adhesin, which mediates B cell response, and reduces immunoglobulin D-binding on the surface of M. catarrhalis. Conclusion Cold shock of M. catarrhalis induces the expression of genes involved in iron acquisition, serum resistance and immune evasion. Thus, cold shock at a physiologically relevant temperature of 26°C induces in M. catarrhalis a complex of adaptive mechanisms that enables the bacterium to target their host cellular receptors or soluble effectors and may contribute to enhanced growth, colonization and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Spaniol
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved with their hosts, which include all living species. This has been partly responsible for the development of highly advanced immune systems in the hosts. However, viruses too have evolved ways to regulate and evade the host's immune defence. In addition to mutational mechanisms that viruses employ to mimic the host genome and undergo latency to evade the host's recognition of the pathogen, they have also developed epigenetic mechanisms by which they can render the host's immune responses inactive to their antigens. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression is intrinsically active inside the host and is involved in regulating gene expression and cellular differentiation. Viral immune evasion strategies are an area of major concern in modern biomedical research. Immune evasion strategies may involve interference with the host antigen presentation machinery or host immune gene expression capabilities, and viruses, in these manners, introduce and propagate infection. The aim of this review is to elucidate the various epigenetic changes that viruses are capable of bringing about in their host in order to enhance their own survivability and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Adhya
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122 050, India
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58
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Kou Z, Lim JY, Beltramello M, Quinn M, Chen H, Liu SN, Martnez-Sobrido L, Diamond MS, Schlesinger JJ, de Silva A, Sallusto F, Jin X. Human antibodies against dengue enhance dengue viral infectivity without suppressing type I interferon secretion in primary human monocytes. Virology 2011; 410:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tang Y, Kou Z, Zhang F, Yao X, Liu S, Ma J, Zhou Y, Zhao W, Tang X, Jin X. Both viremia and cytokine levels associate with the lack of severe disease in secondary dengue 1 infection among adult Chinese patients. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15631. [PMID: 21206915 PMCID: PMC3012067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary dengue infections are frequently associated with increased risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Surprisingly, we observed no dengue hemorrhagic fever cases among 353 hospitalized dengue-infected patients including 212 with primary, and 141 with secondary dengue 1 infection in China. To explore virological and immunological mechanisms which may account for this unexpected clinical observation, we assessed dengue viremia, type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine levels in these patients. While the levels of viremia and inflammatory cytokines are indistinguishable between primary and secondary infections, IFNα levels are significantly higher in primary than that in secondary infection. However, IFNα levels are positively correlated with dengue viremia levels (p<0.0001), but negatively correlated with the platelet counts (p<0.0001) and serum ALT levels (p = 0.0003). These results provide direct in vivo evidence that clinical dengue disease severity is affected by both viral and human immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FZ); (XJ)
| | - Xian Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengyong Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jingming Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FZ); (XJ)
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Guabiraba R, Marques RE, Besnard AG, Fagundes CT, Souza DG, Ryffel B, Teixeira MM. Role of the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR4 in the pathogenesis of experimental dengue infection in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15680. [PMID: 21206747 PMCID: PMC3012079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a public health problem in many tropical countries. Recent clinical data have shown an association between levels of different chemokines in plasma and severity of dengue. We evaluated the role of CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR4 in an experimental model of DENV-2 infection in mice. Infection of mice induced evident clinical disease and tissue damage, including thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, lymphopenia, increased levels of transaminases and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lethality in WT mice. Importantly, infected WT mice presented increased levels of chemokines CCL2/JE, CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL5/RANTES in spleen and liver. CCR1-/- mice had a mild phenotype with disease presentation and lethality similar to those of WT mice. In CCR2-/- mice, lethality, liver damage, levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, and leukocyte activation were attenuated. However, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration and systemic TNF-α levels were similar to infected WT mice. Infection enhanced levels of CCL17/TARC, a CCR4 ligand. In CCR4-/- mice, lethality, tissue injury and systemic inflammation were markedly decreased. Despite differences in disease presentation in CCR-deficient mice, there was no significant difference in viral load. In conclusion, activation of chemokine receptors has discrete roles in the pathogenesis of dengue infection. These studies suggest that the chemokine storm that follows severe primary dengue infection associates mostly to development of disease rather than protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Guabiraba
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Université d'Orléans and CNRS, UMR 6218, Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Orléans, France
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Besnard
- Université d'Orléans and CNRS, UMR 6218, Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Orléans, France
| | - Caio T. Fagundes
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle G. Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Université d'Orléans and CNRS, UMR 6218, Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Orléans, France
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Becquart P, Wauquier N, Nkoghe D, Ndjoyi-Mbiguino A, Padilla C, Souris M, Leroy EM. Acute dengue virus 2 infection in Gabonese patients is associated with an early innate immune response, including strong interferon alpha production. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:356. [PMID: 21167041 PMCID: PMC3013083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is now a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the tropics. We conducted the first ex vivo study of dengue fever (DF) in African patients infected during the first Gabonese dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) outbreak in 2007, in order to investigate cytokine production, including the antiviral cytokine IFN-α, reported to be a potent inhibitor of DENV replication in vitro. METHODS Levels of 50 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were measured in plasma from 36 patients with DENV-2 infection, and in uninfected controls, using Luminex multiplex technology. The results were interpreted according to the day of sampling after symptom onset. PBMC from six patients were also studied for T lymphocyte cell surface marker expression by flow cytometry. RESULTS Acute DENV-2 infection elicited high levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-17), chemokines (MIF, RANTES, IP-10 and MCP-1) and growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF and VEGF-A). We also observed high levels of IFN-α for the first time in adult DF patients, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at symptom onset. CONCLUSION Acute DENV-2 infection in African patients elicits a strong innate response involving IFN-α production, as well as an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Becquart
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
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Hoang LT, Lynn DJ, Henn M, Birren BW, Lennon NJ, Le PT, Duong KTH, Nguyen TTH, Mai LN, Farrar JJ, Hibberd ML, Simmons CP. The early whole-blood transcriptional signature of dengue virus and features associated with progression to dengue shock syndrome in Vietnamese children and young adults. J Virol 2010; 84:12982-94. [PMID: 20943967 PMCID: PMC3004338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01224-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a pantropic public health problem. In children, dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is the most common life-threatening complication. The ability to predict which patients may develop DSS may improve triage and treatment. To this end, we conducted a nested case-control comparison of the early host transcriptional features in 24 DSS patients and 56 sex-, age-, and virus serotype-matched uncomplicated (UC) dengue patients. In the first instance, we defined the "early dengue" profile. The transcriptional signature in acute rather than convalescent samples (≤72 h post-illness onset) was defined by an overabundance of interferon-inducible transcripts (31% of the 551 overabundant transcripts) and canonical gene ontology terms that included the following: response to virus, immune response, innate immune response, and inflammatory response. Pathway and network analyses identified STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, IRF7, IRF9, IRF1, CEBPB, and SP1 as key transcriptional factors mediating the early response. Strikingly, the only difference in the transcriptional signatures of early DSS and UC dengue cases was the greater abundance of several neutrophil-associated transcripts in patients who progressed to DSS, a finding supported by higher plasma concentrations of several canonical proteins associated with neutrophil degranulation (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein [BPI], elastase 2 [ELA2], and defensin 1 alpha [DEF1A]). Elevated levels of neutrophil-associated transcripts were independent of the neutrophil count and also of the genotype of the infecting virus, as genome-length sequences of dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) (n = 15) and DENV-2 (n = 3) sampled from DSS patients were phylogenetically indistinguishable from those sampled from uncomplicated dengue patients (32 DENV-1 and 9 DENV-2 sequences). Collectively, these data suggest a hitherto unrecognized association between neutrophil activation, pathogenesis, and the development of DSS and point to future strategies for guiding prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Truong Hoang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - David J. Lynn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Matt Henn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bruce W. Birren
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Niall J. Lennon
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Phuong Thi Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kien Thi Hue Duong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tham Thi Hong Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lanh Ngoc Mai
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jeremy J. Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Martin L. Hibberd
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cameron P. Simmons
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Department, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Dong Thap Hospital, 144 Mai Van Khai St., Hamlet 3, My Tan Village, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
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Sierra B, Perez AB, Vogt K, Garcia G, Schmolke K, Aguirre E, Alvarez M, Volk HD, Guzman MG. MCP-1 and MIP-1α expression in a model resembling early immune response to dengue. Cytokine 2010; 52:175-83. [PMID: 20650649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus has become endemic in most tropical urban areas throughout the world, and DHF has appeared concomitantly with this expansion. The intensity of dengue virus replication during the early stages of infection could determine clinical outcomes; therefore, it is important to understand the impact of dengue virus infection on the earliest immune defense against microbial infection, which also strongly regulates the adaptive immune responses. This study was aimed at evaluating the expression of the CC-chemokines MIP-1α/CCL3 and MCP-1/CCL2 in peripheral blood leukocytes using an ex vivo model resembling dengue infection in vivo, in subjects with a well characterized dengue immune background, due to the exceptional Cuban epidemiological situation in dengue. The expression of IFNγ, TNFα and IL10 was also evaluated, giving insight about the role of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. From individuals with different dengue immune background after dengue virus challenge, increased and different expression of the chemokines and cytokines studied was verified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, thus demonstrating that the previous immunity to a dengue virus serotype has a strong influence on the early immune response after dengue re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sierra
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vector, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Autopista Novia del Mediodia Km. 6 ½, La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba.
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64
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Li LL, Hu ST, Wang SH, Lee HH, Wang YT, Ping YH. Positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) contributes to dengue virus-stimulated induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8). Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1589-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ip PP, Liao F. Resistance to dengue virus infection in mice is potentiated by CXCL10 and is independent of CXCL10-mediated leukocyte recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5705-14. [PMID: 20400703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10 is an IFN-inducible chemokine ligand that binds CXCR3, a receptor that is expressed on lymphocytes; CXCL10 shares the CXCR3 receptor with another two ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL11. Previously, we found that CXCL10(-/-) mice were more susceptible than wild-type (WT) mice to dengue virus (DENV) infection. In this study, we explored the mechanisms underlying this enhanced susceptibility. We found that viral loads were higher in the brains of CXCL10(-/-) mice than in WT mice. Presuming a defect in effector lymphocyte migration, we investigated whether recruitment of effector T cells and Ab-secreting cells to the infected tissues were impaired in CXCL10(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, compared with WT, CXCL10(-/-) mice had comparable numbers of total infiltrating T cells, higher numbers of CXCR3(+) T cells, and higher numbers of Ab-secreting cells in the brain. Additionally, we found that CXCL10 was induced in neurons following DENV infection and that CXCL10 competed with DENV for binding to cell surface heparan sulfate, a coreceptor for DENV entry, thus inhibiting binding of DENV to neuronal cells. These results demonstrate that the enhanced susceptibility of CXCL10(-/-) mice to DENV infection is not due to a defect in recruitment of effector lymphocytes but rather to an antiviral activity that promotes viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Peng Ip
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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66
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Priyadarshini D, Gadia RR, Tripathy A, Gurukumar KR, Bhagat A, Patwardhan S, Mokashi N, Vaidya D, Shah PS, Cecilia D. Clinical findings and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dengue patients in Western India: a facility-based study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8709. [PMID: 20090849 PMCID: PMC2806829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Descriptions of dengue immunopathogenesis have largely relied on data from South-east Asia and America, while India is poorly represented. This study characterizes dengue cases from Pune, Western India, with respect to clinical profile and pro-inflammatory cytokines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In 2005, 372 clinically suspected dengue cases were tested by MAC-ELISA and RT-PCR for dengue virus (DENV) aetiology. The clinical profile was recorded at the hospital. Circulating levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 were assessed by ELISA and secondary infections were defined by IgM to IgG ratio. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 11.0 version. Of the 372 individuals, 221 were confirmed to be dengue cases. Three serotypes, DENV-1, 2 and 3 were co-circulating and one case of dual infection was identified. Of 221 cases, 159 presented with Dengue fever (DF) and 62 with Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) of which six had severe DHF and one died of shock. There was a strong association of rash, abdominal pain and conjunctival congestion with DHF. Levels of IFN-gamma were higher in DF whereas IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in DHF cases (p<0.05). The mean levels of the three cytokines were higher in secondary compared to primary infections. Levels of IFN-gamma and IL-8 were higher in early samples collected 2-5 days after onset than late samples collected 6-15 days after onset. IFN-gamma showed significant decreasing time trend (p = 0.005) and IL-8 levels showed increasing trend towards significance in DHF cases (interaction p = 0.059). There was a significant association of IL-8 levels with thrombocytopenia and both IFN-gamma and IL-8 were positively associated with alanine transaminase levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Rash, abdominal pain and conjunctival congestion could be prognostic symptoms for DHF. High levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were shown to associate with DHF. The time trend of IFN-gamma and IL-8 levels had greater significance than absolute values in DHF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajesh R. Gadia
- Department of General Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Sampada Patwardhan
- Department of Microbiology, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Erandwane, Pune, India
| | - Nitin Mokashi
- Department of Microbiology, Yashwant Rao Chauhan Memorial Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- John Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - D. Cecilia
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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67
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Nascimento EJM, Braga-Neto U, Calzavara-Silva CE, Gomes ALV, Abath FGC, Brito CAA, Cordeiro MT, Silva AM, Magalhães C, Andrade R, Gil LHVG, Marques ETA. Gene expression profiling during early acute febrile stage of dengue infection can predict the disease outcome. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7892. [PMID: 19936257 PMCID: PMC2775946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the detailed development of biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome under dengue infection. Transcriptional signatures from purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells were derived from whole-genome gene-expression microarray data, validated by quantitative PCR and tested in independent samples. Methodology/Principal Findings The study was performed on patients of a well-characterized dengue cohort from Recife, Brazil. The samples analyzed were collected prospectively from acute febrile dengue patients who evolved with different degrees of disease severity: classic dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) samples were compared with similar samples from other non-dengue febrile illnesses. The DHF samples were collected 2–3 days before the presentation of the plasma leakage symptoms. Differentially-expressed genes were selected by univariate statistical tests as well as multivariate classification techniques. The results showed that at early stages of dengue infection, the genes involved in effector mechanisms of innate immune response presented a weaker activation on patients who later developed hemorrhagic fever, whereas the genes involved in apoptosis were expressed in higher levels. Conclusions/Significance Some of the gene expression signatures displayed estimated accuracy rates of more than 95%, indicating that expression profiling with these signatures may provide a useful means of DHF prognosis at early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J. M. Nascimento
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulisses Braga-Neto
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos E. Calzavara-Silva
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana L. V. Gomes
- Departamento de Imunologia do Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Frederico G. C. Abath
- Departamento de Imunologia do Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. A. Brito
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Hospital Esperança, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marli T. Cordeiro
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Silva
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Magalhães
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raoni Andrade
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Laura H. V. G. Gil
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ernesto T. A. Marques
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Conceição TM, El-Bacha T, Villas-Bôas CSA, Coello G, Ramírez J, Montero-Lomeli M, Da Poian AT. Gene expression analysis during dengue virus infection in HepG2 cells reveals virus control of innate immune response. J Infect 2009; 60:65-75. [PMID: 19837110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver damage occurs during Dengue Virus infection and constitutes a characteristic of severe forms of the disease. The present study was focused on the modulation of gene expression in a human hepatic cell lineage, HepG2, in response to Dengue Virus infection. METHODS The global gene expression changes in HepG2 cells after 6, 24 and 48h of infection with Dengue Virus were investigated using a new tool of microarray data analysis and real-time PCR. RESULTS HepG2 cells infected with Dengue Virus showed alterations in several signaling pathways involved in innate immune response. The analysis of pattern recognition pathways genes demonstrated that TLR3, TLR8, RIG-I and MDA5 mRNAs were up-regulated during Dengue Virus infection along with an increase in the expression of the type I interferon, IFN-beta and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that innate immune pathways are involved in the recognition of Dengue Virus by HepG2 cells. These observations may contribute to the understanding of the inflammatory responses induced by Dengue Virus-hepatocytes interaction during dengue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís M Conceição
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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69
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Becerra A, Warke RV, Martin K, Xhaja K, de Bosch N, Rothman AL, Bosch I. Gene expression profiling of dengue infected human primary cells identifies secreted mediators in vivo. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1403-11. [PMID: 19551822 PMCID: PMC2893327 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We used gene expression profiling of human primary cells infected in vitro with dengue virus (DENV) as a tool to identify secreted mediators induced in response to the infection. Affymetrix GeneChip analysis of human primary monocytes, B cells and dendritic cells infected with DENV in vitro showed strong induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2/CCL8), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10). The expression of these genes was confirmed in dendritic cells infected with DENV in vitro at mRNA and protein levels. A prospectively enrolled cohort of DENV-infected Venezuelan patients was used to measure the levels of these proteins in serum during three different periods of the disease. Results showed significant increase of MCP-2, IP-10, and TRAIL levels in patients infected with DENV during the febrile period, when compared to healthy donors and patients with other febrile illnesses. MCP-2 and IP-10 levels were still elevated during the post-febrile period while TRAIL levels dropped close to normal after defervescense. Patients with primary infections had higher TRAIL levels than patients with secondary infections during the febrile period of the disease. Increased levels of IP-10, TRAIL and MCP-2 in acute DENV infections suggest a role for these mediators in the immune response to the infection. MCP-2 was identified in this work as a new unreported and important dengue-related protein and IP-10 was confirmed as a novel and strong pro-inflammatory marker in acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniuska Becerra
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Rajas V. Warke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Katherine Martin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Norma de Bosch
- Banco Municipal de Sangre del Distrito Capital, San Jose, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Irene Bosch
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Abstract
Disease caused by flavivirus infections is an increasing world health problem. Flavivirus nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) possesses enzymatic activities required for capping and synthesis of the viral RNA genome and is essential for virus replication. NS5 is comprised of two domains. The N-terminal domain binds GTP and can perform two biochemically distinct methylation reactions required for RNA cap formation. The C-terminal domain contains RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. As such, NS5 is an interesting target against which antiviral drugs could be developed and research toward this goal has accelerated our understanding of NS5 structure and function in recent years. The production and purification of recombinant versions of either the full-length NS5 or the two individual NS5 domains has led to detailed enzymatic studies on NS5 and the determination of structures of the two NS5 domains. In turn, studies using a combination of structural, biochemical, and reverse genetic approaches are revealing how NS5 performs its multifunctional roles in genome replication. Aside from its localization in the membrane-bound replication complex, NS5 can be found free in the cytoplasm and for some flaviviruses in the nucleus of virus-infected cells. NS5 is phosphorylated which may potentially regulate NS5 function and trafficking. Recently, NS5 of a number of flaviviruses has been shown to interact with cellular pathways involved in the host immune response, suggesting that NS5 may play a role in viral pathogenesis. This chapter reviews recent advances in our understanding of the multifunctional roles played by NS5 in the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Davidson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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71
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Basu A, Chaturvedi UC. Vascular endothelium: the battlefield of dengue viruses. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 53:287-99. [PMID: 18522648 PMCID: PMC7110366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability without morphological damage to the capillary endothelium is the cardinal feature of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Extensive plasma leakage in various tissue spaces and serous cavities of the body, including the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities in patients with DHF, may result in profound shock. Among various mechanisms that have been considered include immune complex disease, T-cell-mediated, antibodies cross-reacting with vascular endothelium, enhancing antibodies, complement and its products, various soluble mediators including cytokines, selection of virulent strains and virus virulence, but the most favoured are enhancing antibodies and memory T cells in a secondary infection resulting in cytokine tsunami. Whatever the mechanism, it ultimately targets vascular endothelium (making it a battlefield) leading to severe dengue disease. Extensive recent work has been done in vitro on endothelial cell monolayer models to understand the pathophysiology of vascular endothelium during dengue virus (DV) infection that may be translated to help understand the pathogenesis of DHF/DSS. The present review provides a broad overview of the effects of DV infection and the associated host responses contributing towards alterations in vascular endothelial cell physiology and damage that may be responsible for the DHF/DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Basu
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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72
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Jin X. Cellular and molecular basis of antibody-dependent enhancement in human dengue pathogenesis. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever is gaining increased attention as a major global health problem. It occurs annually in 50–100 million people in more than 100 countries, and places half a million people at risk of life-threatening diseases: dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). The pathogenic mechanisms causing DHF/DSS are not clearly understood. This article reviews cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for the initiation of the pathogenic processes, including hypotheses for DHF/DSS, dengue-permissive target cells, putative dengue receptors, neutralizing and enhancing antibodies to dengue virus, mechanisms of vascular plasma leakage, innate immune response in dengue infection and antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue infection. While reviewing the literature, the article also gives the author’s opinion on perceived areas of importance for future research in human dengue pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jin
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 689, Room 3-5103, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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73
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Martins MÂ, Silva ML, Elói-Santos SM, Ribeiro JGL, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Marciano APV, Homma A, Kroon EG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. Innate immunity phenotypic features point toward simultaneous raise of activation and modulation events following 17DD live attenuated yellow fever first-time vaccination. Vaccine 2008; 26:1173-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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74
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Sariol CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Abel K, Rosado LC, Pantoja P, Giavedoni L, Rodriguez IV, White LJ, Martínez M, Arana T, Kraiselburd EN. Transcriptional activation of interferon-stimulated genes but not of cytokine genes after primary infection of rhesus macaques with dengue virus type 1. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:756-66. [PMID: 17428947 PMCID: PMC1951081 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00052-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are the only animal model used to test dengue virus (DENV) vaccine candidates. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of DENV in macaques is not well understood. In this work, by using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays, we studied the broad transcriptional modifications and cytokine expression profile after infecting rhesus macaques with DENV serotype 1. Five days after infection, these animals produced a potent, innate antiviral immune response by inducing the transcription of signature genes from the interferon (IFN) pathway with demonstrated antiviral activity, such as myxoprotein, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, phospholipid scramblase 1, and viperin. Also, IFN regulatory element 7, IFN-stimulated gene 15, and protein ligases linked to the ISGylation process were up-regulated. Unexpectedly, no up-regulation of IFN-alpha, -beta, or -gamma genes was detected. Transcription of the genes of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha was neither up-regulated nor down-regulated. Results were confirmed by real-time PCR and by multiplex cytokine detection in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067.
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Luplerdlop N, Missé D, Bray D, Deleuze V, Gonzalez JP, Leardkamolkarn V, Yssel H, Veas F. Dengue-virus-infected dendritic cells trigger vascular leakage through metalloproteinase overproduction. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:1176-1181. [PMID: 17028575 PMCID: PMC1679776 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DV) is an important re-emerging arthropod-borne virus of global significance. The defining characteristic of DV infection-associated pathology is haemorrhagic fever, which often leads to a fatal shock-like syndrome (DHF/DSS) owing to an increase in vascular endothelial permeability. Here, we show, in a viral dose-dependent manner, that DV-infected immature dendritic cells overproduce soluble gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9-and to a lesser extent MMP-2-which enhances endothelial permeability, but which are reduced by specific inhibitors and a neutralizing anti-MMP-9 antibody. This permeability was associated with a loss of expression of the platelet endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) and vascular endothelium (VE)-cadherin cell adhesion molecules and redistribution of F-actin fibres. These in vitro observations were confirmed in an in vivo vascular-leakage mouse model. These results provide a molecular basis for DHF/DSS that could be a basis for a general model of haemorrhagic fever-inducing viruses, and identify a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of viral-induced vascular leakage by specifically targeting gelatinolytic metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthanej Luplerdlop
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, Immunologie Virale et Moléculaire, UR178 IFR122, 34094 Montpellier, France
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Sciences, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, Immunologie Virale et Moléculaire, UR178 IFR122, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Dorothy Bray
- ImmunoClin Ltd, Rowlandson House, 289-293 Ballards Lane, London N12 8PE, UK
| | - Virginie Deleuze
- CNRS UMR 5535, IGMM, 919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Paul Gonzalez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, Immunologie Virale et Moléculaire, UR178 IFR122, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Vijittra Leardkamolkarn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Sciences, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hans Yssel
- INSERM U 454, 371 rue G Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco Veas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, Immunologie Virale et Moléculaire, UR178 IFR122, 34094 Montpellier, France
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Chen JP, Lu HL, Lai SL, Campanella GS, Sung JM, Lu MY, Wu-Hsieh BA, Lin YL, Lane TE, Luster AD, Liao F. Dengue virus induces expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10/IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, which competitively inhibits viral binding to cell surface heparan sulfate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3185-92. [PMID: 16920957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus that causes a mild febrile illness, dengue fever, or a potentially fatal syndrome, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Chemokines primarily orchestrate leukocyte recruitment to the areas of viral infection, which makes them critical mediators of immune and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated the induction and function of chemokines in mice early after infection with dengue virus in vivo. We found that CXCL10/IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) expression was rapidly and transiently induced in liver following infection. The expressed CXCL10/IP-10 likely mediates the recruitment of activated NK cells, given that anti-CXCL10/IP-10-treated mice showed diminished NK cell infiltration and reduced hepatic expression of effector molecules in activated NK cells after dengue virus infection. Of particular interest, we found that CXCL10/IP-10 also was able to inhibit viral binding to target cells in vitro. Further investigation revealed that various CXCL10/IP-10 mutants, in which the residues that mediate the interaction between the chemokine and heparan sulfate were substituted, failed to exert the inhibitory effect on dengue binding, which suggests that CXCL10/IP-10 competes with dengue virus for binding to heparan sulfate on the cell surface. Moreover, subsequent plaque assays showed that this inhibition of dengue binding blocked viral uptake and replication. The inhibitory effect of CXCL10/IP-10 on the binding of dengue virus to cells may represent a novel contribution of this chemokine to the host defense against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Perng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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77
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Hsieh MF, Lai SL, Chen JP, Sung JM, Lin YL, Wu-Hsieh BA, Gerard C, Luster A, Liao F. Both CXCR3 and CXCL10/IFN-inducible protein 10 are required for resistance to primary infection by dengue virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1855-63. [PMID: 16849497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the extent to which CXCR3 mediates resistance to dengue infection. Following intracerebral infection with dengue virus, CXCR3-deficient (CXCR3(-/-)) mice showed significantly higher mortality rates than wild-type (WT) mice; moreover, surviving CXCR3(-/-) mice, but not WT mice, often developed severe hind-limb paralysis. The brains of CXCR3(-/-) mice showed higher viral loads than those of WT mice, and quantitative analysis using real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry revealed fewer T cells, CD8(+) T cells in particular, in the brains of CXCR3(-/-) mice. This suggests that recruitment of effector T cells to sites of dengue infection was diminished in CXCR3(-/-) mice, which impaired elimination of the virus from the brain and thus increased the likelihood of paralysis and/or death. These results indicate that CXCR3 plays a protective rather than an immunopathological role in dengue virus infection. In studies to identify critical CXCR3 ligands, CXCL10/IFN-inducible protein 10-deficient (CXCL10/IP-10(-/-)) mice infected with dengue virus showed a higher mortality rate than that of the CXCR3(-/-) mice. Although CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL9/monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and CXCL11/IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant share a single receptor and all three of these chemokines are induced by dengue virus infection, the latter two could not compensate for the absence of CXCL10/IP-10 in this in vivo model. Our results suggest that both CXCR3 and CXCL10/IP-10 contribute to resistance against primary dengue virus infection and that chemokines that are indistinguishable in in vitro assays differ in their activities in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/virology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/deficiency
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Dengue/genetics
- Dengue/immunology
- Dengue/virology
- Dengue Virus/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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78
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Fink J, Gu F, Vasudevan SG. Role of T cells, cytokines and antibody in dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Rev Med Virol 2006; 16:263-75. [PMID: 16791836 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Dengue infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. There is no vaccine for dengue and also there are no anti-viral drugs to treat the infection. Some patients, typically those experiencing a secondary infection with a different dengue serotype, may progress from an acute febrile disease to the more severe forms of disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Here we discuss the significant immunopathological component to severe disease and how T cells, cytokines and cross-reactive antibody combine to contribute to the progression to dengue haemorrhagic fever. These events are thought to lead to vascular leakage, the signature event in dengue haemorrhagic fever, and are addressed in this review by incorporating the concept of heterologous T cell immunity. The need for effective measures against dengue and dengue-related illness is clear. We propose that drugs against dengue virus, or the symptoms of severe dengue disease, are a viable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Fink
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore
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79
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Medin CL, Fitzgerald KA, Rothman AL. Dengue virus nonstructural protein NS5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion. J Virol 2005; 79:11053-61. [PMID: 16103156 PMCID: PMC1193580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11053-11061.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of chemokines have been reported in patients with dengue fever and are proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue disease. To establish in vitro models for chemokine induction by dengue 2 virus (DEN2V), we studied a variety of human cell lines and primary cells. DEN2V infection of HepG2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, whereas only IL-8 and RANTES were induced following dengue virus infection of HEK293 cells. Chemokine secretion was accompanied by an increase in steady-state mRNA levels. No chemokine induction was observed in HEK293 cells treated with poly(I:C) or alpha interferon, suggesting a direct effect of virus infection. To determine the mechanism(s) involved in the induction of chemokine production by DEN2V, individual dengue virus genes were cloned into plasmids and expressed in HEK293 cells. Transfection of a plasmid expressing NS5 or a dengue virus replicon induced IL-8 gene expression and secretion. RANTES expression was not induced under these conditions, however. Reporter assays showed that IL-8 induction by NS5 was principally through CAAT/enhancer binding protein, whereas DEN2V infection also induced NF-kappaB. These results indicate a role for the dengue virus NS5 protein in the induction of IL-8 by DEN2V infection. Recruitment and activation of potential target cells to sites of DEN2V replication by virus-induced chemokine production may contribute to viral replication as well as to the inflammatory components of dengue virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Medin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
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80
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Navarro-Sánchez E, Desprès P, Cedillo-Barrón L. Innate immune responses to dengue virus. Arch Med Res 2005; 36:425-35. [PMID: 16099317 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DF/DHF) has emerged as the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases in tropical areas. The dengue virus (DV) has become endemic in most tropical urban centers throughout the world, and DHF has appeared concomitantly with this expansion. Given the fact that intensity of DV replication during the early times of infection could determine clinical outcomes, which ranges from febrile illness (DF) to life-threatening disease (DHF), it is important to understand the impact of DV infection on innate immunity. Interstitial dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to constitute the first line of the innate host defense against invading DV at the anatomical sites where it replicates after the initial bite by infected mosquito. Early activation of natural killer (NK) cells and type-I interferon-dependent immunity may be also important in limiting viral replication at the early times of dengue infection. The ability of infecting DV to counter the innate antiviral immunity might account for differences in virulence observed between viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Navarro-Sánchez
- Unité des Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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81
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Golden JW, Schiff LA. Neutrophil elastase, an acid-independent serine protease, facilitates reovirus uncoating and infection in U937 promonocyte cells. Virol J 2005; 2:48. [PMID: 15927073 PMCID: PMC1180477 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian reoviruses naturally infect their hosts through the enteric and respiratory tracts. During enteric infections, proteolysis of the reovirus outer capsid protein sigma3 is mediated by pancreatic serine proteases. In contrast, the proteases critical for reovirus replication in the lung are unknown. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is an acid-independent, inflammatory serine protease predominantly expressed by neutrophils. In addition to its normal role in microbial defense, aberrant expression of NE has been implicated in the pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because reovirus replication in rodent lungs causes ARDS-like symptoms and induces an infiltration of neutrophils, we investigated the capacity of NE to promote reovirus virion uncoating. RESULTS The human promonocyte cell line U937 expresses NE. Treatment of U937 cells with the broad-spectrum cysteine-protease inhibitor E64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane] and with agents that increase vesicular pH did not inhibit reovirus replication. Even when these inhibitors were used in combination, reovirus replicated to significant yields, indicating that an acid-independent non-cysteine protease was capable of mediating reovirus uncoating in U937 cell cultures. To identify the protease(s) responsible, U937 cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an agent that induces cellular differentiation and results in decreased expression of acid-independent serine proteases, including NE and cathepsin (Cat) G. In the presence of E64, reovirus did not replicate efficiently in PMA-treated cells. To directly assess the role of NE in reovirus infection of U937 cells, we examined viral growth in the presence of N-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethylketone, a NE-specific inhibitor. Reovirus replication in the presence of E64 was significantly reduced by treatment of cells with the NE inhibitor. Incubation of virions with purified NE resulted in the generation of infectious subviron particles that did not require additional intracellular proteolysis. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that NE can facilitate reovirus infection. The fact that it does so in the presence of agents that raise vesicular pH supports a model in which the requirement for acidic pH during infection reflects the conditions required for optimal protease activity. The capacity of reovirus to exploit NE may impact viral replication in the lung and other tissues during natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Golden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 196, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Leslie A Schiff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 196, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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82
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Lin CF, Chiu SC, Hsiao YL, Wan SW, Lei HY, Shiau AL, Liu HS, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Liu CC, Lin YS. Expression of cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecules during endothelial cell activation induced by antibodies against dengue virus nonstructural protein 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:395-403. [PMID: 15611263 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is a hallmark associated with disease onset in dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. In addition to direct viral damage, immune responses to dengue virus (DV) infection may also underlie the pathogenesis of disease. We have proposed a mechanism of molecular mimicry in which Abs directed against DV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) cross-react with endothelial cells and induce damage. In this study, we demonstrated the inflammatory endothelial cell activation induced by anti-DV NS1 via the transcription factor NF-kappaB-regulated pathway. Protein phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation were observed after anti-DV NS1 stimulation in a human microvascular endothelial cell line-1. The cytokine and chemokine production, including IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, but not RANTES, in endothelial cells increased after treatment with anti-DV NS1 Abs. The expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 was blocked by the preabsorption of anti-DV NS1 with DV NS1 or by the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. Furthermore, the increases in both ICAM-1 expression and the ability of human PBMC to adhere to endothelial cells were also observed, and these effects were inhibited by pretreatment with anti-ICAM-1 or anti-MCP-1 Abs. Therefore, in addition to endothelial cell apoptosis, as previously reported, inflammatory activation occurs in endothelial cells after stimulation by anti-DV NS1 Abs. These results suggest the involvement of anti-DV NS1 Abs in the vasculopathy of DV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Department of Micribiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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83
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Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Romano M, Legorreta-Herrera M, Sánchez-García FJ, Colston MJ. Gene Expression in Human Macrophages Infected with Dengue Virus Serotype-2. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:631-8. [PMID: 15584975 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection by any of the four serotypes of dengue viruses (DEN-1, -2, -3 and -4) may result in either a relatively benign fever, called dengue fever (DF), a fatal disease, such as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Several lines of evidence suggest that soluble immune response mediators may be involved in the severity of dengue infections. For instance, elevated seric levels of IL-8 are a common feature in DHF patients. Because other chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokine and cytokine receptors, as well as cytokine-related molecules may also be involved in dengue virus pathogenesis, we aimed at analysing the gene expression of such molecules in the course of an in vitro DEN-2 infection of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages, a cell type regarded as a primary target for DEN. Nylon membrane gene arrays containing 375 different human cytokine-related genes were used as a first step to search for differentially expressed genes upon infection. Transcripts for IL-8, IL-1beta, osteopontin, GRO-alpha, -beta and -gamma, I-309, and some other molecules showed to be upregulated upon infection, whereas others such as MIC-1, CD27L and CD30L, were downregulated. Four genes were selected for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction based gene-expression analysis as a way to partially confirm microarray results. This approach pointed out 25 macrophage-expressed cytokine-related genes that could be relevant in DEN-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M B Moreno-Altamirano
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México.
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84
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Abstract
Dengue viral infections are one of the most important mosquito borne diseases in the world. They may be asymptomatic or may give rise to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), or dengue shock syndrome. Annually, 100 million cases of dengue fever and half a million cases of DHF occur worldwide. Ninety percent of DHF subjects are children less than 15 years of age. At present, dengue is endemic in 112 countries in the world. No vaccine is available for preventing this disease. Early recognition and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are vital if disease related morbidity and mortality are to be limited. This review outlines aspects of the epidemiology of dengue infections, the dengue virus and its mosquito vector, clinical features and pathogenesis of dengue infections, and the management and control of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Malavige
- Department of Clinical Immunology, A Floor, West Block, Queens Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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85
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Ryu JS, Kang JH, Jung SY, Shin MH, Kim JM, Park H, Min DY. Production of interleukin-8 by human neutrophils stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1326-32. [PMID: 14977935 PMCID: PMC355987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1326-1332.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in the vaginal discharges of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. Although chemoattractants, such as leukotriene B(4) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), are found in the vaginal discharges of symptomatic trichomoniasis patients, little is known about the mechanism of how neutrophils accumulate or mediate initial inflammatory response after acute T. vaginalis infection. We examined IL-8 production in neutrophils activated by T. vaginalis and evaluated the factors involved in T. vaginalis adherence that might affect IL-8 production. When human neutrophils were stimulated with live trophozoites, T. vaginalis lysate, or T. vaginalis excretory-secretory products, the live trichomonads induced higher levels of IL-8 production than the lysate or products did. When live trichomonads were pretreated with various inhibitors of proteinase, microtubule, microfilament, or adhesin (which are all known to participate in the adherence of T. vaginalis to vaginal epithelial cells), IL-8 production significantly decreased compared with the untreated controls. Furthermore, an NF-kappaB inhibitor (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate), a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059), and a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (SB203580) significantly suppressed IL-8 synthesis in neutrophils. These results suggest that live T. vaginalis, particularly adherent trophozoites, can induce IL-8 production in neutrophils and that this action may be mediated through the NF-kappaB and MAP kinase signaling pathways. In other words, T. vaginalis-induced neutrophil recruitment may be mediated via the IL-8 expressed by neutrophils in response to activation by live T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Parasitologyology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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86
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Abstract
The pathophysiological basis of severe dengue disease (i.e., dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF]), appears to be multifactorial, involving complex interactions among viral factors, host genetics, and the immunologic background of the host, principally prior exposure to dengue virus. Analysis of these processes has been limited to observational studies of naturally infected humans because there have not been useful animal models of dengue disease. Substantial evidence points to dengue virus-reactive T cells as a critical effector in the development of DHF. We are beginning to define the critical elements of T-cell epitope specificity and functional responses that contribute to DHF. Additional studies in well-characterized patient cohorts from different geographic regions will be needed to advance this research and guide new approaches to prevention and treatment of DHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Rothman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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87
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Bosch I, Xhaja K, Estevez L, Raines G, Melichar H, Warke RV, Fournier MV, Ennis FA, Rothman AL. Increased production of interleukin-8 in primary human monocytes and in human epithelial and endothelial cell lines after dengue virus challenge. J Virol 2002; 76:5588-97. [PMID: 11991987 PMCID: PMC137016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.11.5588-5597.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The more severe form of dengue virus infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever, is characterized by plasma leakage and derangements in hemostasis. As elevated interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels have been observed in sera from patients with more severe disease manifestations, a study was initiated to look at the effect of dengue virus infection in vitro on proinflammatory cytokine secretion and expression. A significant increase in IL-8 levels in the culture supernatant of primary human monocytes infected with dengue 2 virus (D2V) New Guinea C (NGC) was found by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, by reverse transcriptase PCR, the mRNA was also augmented. Among the proinflammatory cytokines and their mRNAs measured (IL-6, IL-1 beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-8 showed the greatest change following D2V infection. Similarly, two cell lines, 293T (a human epithelial cell line) and ECV304 (an endothelial cell line), were permissive to D2V NGC and responded to the infection by increasing the synthesis of IL-8. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and nuclear factor IL-6 (NFIL-6) are primary mediators of IL-8 expression. We studied the transcriptional regulation of IL-8 in the ECV304 and 293T cell lines and found that the induction of IL-8 gene expression involved the activation of NF-kappa B (P = 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the activation of NFIL-6 in ECV304 cells only. We next observed by the chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure in vivo acetylation of core histones bound to the IL-8 promoter after D2V infection. IL-8 produced by infected monocytes and also IL-8 that may be produced by endothelial or other epithelial cells is associated with the hyperacetylation of histones bound to the IL-8 promoter in addition to the activation of transcription by NF-kappa B. We hypothesize that the overall increase in IL-8 synthesis observed in this in vitro study may play a role in the pathogenesis of the plasma leakage seen in dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosch
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research and Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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88
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Elass E, Masson M, Mazurier J, Legrand D. Lactoferrin inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression and proteoglycan-binding ability of interleukin-8 in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1860-6. [PMID: 11895948 PMCID: PMC127826 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.4.1860-1866.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a C-X-C chemokine bound to endothelium proteoglycans, initiates the activation and selective recruitment of leukocytes at inflammatory foci. We demonstrate that human lactoferrin, an antimicrobial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein, decreases both IL-8 mRNA and protein expression induced by the complex Escherichia coli 055:B5 LPS/sCD14 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The use of recombinant lactoferrins mutated in the LPS-binding sites indicates that this inhibitory effect is mediated by an interaction of lactoferrin with LPS and CD14s that suppresses the endotoxin biological activity. Furthermore, since dimeric IL-8 and lactoferrin are both proteoglycan-binding molecules, the competition between these proteins for heparin binding was investigated. Lactoferrin strongly inhibited the interaction of radiolabeled IL-8 to immobilized heparin, whereas a lactoferrin variant lacking the amino acid residues essential for heparin binding was not inhibitory. Moreover, this process is specific, since serum transferrin, a glycoprotein whose structure is close to that of lactoferrin, did not prevent the interaction of IL-8 with heparin. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of lactoferrin during septicemia are related, at least in part, to the regulation of IL-8 production and also to the ability of lactoferrin to compete with chemokines for their binding to proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Elass
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique et Unité Mixte de Recherche no. 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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