201
|
Schneider MM, Emmenegger M, Xu CK, Condado Morales I, Meisl G, Turelli P, Zografou C, Zimmermann MR, Frey BM, Fiedler S, Denninger V, Jacquat RP, Madrigal L, Ilsley A, Kosmoliaptsis V, Fiegler H, Trono D, Knowles TP, Aguzzi A. Microfluidic characterisation reveals broad range of SARS-CoV-2 antibody affinity in human plasma. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101270. [PMID: 34848436 PMCID: PMC8645332 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections, which can range from asymptomatic to lethal, is crucially shaped by the concentration of antiviral antibodies and by their affinity to their targets. However, the affinity of polyclonal antibody responses in plasma is difficult to measure. Here we used microfluidic antibody affinity profiling (MAAP) to determine the aggregate affinities and concentrations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in plasma samples of 42 seropositive individuals, 19 of which were healthy donors, 20 displayed mild symptoms, and 3 were critically ill. We found that dissociation constants, K d, of anti-receptor-binding domain antibodies spanned 2.5 orders of magnitude from sub-nanomolar to 43 nM. Using MAAP we found that antibodies of seropositive individuals induced the dissociation of pre-formed spike-ACE2 receptor complexes, which indicates that MAAP can be adapted as a complementary receptor competition assay. By comparison with cytopathic effect-based neutralisation assays, we show that MAAP can reliably predict the cellular neutralisation ability of sera, which may be an important consideration when selecting the most effective samples for therapeutic plasmapheresis and tracking the success of vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Schneider
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Georg Meisl
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Priscilla Turelli
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chryssa Zografou
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela R Zimmermann
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beat M Frey
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Swiss Red Cross, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Viola Denninger
- Fluidic Analytics, Unit A, Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raphaël Pb Jacquat
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lidia Madrigal
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alison Ilsley
- Fluidic Analytics, Unit A, Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heike Fiegler
- Fluidic Analytics, Unit A, Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas Pj Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and its potential applications and therapeutic prospects. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:150-157. [PMID: 34645940 PMCID: PMC8513558 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic that poses a great threat to human health worldwide. As the humoral immune response plays essential roles in disease occurrence and development, understanding the dynamics and characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is of great importance for controlling this disease. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and further emphasize the potential applications and therapeutic prospects of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and the critical role of this immunity in vaccine development. Notably, serological antibody testing based on the humoral immune response can guide public health measures and control strategies; however, it is not recommended for population surveys in areas with very low prevalence. Existing evidence suggests that asymptomatic individuals have a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas SARS-CoV-2-infected children have a more effective humoral immune response than adults. The correlations between antibody (especially neutralizing antibody) titers and protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection should be further examined. In addition, the emergence of cross-reactions among different coronavirus antigens in the development of screening technology and the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination should be given further attention.
Collapse
|
203
|
Cheon S, Park U, Park H, Kim Y, Nguyen YTH, Aigerim A, Rhee JY, Choi JP, Park WB, Park SW, Kim Y, Lim DG, Yang JS, Lee JY, Kim YS, Cho NH. Longevity of seropositivity and neutralizing antibodies in recovered MERS patients: a 5-year follow-up study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:292-296. [PMID: 34139334 PMCID: PMC8200326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the longevity of spike-specific antibody responses and neutralizing activity in the plasma of recovered Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) patients. METHODS We traced the antibody responses and neutralizing activity against MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in peripheral blood samples collected from 70 recovered MERS patients for 5 years after the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea. We also measured the half-life of neutralizing antibody titres in the longitudinal specimens. RESULTS The seropositivity rate persisted for up to 4 years (50.7-56.1%), especially in MERS patients who suffered from severe pneumonia, and then decreased (35.9%) in the fifth year. Although the spike-specific antibody responses decreased gradually, the neutralizing antibody titres decreased more rapidly (half-life: 20 months) in 19 participants without showing negative seroconversion during the study period. Only five (26.3%) participants had neutralizing antibody titres greater than 1/1000 of PRNT50, and a high neutralizing antibody titre over 1/5000 was not detected in the participants at five years after infection. DISCUSSION The seropositivity rate of the recovered MERS patients persisted up to 4 years after infection and significantly dropped in the fifth year, whereas the neutralizing antibody titres against MERS-CoV decreased more rapidly and were significantly reduced at 4 years after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinhye Cheon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoree Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen Thi Hai Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdimadiyeva Aigerim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Phil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Hamady A, Lee J, Loboda ZA. Waning antibody responses in COVID-19: what can we learn from the analysis of other coronaviruses? Infection 2022; 50:11-25. [PMID: 34324165 PMCID: PMC8319587 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the continuing surge in incidence and mortality globally, determining whether protective, long-term immunity develops after initial infection or vaccination has become critical. METHODS/RESULTS In this narrative review, we evaluate the latest understanding of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the four endemic human coronaviruses) in order to predict the consequences of antibody waning on long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We summarise their antibody dynamics, including the potential effects of cross-reactivity and antibody waning on vaccination and other public health strategies. At present, based on our comparison with other coronaviruses we estimate that natural antibody-mediated protection for SARS-CoV-2 is likely to last for 1-2 years and therefore, if vaccine-induced antibodies follow a similar course, booster doses may be required. However, other factors such as memory B- and T-cells and new viral strains will also affect the duration of both natural and vaccine-mediated immunity. CONCLUSION Overall, antibody titres required for protection are yet to be established and inaccuracies of serological methods may be affecting this. We expect that with standardisation of serological testing and studies with longer follow-up, the implications of antibody waning will become clearer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hamady
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - JinJu Lee
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zuzanna A Loboda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Adriaenssens N, Scholtes B, Bruyndonckx R, Verbakel JY, De Sutter A, Heytens S, Van den Bruel A, Desombere I, Van Damme P, Goossens H, Buret L, Duysburgh E, Coenen S. Prevalence and incidence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among primary healthcare providers in Belgium during 1 year of the COVID-19 epidemic: prospective cohort study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054688. [PMID: 35105642 PMCID: PMC8804304 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION National SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence data provide essential information about population exposure to the virus and help predict the future course of the epidemic. Early cohort studies have suggested declines in levels of antibodies in individuals associated with, for example, illness severity, age and comorbidities. This protocol focuses on the seroprevalence among primary healthcare providers (PHCPs) in Belgium. PHCPs manage the vast majority of (COVID-19) patients and therefore play an essential role in the efficient organisation of healthcare. Currently, evidence is lacking on (1) how many PHCPs get infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Belgium, (2) the rate at which this happens, (3) their clinical spectrum, (4) their risk factors, (5) the effectiveness of the measures to prevent infection and (6) the accuracy of the serology-based point-of-care test (POCT) in a primary care setting. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will be set up as a prospective cohort study. General practitioners (GPs) and other PHCPs (working in a GP practice) will be recruited via professional networks and professional media outlets to register online to participate. Registered GPs and other PHCPs will be asked at each testing point (n=9) to perform a capillary blood sample antibody POCT targeting IgM and IgG against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 and complete an online questionnaire. The primary outcomes are the prevalence and incidence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in PHCPs during a 12-month follow-up period. Secondary outcomes include the longevity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been granted by the ethics committee of the University Hospital of Antwerp/University of Antwerp (Belgian registration number: 3002020000237). Alongside journal publications, dissemination activities include the publication of monthly reports to be shared with the participants and the general population through the publicly available website of the Belgian health authorities (Sciensano). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04779424.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Adriaenssens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Scholtes
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Robin Bruyndonckx
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - An De Sutter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Heytens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desombere
- Department of Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Laëtitia Buret
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Els Duysburgh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Samuel Coenen
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Escobar A, Reyes-López FE, Acevedo ML, Alonso-Palomares L, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Portillo H, Gatica J, Flores I, Nova-Lamperti E, Barrera-Avalos C, Bono MR, Vargas L, Simon V, Leiva-Salcedo E, Vial C, Hormazabal J, Cortes LJ, Valdés D, Sandino AM, Imarai M, Acuña-Castillo C. Evaluation of the Immune Response Induced by CoronaVac 28-Day Schedule Vaccination in a Healthy Population Group. Front Immunol 2022; 12:766278. [PMID: 35173705 PMCID: PMC8841433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CoronaVac vaccine from Sinovac Life Science is currently being used in several countries. In Chile, the effectiveness of preventing hospitalization is higher than 80% with a vaccination schedule. However, to date, there are no data about immune response induction or specific memory. For this reason, we recruited 15 volunteers without previous suspected/diagnosed COVID-19 and with negative PCR over time to evaluate the immune response to CoronaVac 28 and 90 days after the second immunization (dpi). The CoronaVac administration induces total and neutralizing anti-spike antibodies in all vaccinated volunteers at 28 and 90 dpi. Furthermore, using ELISpot analysis to assay cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we found an increase in IFN-gamma- and Granzyme B-producing cells in vaccinated volunteers at 28 and 90 dpi. Together, our results indicate that CoronaVac induces a robust humoral immune response and cellular immune memory of at least 90 dpi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Chile
| | - Mónica L. Acevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Alonso-Palomares
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Portillo
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Gatica
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan Flores
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeska Simon
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elias Leiva-Salcedo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Hormazabal
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Jimena Cortes
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M. Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Mónica Imarai, ; Claudio Acuña-Castillo,
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Mónica Imarai, ; Claudio Acuña-Castillo,
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Couture A, Lyons BC, Mehrotra ML, Sosa L, Ezike N, Ahmed FS, Brown CM, Yendell S, Azzam IA, Katić BJ, Cope A, Dickerson K, Stone J, Traxler LB, Dunn J, Davis LB, Reed C, Clarke KEN, Flannery B, Charles MD. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Reported COVID-19 Cases in U.S. Children, August 2020—May 2021. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac044. [PMID: 35198651 PMCID: PMC8860150 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Case-based surveillance of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases underestimates the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among children and adolescents. Our objectives were to estimate monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and calculate ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents in 8 US states. Methods Using data from the Nationwide Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey, we estimated monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0–17 years from August 2020 through May 2021. We calculated and compared cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection extrapolated from population-standardized seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, cumulative COVID-19 case reports since March 2020, and infection-to-case ratios among persons of all ages and children aged 0–17 years for each state. Results Of 41 583 residual serum specimens tested, children aged 0–4, 5–11, and 12–17 years accounted for 1619 (3.9%), 10 507 (25.3%), and 29 457 (70.8%), respectively. Median SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children increased from 8% (range, 6%–20%) in August 2020 to 37% (range, 26%–44%) in May 2021. Estimated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases in May 2021 ranged by state from 4.7–8.9 among children and adolescents to 2.2–3.9 for all ages combined. Conclusions Through May 2021 in selected states, the majority of children with serum specimens included in serosurveys did not have evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case-based surveillance underestimated the number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 more than among all ages. Continued monitoring of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence should inform prevention and vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Couture
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B Casey Lyons
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lynn Sosa
- Connecticut State Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Ngozi Ezike
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Farah S Ahmed
- Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Ihsan A Azzam
- Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, USA
| | | | - Anna Cope
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jolianne Stone
- Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - L Brannon Traxler
- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - John Dunn
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lora B Davis
- Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater, WA, USA
| | - Carrie Reed
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristie E N Clarke
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Myrna D Charles
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Rahman S, Rahman MM, Miah M, Begum MN, Sarmin M, Mahfuz M, Hossain ME, Rahman MZ, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Arifeen SE, Rahman M. COVID-19 reinfections among naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1438. [PMID: 35082344 PMCID: PMC8792012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants by pre-existing antibodies elicited due to the current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. We aimed to investigate the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical features among infection-naïve, infected, vaccinated, and post-infection-vaccinated individuals. A cohort was designed among icddr,b staff registered for COVID-19 testing by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Reinfection cases were confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. From 19 March 2020 to 31 March 2021, 1644 (mean age, 38.4 years and 57% male) participants were enrolled; where 1080 (65.7%) were tested negative and added to the negative cohort. The positive cohort included 750 positive patients (564 from baseline and 186 from negative cohort follow-up), of whom 27.6% were hospitalized and 2.5% died. Among hospitalized patients, 45.9% had severe to critical disease and 42.5% required oxygen support. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were found significantly higher among the hospitalised patients compared to out-patients; risk ratio 1.3 and 1.6 respectively. The risk of infection among positive cohort was 80.2% lower than negative cohort (95% CI 72.6-85.7%; p < 0.001). Genome sequences showed that genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 strains were responsible for reinfections. Naturally infected populations were less likely to be reinfected by SARS-CoV-2 than the infection-naïve and vaccinated individuals. Although, reinfected individuals did not suffer severe disease, a remarkable proportion of naturally infected or vaccinated individuals were (re)-infected by the emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sezanur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Mahfuzur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Noorjahan Begum
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Koureas M, Bogogiannidou Z, Vontas A, Kyritsi MA, Mouchtouri VA, Dadouli K, Anagnostopoulos L, Mina P, Matziri A, Ntouska M, Tsigaridaki M, Gkiata V, Tsilidis KK, Ntzani EE, Prezerakos P, Tsiodras S, Speletas M, Hadjichristodoulou C. SARS-CoV-2 Sero-Surveillance in Greece: Evolution over Time and Epidemiological Attributes during the Pre-Vaccination Pandemic Era. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020295. [PMID: 35204386 PMCID: PMC8871128 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nation-wide SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys provide valuable insights into the course of the pandemic, including information often not captured by routine surveillance of reported cases. Methods: A serosurvey of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in Greece between March and December 2020. It was designed as a cross-sectional survey repeated at monthly intervals. The leftover sampling methodology was used and a geographically stratified sampling plan was applied. Results: Of 55,947 serum samples collected, 705 (1.26%) were found positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with higher seroprevalence (9.09%) observed in December 2020. Highest seropositivity levels were observed in the “0–29” and “30–49” year age groups. Seroprevalence increased with age in the “0–29” age group. Highly populated metropolitan areas were characterized with elevated seroprevalence levels (11.92% in Attica, 12.76% in Thessaloniki) compared to the rest of the country (5.90%). The infection fatality rate (IFR) was estimated at 0.451% (95% CI: 0.382–0.549%) using aggregate data until December 2020, and the ratio of actual to reported cases was 9.59 (7.88–11.33). Conclusions: The evolution of seroprevalence estimates aligned with the course of the pandemic and varied widely by region and age group. Young and middle-aged adults appeared to be drivers of the pandemic during a severe epidemic wave under strict policy measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Koureas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Zacharoula Bogogiannidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandros Vontas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria A. Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Varvara A. Mouchtouri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Katerina Dadouli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lemonia Anagnostopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Paraskevi Mina
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexia Matziri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Ntouska
- Hematology Laboratory, Corfu General Hospital, 49100 Corfu, Greece;
| | - Maria Tsigaridaki
- Biochemical Laboratory, Venizelio Hospital, 71409 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Gkiata
- Microbiological Laboratory, Kozani General Hospital” Mamatsio”, 50100 Kozani, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (K.K.T.); (E.E.N.)
| | - Evangelia E. Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (K.K.T.); (E.E.N.)
- Center for Research Synthesis in Health, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of loannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Christos Hadjichristodoulou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
El-Shabasy RM, Nayel MA, Taher MM, Abdelmonem R, Shoueir KR, Kenawy ER. Three waves changes, new variant strains, and vaccination effect against COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:161-168. [PMID: 35074332 PMCID: PMC8782737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than one year since the first case of the coronaviruses was infected by COVID-19 in China. The world witnessed three waves of the corona virus till now, and more upcoming is expected, whereas several challenges are presented. Empirical data displayed that the features of the virus effects do vary between the three periods. The severity of the disease, differences in symptoms, attitudes of the people have been reported, although the comparative characteristics of the three waves still keep essentially indefinite. In contrast, the sense of danger toward the cries gradually decreases in most countries. This may be due to some factors, including the approved vaccines, introducing alternative plans from politicians to control and deal with the epidemic, and decreasing the mortality rates. However, the alarm voice started to rise again with the appearance of new variant strains with several mutations in the virus. Several more questions began to be asked without sufficient answers. Mutations in COVID-19 have introduced an extreme challenge in preventing and treating SARS-COV-2. The essential feature for mutations is producing new variants known by high tensmibility, disturbing the viral fitness, and enhancing the virus replication. One of the variants that has emerged recently is the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), which was firstly detected in India. In November 2021, a more ferocious mutant appeared in South Africa, also called omicron (B.1.1.529). These mutants grabbed world attention because of their higher transmissibility than the progenitor variants and spread rapidly. Several information about the virus are still confusing and remains secret. There are eight approved vaccines in the market; however, the investigation race about their effect against reinfection and their role against the new variants is still under investigation. Furthermore, this is the first time vaccinating against COVID-19, so the question remains: Will we need an annual dose of the corona vaccines, and the side effects don't been observed till now?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehan M El-Shabasy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32512 Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Taher
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rehab Abdelmonem
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science & Technology, 6th October, Egypt
| | - Kamel R Shoueir
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS UMR 7515-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - El Refaie Kenawy
- Polymer Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Winklmeier S, Eisenhut K, Taskin D, Rübsamen H, Gerhards R, Schneider C, Wratil PR, Stern M, Eichhorn P, Keppler OT, Klein M, Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Persistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG. iScience 2022; 25:103659. [PMID: 34957380 PMCID: PMC8686444 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some COVID-19 patients maintain SARS-CoV-2-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) for more than 6 months postinfection, others eventually lose IgG levels. We assessed the persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells in 17 patients, 5 of whom had lost specific IgGs after 5-8 months. Differentiation of blood-derived B cells in vitro revealed persistent SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG B cells in all patients, whereas IgA B cells were maintained in 11. Antibodies derived from cultured B cells blocked binding of viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the cellular receptor ACE-2, had neutralizing activity to authentic virus, and recognized the RBD of the variant of concern Alpha similarly to the wild type, whereas reactivity to Beta and Gamma were decreased. Thus, differentiation of memory B cells could be more sensitive for detecting previous infection than measuring serum antibodies. Understanding the persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells even in the absence of specific serum IgG will help to promote long-term immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Damla Taskin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heike Rübsamen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ramona Gerhards
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Celine Schneider
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul R. Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & GeneCenter, Virology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Stern
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & GeneCenter, Virology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & GeneCenter, Virology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Mader
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Turkkan A, Saglik I, Turan C, Sahin A, Akalin H, Ener B, Kara A, Celebi S, Sahin E, Hacimustafaoglu M. Nine-month course of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals with COVID-19 infection. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 191:2803-2811. [PMID: 35048229 PMCID: PMC8769943 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The continual course of the pandemic points to the importance of studies on the rate and durability of protective immunity after infection or vaccination. Aims In this study, we aimed to monitor anti-nucleocapsid (N) and anti-spike (S) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nearly 9 months duration after infection. Methods Anti-nucleocapsid (N) (at 11–15-20–29-38 weeks) and anti-spike antibodies (at 11 and 38 weeks) against SARS-CoV-2 were monitored during 38 weeks after the initial symptoms of COVID-19. Results Of 37 cases between 18 and 57 years old, 54% were women. The findings showed that anti-N antibodies decreased significantly after the 15th week (between 15 and 20 weeks, p = 0.016; 20–29 weeks, p = 0.0009; and 29–38 weeks, p = 0.049). At the 38th week, mean antibody levels decreased 35% compared to the 11th week, and 8% of the cases turned negative results. Anti-N antibody average level was 56.48 on the 11th week (the cut-off index threshold ≥ 1). It was estimated statistically that it would decrease to an average of 20.48 in weeks 53–62. In females, average antibody levels of all measurements were lower than males (p > 0.05). Anti-S antibody levels 14% increased at 38th week compared to 11th week (quantitative positivity threshold ≥ 0.8 U/ml), and no cases were negative at 38th week. Conclusions Patients had ≥ 90% positivity after at least 9 months of symptoms, both anti-N and anti-S antibodies. In all samples, both anti-N and anti-S antibody levels were lower in females. The findings suggest that the quantitative values of anti-S antibodies remained high for at least 9 months and could provide protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Turkkan
- Department of Public Health, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Imran Saglik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cansu Turan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sahin
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Guven Tip Laboratuarı, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Halis Akalin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Beyza Ener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ates Kara
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Solmaz Celebi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Emre Sahin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hacimustafaoglu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Abstract
The spike protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2, the protein that enables the virus to infect human cells, is the basis for many vaccines and a hotspot of concerning virus evolution. Here, we discuss the outstanding progress in structural characterization of the S-protein and how these structures facilitate analysis of virus function and evolution. We emphasize the differences in reported structures and that analysis of structure-function relationships is sensitive to the structure used. We show that the average residue solvent exposure in nearly complete structures is a good descriptor of open vs closed conformation states. Because of structural heterogeneity of functionally important surface-exposed residues, we recommend using averages of a group of high-quality protein structures rather than a single structure before reaching conclusions on specific structure-function relationships. To illustrate these points, we analyze some significant chemical tendencies of prominent S-protein mutations in the context of the available structures. In the discussion of new variants, we emphasize the selectivity of binding to ACE2 vs prominent antibodies rather than simply the antibody escape or ACE2 affinity separately. We note that larger chemical changes, in particular increased electrostatic charge or side-chain volume of exposed surface residues, are recurring in mutations of concern, plausibly related to adaptation to the negative surface potential of human ACE2. We also find indications that the fixated mutations of the S-protein in the main variants are less destabilizing than would be expected on average, possibly pointing toward a selection pressure on the S-protein. The richness of available structures for all of these situations provides an enormously valuable basis for future research into these structure-function relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukmankesh Mehra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology Bhilai, Sejbahar, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh,
India
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of
Denmark, Building 206, 2800 Kongens Lyngby,
Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Gelanew T, Mulu A, Abebe M, Bates TA, Wassie L, Tefer M, Fentahun D, Alemu A, Tamiru F, Assefa G, Bayih AG, Taffesse FG, Mihret A, Abdissa A. A single dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine elicits high antibody responses in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection comparable to that of double dose vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infection naïve individuals. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1250175. [PMID: 35043108 PMCID: PMC8764722 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1250175/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background A single dose COVID-19 vaccines, mostly mRNA-based vaccines, are shown to induce robust antibody responses in individuals who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the sufficiency of a single dose to those individuals. However, these important data are limited to developed nations and lacking in resource-limited countries, like Ethiopia. Methods We compared receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibodies in 40 SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants and 25 participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, who received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. We measured the antibody response in post-vaccination blood samples from both groups of participants collected at four different post-vaccination time points: 8- and 12-weeks after each dose of the vaccine administration using an in-house developed ELISA. Results We observed a high level of anti-RBD IgG antibodies titers 8-weeks after a single dose administration (16/27; 59.3%) among naïve participants, albeit dropped significantly (p<0.05) two months later, suggesting the protective immunity elicited by the first dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine will likely last for a minimum of three months. However, as expected, a significant (p<0.001) increase in the level of anti-RBD IgG antibodies titers was observed after the second dose administration in all naïve participants. By contrast, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced anti-RBD IgG antibody titers produced by the P.I participants at 8- to 12-weeks post-single dose vaccination were found to be similar to the antibody titers seen after a two-dose vaccination course among infection- naïve participants and showed no significant (p>0.05) increment following the second dose administration. Conclusion Taken together, our findings show that a single ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals elicits similar antibody responses to that of double dose vaccinated naïve individuals. Age and sex were not associated with the level of vaccine-elicited immune responses in both individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required to assess the need for a booster dose to extend the duration and amplitude of the specific protective immune response in Ethiopia settings, especially following the Omicron pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Gelanew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andargachew Mulu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, OR, USA
| | - Liya Wassie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Tefer
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Fentahun
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aynalem Alemu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Frehiwot Tamiru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gebeyehu Assefa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu G Taffesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, OR, USA
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box: 1005, Jimma Road, ALERT campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Kim N, Lee JM, Oh EJ, Jekarl DW, Lee DG, Im KI, Cho SG. Off-the-Shelf Partial HLA Matching SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Specific T Cell Therapy: A New Possibility for COVID-19 Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:751869. [PMID: 35003063 PMCID: PMC8733616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunological characteristics of COVID-19 show pathological hyperinflammation associated with lymphopenia and dysfunctional T cell responses. These features provide a rationale for restoring functional T cell immunity in COVID-19 patients by adoptive transfer of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells. Methods To generate SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 7 COVID-19 recovered and 13 unexposed donors. Consequently, we stimulated cells with SARS-CoV-2 peptide mixtures covering spike, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. Then, we culture expanded cells with IL-2 for 21 days. We assessed immunophenotypes, cytokine profiles, antigen specificity of the final cell products. Results Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells could be expanded in both COVID-19 recovered and unexposed groups. Immunophenotypes were similar in both groups showing CD4+ T cell dominance, but CD8+ and CD3+CD56+ T cells were also present. Antigen specificity was determined by ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine assay, and cytotoxicity assays. One out of 14 individuals who were previously unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 failed to show antigen specificity. Moreover, ex-vivo expanded SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells mainly consisted of central and effector memory subsets with reduced alloreactivity against HLA-unmatched cells suggesting the possibility for the development of third-party partial HLA-matching products. Discussion In conclusion, our findings show that SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell can be readily expanded from both COVID-19 and unexposed individuals and can therefore be manufactured as a biopharmaceutical product to treat severe COVID-19 patients. One Sentence Summary Ex-vivo expanded SARS-CoV-2 antigen specific T cells developed as third-party partial HLA-matching products may be a promising approach for treating severe COVID-19 patients that do not respond to previous treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayoun Kim
- Product Development Division, LucasBio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Jekarl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon-Il Im
- Product Development Division, LucasBio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Product Development Division, LucasBio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Sabalza M, Heckler I, Elhage A, Venkataraman I, Henry B. COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:5-14. [PMID: 35020523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing enables the evaluation of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and can be used to assess community viral spread. This review summarizes and analyzes the current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States and includes guidance on both when and why it is important to use direct pathogen detection and/or serological testing. The usefulness of monitoring humoral and cellular immune responses in infected and vaccinated patients is also addressed. Finally, this review considers current challenges, future perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and how diagnostics are being adapted as the virus evolves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Elhage
- EUROIMMUN US, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Brandon Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
DURATION OF ANTIGEN SHEDDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODY TITERS IN MALAYAN TIGERS ( PANTHERA TIGRIS JACKSONI) NATURALLY INFECTED WITH SARS-CoV-2. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1224-1228. [PMID: 34998292 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural infection of three captive Malayan tigers (Panthera tigris jacksoni) with SARS-CoV-2 caused mild to moderate symptoms of lethargy, anorexia, and coughing. Each tiger was longitudinally sampled opportunistically via consciously obtained oral, nasal, and/or fecal samples during and after resolution of clinical signs, until 2 wk of negative results were obtained. Persistent shedding of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material was detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in feces up to 29 d after initial onset of clinical signs, but not in nasal or oral samples. Tigers became resistant to behavioral training to obtain nasal samples but tolerated longitudinal oral sampling. Serum was obtained from two tigers, and antibody titers revealed a robust antibody response within 9 d of onset of clinical signs, which was sustained for at least 3 mon. The tigers were infected despite the use of masks and gloves by husbandry personnel. No known cause of the outbreak was identified, despite extensive investigational efforts by the regional health department. No forward cross-species transmission was observed in primates housed in nearby enclosures. The increasing regularity of reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in nondomestic felids warrants further investigations into shedding and immunity.
Collapse
|
218
|
Renk H, Dulovic A, Seidel A, Becker M, Fabricius D, Zernickel M, Junker D, Groß R, Müller J, Hilger A, Bode SFN, Fritsch L, Frieh P, Haddad A, Görne T, Remppis J, Ganzemueller T, Dietz A, Huzly D, Hengel H, Kaier K, Weber S, Jacobsen EM, Kaiser PD, Traenkle B, Rothbauer U, Stich M, Tönshoff B, Hoffmann GF, Müller B, Ludwig C, Jahrsdörfer B, Schrezenmeier H, Peter A, Hörber S, Iftner T, Münch J, Stamminger T, Groß HJ, Wolkewitz M, Engel C, Liu W, Rizzi M, Hahn BH, Henneke P, Franz AR, Debatin KM, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Janda A, Elling R. Robust and durable serological response following pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:128. [PMID: 35013206 PMCID: PMC8748910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and persistence of children's humoral immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown but will be crucial to guide pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programs. Here, we examine 548 children and 717 adults within 328 households with at least one member with a previous laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assess serological response at 3-4 months and 11-12 months after infection using a bead-based multiplex immunoassay for 23 human coronavirus antigens including SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants of Concern (VOC) and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs), and additionally by three commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Neutralization against wild type SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta VOC are analysed in a pseudotyped virus assay. Children, compared to adults, are five times more likely to be asymptomatic, and have higher specific antibody levels which persist longer (96.2% versus 82.9% still seropositive 11-12 months post infection). Of note, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections induce similar humoral responses in all age groups. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs independent of HCoV serostatus. Neutralization responses of children and adults are similar, although neutralization is reduced for both against the Delta VOC. Overall, the long-term humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is of longer duration than in adults even after asymptomatic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Renk
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Alina Seidel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Dorit Fabricius
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Zernickel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Hilger
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian F N Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Linus Fritsch
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pauline Frieh
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anneke Haddad
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Görne
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tina Ganzemueller
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Dietz
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaier
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Weber
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stich
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Ulm, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Ulm, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Ulm, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hörber
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Wolkewitz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Engel
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel R Franz
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ales Janda
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg, Germany and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Chan CW, Yi X, Lenza M, Baldwin AD, Jakalski J, Tesic V, Yeo KTJ. Analytical and Clinical Evaluation of the Semiquantitative Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Assay on the Roche cobas e602 Analyzer. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157:109-118. [PMID: 34463315 PMCID: PMC8499855 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analytically and clinically evaluate the semiquantitative Elecsys anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein antibody (S-Ab) assay on the Roche cobas e602 analyzer. Methods The S-Ab assay is a 1-step, double-antigen sandwich electrochemiluminescent immunoassay that semiquantitatively measures total IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in serum or plasma. The S-Ab assay was evaluated for precision, linearity, interference (by hemoglobin, bilirubin, triglycerides, and biotin), cross-reactivity, and clinical performance, and was compared to the qualitative Elecsys anti-nucleocapsid (N-Ab) immunoassay, a lateral flow device that qualitatively detects S-Ab and N-Ab, and an anti-spike enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results S-Ab assay is precise, exhibits linearity from 0.4 to 250 U/mL, is unaffected by significant cross-reactivity or interferences, and qualitatively demonstrates greater than 90% concordance with N-Ab assay and lateral flow device. Readouts of S-Ab assay correlate with ELISA, which in turn correlates strongly with SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization assay, and exhibit 100% sensitivity and specificity for COVID-19 patient samples obtained at or more than 14 days after PCR positivity. Conclusions The S-Ab assay is a robust clinical test for qualitative and semiquantitative detection of seropositivity following SARS-CoV-2 infection or spike-encoding mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarence W Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lenza
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angel D Baldwin
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Jakalski
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vera Tesic
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kiang-Teck J Yeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Vanderheijden N, Stevaert A, Xie J, Ren X, Barbezange C, Noppen S, Desombere I, Verhasselt B, Geldhof P, Vereecke N, Stroobants V, Oh D, Vanhee M, Naesens LMJ, Nauwynck HJ. Functional Analysis of Human and Feline Coronavirus Cross-Reactive Antibodies Directed Against the SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptide. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790415. [PMID: 35069571 PMCID: PMC8766817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To face the continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, broadly protective therapeutic antibodies are highly needed. We here focused on the fusion peptide (FP) region of the viral spike antigen since it is highly conserved among alpha- and betacoronaviruses. First, we found that coronavirus cross-reactive antibodies are commonly formed during infection, being omnipresent in sera from COVID-19 patients, in ~50% of pre-pandemic human sera (rich in antibodies against endemic human coronaviruses), and even in feline coronavirus-infected cats. Pepscan analyses demonstrated that a confined N-terminal region of the FP is strongly immunogenic across diverse coronaviruses. Peptide-purified human antibodies targeting this conserved FP epitope exhibited broad binding of alpha- and betacoronaviruses, besides weak and transient SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity. Being frequently elicited by coronavirus infection, these FP-binding antibodies might potentially exhibit Fc-mediated effector functions and influence the kinetics or severity of coronavirus infection and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vanderheijden
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cyril Barbezange
- National Influenza Centre and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Veerle Stroobants
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dayoung Oh
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Merijn Vanhee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Lieve M. J. Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Kober C, Manni S, Wolff S, Barnes T, Mukherjee S, Vogel T, Hoenig L, Vogel P, Hahn A, Gerlach M, Vey M, Widmer E, Keiner B, Schuetz P, Roth N, Kalina U. IgG3 and IgM Identified as Key to SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization in Convalescent Plasma Pools. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262162. [PMID: 34982806 PMCID: PMC8726489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of convalescent plasma derived from individuals has shown that IgG3 has the most important role in binding to SARS-CoV-2 antigens; however, this has not yet been confirmed in large studies, and the link between binding and neutralization has not been confirmed. By analyzing plasma pools consisting of 247-567 individual convalescent donors, we demonstrated the binding of IgG3 and IgM to Spike-1 protein and the receptor-binding domain correlates strongly with viral neutralization in vitro. Furthermore, despite accounting for only approximately 12% of total immunoglobulin mass, collectively IgG3 and IgM account for approximately 80% of the total neutralization. This may have important implications for the development of potent therapies for COVID-19, as it indicates that hyperimmune globulins or convalescent plasma donations with high IgG3 concentrations may be a highly efficacious therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kober
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Manni
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Wolff
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Barnes
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Vogel
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Hoenig
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vogel
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Hahn
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Gerlach
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vey
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Björn Keiner
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Nathan Roth
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Kalina
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Zorgi NE, Meireles LR, Oliveira DBL, Araujo DB, Durigon EL, Andrade Junior HFD. Isolated specific IgA against respiratory viruses, Influenza or SARS-CoV-2, present in the saliva of a fraction of healthy and asymptomatic volunteers. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100105. [PMID: 36116267 PMCID: PMC9444893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Defense against respiratory viruses depends on an immune response present in the mucosa, as saliva IgA secretes antibodies. During the pandemic, such as influenza or SARS-CoV-2, most infected patients are asymptomatic but retain specific antibodies post-infection. The authors evaluated IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza in the saliva of asymptomatic volunteers, validated with controls or vaccinated individuals. METHODS The authors detected specific antibodies by validated conventional ELISA using natural SARS-CoV-2 antigens from infected Vero cells or capture-ELISA for influenza using natural antigens of the influenza vaccine. RESULTS Saliva from influenza-vaccinated individuals had more IgA than paired serum, contrary to the findings for specific IgG. In COVID-19-vaccinated samples, specific IgA in saliva increased after vaccination, but IgG levels were high after the first dose. In saliva from the asymptomatic population (226), anti-Influenza IgG was found in 57.5% (130) of samples, higher than IgA, found in 35% (79) of samples. IgA results were similar for SARS-CoV-2, with IgA present in 30% (68) of samples, while IgG was less present, in 44.2% (100) of samples. The proportion of influenza IgG responders was higher than that for SARS-CoV-2 IgG, but both populations presented similar proportions of IgA responders, possibly due to variable memory B cell survival. For both viruses, the authors found an important proportion (> 10%) of IgA+IgG- samples, suggesting the occurrence of humoral immunity directed to the mucosa. CONCLUSION Specific antibodies for respiratory viruses in saliva are found in either infection or vaccination and are a convenient and sensitive diagnostic tool for host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahiara Esteves Zorgi
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (IMTSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Meireles
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (IMTSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Bastos Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson L Durigon
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Franco de Andrade Junior
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (IMTSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Uysal BB, Yavuzer S, Islamoglu MS, Cengiz M. Measurement of antibody levels in patients with COVID-19 over time by immunofluorescence assay: a longitudinal observational study. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605211069279. [PMID: 34986676 PMCID: PMC8744174 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211069279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, antibody screening is a critical tool to assess anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity. We examined variation in antibody titers associated with age and sex among patients with confirmed COVID-19. METHODS Blood IgG levels were tested in 1081 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) tests between 1 September and 31 December 2020. Patients who did not experience reinfection were identified. Serum IgG levels were measured by immunofluorescence assay. Antibody positivity and antibody titers were analyzed according to time since infection, sex, and age. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) age was 41.2 (14.2) years and 41.2% of patients were women. The lowest antibody positivity rate between the first and ninth month post-infection was detected in the sixth month. The lowest antibody titers among patients aged 20 to 80 years occurred in those aged 30 to 39 years. The IgG titer was positively correlated with age in years (r = 0.125) and decades (r = 0.126). CONCLUSIONS Six months after infection, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers increased. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers also increased with age. Immunity and pathogenicity should be investigated in addition to antibody positivity rates and antibody titers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betul Borku Uysal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University
Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Yavuzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University
Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sami Islamoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University
Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahir Cengiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University
Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Gaikwad S, Pandve H, Bawa M, Desale A, Patil T, Dadewar A. Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship between Sars-Cov-2 Antibody Titres and Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Population above 6 Years of Age in the Pimpri Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. D.Y. PATIL VIDYAPEETH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_80_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
225
|
Scheiblauer H, Nübling CM, Wolf T, Khodamoradi Y, Bellinghausen C, Sonntagbauer M, Esser-Nobis K, Filomena A, Mahler V, Maier TJ, Stephan C. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 for more than one year - kinetics and persistence of detection are predominantly determined by avidity progression and test design. J Clin Virol 2022; 146:105052. [PMID: 34920374 PMCID: PMC8642248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody detection of SARS-CoV-2 requires an understanding of its variation, course, and duration. METHODS Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated over 5-430 days on 828 samples across COVID-19 severity levels, for total antibody (TAb), IgG, IgA, IgM, neutralizing antibody (NAb), antibody avidity, and for receptor-binding-domain (RBD), spike (S), or nucleoprotein (N). Specificity was determined on 676 pre-pandemic samples. RESULTS Sensitivity at 30-60 days post symptom onset (pso) for TAb-S/RBD, TAb-N, IgG-S, IgG-N, IgA-S, IgM-RBD, and NAb was 96.6%, 99.5%, 89.7%, 94.3%, 80.9%, 76.9% and 92.8%, respectively. Follow-up 430 days pso revealed: TAb-S/RBD increased slightly (100.0%); TAb-N decreased slightly (97.1%); IgG-S and IgA-S decreased moderately (81.4%, 65.7%); NAb remained positive (94.3%), slightly decreasing in activity after 300 days; there was correlation with IgG-S (Rs = 0.88) and IgA-S (Rs = 0.71); IgG-N decreased significantly from day 120 (15.7%); IgM-RBD dropped after 30-60 days (22.9%). High antibody avidity developed against S/RBD steadily with time in 94.3% of patients after 430 days. This correlated with persistent antibody detection depending on antibody-binding efficiency of the test design. Severe COVID-19 correlated with earlier and higher antibody response, mild COVID-19 was heterogeneous with a wide range of antibody reactivities. Specificity of the tests was ≥99%, except for IgA (96%). CONCLUSION Sensitivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays was determined by test design, target antigen, antibody avidity, and COVID-19 severity. Sustained antibody detection was mainly determined by avidity progression for RBD and S. Testing by TAb and for S/RBD provided the highest sensitivity and longest detection duration of 14 months so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timo Wolf
- University Hospital Frankfurt - Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- University Hospital Frankfurt - Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carla Bellinghausen
- University Hospital Frankfurt - Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Sonntagbauer
- University Hospital Frankfurt - Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Angela Filomena
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, IVD Testing Laboratory, Langen, Germany
| | - Vera Mahler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division Allergology, Langen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jürgen Maier
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Langen, Germany
| | - Christoph Stephan
- University Hospital Frankfurt - Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Brazeau NF, Verity R, Jenks S, Fu H, Whittaker C, Winskill P, Dorigatti I, Walker PGT, Riley S, Schnekenberg RP, Hoeltgebaum H, Mellan TA, Mishra S, Unwin HJT, Watson OJ, Cucunubá ZM, Baguelin M, Whittles L, Bhatt S, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Okell LC. Estimating the COVID-19 infection fatality ratio accounting for seroreversion using statistical modelling. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:54. [PMID: 35603270 PMCID: PMC9120146 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infection fatality ratio (IFR) is a key statistic for estimating the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been continuously debated throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The age-specific IFR can be quantified using antibody surveys to estimate total infections, but requires consideration of delay-distributions from time from infection to seroconversion, time to death, and time to seroreversion (i.e. antibody waning) alongside serologic test sensitivity and specificity. Previous IFR estimates have not fully propagated uncertainty or accounted for these potential biases, particularly seroreversion. Methods We built a Bayesian statistical model that incorporates these factors and applied this model to simulated data and 10 serologic studies from different countries. Results We demonstrate that seroreversion becomes a crucial factor as time accrues but is less important during first-wave, short-term dynamics. We additionally show that disaggregating surveys by regions with higher versus lower disease burden can inform serologic test specificity estimates. The overall IFR in each setting was estimated at 0.49-2.53%. Conclusion We developed a robust statistical framework to account for full uncertainties in the parameters determining IFR. We provide code for others to apply these methods to further datasets and future epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F. Brazeau
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Verity
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Jenks
- grid.418716.d0000 0001 0709 1919Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Han Fu
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Winskill
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Dorigatti
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick G. T. Walker
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Riley
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ricardo P. Schnekenberg
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henrique Hoeltgebaum
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Thomas A. Mellan
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Swapnil Mishra
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H. Juliette T. Unwin
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J. Watson
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zulma M. Cucunubá
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Baguelin
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lilith Whittles
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Azra C. Ghani
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil M. Ferguson
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy C. Okell
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Dowell AC, Butler MS, Jinks E, Tut G, Lancaster T, Sylla P, Begum J, Bruton R, Pearce H, Verma K, Logan N, Tyson G, Spalkova E, Margielewska-Davies S, Taylor GS, Syrimi E, Baawuah F, Beckmann J, Okike IO, Ahmad S, Garstang J, Brent AJ, Brent B, Ireland G, Aiano F, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Jones S, Borrow R, Linley E, Wright J, Azad R, Waiblinger D, Davis C, Thomson EC, Palmarini M, Willett BJ, Barclay WS, Poh J, Amirthalingam G, Brown KE, Ramsay ME, Zuo J, Moss P, Ladhani S. Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:40-49. [PMID: 34937928 PMCID: PMC8709786 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally mild or asymptomatic in children but a biological basis for this outcome is unclear. Here we compare antibody and cellular immunity in children (aged 3-11 years) and adults. Antibody responses against spike protein were high in children and seroconversion boosted responses against seasonal Beta-coronaviruses through cross-recognition of the S2 domain. Neutralization of viral variants was comparable between children and adults. Spike-specific T cell responses were more than twice as high in children and were also detected in many seronegative children, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive responses to seasonal coronaviruses. Importantly, children retained antibody and cellular responses 6 months after infection, whereas relative waning occurred in adults. Spike-specific responses were also broadly stable beyond 12 months. Therefore, children generate robust, cross-reactive and sustained immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with focused specificity for the spike protein. These findings provide insight into the relative clinical protection that occurs in most children and might help to guide the design of pediatric vaccination regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Megan S Butler
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayden Pearce
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kriti Verma
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Grace Tyson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eliska Spalkova
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandra Margielewska-Davies
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eleni Syrimi
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Ifeanyichukwu O Okike
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanna Garstang
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Aston, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew J Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Jones
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Ray Borrow
- Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Ezra Linley
- Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - John Poh
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin E Brown
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Krutikov M, Palmer T, Tut G, Fuller C, Azmi B, Giddings R, Shrotri M, Kaur N, Sylla P, Lancaster T, Irwin-Singer A, Hayward A, Moss P, Copas A, Shallcross L. Prevalence and duration of detectable SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies in staff and residents of long-term care facilities over the first year of the pandemic (VIVALDI study): prospective cohort study in England. THE LANCET HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e13-e21. [PMID: 34935001 PMCID: PMC8676418 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have reported high SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and related mortality, but the proportion of infected people among those who have survived, and duration of the antibody response to natural infection, is unknown. We determined the prevalence and stability of nucleocapsid antibodies (the standard assay for detection of previous infection) in staff and residents in LTCFs in England. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of residents 65 years or older and of staff 65 years or younger in 201 LTCFs in England between March 1, 2020, and May 7, 2021. Participants were linked to a unique pseudo-identifier based on their UK National Health Service identification number. Serial blood samples were tested for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using the Abbott ARCHITECT i-system (Abbott, Maidenhead, UK) immunoassay. Primary endpoints were prevalence and cumulative incidence of antibody positivity, which were weighted to the LTCF population. Incidence rate of loss of antibodies (seroreversion) was estimated from Kaplan-Meier curves. Findings 9488 samples were included, 8636 (91·0%) of which could be individually linked to 1434 residents and 3288 staff members. The cumulative incidence of nucleocapsid seropositivity was 34·6% (29·6–40·0) in residents and 26·1% (23·0–29·5) in staff over 11 months. 239 (38·6%) residents and 503 women (81·3%) were included in the antibody-waning analysis, and median follow-up was 149 days (IQR 107–169). The incidence rate of seroreversion was 2·1 per 1000 person-days at risk, and median time to reversion was 242·5 days. Interpretation At least a quarter of staff and a third of surviving residents were infected with SAR-CoV-2 during the first two waves of the pandemic in England. Nucleocapsid-specific antibodies often become undetectable within the first year following infection, which is likely to lead to marked underestimation of the true proportion of people with previous infection. Given that natural infection might act to boost vaccine responses, better assays to identify natural infection should be developed. Funding UK Government Department of Health and Social Care.
Collapse
|
229
|
Pallett SJ, Jones R, Abdulaal A, Pallett MA, Rayment M, Patel A, Denny SJ, Mughal N, Khan M, Rosadas de Oliveira C, Pantelidis P, Randell P, Toumazou C, O'Shea MK, Tedder R, McClure MO, Davies GW, Moore LS. Variability in detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses following mild infection: a prospective multicentre cross-sectional study, London, United Kingdom, 17 April to 17 July 2020. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2002076. [PMID: 35086612 PMCID: PMC8796290 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.4.2002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionImmunoassays targeting different SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies are employed for seroprevalence studies. The degree of variability between immunoassays targeting anti-nucleocapsid (anti-NP; the majority) vs the potentially neutralising anti-spike antibodies (including anti-receptor-binding domain; anti-RBD), particularly in mild or asymptomatic disease, remains unclear.AimsWe aimed to explore variability in anti-NP and anti-RBD antibody detectability following mild symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and analyse antibody response for correlation with symptomatology.MethodsA multicentre prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken (April-July 2020). Paired serum samples were tested for anti-NP and anti-RBD IgG antibodies and reactivity expressed as binding ratios (BR). Multivariate linear regression was performed analysing age, sex, time since onset, symptomatology, anti-NP and anti-RBD antibody BR.ResultsWe included 906 adults. Antibody results (793/906; 87.5%; 95% confidence interval: 85.2-89.6) and BR strongly correlated (ρ = 0.75). PCR-confirmed cases were more frequently identified by anti-RBD (129/130) than anti-NP (123/130). Anti-RBD testing identified 83 of 325 (25.5%) cases otherwise reported as negative for anti-NP. Anti-NP presence (+1.75/unit increase; p < 0.001), fever (≥ 38°C; +1.81; p < 0.001) or anosmia (+1.91; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with increased anti-RBD BR. Age (p = 0.85), sex (p = 0.28) and cough (p = 0.35) were not. When time since symptom onset was considered, we did not observe a significant change in anti-RBD BR (p = 0.95) but did note decreasing anti-NP BR (p < 0.001).ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG showed significant correlation with anti-NP IgG for absolute seroconversion and BR. Higher BR were seen in symptomatic individuals, particularly those with fever. Inter-assay variability (12.5%) was evident and raises considerations for optimising seroprevalence testing strategies/studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jc Pallett
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Jones
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Abdulaal
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell A Pallett
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rayment
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aatish Patel
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Denny
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nabeela Mughal
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- North West London Pathology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Rosadas de Oliveira
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Randell
- North West London Pathology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christofer Toumazou
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myra O McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W Davies
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Sp Moore
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- North West London Pathology, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Lucinde RK, Mugo D, Bottomley C, Karani A, Gardiner E, Aziza R, Gitonga JN, Karanja H, Nyagwange J, Tuju J, Wanjiku P, Nzomo E, Kamuri E, Thuranira K, Agunda S, Nyutu G, Etyang AO, Adetifa IMO, Kagucia E, Uyoga S, Otiende M, Otieno E, Ndwiga L, Agoti CN, Aman RA, Mwangangi M, Amoth P, Kasera K, Nyaguara A, Ng’ang’a W, Ochola LB, Namdala E, Gaunya O, Okuku R, Barasa E, Bejon P, Tsofa B, Ochola-Oyier LI, Warimwe GM, Agweyu A, Scott JAG, Gallagher KE. Sero-surveillance for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 at antenatal care clinics in three Kenyan referral hospitals: Repeated cross-sectional surveys 2020-21. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265478. [PMID: 36240176 PMCID: PMC9565697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The high proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections that have remained undetected presents a challenge to tracking the progress of the pandemic and estimating the extent of population immunity. METHODS We used residual blood samples from women attending antenatal care services at three hospitals in Kenya between August 2020 and October 2021and a validated IgG ELISA for SARS-Cov-2 spike protein and adjusted the results for assay sensitivity and specificity. We fitted a two-component mixture model as an alternative to the threshold analysis to estimate of the proportion of individuals with past SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS We estimated seroprevalence in 2,981 women; 706 in Nairobi, 567 in Busia and 1,708 in Kilifi. By October 2021, 13% of participants were vaccinated (at least one dose) in Nairobi, 2% in Busia. Adjusted seroprevalence rose in all sites; from 50% (95%CI 42-58) in August 2020, to 85% (95%CI 78-92) in October 2021 in Nairobi; from 31% (95%CI 25-37) in May 2021 to 71% (95%CI 64-77) in October 2021 in Busia; and from 1% (95% CI 0-3) in September 2020 to 63% (95% CI 56-69) in October 2021 in Kilifi. Mixture modelling, suggests adjusted cross-sectional prevalence estimates are underestimates; seroprevalence in October 2021 could be 74% in Busia and 72% in Kilifi. CONCLUSIONS There has been substantial, unobserved transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Nairobi, Busia and Kilifi Counties. Due to the length of time since the beginning of the pandemic, repeated cross-sectional surveys are now difficult to interpret without the use of models to account for antibody waning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth K. Lucinde
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Karani
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Rabia Aziza
- School of Life Sciences and the Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Henry Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Edward Nzomo
- Kilifi County Hospital, Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evans Kamuri
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kaugiria Thuranira
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Agunda
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Nyutu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Ifedayo M. O. Adetifa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mark Otiende
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Amoth
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wangari Ng’ang’a
- Presidential Policy and Strategy Unit, The Presidency, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Oscar Gaunya
- Busia Country Teaching & Referral Hospital, Busia, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Okuku
- Busia Country Teaching & Referral Hospital, Busia, Kenya
| | - Edwine Barasa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. Anthony G. Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E. Gallagher
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Bosa L, Di Chiara C, Gaio P, Cosma C, Padoan A, Cozzani S, Perilongo G, Plebani M, Giaquinto C, Donà D, Cananzi M. Protective SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:815857. [PMID: 35223697 PMCID: PMC8866952 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.815857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there's no evidence of an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or more severe COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, whether COVID-19 alters the clinical course of IBD or whether IBD treatment affects the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 is still under investigation, especially in children. AIM To assess the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 in children with IBD, and to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the clinical course of IBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study enrolled children (0-18 years) followed-up at the University Hospital of Padova for IBD, who acquired a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 02.2020 and 02.2021. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG titer was evaluated at 3 months after infection and compared to that of a control group of healthy children matched for age, sex, and COVID-19 severity. RESULTS Twelve children with IBD (M = 5; median age 14 years) contracted COVID-19 during the study period. 11/12 patients were under immunomodulatory treatment (4/12 steroids; 6/12 azathioprine; 3/12 anti-TNFs; 2 vedolizumab; 1 ustekinumab). SARS-CoV-2 infection remained asymptomatic in 4/12 children and caused mild COVID-19 in the remaining 8. Mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S-RBD titer was similar between IBD patients and controls (27.3 ± 43.8 vs. 36.8 ± 35.3 kAU/L, p = ns). No children experienced IBD flares nor required gastroenterological support during the infection period. DISCUSSION Children with IBD can mount a protective humoral response against SARS-CoV-2, which is comparable to that of their healthy peers regardless of ongoing immunomodulatory treatment. This study also supports the favorable course of PIBD during COVID-19 and vice-versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bosa
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of the Child With Liver Transplantation, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Costanza Di Chiara
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Gaio
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of the Child With Liver Transplantation, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sandra Cozzani
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Perilongo
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of the Child With Liver Transplantation, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Donà
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mara Cananzi
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of the Child With Liver Transplantation, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Veenhuis RT, Zeiss CJ. Animal Models of COVID-19 II. Comparative Immunology. ILAR J 2021; 62:17-34. [PMID: 33914873 PMCID: PMC8135340 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing strong animal models is essential for furthering our understanding of how the immune system functions in response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The alarming speed at which SARS-CoV-2 has spread, and the high mortality rate of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has required both basic science and clinical research to move at an unprecedented pace. Models previously developed to study the immune response against SARS-CoV have been rapidly deployed to now study SARS-CoV-2. To date, both small and large animal models are remarkably consistent when infected with SARS-CoV-2; however, certain models have proven more useful when answering specific immunological questions than others. Small animal models, such as Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and mice carrying the hACE2 transgene, appear to reliably recapitulate the initial cytokine surge seen in COVID-19 as well as show significant innate and adaptive cell infiltration in to the lung early in infection. Additionally, these models develop strong antibody responses to the virus, are protected from reinfection, and genetically modified versions exist that can be used to ask specific immunological questions. Large animal models such as rhesus and cynomologus macaques and African green monkeys are critical to understanding how the immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection because they are considered to be the most similar to humans. These models are considered the gold standard for assessing vaccine efficacy and protection, and recapitulate the initial cytokine surge, immune cell infiltration into the lung, certain aspects of thrombosis, and the antibody and T-cell response to the virus. In this review, we discuss both small and large animal model studies previously used in SARS-CoV-2 research that may be useful in elucidating the immunological contributions to hallmark syndromes observed with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Novello S, Terzolo M, Paola B, Gianetta M, Bianco V, Arizio F, Brero D, Perini AME, Boccuzzi A, Caramello V, Perboni A, Bellavia F, Scagliotti GV. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24503. [PMID: 34969967 PMCID: PMC8718534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Novello
- Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Berchialla Paola
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Gianetta
- Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Arizio
- Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Dalila Brero
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Elena Perini
- Department of Clinical & Biological Sciences at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Adriana Boccuzzi
- Emergency Care Division, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Caramello
- Emergency Care Division, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Perboni
- Respiratory Medicine Division, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Bellavia
- Respiratory Medicine Division, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Bastug A, Bodur H, Aydos O, Filazi N, Oksuz E, Ozkul A. The changing dynamics of neutralizing antibody response within ten months of SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1983-1989. [PMID: 34967013 PMCID: PMC9015236 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are limited data on how long neutralizing antibody (NAb) response elicited via primary SARS‐CoV‐2 infection will last. Eighty‐four serum samples were obtained from a prospective cohort of 42 laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 inpatients at the time of discharge from the hospital and in the late convalescent phase. A virus neutralization assay was performed to determine the presence and titers of NAbs with authentic SARS‐CoV‐2. Long‐term dynamics of NAbs and factors that may have an impact on humoral immunity were investigated. Mild and moderate/severe patients were compared. The mean sampling time was 11.12 ± 5.02 days (4–28) for the discharge test and 268.12 ± 11.65 days (247–296) for the follow‐up test. NAb response was present in 83.3% of the patients about 10 months after infection. The detectable long‐term NAb rate was significantly higher in mild patients when compared to moderate/severe patients (95.7% vs. 68.4%, p = 0.025). In the follow‐up, NAb‐positive and ‐negative patients were compared to determine the predictors of the presence of long‐term humoral immunity. The only significant factor was disease severity. Patients with mild infections have more chance to have NAbs for a longer time. Age, gender, and comorbidity did not affect long‐term NAb response. NAb titers decreased significantly over time, with an average rank of 24.0 versus 19.1 (p = 0.002). Multivariate generalized estimating equation analysis revealed that no parameter has an impact on the change of NAb titers over time. The majority of the late convalescent patients still had detectable low levels of neutralizing antibodies. The protective effect of these titers of NAbs from re‐infections needs further studies. The majority of the recovered patients (83%) had detectable NAbs up to nearly 10 months after onset. This study reveals a significant decrease in terms of NAb titers over time. Milder infections were found as the only predictor of long‐term detectable NAb response. Age, gender, and severe disease had no significant effect on changing titers of long‐term NAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliye Bastug
- Health Science University Turkey, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Hurrem Bodur
- Health Science University Turkey, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Omer Aydos
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Nazlican Filazi
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Turkey
| | - Ergun Oksuz
- Department of Family Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Turkey.,Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Chen H, Li Z, Feng S, Richard-Greenblatt M, Hutson E, Andrianus S, Glaser LJ, Rodino KG, Qian J, Jayaraman D, Collman RG, Glascock A, Bushman FD, Lee JS, Cherry S, Fausto A, Weiss SR, Koo H, Corby PM, Oceguera A, O’Doherty U, Garfall AL, Vogl DT, Stadtmauer EA, Wang P. Femtomolar SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection Using the Microbubbling Digital Assay with Smartphone Readout Enables Antigen Burden Quantitation and Tracking. Clin Chem 2021; 68:230-239. [PMID: 34383886 PMCID: PMC8436368 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-sensitivity severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen assays are desirable to mitigate false negative results. Limited data are available to quantify and track SARS-CoV-2 antigen burden in respiratory samples from different populations. METHODS We developed the Microbubbling SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay (MSAA) with smartphone readout, with a limit of detection of 0.5 pg/mL (10.6 fmol/L) nucleocapsid antigen or 4000 copies/mL inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. We developed a computer vision and machine learning-based automatic microbubble image classifier to accurately identify positives and negatives and quantified and tracked antigen dynamics in intensive care unit coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients and immunocompromised COVID-19 patients. RESULTS Compared to qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods, the MSAA demonstrated a positive percentage agreement of 97% (95% CI 92%-99%) and a negative percentage agreement of 97% (95% CI 94%-100%) in a clinical validation study with 372 residual clinical NP swabs. In immunocompetent individuals, the antigen positivity rate in swabs decreased as days-after-symptom-onset increased, despite persistent nucleic acid positivity. Antigen was detected for longer and variable periods of time in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Total microbubble volume, a quantitative marker of antigen burden, correlated inversely with cycle threshold values and days-after-symptom-onset. Viral sequence variations were detected in patients with long duration of high antigen burden. CONCLUSIONS The MSAA enables sensitive and specific detection of acute infections and quantification and tracking of antigen burden and may serve as a screening method in longitudinal studies to identify patients who are likely experiencing active rounds of ongoing replication and warrant close viral sequence monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Emily Hutson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefen Andrianus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurel J Glaser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle G Rodino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianing Qian
- Department of Computer and Information Science and GRASP Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dinesh Jayaraman
- Department of Computer and Information Science and GRASP Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abigail Glascock
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alejandra Fausto
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia M Corby
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfonso Oceguera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfred L Garfall
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan T Vogl
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Deep
Learning‐Assisted
Visualized Fluorometric Sensor Array for Biogenic Amines Detection. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
238
|
Dayanand D, Irudhayanathan I, Kundu D, Manesh A, Abraham V, Abhilash KP, Chacko B, Moorthy M, Samuel P, Peerawaranun P, Mukaka M, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Varghese GM. Community seroprevalence and risk factors for SARS CoV-2 infection in different subpopulations in Vellore, India and its implications for future prevention. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 116:138-146. [PMID: 34971822 PMCID: PMC8712712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to inform public health policy decisions through the assessment of IgG antibody seroprevalence in the population and the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies among different subpopulations at the end of the first and second waves of the pandemic was estimated. Various risk factors associated with seropositivity, including sociodemography, IgG antibodies against endemic human coronavirus, and vaccination status, were also assessed. Results For all 2433 consenting participants, the overall estimated seroprevalences at the end of first and second waves were 28.5% (95% CI 22.3–33.7%) and 71.5% (95% CI 62.8–80.5%), respectively. The accrual of IgG positivity was heterogeneous, with the highest seroprevalences found in urban slum populations (75.1%). Vaccine uptake varied among the subpopulations, with low rates (< 10%) among rural and urban slum residents. The majority of seropositive individuals (75%) were asymptomatic. Residence in urban slums (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.57–2.6; p < 0.001), middle socioeconomic status (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.17–2.67; p = 0.007), presence of diabetes (OR 1.721, 95% CI 1.148–2.581; p = 0.009), and hypertension (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.16–2.64; p = 0.008) were associated with seropositivity in multivariable analyses. Conclusion Although considerable population immunity has been reached, with more than two-thirds seropositive, improved vaccination strategies among unreached subpopulations and high-risk individuals are suggested for better preparedness in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dayanand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhuja Irudhayanathan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debasree Kundu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abi Manesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinod Abraham
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Binila Chacko
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Moorthy
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyMadras, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyMadras, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre (HTIC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Popova AY, Ezhlova EB, Melnikova AA, Smirnov VS, Lyalina LV, Ermakov AV, Solomashchenko NI, Kovalchuk IV, Vasilenko EA, Romanenko EN, Zvoliborskaya AV, Ryabykh AV, Dmitrienko LI, Mezhlumyan NA, Sharova AA, Vetrov VV, Totolian AA. Characteristic of herd immunity among the population of Stavropol region amid the COVID-19 epidemic. JOURNAL INFECTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-4-79-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The first pandemic in the 21st century, caused by the pathogenic representative of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, where the first outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia was recorded in December 2019. The disease spread so quickly around the world that already on February 11, 2020, WHO was forced to declare a pandemic of the “coronavirus disease 2019” COVID-19. The first case of COVID-19 in the Stavropol Territory was registered on March 20, 2020, and three weeks later, starting from the 15th week of the year, a steady increase in the incidence began, which lasted until the 52nd week. During the study period, the incidence increased from 21.1 to 28.3 per hundred thousand of the population. Growth 1.3 times.Purpose: to determine the dynamics of population immunity among the population of the Stavropol Territory in 2020-2021. during the period of an epidemic increase in the incidence of COVID-19. Materials and methods. The SARS-CoV-2 study was carried out according to a unified methodology within the framework of the program for assessing the population immunity of the population of the Russian Federation, developed by Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the St. Pasteur. In total, 2688 people were examined, divided into 7 age groups. In the examined individuals, the level of specific IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid was determined by the enzyme immunoassay.Results. The level of seroprevalence among residents of the Stavropol Territory was 9.8%. The largest proportion of seropositive individuals was found in the age groups 1-6 and 7-13 years old (19.2% and 19.7%, respectively). Seroprevalence had no gender differences and ranged from 9.3% to 10.8%. When assessing the distribution of the proportion of seropositive persons in different geographic territories of the region, it was found that the maximum proportion was found in the Kochubeevsky district (23.1%), the minimum in Kislovodsk (7.7%). Among convalescents, the content of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was noted in 73.3%, which is 7.8 times higher than the average population level. When conducting seromonitoring in the 2nd half of 2020, a 10-fold increase in seroprevalence was recorded, accompanied by a decrease in incidence from the 5th week of 2021. Among asymptomatic volunteers in whom SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction, antibody titers to viruses were found in 78.6%, which corresponds to the seroprevalence of convalescents. The proportion of seropositive persons among those who have come into contact with COVID-19 patients was 16.4%, (1.8 times higher than the average for the population). Out of 262 seroprevalent volunteers, the asymptomatic form of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 92% of the examined, which indicates a significant role of the number of asymptomatic forms of infection in the epidemic process of COVID-19.Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity of the population of the Stavropol Territory indicate that it has not yet reached the threshold level at which a decrease in the intensity of the COVID-19 epidemic process can be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Popova
- Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - E. B. Ezhlova
- Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - A. A. Melnikova
- Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - V. S. Smirnov
- Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur
| | - L. V. Lyalina
- Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur
| | - A. V. Ermakov
- Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Department in the Stavropol Territory
| | | | - I. V. Kovalchuk
- Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Department in the Stavropol Territory
| | - E. A. Vasilenko
- Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Stavropol Territory
| | - E. N. Romanenko
- Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Stavropol Territory
| | | | - A. V. Ryabykh
- Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Stavropol Territory
| | | | | | - A. A. Sharova
- Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur
| | - V. V. Vetrov
- Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur
| | - A. A. Totolian
- Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT, Gómez Atria D, Rosenthal RL, Reiser SK, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Luning Prak ET, Allman D. IgA Plasma Cells Are Long-Lived Residents of Gut and Bone Marrow That Express Isotype- and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Patterns. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791095. [PMID: 35003110 PMCID: PMC8739487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cells are made in response to a variety of pathogenic and commensal microbes. While all plasma cells express a core gene transcription program that allows them to secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin, unique transcriptional profiles are linked to plasma cells expressing different antibody isotypes. IgA expressing plasma cells are generally thought of as short-lived in mucosal tissues and they have been understudied in systemic sites like the bone marrow. We find that IgA+ plasma cells in both the small intestine lamina propria and the bone marrow are long-lived and transcriptionally related compared to IgG and IgM expressing bone marrow plasma cells. IgA+ plasma cells show signs of shared clonality between the gut and bone marrow, but they do not recirculate at a significant rate and are found within bone marrow plasma cells niches. These data suggest that systemic and mucosal IgA+ plasma cells are from a common source, but they do not migrate between tissues. However, comparison of the plasma cells from the small intestine lamina propria to the bone marrow demonstrate a tissue specific gene transcription program. Understanding how these tissue specific gene networks are regulated in plasma cells could lead to increased understanding of the induction of mucosal versus systemic antibody responses and improve vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel R. Wilmore
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Brian T. Gaudette
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniela Gómez Atria
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Rosenthal
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Kim Reiser
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aaron M. Rosenfeld
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC. Boosted immunity to the common cold might protect children from COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2021; 23:8-10. [PMID: 34937927 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Response kinetics of different classes of antibodies to SARS-CoV2 infection in the Japanese population: The IgA and IgG titers increased earlier than the IgM titers. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108491. [PMID: 34954559 PMCID: PMC8687758 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in individuals with COVID-19, it is important to investigate the kinetics of the antibody responses and their associations with the clinical course in different populations, since there seem to be considerable differences between Western and Asian populations in the clinical features and spread of COVID-19. In this study, we serially measured the serum titers of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies generated against the nucleocapsid protein (NCP), S1 subunit of the spike protein (S1), and receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese individuals with COVID-19. Among the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies, IgA antibodies against all of the aforementioned viral proteins were the first to appear after the infection, and IgG and/or IgA seroconversion often preceded IgM seroconversion. In regard to the timeline of the antibody responses to the different viral proteins (NCP, S1 and RBD), IgA against NCP appeared than IgA against S1 or RBD, while IgM and IgG against S1 appeared earlier than IgM/IgG against NCP or RBD. The IgG responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to S1 and RBD were sustained for longer durations than the IgA/IgM responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to NCP, respectively. The seroconversion of IgA against NCP occurred later and less frequently in patients with mild COVID-19. These results suggest possible differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens between the Japanese and Western populations.
Collapse
|
244
|
Bin-Gouth AS, Al-Shoteri S, Mahmoud N, Musani A, Baoom NA, Al-Waleedi AA, Buliva E, Aly EA, Naiene JD, Crestani R, Senga M, Barakat A, Al-Ariqi L, Al-Sakkaf KZ, Shaef A, Thabet N, Murshed A, Omara S. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Aden, Yemen: A population-based study. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 115:239-244. [PMID: 34929358 PMCID: PMC8677627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Yemen, initial surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) focused primarily on patients with symptoms or severe disease. The full spectrum of the disease remains unclear. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence study performed in Yemen. Methods This cross-sectional investigation included 2001 participants from all age groups from four districts in Aden, southern Yemen. A multi-stage sampling method was used. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire, and blood samples were taken. Healgen COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) Cassettes were used in all participants. All positive RDTs and 14% of negative RDTs underwent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing (WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA Kit) for confirmation. Results In total, 549 of 2001 participants were RDT positive and confirmed by ELISA, giving a prevalence of COVID-19 of 27.4%. The prevalence of immunoglobulin G was 25%. The prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in the entire study group was 7.9%. The highest prevalence was observed in Al-Mansurah district (33.4%). Regarding sociodemographic factors, the prevalence of COVID-19 was significantly higher among females, housewives and subjects with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient: 32%, 31% and 39%, respectively. Conclusion This study found high prevalence of COVID-19 in the study population. Household transmission was common.
Collapse
|
245
|
COVID-19 vaccination strategies depend on the underlying network of social interactions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24051. [PMID: 34912001 PMCID: PMC8674282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, different mitigation and management strategies limiting economic and social activities have been implemented across many countries. Despite these strategies, the virus continues to spread and mutate. As a result, vaccinations are now administered to suppress the pandemic. Current COVID-19 epidemic models need to be expanded to account for the change in behaviour of new strains, such as an increased virulence and higher transmission rate. Furthermore, models need to account for an increasingly vaccinated population. We present a network model of COVID-19 transmission accounting for different immunity and vaccination scenarios. We conduct a parameter sensitivity analysis and find the average immunity length after an infection to be one of the most critical parameters that define the spread of the disease. Furthermore, we simulate different vaccination strategies and show that vaccinating highly connected individuals first is the quickest strategy for controlling the disease.
Collapse
|
246
|
Woodford J, Sagara I, Dicko A, Zeguime A, Doucoure M, Kwan J, Zaidi I, Doritchamou J, Snow-Smith M, Alani N, Renn J, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell J, Esposito D, Sadtler K, Duffy P. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroassay Performance and Optimization in a Population With High Background Reactivity in Mali. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2001-2009. [PMID: 34612499 PMCID: PMC8522418 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND False positivity may hinder the utility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological tests in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS From 312 Malian samples collected before 2020, we measured antibodies to the commonly tested SARS-CoV-2 antigens and 4 other betacoronaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In a subset of samples, we assessed antibodies to a panel of Plasmodium falciparum antigens by suspension bead array and functional antiviral activity by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay. We then evaluated the performance of an ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and receptor-binding domain developed in the United States using Malian positive and negative control samples. To optimize test performance, we compared single- and 2-antigen approaches using existing assay cutoffs and population-specific cutoffs. RESULTS Background reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigens was common in prepandemic Malian samples. The SARS-CoV-2 reactivity varied between communities, increased with age, and correlated negligibly/weakly with other betacoronavirus and P falciparum antibodies. No prepandemic samples demonstrated functional activity. Regardless of the cutoffs applied, test specificity improved using a 2-antigen approach. Test performance was optimal using a 2-antigen assay with population-specific cutoffs (sensitivity, 73.9% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 51.6-89.8]; specificity, 99.4% [95% CI, 97.7-99.9]). CONCLUSIONS We have addressed the problem of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay performance in Africa by using a 2-antigen assay with cutoffs defined by performance in the target population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Woodford
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amatigue Zeguime
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M’Bouye Doucoure
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jennifer Kwan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Doritchamou
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryonne Snow-Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nada Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Renn
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Woodford J, Sagara I, Dicko A, Zeguime A, Doucoure M, Kwan J, Zaidi I, Doritchamou J, Snow-Smith M, Alani N, Renn J, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell J, Esposito D, Sadtler K, Duffy P. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroassay Performance and Optimization in a Population With High Background Reactivity in Mali. J Infect Dis 2021. [PMID: 34612499 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.08.21252784v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND False positivity may hinder the utility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological tests in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS From 312 Malian samples collected before 2020, we measured antibodies to the commonly tested SARS-CoV-2 antigens and 4 other betacoronaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In a subset of samples, we assessed antibodies to a panel of Plasmodium falciparum antigens by suspension bead array and functional antiviral activity by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay. We then evaluated the performance of an ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and receptor-binding domain developed in the United States using Malian positive and negative control samples. To optimize test performance, we compared single- and 2-antigen approaches using existing assay cutoffs and population-specific cutoffs. RESULTS Background reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigens was common in prepandemic Malian samples. The SARS-CoV-2 reactivity varied between communities, increased with age, and correlated negligibly/weakly with other betacoronavirus and P falciparum antibodies. No prepandemic samples demonstrated functional activity. Regardless of the cutoffs applied, test specificity improved using a 2-antigen approach. Test performance was optimal using a 2-antigen assay with population-specific cutoffs (sensitivity, 73.9% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 51.6-89.8]; specificity, 99.4% [95% CI, 97.7-99.9]). CONCLUSIONS We have addressed the problem of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay performance in Africa by using a 2-antigen assay with cutoffs defined by performance in the target population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Woodford
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amatigue Zeguime
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M'Bouye Doucoure
- Malaria Research and Training Center/University of Science, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jennifer Kwan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Doritchamou
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryonne Snow-Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nada Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Renn
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Stephensen CB, Lietz G. Vitamin A in resistance to and recovery from infection: relevance to SARS-CoV2. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:1663-1672. [PMID: 33468263 PMCID: PMC7884725 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV2 infects respiratory epithelial cells via its cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, causing a viral pneumonia with pronounced inflammation resulting in significant damage to the lungs and other organ systems, including the kidneys, though symptoms and disease severity are quite variable depending on the intensity of exposure and presence of underlying conditions that may affect the immune response. The resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can cause multi-organ system dysfunction in patients requiring hospitalisation and intensive care treatment. Serious infections like COVID-19 often negatively affect nutritional status, and the resulting nutritional deficiencies may increase disease severity and impair recovery. One example is the viral infection measles, where associated vitamin A (VA) deficiency increases disease severity and appropriately timed supplementation during recovery reduces mortality and hastens recovery. VA may play a similar role in COVID-19. First, VA is important in maintaining innate and adaptive immunity to promote clearance of a primary infection as well as minimise risks from secondary infections. Second, VA plays a unique role in the respiratory tract, minimising damaging inflammation, supporting repair of respiratory epithelium and preventing fibrosis. Third, VA deficiency may develop during COVID-19 due to specific effects on lung and liver stores caused by inflammation and impaired kidney function, suggesting that supplements may be needed to restore adequate status. Fourth, VA supplementation may counteract adverse effects of SARS-CoV2 on the angiotensin system as well as minimises adverse effects of some COVID-19 therapies. Evaluating interactions of SARS-CoV2 infection with VA metabolism may thus provide improved COVID-19 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. B. Stephensen
- Immunity and Disease Prevention Research Unit, USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, and Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G. Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon TyneNE2 4HH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Neagu M, Constantin C, Surcel M. Testing Antigens, Antibodies, and Immune Cells in COVID-19 as a Public Health Topic—Experience and Outlines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413173. [PMID: 34948782 PMCID: PMC8700871 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an accelerated pace in all research domains, including reliable diagnostics methodology. Molecular diagnostics of the virus and its presence in biological samples relies on the RT-PCR method, the most used and validated worldwide. Nonconventional tests with improved parameters that are in the development stages will be presented, such as droplet digital PCR or CRISPR-based assays. These molecular tests were followed by rapid antigen testing along with the development of antibody tests, whether based on ELISA platform or on a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Less-conventional methods of testing antibodies (e.g., lateral flow immunoassay) are presented as well. Left somewhere in the backstage of COVID-19 research, immune cells and, furthermore, immune memory cells, are gaining the spotlight, more so in the vaccination context. Recently, methodologies using flow-cytometry evaluate circulating immune cells in infected/recovered patients. The appearance of new virus variants has triggered a surge for tests improvement. As the pandemic has entered an ongoing or postvaccination era, all methodologies that are used to monitor public health focus on diagnostic strategies and this review points out where gaps should be filled in both clinical and research settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (M.S.)
- Pathology Department, Colentina University Hospital, 19-21 Șoseaua Ștefan cel Mare, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-93 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (M.S.)
- Pathology Department, Colentina University Hospital, 19-21 Șoseaua Ștefan cel Mare, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Bruneau T, Wack M, Poulet G, Robillard N, Philippe A, Laurent-Puig P, Bélec L, Hadjadj J, Xiao W, Kallberg JL, Kernéis S, Diehl JL, Terrier B, Smadja D, Taly V, Veyer D, Péré H. Circulating ubiquitous RNA, a highly predictive and prognostic biomarker in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:e410-e417. [PMID: 34894121 PMCID: PMC8689820 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 15-30% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic tissue injury, and/or multi-organ failure leading to death in around 45% of cases. There is a clear need for biomarkers which quantify tissue injury, predict clinical outcomes and guide the clinical management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS We herein report the quantification by droplet-based digital PCR (ddPCR) of the SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and the plasmatic release of a ubiquitous human intracellular marker, the ribonuclease P (RNase P) in order to evaluate tissue injury and cell lysis in the plasma of 139 COVID-19 hospitalized patients at admission. RESULTS We confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia was associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 patients. In addition, we showed that plasmatic RNase P RNAemia at admission was also highly correlated with disease severity (P<0.001) and invasive mechanical ventilation status (P<0.001) but not with pulmonary severity. Altogether, these results indicate a consequent cell lysis process in severe and critical patients but not systematically due to lung cell death. Finally, the plasmatic RNase P RNA value was also significantly associated with overall survival. CONCLUSION Viral and ubiquitous blood biomarkers monitored by ddPCR could be useful for the clinical monitoring and the management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Moreover, these results could pave the way for new and more personalized circulating biomarkers in COVID-19, and more generally in infectious diseases, specific from each patient organ injury profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bruneau
- Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris. Centre-Université de Paris (APHP.CUP) Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F- 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Wack
- Department of Medical Informatics, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris. Centre-Université de Paris (APHP.CUP) Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F- 75015 Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Information sciences to support medicine, Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Poulet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Robillard
- Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris. Centre-Université de Paris (APHP.CUP) Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F- 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Philippe
- Hematology department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (AP-HP.CUP), F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, INSERM, F-75006 Paris, France and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) European Georges Pompidou Hospital, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris. Centre-Université de Paris (APHP.CUP) Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F- 75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U970, PARCC, Paris, F- 75015, France
| | - Jérôme Hadjadj
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP CUP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, INSERMU1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmuninity, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Julia-Linnea Kallberg
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Solen Kernéis
- Equipe de Prévention du Risque Infectieux (EPRI), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Diehl
- Hematology department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (AP-HP.CUP), F-75015 Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (APHP-CUP), Georges Pompidou European Hospital, F- 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Université de Paris, INSERM U970, PARCC, Paris, F- 75015, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP CUP, Paris, France
| | - David Smadja
- Hematology department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre (AP-HP.CUP), F-75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, INSERM, F-75006 Paris, France and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) European Georges Pompidou Hospital, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Valerie Taly
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris. Centre-Université de Paris (APHP.CUP) Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F- 75015 Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Equipe FunGest, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Equipe FunGest, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|