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Balázs B, Boros Á, Pankovics P, Nagy G, Szekeres S, Urbán P, Reuter G. Detection and complete genome characterization of a genogroup X (GX) sapovirus (family Caliciviridae) from a golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Hungary. Arch Virol 2024; 169:100. [PMID: 38630394 PMCID: PMC11024015 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel genotype of genogroup X (GX) sapovirus (family Caliciviridae) was detected in the small intestinal contents of a golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Hungary and characterised by viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing techniques. The complete genome of the detected strain, GX/Dömsöd/DOCA-11/2020/HUN (PP105600), is 7,128 nt in length. The ORF1- and ORF2-encoded viral proteins (NSP, VP1, and VP2) have 98%, 95%, and 88% amino acid sequence identity to the corresponding proteins of genogroup GX sapoviruses from domestic pigs, but the nucleic acid sequence identity values for their genes are significantly lower (83%, 77%, and 68%). During an RT-PCR-based epidemiological investigation of additional jackal and swine samples, no other GX strains were detected, but a GXI sapovirus strain, GXI/Tótfalu/WBTF-10/2012/HUN (PP105601), was identified in a faecal sample from a wild boar (Sus scrofa). We report the detection of members of two likely underdiagnosed groups of sapoviruses (GX and GXI) in a golden jackal and, serendipitously, in a wild boar in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigna Balázs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Ákos Boros
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szekeres
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.
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2
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Cantelli CP, Tavares GCL, Sarmento SK, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, da Silva EDSRF, Horta MAP, Miagostovich MP, Yang Z, Leite JPG. Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:317. [PMID: 38543684 PMCID: PMC10974528 DOI: 10.3390/v16030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P[8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zhihui Yang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Zamora-Figueroa A, Rosales RE, Fernández R, Ramírez V, Bastardo M, Farías A, Vizzi E. Detection and diversity of gastrointestinal viruses in wastewater from Caracas, Venezuela, 2021-2022. Virology 2024; 589:109913. [PMID: 37924728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal viruses (GIV) are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Their epidemiological impact in Venezuela during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. GIV can also be detected in domestic sewage. Ninety-one wastewater samples from urban areas of Caracas collected over 12 months and concentrated by polyethylene-glycol-precipitation, were analyzed by multiplex reverse-transcription-PCR for rotavirus/calicivirus/astrovirus and enterovirus/klassevirus/cosavirus, and monoplex-PCR for adenovirus and Aichi virus. The overall frequency of virus detection was 46.2%, fluctuating over months, and peaking in the rainy season. Adenoviruses circulated throughout the year, especially type F41, and predominated (52.7%) over caliciviruses (29.1%) that peaked in the rainy months, rotaviruses (9.1%), cosaviruses (5.5%), astroviruses and enteroviruses (1.8%). Aichi-virus and klassevirus were absent. Rotavirus G9/G12, and P[4]/P[8]/P[14] predominated. The occurrence of GIV in wastewater reflects transmission within the population of Caracas and the persistence of a potential public health risk that needs to be adequately monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Zamora-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Microorganismos, Centro de Ecología Aplicada. Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Rita E Rosales
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Rixio Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Viviana Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Marjorie Bastardo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Microorganismos, Centro de Ecología Aplicada. Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alba Farías
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Microorganismos, Centro de Ecología Aplicada. Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Esmeralda Vizzi
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
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4
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Li N, Bai Y, Liu R, Guo Z, Yan X, Xiang K, Liu F, Zhao L, Ge J. Prevalence and genetic diversity of canine coronavirus in northeastern China during 2019-2021. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101956. [PMID: 36804645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is associated with diarrhea in dogs, with a high incidence and sometimes even death. However, there is currently limited information about its prevalence and molecular characterization in northeastern China. Therefore, in this study, we examined 325 canine fecal specimens in four provinces in northeastern China from 2019 to 2021. PCR results revealed that 57 out of 325 (17.5%) samples were found to be positive for CCoV, and the positive rate varies obviously with city, season, age and so on. High incidence (65%) of viral co-infection was detected in the diarrhea samples and mixed infection of distinct CCoV genotypes occurs extensively. More importantly, sequence analysis showed that the S gene has a strong mutation. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CCoV-I and CCoV-II strains has different origins. In particular, we found the CCoV-IIa strains of S gene sequenced and the reference strain B906_ZJ_2019 were highly clustered, and the reference strain was a recombinant strain of CCoV-I and CCoV-II. Our findings provide useful orienting clues for evaluating the pathogenic potential of CCoV in canines, and point out more details on characterization in northeastern China. Further work is required to determine the significance and continuous genetic evolution of CCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuowa Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Runhang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiyuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xin Yan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Kongrui Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China.
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5
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Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Woo S, Seo Y, Hossain MI, Rhee MS, Choi C. Improvement of nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with high specificity and sensitivity detection of sapovirus in food matrix. J Virol Methods 2022; 309:114609. [PMID: 36028003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of human gastroenteritis in both community outbreaks and sporadic cases worldwide. Shellfish accumulate a variety of pathogens during filter feeding. In particular, the contamination of shellfish by SaV has caused several outbreaks. As reported previously, nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) has been widely used in clinical samples, but has not proven suitable for food samples, such as oysters. This study aimed to identify a primer set for the detection of SaV with high specificity and sensitivity in food samples. To accomplish this, primers were improved in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) regions of SaV whole genome sequences. The sensitivity of the improved nRT-PCR was 100-1000 times higher than that of previous nRT-PCR and > 10 times higher than that of the previous real-time RT-PCR assay. Notably, cross-reaction with other viruses or food matrices was not observed by the specificity test. This study improved the reliable primer set to detect SaV in various food matrices with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Woo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Shen H, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Burrough ER, Zhang J, Harmon K, Wang L, Zheng Y, Petznick T, Li G. Genetic characterization of porcine sapoviruses identified from pigs during a diarrhoea outbreak in Iowa, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1246-1255. [PMID: 33780163 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (SaV) was first identified by electron microscopy in the United States in 1980 and has since been reported from both asymptomatic and diarrhoeic pigs usually in mixed infection with other enteric pathogens. SaV as the sole aetiological agent of diarrhoea in naturally infected pigs has not previously been reported in the United States. Here, we used four independent lines of evidence including metagenomics analysis, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), histopathology, and in situ hybridization to confirm porcine SaV genogroup III (GIII) as the sole cause of enteritis and diarrhoea in pigs. A highly sensitive and specific rRT-PCR was established to detect porcine SaV GIII. Examination of 184 faecal samples from an outbreak of diarrhoea on a pig farm showed that pigs with clinical diarrhoea had significantly lower Ct values (15.9 ± 0.59) compared to clinically unaffected pigs (35.8 ± 0.71). Further survey of 336 faecal samples from different states in the United States demonstrated that samples from pigs with clinical diarrhoea had a comparable positive rate (45.3%) with those from asymptomatic pigs (43.1%). However, the SaV-positive pigs with clinical diarrhoea had significantly higher viral loads (Ct = 26.0 ± 0.5) than the SAV-positive but clinically healthy pigs (Ct = 33.2 ± 0.9). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 field SaVs revealed that all belonged to SaV GIII and recombination analysis indicated that intragenogroup recombination had occurred within the field isolates of SaV GIII. These results suggest that porcine SaV GIII plays an important aetiologic role in swine enteritis and diarrhoea and rRT-PCR is a reliable method to detect porcine SaV. Our findings provide significant insights to better understand the epidemiology and pathogenicity of porcine SaV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huigang Shen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Makhaola K, Lechiile K, Moyo S, Goldfarb DM, Pernica JM, Kebaabetswe LP. Molecular Characterization of Sapovirus from Children with Gastroenteritis in Botswana. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Davidson I, Stamelou E, Giantsis IA, Papageorgiou KV, Petridou E, Kritas SK. The Complexity of Swine Caliciviruses. A Mini Review on Genomic Diversity, Infection Diagnostics, World Prevalence and Pathogenicity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040413. [PMID: 35456088 PMCID: PMC9030053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caliciviruses are single stranded RNA viruses, non-enveloped structurally, that are implicated in the non-bacterial gastroenteritis in various mammal species. Particularly in swine, viral gastroenteritis represents a major problem worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses for the pig industry. Among the wide range of viruses that are the proven or suspected etiological agents of gastroenteritis, the pathogenicity of the members of Caliciviridae family is among the less well understood. In this context, the present review presents and discusses the current knowledge of two genera belonging to this family, namely the Norovirus and the Sapovirus, in relation to swine. Aspects such as pathogenicity, clinical evidence, symptoms, epidemiology and worldwide prevalence, genomic diversity, identification tools as well as interchanging hosts are not only reviewed but also critically evaluated. Generally, although often asymptomatic in pigs, the prevalence of those microbes in pig farms exhibits a worldwide substantial increasing trend. It should be mentioned, however, that the factors influencing the symptomatology of these viruses are still far from well established. Interestingly, both these viruses are also characterized by high genetic diversity. These high levels of molecular diversity in Caliciviridae family are more likely a result of recombination rather than evolutionary or selective adaptation via mutational steps. Thus, molecular markers for their detection are mostly based on conserved regions such as the RdRp region. Finally, it should be emphasized that Norovirus and the Sapovirus may also infect other domestic, farm and wild animals, including humans, and therefore their surveillance and clarification role in diseases such as diarrhea is a matter of public health importance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;
| | - Efthymia Stamelou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
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Kõivumägi K, Geller J, Toompere K, Soeorg H, Kallas E, Jõgeda EL, Huik K, Lutsar I. Norovirus strains among children aged 0-18 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Estonia 2015-2016. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2632-2639. [PMID: 34854093 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in many countries that have introduced universal rotavirus mass vaccination. This is the first study to report data on NoV strains in Estonia. We recruited 2249 children aged 0-18 years hospitalized for AGE in Estonian hospitals from February 1, 2015 to August 31, 2016. Norovirus gastroenteritis (NoVGE) was diagnosed in 14.5% (n = 325) cases. Stool sample for RNA extraction and genotyping was available in 86% (n = 280) of NoVGE cases (2015, n = 91; 2016, n = 189). Dominant capsid types detected in 75% (n = 210) samples were, GII.4 (63.8%, n = 134), GII.3 (15.2%, n = 32), GII.17 (6.7%, n = 14), and GII.6 (5.2%, n = 11). Prevailing RNA polymerase types found in 77% (n = 215) samples were GII.P31 (51.1%, n = 110), GII.P21 (17.7%, n = 38), GII.P4 (11.2%, n = 24), and GII.P7 (6.5%, n = 14). Both regions were typeable for 67% (n = 189) of samples. Most prevalent strains were GII.4Sydney_2012[P31] (48.7%, n = 92), GII.3[P21] (15.3%, n = 29), GII.4Sydney_2012[P4] (5.8%, n = 11) and GII.17[P17] (5.8%, n = 11). Simpson's diversity index showed a significant difference between the age groups 1-4 and 5-9 years: D 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.73) versus 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81-0.86), respectively (p = 0.03). An accurate understanding of NoV strain diversity is important for control and preventive measures, especially in the postrotavirus vaccine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Kõivumägi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Geller
- The National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Karolin Toompere
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hiie Soeorg
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eveli Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene-Ly Jõgeda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Huik
- US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Molecular Epidemiology of Sapovirus in Children Living in the Northwest Amazon Region. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080965. [PMID: 34451429 PMCID: PMC8400878 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus is an important etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), mainly in children under 5 years old living in lower-income communities. Eighteen identified sapovirus genotypes have been observed to infect humans. The aim of this study was to identify sapovirus genotypes circulating in the Amazon region. Twenty-eight samples were successfully genotyped using partial sequencing of the capsid gene. The genotypes identified were GI.1 (n = 3), GI.2 (n = 7), GII.1 (n = 1), GII.2 (n = 1), GII.3 (n = 5), GII.5 (n = 1), and GIV.1 (n = 10). The GIV genotype was the most detected genotype (35.7%, 10/28). The phylogenetic analysis identified sapovirus genotypes that had no similarity with other strains reported from Brazil, indicating that these genotypes may have entered the Amazon region via intense tourism in the Amazon rainforest. No association between histo-blood group antigen expression and sapovirus infection was observed.
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11
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Sapovirus Among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Western Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0098621. [PMID: 34288727 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00986-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Sapovirus is increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, however studies of prevalence, genetic diversity and strain-specific clinical implications have been scarce. Methods: To fill this knowledge gap, we used reverse transcription real-time PCR and sequencing of the partial major capsid protein VP1 gene to analyze stool specimens and rectal swabs obtained from 3347 children with AGE and 1355 asymptomatic controls (all <18 years old) collected between December 2014 and August 2018 in Alberta, Canada. Results: Sapovirus was identified in 9.5% (317/3347) of the children with AGE and 2.9% of controls. GI.1 (36%) was the predominant genotype identified, followed by GI.2 (18%), GII.5 (8%) and GII.3 (6%). Rare genotypes GII.1, GII.2, GV.1, GII.4, GIV.1, GI.3 and GI.7 were also seen. Sapovirus was detected year-round, peaking during the winter months of November to January. The exception was the 2016-2017 season when GI.2 overtook GI.1 as the predominant strain with a high detection rate persisting into April. We did not observe significant difference in the severity of gastroenteritis by genogroup or genotype. Repeated infection by sapovirus of different genogroups occurred in three controls who developed AGE later. Conclusions: Our data suggests that sapovirus is a common cause of AGE in children with high genetic diversity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our ability to better understand sapovirus infections, including the inability to grow sapovirus in cell culture, which has hindered diagnosis and studies of immunity. Another challenge is that individuals with sapovirus infection are commonly coinfected with other enteric pathogens, complicating our ability to attribute the diarrhea episode to a single pathogen. RECENT FINDINGS Development of molecular methods for sapovirus detection has increased our ability to measure disease prevalence. The prevalence of sapovirus varies between 1 and 17% of diarrhea episodes worldwide, with the highest burden in young children and older adults. Further, epidemiological studies have used novel approaches to account for the presence of coinfections with other enteric pathogens; one multisite cohort study of children under two years of age found that sapovirus had the second-highest attributable incidence among all diarrheal pathogens studied. SUMMARY Especially in settings where rotavirus vaccines have been introduced, efforts to reduce the overall burden of childhood diarrhea should focus on the reduction of sapovirus transmission and disease burden.
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Vizzi E, Fernández R, Angulo LA, Blanco R, Pérez C. HUMAN COSAVIRUS INFECTION IN HIV SUBJECTS WITH DIARRHOEA: PERSISTENT DETECTION ASSOCIATED WITH FATAL OUTCOME. J Clin Virol 2021; 139:104825. [PMID: 33940330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cosavirus (HCoSV) is a new member of the Picornaviridae family, geographically widespread among humans. It has been suggested as a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis, but its pathogenicity is not currently certain. In HIV-infected subjects, diarrhoea is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal manifestations, whose aetiology remains often unexplained. OBJECTIVES To identify the cause of viral diarrhoea among HIV infected patients by molecular assays. STUDY DESIGN A total of 143 stool samples from HIV subjects with and without diarrhoea, were screened for conventional enteric viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus and astrovirus) by molecular assays. The presence of HCoSV genome was investigated by nested RT-PCR for the 5'UTR region. Positive samples were further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Enteric viruses were more frequently found in diarrhoea cases (9/82) than controls (0/61) (p=0.007). HCoSV was detected in five (3.5%) of the subjects affected by diarrhoea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the predominance of the HCoSV species D. One patient suffered a persistent cosavirus infection with a same strain and after eight months he had a fatal outcome. No other pathogens could be detected. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a role of non-conventional enteric viruses, as HCoSV, as a potential opportunistic agent causing persistent infection and deterioration of the clinical conditions in HIV-infected patients. Screening procedures and monitoring including such viruses would be helpful in the clinical management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Vizzi
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1020-A, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela.
| | - Rixio Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1020-A, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Luis A Angulo
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1020-A, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela; Present address: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Departamento de Infectología. Laboratorio Virología Molecular. Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Ruth Blanco
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1020-A, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela; Present address: Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC. Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1020-A, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Pérez
- Servicio de Infectología. Hospital General del Oeste "Dr. José Gregorio Hernández". Catia, Sector Los Magallanes de Catia. Caracas, Venezuela
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Sakagami A, Ueki Y, Dapat C, Saito M, Oshitani H. Genetic analysis of sapoviruses detected in outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. J Clin Virol 2020; 132:104648. [PMID: 33038625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human sapovirus (SaV) causes sporadic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. However, little is known about the relationship between the mode of transmission and genetic characteristics of SaV. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular characteristics of SaV-associated acute gastroenteritis among sporadic cases, foodborne, and nonfoodborne outbreaks. STUDY DESIGN We performed a systematic review of publications and genetic analysis of SaV in fecal specimens from 98 outpatients with acute gastroenteritis, 32 stool samples from 8 foodborne outbreaks, and 63 stool samples from 23 nonfoodborne outbreaks in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan from 1993 and between 2004 and 2020. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed for the detection of SaV, and the partial capsid gene was sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The overall detection rate of SaV in sporadic cases, foodborne, and nonfoodborne outbreaks was 5.8, 1.7, and 4.3%, respectively. Genotypic analysis revealed GI.1 to be the predominant genotype in sporadic cases (31.5%) and nonfoodborne outbreaks (52.1%), whereas it was not detected in foodborne outbreaks. Some outbreaks occurred following sporadic cases with the same genotype. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of SaV genotypes was different between foodborne outbreaks and other settings. The effective SaV infection control may differ depending on the genomic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Sakagami
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 4-7-2 Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-0836, Japan
| | - Yo Ueki
- Department of Microbiology, Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 4-7-2 Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-0836, Japan
| | - Clyde Dapat
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Nagai M, Wang Q, Oka T, Saif LJ. Porcine sapoviruses: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetic diversity, and diagnosis. Virus Res 2020; 286:198025. [PMID: 32470356 PMCID: PMC7255249 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first porcine Sapovirus (SaV) Cowden strain was discovered in 1980. To date, eight genogroups (GIII, V-IX) and three genogroups (GIII, GV, and GVI) of porcine SaVs have been detected from domestic pigs worldwide and wild boars in Japan, respectively based on the capsid sequences. Although GIII Cowden strain replicated in the villous epithelial cells and caused intestinal lesions in the proximal small intestines (mainly in duodenal and less in jejunum), leading to mild to severe diarrhea, in the orally inoculated neonatal gnotobiotic pigs, the significance of porcine SaVs in different ages of pigs with diarrhea in the field is still undetermined. This is due to two reasons: 1) similar prevalence of porcine SaVs was detected in diarrheic and non-diarrheic pigs; and 2) co-infection of porcine SaVs with other enteric pathogens is common in pigs. Diagnosis of porcine SaV infection is mainly based on the detection of viral nucleic acids using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and sequencing. Much is unknown about these genetically diverse viruses to understand their role in pig health and to evaluate whether vaccines are needed to prevent SaV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nagai
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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Hildebrandt E, Penzes JJ, Gifford RJ, Agbandje-Mckenna M, Kotin RM. Evolution of dependoparvoviruses across geological timescales-implications for design of AAV-based gene therapy vectors. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa043. [PMID: 32913662 PMCID: PMC7474932 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are genetic remnants of viruses that have integrated into host genomes millions of years ago and retained as heritable elements passed on to offspring until present-day. As a result, EVEs provide an opportunity to analyse the genomes of extinct viruses utilizing these genomic viral fossils to study evolution of viruses over large timescales. Analysis of sequences from near full-length EVEs of dependoparvoviral origin identified within three mammalian taxa, Whippomorpha (whales and hippos), Vespertilionidae (smooth-nosed bats), and Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas), indicates that distinct ancestral dependoparvovirus species integrated into these host genomes approximately 77 to 23 million years ago. These ancestral viruses are unique relative to modern adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), and distinct from extant species of genus Dependoparvovirus. These EVE sequences show characteristics previously unseen in modern, mammalian AAVs, but instead appear more similar to the more primitive, autonomously replicating and pathogenic waterfowl dependoparvoviruses. Phylogeny reconstruction suggests that the whippomorph EVE orthologue derives from exogenous ancestors of autonomous and highly pathogenic dependoparvovirus lineages, believed to have uniquely co-evolved with waterfowl birds to present date. In contrast, ancestors of the two other mammalian orthologues (Lagomorpha and Vespertilionidae) likely shared the same lineage as all other known mammalian exogenous AAVs. Comparative in silico analysis of the EVE genomes revealed remarkable overall conservation of AAV rep and cap genes, despite millions of years of integration within the host germline. Modelling these proteins identified unexpected variety, even between orthologues, in previously defined capsid viral protein (VP) variable regions, especially in those related to the three- and fivefold symmetry axes of the capsid. Moreover, the normally well-conserved phospholipase A2 domain of the predicted minor VP1 also exhibited a high degree of sequence variance. These findings may indicate unique biological properties for these virus ‘fossils’ relative to extant dependoparvoviruses and suggest key regions to explore within capsid sequences that may confer novel properties for engineered gene therapy vectors based on paleovirology data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Hildebrandt
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Gene Therapy Center, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Judit J Penzes
- University of Florida, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Robert J Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Genomics & Bioinformatics, Sir Michael Stoker Building Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Mavis Agbandje-Mckenna
- University of Florida, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Robert M Kotin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Gene Therapy Center, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Makhaola K, Moyo S, Kebaabetswe LP. Distribution and Genetic Variability of Sapoviruses in Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050490. [PMID: 32349380 PMCID: PMC7291139 DOI: 10.3390/v12050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe the distribution and genetic diversity of sapoviruses detected among humans, animals and the environment in African countries. Databases were searched for studies conducted in African countries and published between Jan 2005 and Mar 2019. Only studies where RT- PCR was used for initial detection were included in the systematic review. We identified 27 studies from 14 African countries with 18 focused on human sapoviruses, two on animal sapoviruses and seven on sapoviruses observed in the environment. Samples. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of human sapovirus infections among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals was similar at 5.0% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.0–7.0) and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.0–3.0), respectively. In environmental samples sapovirus detection rates ranged from 0% to 90% while in animal studies it was 1.7% to 34.8%. Multiple causes of gastroenteritis, sensitivity of detection method used, diversity of sapovirus strains and rotavirus vaccine coverage rate are some of the factors that could have contributed to the wide range of sapovirus detection rates that were reported. The studies reported human genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with genogroup GI being the most prevalent. Some potential novel strains were detected from animal samples. Most studies genotyped a small portion of either the capsid and/or polymerase region. However, this is a limitation as it does not allow for detection of recombinants that occur frequently in sapoviruses. More studies with harmonized genotyping protocols that cover longer ranges of the sapovirus genome are needed to provide more information on the genomic characterization of sapoviruses circulating in African countries. Further investigations on animal to human transmission for sapoviruses are needed as inter-species transmissions have been documented for other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso Makhaola
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lemme P. Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Correspondence:
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Molecular detection and characterisation of sapoviruses and noroviruses in outpatient children with diarrhoea in Northwest Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e218. [PMID: 31364546 PMCID: PMC6625200 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood morbidity and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases are high, particularly in low-income countries and noroviruses and sapoviruses are among the most frequent causes worldwide. Their epidemiology and diversity remain not well studied in many African countries. To assess the positivity rate and the diversity of sapoviruses and noroviruses in Northwest Ethiopia, during November 2015 and April 2016, a total of 450 faecal samples were collected from outpatient children aged <5 years who presented with diarrhoea. Samples were screened for noroviruses and sapoviruses by real-time RT-PCR. Partial VP1 genes were sequenced, genotyped and phylogenetically analysed. Norovirus and sapovirus stool positivity rate was 13.3% and 10.0%, respectively. Noroviruses included GII.4 (35%), GII.6 (20%), GII.17 (13.3%), GII.10 (10%), GII.2 (6.7%), GII.16 (5%), GII.7 (3.3%), GII.9, GII.13, GII.20 and GI.3 (1.7% each) strains. For sapoviruses, GI.1, GII.1 (20.0% each), GII.6 (13.3%), GI.2 (8.9%), GII.2 (11.1%), GV.1 (8.9%), GIV.1 (6.7%), GI.3 and GII.4 (2.2% each) genotypes were detected. This study demonstrates a high genetic diversity of noroviruses and sapoviruses in Northwest Ethiopia. The positivity rate in stool samples from young children with diarrhoea was high for both caliciviruses. Continued monitoring is recommended to identify trends in genetic diversity and seasonal variations.
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Wang L, Marthaler D, Fredrickson R, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Burrough ER, Petznick T, Li G. Genetically divergent porcine sapovirus identified in pigs, United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:18-28. [PMID: 31461567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapoviruses (SaVs) are genetically diverse and widely distributed in pig-producing countries. Eight genogroups of porcine SaV have been identified, and genogroup III is the predominant type. Most of the eight genogroups of porcine SaV are circulating in the United States. In the present study, we report detection of porcine SaVs in pigs at different ages with clinical diarrhoea using next-generation sequencing and genetic characterization. All seven cases have porcine SaV GIII strains detected and one pooled case was found to have a porcine SaV GVI strain IA27912-B-2018. Sequence analysis showed that seven GIII isolates were genetically divergent and formed four different lineages on the trees of complete genome, RdRP, VP1 and VP2. In addition, these seven GIII isolates had three different deletion/insertion patterns in an identified variable region close to the 3' end of VP2. The GVI strain IA27912-B-2018 was closely related to strains previously detected in the United States and Japan. A 3-nt deletion in VP1 region of GVI IA27912-B-2018 was identified. Our study showed that genetically divergent SaVs of different genogroups are co-circulating in pigs in the United States. Future studies comparing the virulence of these different genogroups in pigs are needed to better understand this virus and to determine if surveillance and vaccine development are needed to monitor and control porcine SaVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Richard Fredrickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Chérif N, Mejri S, Pothier P, Hassen A. Detection of Sapoviruses in two biological lines of Tunisian hospital wastewater treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:400-413. [PMID: 30474395 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1546835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of rotating biodisks and natural oxidizing lagoon procedures is investigated at a Tunisian semi-industrial pilot plant, El Menzeh I, where the wastewater is mainly provided by three different neighbouring hospital clinics. Throughout 2011, 102 wastewater samples were collected from the two mentioned wastewater treatment procedures. Results showed that the Sapovirus (SaV) frequency was approximately 29.4% using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, and about 16.6% using the conventional RT-PCR. Also, the SaV genogroups and genotypes were identified and genotyping revealed that all of the four Tunisian SaV strains obtained belonged to the two genogroups GIV.1 and GGI.3. In addition, two new genotypes, D and C, were detected. A moderate decrease in the SaV frequencies was observed at the exit of the two treatment processes and the SaV removal rate was around 90% in the natural oxidizing lagoons and 94% in the rotating biodisks procedure showing the temperate sensitivity of these viruses to the implemented biological wastewater. Therefore, an urgent disinfection process should be implemented downstream of the two biological treatment procedures for safe release of treated effluent in the different natural environments. Abbreviations: NoV: Noroviruses; SaV: Sapoviruses; EC: Electrical Conductivity; COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand; BOD5: Biological Oxygen Demand; SS: Suspended Solids; NH4-N: Ammonium Nitrogen; P-PO4: Ortho-Phosphate; AlCl3: aluminum chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- a Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
- b Laboratory of Treatment and Wastewater Valorization, Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE) , Techno Park of Borj-Cedria 8020 , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- c National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi-Thabet , University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA) , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Nadia Chérif
- d Unit Virology of Marine organisms, Aquaculture Laboratory , National Institute of Sea Science and Technologies , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Selma Mejri
- e Veterinary Research Institute of Tunisia, Laboratory of Virology , University of Tunis El Manar, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), La Rabta , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Pierre Pothier
- f National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology , University Hospital of Dijon , Dijon , France
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- a Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
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Sunaga F, Masuda T, Aoki H, Ito M, Sano K, Naoi Y, Katayama Y, Omatsu T, Oba M, Furuya T, Shirai J, Mizutani T, Oka T, Nagai M. Complete genome sequencing and genetic characterization of porcine sapovirus genogroup (G) X and GXI: GVI, GVII, GX, and GXI sapoviruses share common genomic features and form a unique porcine SaV clade. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103959. [PMID: 31299324 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaVs) are enteric viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae that infect humans and animals, including pigs. To date, SaVs have been classified into 19 genogroups (G) based on complete VP1 sequences; however, complete genome sequences of some SaV Gs are not yet available. In this study, we determined the full genome sequences of four SaVs (two GX and two GXI SaVs) and analyzed them together with those of other SaVs. The complete genome sequences of GX and GXI SaVs, excluding the poly(A) tails, were 7124, 7142, 7170, and 7179 nucleotides, which were shorter than those of other SaVs, except for porcine GVI and GVII viruses. Genetic characterization revealed that GX SaVs and GXI SaVs shared common features with GVI and GVII viruses, such as the first 10 amino acid residues in the ORF1 coding region, a shorter ORF1 than that of the other genogroups, and the predicted secondary structure of the 5' end of the genome and the starting region of non-structural protein/structural protein junction. Phylogenetic analyses showed that GX and GXI SaVs branched with porcine GVI, GVII, and GIX SaVs and formed a clade consisting of only porcine SaVs. These findings suggest that porcine GX and GXI SaVs together with porcine GVI, GVII, and possibly GIX SaVs, evolved from a common ancestor in the porcine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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22
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Pitkänen O, Vesikari T, Hemming‐Harlo M. The role of the sapovirus infection increased in gastroenteritis after national immunisation was introduced. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1338-1344. [PMID: 30548490 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study examined the prevalence and clinical significance of the sapovirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis before and after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination in Finland in 2009. METHODS We collected 1437 stool samples from children under 16 years during three prospective hospital-based surveillance studies of acute gastroenteritis at Tampere University Hospital, Finland. The children were seen in the emergency department (47%) or admitted to the ward (53%). Sapovirus findings from 2006 to 2008 (n = 759), before national immunisation, were compared to 2009-2011 (n = 330) and 2012-2014 (n = 348), after the national programme was launched. RESULTS The overall incidence of the sapovirus was 3.3%. It was present in 1.4% of acute gastroenteritis cases in 2006-2008 and 5.5% in the post-vaccination years, but the absolute number did not increase. Sapoviruses mainly occurred in the winter and spring, but did not follow the prevalence of the norovirus or rotavirus. Sapovirus GI.1 and GII.1 were the most common genotypes, but the predominant strain was different each season. Many sapovirus lineages appeared during multiple seasons and reappeared later. CONCLUSION The sapovirus was uncommonly and sporadically detected in children seen in the hospital for acute gastroenteritis, and its relative role increased after national immunisation was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskari Pitkänen
- Vaccine Research Center University of Tampere Tampere Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center University of Tampere Tampere Finland
| | - Maria Hemming‐Harlo
- Vaccine Research Center University of Tampere Tampere Finland
- Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
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23
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Xue L, Cai W, Zhang L, Gao J, Dong R, Li Y, Wu H, Zhang J, Zeng H, Ye Q, Ding Y, Wu Q. Prevalence and genetic diversity of human sapovirus associated with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in South China from 2013 to 2017. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1759-1764. [PMID: 31180139 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) is an important viral agent for acute diarrhea worldwide, but timely prevalence data of human SaV in South China are still lacking. In this study, a 4-year surveillance was conducted to characterize the prevalence and genetic characteristics of the circulating SaV associated with sporadic diarrhea in South China. From November 2013 to October 2017, 569 fecal samples from patients with acute diarrhea were collected. SaV was detected in 11 samples with a positive rate of 1.93%. Three human genogroups of GI, GII, and GIV were identified, including five GI.1 strains, three GI.2 strains, one GI.3 strain, one GII.8 strain, and one GIV strain. Furthermore, multiple alignments of complete capsid protein VP1 genes of five local GI.1 strains and other available GI.1 strains in GenBank were performed. Average pairwise identities were calculated at 95.33% and 99.36% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, and only six variable amino acid sites were found during its 36-years' evolution process. GI.1 strains could be further phylogenetically divided into four clusters with an approximate temporal evolution pattern, and local strains belonged to Cluster-d with other four strains from China and Japan. In summary, SaV was identified as an etiological agent responsible for sporadic gastroenteritis in Guangzhou with a low prevalence rate as in other Chinese cities, but its high genetic diversity suggested the necessity of continuous SaV surveillance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ruimin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yonglai Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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24
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Shulzhenko N, Dong X, Vyshenska D, Greer RL, Gurung M, Vasquez-Perez S, Peremyslova E, Sosnovtsev S, Quezado M, Yao M, Montgomery-Recht K, Strober W, Fuss IJ, Morgun A. CVID enteropathy is characterized by exceeding low mucosal IgA levels and interferon-driven inflammation possibly related to the presence of a pathobiont. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:139-153. [PMID: 30240602 PMCID: PMC6289276 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the most common symptomatic primary antibody deficiency, is accompanied in some patients by a duodenal inflammation and malabsorption syndrome known as CVID enteropathy (E-CVID).The goal of this study was to investigate the immunological abnormalities in CVID patients that lead to enteropathy as well as the contribution of intestinal microbiota to this process.We found that, in contrast to noE-CVID patients (without enteropathy), E-CVID patients have exceedingly low levels of IgA in duodenal tissues. In addition, using transkingdom network analysis of the duodenal microbiome, we identified Acinetobacter baumannii as a candidate pathobiont in E-CVID. Finally, we found that E-CVID patients exhibit a pronounced activation of immune genes and down-regulation of epithelial lipid metabolism genes. We conclude that in the virtual absence of mucosal IgA, pathobionts such as A. baumannii, may induce inflammation that re-directs intestinal molecular pathways from lipid metabolism to immune processes responsible for enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Dariia Vyshenska
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Renee L Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Manoj Gurung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | | | | - Martha Quezado
- Surgical Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Yao
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Kim Montgomery-Recht
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute,United States
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ivan J Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
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25
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Supadej K, Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Malasao R, Chaimongkol N, Saito M, Oshitani H, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Distribution of norovirus and sapovirus genotypes with emergence of NoV GII.P16/GII.2 recombinant strains in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Med Virol 2018; 91:215-224. [PMID: 29995327 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) are recognized as the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis, and NoV is one of the leading pathogens reported worldwide. This study reports on the distribution of NoV and SaV genotypes in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from January 2015 to February 2017. From a total of 843 stool samples, 170 (20.2%) and 16 (1.9%) were identified as having NoV and SaV infections, respectively. Two samples (0.2%) were positive for both NoV and SaV. Of these, NoV GII.4 (57.2%) was the dominant genotype, followed by GII.2, GII.3, GII.17, GII.6, GII.7, GII.13, GII.14, GII.15, GII.21, GI.6, and GI.5. Among the NoV GII.4 variants, Sydney 2012 was the dominant variant during the period 2015-2016, while the other variants detected in this study were Asia 2003 and New Orleans 2009. Interestingly, an increase of NoV GII.2 was observed in 2016 and 2017. Characterization of partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and VP1 nucleotide sequences of GII.2 strains revealed that more than half of the GII.2 strains circulating in 2016 and 2017 were recombinant strains of GII.P16/GII.2. For SaV, the majority of strains belonged to GI.1 (55.6%) and GI.2 (33.3%), while GII.5 accounted for 11.1%. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the diversity of NoV and SaV, and the emergence of NoV GII.P16/GII.2 recombinant strains in 2016 and 2017 in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanittapon Supadej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Malasao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Natthawan Chaimongkol
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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26
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A Multiplex PCR/LDR Assay for Viral Agents of Diarrhea with the Capacity to Genotype Rotavirus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13215. [PMID: 30181651 PMCID: PMC6123451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus and noroviruses are major causes of diarrhea. Variable rotavirus vaccination efficacy in Africa and Asia is multifactorial, including the diversity of circulating strains and viral co-infection. We describe a multiplexed assay that detects and genotypes viruses from stool specimens. It includes a one-step reverse transcriptase PCR reaction, a ligase detection reaction (LDR), then hybridization of fluorescent products to micro-beads. In clinical samples it detects rotavirus, caliciviruses (sapovirus and norovirus), mixed infections, and genotypes or genogroups of rotaviruses and noroviruses, respectively. The assay also has the capacity to detect hepatitis A. The assay was validated on reference isolates and 296 stool specimens from the US and Ghana. The assay was 97% sensitive and 100% specific. The genogroup was concordant in 100% of norovirus, and the genotype in 91% and 89% of rotavirus G- and P-types, respectively. Two rare rotavirus strains, G6P[6] and G6P[8], were detected in stool specimens from Ghana. The high-throughput assay is sensitive, specific, and may be of utility in the epidemiological surveillance for rare and emerging viral strains post-rotavirus vaccine implementation.
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27
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Wang MD J, Li PhD Y, Kong MD X, Li PhD H, Zhang BA Q, Jin PhD M, Wang PhD Y, Duan PhD Z. Two gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by sapovirus in Shenzhen, China. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1695-1702. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang MD
- College of Food Science and TechnologyShanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China
| | - Yuan Li PhD
- Shenzhen Baoan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Xiangxu Kong MD
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China
| | - Huiying Li PhD
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China
| | - Qing Zhang BA
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China
| | - Miao Jin PhD
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China
| | - Yongjie Wang PhD
- College of Food Science and TechnologyShanghai Ocean UniversityShanghai China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and PreservationMinistry of Agriculture (Shanghai) Shanghai China
| | - Zhaojun Duan PhD
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China
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28
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Diez-Valcarce M, Castro CJ, Marine RL, Halasa N, Mayta H, Saito M, Tsaknaridis L, Pan CY, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Lopez MR, Magaña LC, Ng TFF, Vinjé J. Genetic diversity of human sapovirus across the Americas. J Clin Virol 2018; 104:65-72. [PMID: 29753103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapoviruses are responsible for sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Sapovirus typing protocols have a success rate as low as 43% and relatively few complete sapovirus genome sequences are available to improve current typing protocols. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN To increase the number of complete sapovirus genomes to better understand the molecular epidemiology of human sapovirus and to improve the success rate of current sapovirus typing methods, we used deep metagenomics shotgun sequencing to obtain the complete genomes of 68 sapovirus samples from four different countries across the Americas (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and the US). RESULTS VP1 genotyping showed that all sapovirus sequences could be grouped in the four established genogroups (GI (n = 13), GII (n = 30), GIV (n = 23), GV (n = 2)) that infect humans. They include the near-complete genome of a GI.6 virus and a recently reported novel GII.8 virus. Sequences of the complete RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene could be grouped into three major genetic clusters or polymerase (P) types (GI.P, GII.P and GV.P) with all GIV viruses harboring a GII polymerase. One (GII.P-GII.4) of the new 68 sequences was a recombinant virus with the hotspot between the NS7 and VP1 regions. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of this expanded database of near-complete sapovirus sequences showed several mismatches in the genotyping primers, suggesting opportunities to revisit and update current sapovirus typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel L Marine
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Holger Mayta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Chao-Yang Pan
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leon, Leon, Nicaragua
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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29
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He Z, Liu B, Tao Y, Li C, Xia M, Zhong W, Jiang X, Liu H, Tan M. Norovirus GII.17 Natural Infections in Rhesus Monkeys, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:316-319. [PMID: 28102802 PMCID: PMC5324814 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading viral cause of acute gastroenteritis among humans. During the 2014–15 epidemic season, norovirus GII.17 was detected in rhesus monkeys in China. Genetic, structural, and challenge studies revealed virus mutations and verified the infections. Thus, cross-species transmission may occur, and monkeys may be a virus reservoir.
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30
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Alcalá AC, Pérez K, Blanco R, González R, Ludert JE, Liprandi F, Vizzi E. Molecular detection of human enteric viruses circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela, before rotavirus vaccine implementation. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:6. [PMID: 29483944 PMCID: PMC5822563 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of rotavirus as main etiologic agent of diarrhea has been well documented worldwide, including in Venezuela. However, information about the prevalence of gastrointestinal viruses such as calicivirus, adenovirus and astrovirus is limited and the contribution of other agents as Aichi virus and klassevirus is largely unknown. To explore the etiological spectrum of diarrhea associated with agents other than rotaviruses, 227 stool samples from children under 5 years old with acute gastroenteritis, collected in Valencia (Venezuela) from 2001 to 2005, and previously tested as rotavirus-negative, were analyzed for caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, Aichi viruses, klasseviruses, picobirnaviruses and enteroviruses by specific RT-PCRs. Results At least one viral agent was detected in 134 (59%) of the samples analyzed, mainly from children under 24 months of age and most of them belonging to the lowest socioeconomic status. Overall, enterovirus was identified as the most common viral agent (37.9%), followed by calicivirus (23.3%), adenovirus (11.5%), astrovirus (3.5%), klassevirus (1.3%) and Aichi virus (0.4%), while no picobirnavirus was detected. Klasseviruses were found during 2004 and 2005 and Aichi viruses only in 2005, indicating their circulation in Venezuela; meanwhile, the rest of the viruses were detected during the whole study period. Coinfections with two or more viruses were found in 39 (29.1%) of the infected children, most under 24 months of age. Adenovirus was involved as the coinfecting agent in at least 46.9% of the cases, but no differences concerning socio-demographic variables were observed between the coinfected and the single infected children. Conclusions The results show that various enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, caliciviruses and adenoviruses, accounted for a significant proportion of infantile diarrhea cases in Venezuela before rotavirus vaccine implementation. In addition, emerging viruses as Aichi virus and klassevirus were found, indicating the need to continue monitoring their spreading into the communities. Efforts are needed to develop more accurate methods to identify the major causes of diarrhea and to provide tools for more effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Alcalá
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela.,4Present Address: Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Kriss Pérez
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
| | - Ruth Blanco
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
| | - Rosabel González
- 3Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Juan E Ludert
- Instituto Autónomo de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit-MPPS, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
| | - Esmeralda Vizzi
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
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31
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N. Molecular epidemiology and genotype distributions of noroviruses and sapoviruses in Thailand 2000-2016: A review. J Med Virol 2018; 90:617-624. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
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32
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Romalde JL, Rivadulla E, Varela MF, Barja JL. An overview of 20 years of studies on the prevalence of human enteric viruses in shellfish from Galicia, Spain. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:943-957. [PMID: 29094428 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galicia (NW Spain) has 1490 km of coastline, and its particular topography, characterized by the presence of fiord-like inlets, called rías, with an important primary production, makes this region very favourable for shellfish growth and culture. In fact, Galicia is one of the most important mussel producers in the world. Due to its proximity to cities and villages and the anthropogenic activities in these estuaries, and despite the routine official controls on the bivalve harvesting areas, contamination with material of faecal origin is sometimes possible but, current regulation based on Escherichia coli as an indicator micro-organism has been revealed as useful for bacterial contaminants, this is not the case for enteric viruses. The aim of this review is to offer a picture on the situation of different harvesting areas in Galicia, from a virological standpoint. A recompilation of results obtained in the last 20 years is presented, including not only the data for the well-known agents norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) but also data on emerging viral hazards, including sapovirus (SaV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and aichivirus (AiV). Epidemiological differences related to diverse characteristics of the harvesting areas, viral genotype distribution or epidemiological links between environmental and clinical strains will also be presented and discussed. The presentation of these historical data all together could be useful for future decisions by competent authorities for a better management of shellfish growing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M F Varela
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Hemming-Harlo M, Vesikari T, Uhari M, Renko M, Salminen M, Torcel-Pagnon L, Hartwig S, Simondon F, Bricout H. Sustained High Effectiveness of RotaTeq on Hospitalizations Attributable to Rotavirus-Associated Gastroenteritis During 4 Years in Finland. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:317-323. [PMID: 27760800 PMCID: PMC7107484 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KEY POINTS The effectiveness of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus-associated hospitalization was more than 90% 4 years after introduction into the national immunization program in Finland. A major impact on hospitalization for all-cause gastroenteritis was observed also. BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccination with exclusive use of RotaTeq was added to the National Immunization Programme (NIP) of Finland in September 2009. The objective of our study was to estimate the effectiveness and impact of RotaTeq after 4 years of follow-up. METHODS Between 2009 and 2013, we conducted a prospective surveillance study of children aged <16 years with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and admitted in 2 hospitals in Finland. Rotavirus and other gastroenteritis viruses were detected in stool samples by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effectiveness of RotaTeq was investigated by using a case-control design; wild-type rotavirus-positive children were classified as "cases" and rotavirus-negative children as "controls." Hospital discharge records were used to estimate the impact of RotaTeq on rotavirus-associated AGE (RV-AGE) and all-cause AGE (AC-AGE) hospitalizations of age-eligible children in the NIP by comparing the prevaccination (2001-2006) and post-NIP seasons (2009-2013). RESULTS The crude estimate of the effectiveness of RotaTeq to prevent RV-AGE hospitalization in NIP age-eligible children was 94.4% (95% confidence interval, 79.8%-98.4%). No change in prevalent wild-type rotavirus genotypes was observed. Vaccine-derived rotaviruses were detected in 8% of the children with RV-AGE, with a probable causal association in 2 children. Hospital discharge records revealed that RV-AGE and AC-AGE hospitalizations in children aged <16 years decreased in the two post-NIP seasons by 79% and 58%, respectively, compared to those in the prevaccination seasons. CONCLUSIONS Over 4 years of follow-up, high rotavirus vaccine coverage in the NIP (>95%) has led to a major reduction in RV-AGE and AC-AGE hospitalizations without a resurgence of rotavirus activity. However, rotavirus continues to circulate in older unvaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hemming-Harlo
- Vaccine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Tampere,Corresponding Author: Maria Hemming-Harlo, MD, PhD, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland. E-mail:
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Tampere
| | - Matti Uhari
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Vaccine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Tampere
| | | | | | - Francois Simondon
- IRD UMR 216, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, France
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Neo FJX, Loh JJP, Ting P, Yeo WX, Gao CQH, Lee VJM, Tan BH, Ng CG. Outbreak of caliciviruses in the Singapore military, 2015. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:719. [PMID: 29137606 PMCID: PMC5686888 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From 31 August to 9 September 2015, a total of 150 military personnel at a military institution in Singapore were infected with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) with an attack rate of approximately 3%. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of the outbreak, investigate its origins, and discuss measures to prevent future occurrences. Methods After the AGE outbreak was declared on 31 August 2015, symptom surveys, hygiene inspections, and the testing of water, food, and stool samples were initiated. We collected 86 stool samples from AGE cases and 58 samples from food-handlers during the course of the outbreak and these stool samples were tested for 8 bacterial pathogens and 2 viral pathogens (i.e., norovirus and sapovirus). Results We detected Sapovirus (SaV), group I Norovirus (NoV GI) and group II Norovirus (NoV GII) from the stool samples of AGE cases. Further sequence analyses showed that the AGE outbreak in August was caused mainly by three rarely reported calicivirus novel genotypes: NoV GI.7, NoV GII.17 and SaV GII.3. Control measures implemented focused on the escalation of personal and environmental hygiene, which included the separation of affected and unaffected soldiers, enforcement of rigorous hand-washing and hygiene, raising awareness of food and water safety, and disinfection of communal areas with bleach. Conclusions This study identified both NoV and SaV as the causative agents for an AGE outbreak at a Singapore military camp in August 2015. This study is also the first to report SaV as one of the main causative agents, highlighting the importance of caliciviruses as causative agents of AGE outbreaks in the Singapore military. As there are no commercially available vaccines against caliciviruses, strict personal hygiene and proper disinfection of environmental surfaces remain crucial to prevent calicivirus outbreak and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Jun Xian Neo
- DSO National Laboratories, 27, Medical Drive, #09-01, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Jin Phang Loh
- DSO National Laboratories, 27, Medical Drive, #09-01, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Peijun Ting
- DSO National Laboratories, 27, Medical Drive, #09-01, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin Yeo
- HQ Medical Corps, Singapore Armed Forces, HQ Medical Corps, 701 Transit Road #04-01, Singapore, 778910, Singapore
| | - Christine Qiu Han Gao
- HQ Medical Corps, Singapore Armed Forces, HQ Medical Corps, 701 Transit Road #04-01, Singapore, 778910, Singapore
| | - Vernon Jian Ming Lee
- HQ Medical Corps, Singapore Armed Forces, HQ Medical Corps, 701 Transit Road #04-01, Singapore, 778910, Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- DSO National Laboratories, 27, Medical Drive, #09-01, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Ching Ging Ng
- DSO National Laboratories, 27, Medical Drive, #09-01, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
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Zhang D, Tan M, Zhong W, Xia M, Huang P, Jiang X. Human intestinal organoids express histo-blood group antigens, bind norovirus VLPs, and support limited norovirus replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12621. [PMID: 28974702 PMCID: PMC5626734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Through pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology, human intestinal organoids (HIOs) with remarkably similarity to the fetal intestine in cellular composition, architecture, and absorptive/secretory functions have been successfully developed, providing a useful in vitro model system to study the structure and function of human congenital gut and intestinally related diseases. We report here the usefulness of HIOs as a model system to study intestinal carbohydrate expression, virus-host interaction, and replication of human noroviruses (huNoVs). We found that fully developed HIOs express effectively various types 1 and 2 HBGAs, including Lewis, secretor, and nonsecretor antigens, distributing on the glycocalyx. Selected huNoV-like particles (VLPs) bound the glycocalyx of HIOs with matched HBGA phenotypes. Using GII.4 huNoV positive stool filtrates, we demonstrated limited huNoV replication in HIOs with corresponding HBGAs through detection of viral RNAs by RT-PCR and capsid antigens by immunostaining methods. Our data suggested that, after further improvements, HIOs can be a useful model to study intestinal glycan expression, huNoV-intestine interaction, and huNoV infection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Barry AF, Durães-Carvalho R, Oliveira-Filho EF, Alfieri AA, Van der Poel WHM. High-resolution phylogeny providing insights towards the epidemiology, zoonotic aspects and taxonomy of sapoviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:8-13. [PMID: 28951203 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The evolution, epidemiology and zoonotic aspects of Sapoviruses (SaV) are still not well explored. In this study, we applied high-resolution phylogeny to investigate the epidemiological and zoonotic origins as well as taxonomic classification of animal and human SaV. Bayesian framework analyses showed an increase in porcine SaV (PoSaV) population dynamics and genetic diversity between 1975 and 1982, resulting in a SaV gene flow and generation of new strains among porcine and human populations. Our results also show the contribution of different animal populations involved in SaV epidemiology and highlight zoonotic aspects, as exemplified by the crucial role that swine, dogs, mink and humans play in SaV spread. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats may play key role in SaV epidemiology. According to our hypothesis, these animals may act as reservoirs or intermediate host species, contributing to viral spread in zoonotic and other epidemiological scenarios and facilitating the generation of new SaV genogroups and genotypes through recombination events. Data from large-scale phylogeny partition based on patristic distance, did not show a correlation between transmission clusters on generation of SaV genogroups, nevertheless we present both important findings about SaV taxonomy and important considerations useful for further taxonomical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Barry
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, PO Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R Durães-Carvalho
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - E F Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | - A A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, PO Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - W H M Van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Department of Virology, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Kuroda M, Masuda T, Ito M, Naoi Y, Doan YH, Haga K, Tsuchiaka S, Kishimoto M, Sano K, Omatsu T, Katayama Y, Oba M, Aoki H, Ichimaru T, Sunaga F, Mukono I, Yamasato H, Shirai J, Katayama K, Mizutani T, Oka T, Nagai M. Genetic diversity and intergenogroup recombination events of sapoviruses detected from feces of pigs in Japan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:209-217. [PMID: 28923281 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaV) are enteric viruses infecting humans and animals. SaVs are highly diverse and are divided into multiple genogroups based on structural protein (VP1) sequences. SaVs detected from pigs belong to eight genogroups (GIII, GV, GVI, GVII, GVIII, GIX, GX, and GXI), but little is known about the SaV genogroup distribution in the Japanese pig population. In the present study, 26 nearly complete genome (>6000 nucleotide: nt) and three partial sequences (2429nt, 4364nt, and 4419nt in length, including the entire VP1 coding region) of SaV were obtained from one diarrheic and 15 non-diarrheic porcine feces in Japan via a metagenomics approach. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 amino acid sequence (aa) revealed that 29 porcine SaVs were classified into seven genogroups; GIII (11 strains), GV (1 strain), GVI (3 strains), GVII (6 strains), GVIII (1 strain), GX (3 strains), and GXI (4 strains). This manuscript presents the first nearly complete genome sequences of GX and GXI, and demonstrates novel intergenogroup recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moegi Kuroda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Minato, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Ichimaru
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan
| | - Fujiko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Itsuro Mukono
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasato
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Minato, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan.
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First complete genome sequences of genogroup V, genotype 3 porcine sapoviruses: common 5'-terminal genomic feature of sapoviruses. Virus Genes 2017. [PMID: 28643180 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaVs) are enteric viruses and have been detected in various mammals. They are divided into multiple genogroups and genotypes based on the entire major capsid protein (VP1) encoding region sequences. In this study, we determined the first complete genome sequences of two genogroup V, genotype 3 (GV.3) SaV strains detected from swine fecal samples, in combination with Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the libraries prepared from viral RNA and PCR products. The lengths of the viral genome (7494 nucleotides [nt] excluding polyA tail) and short 5'-untranslated region (14 nt) as well as two predicted open reading frames are similar to those of other SaVs. The amino acid differences between the two porcine SaVs are most frequent in the central region of the VP1-encoding region. A stem-loop structure which was predicted in the first 41 nt of the 5'-terminal region of GV.3 SaVs and the other available complete genome sequences of SaVs may have a critical role in viral genome replication. Our study provides complete genome sequences of rarely reported GV.3 SaV strains and highlights the common 5'-terminal genomic feature of SaVs detected from different mammalian species.
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Novel highly divergent sapoviruses detected by metagenomics analysis in straw-colored fruit bats in Cameroon. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e38. [PMID: 28536431 PMCID: PMC5520483 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaVs) belong to the Sapovirus genus, in the family Caliciviridae. They have been associated with gastroenteritis in humans and in pigs but not in other animals. In addition, some strains from pigs, chimpanzees and rodents show close sequence identity with human SaVs thereby suggesting the possibility of interspecies transmissions. Bats are known to be a major reservoir of zoonotic viruses, however, very little is known about the genetic diversity of SaVs in bats. To explore the genetic diversity of bat SaVs, fecal samples of Eidolon helvum and Epomophorus gambianus were treated according to the NetoVIR protocol and sequenced by Illumina technology. Nearly complete genome sequences of six highly divergent SaVs and one partial SaV (only VP1 region) were identified in Eidolon helvum and based on sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis, they potentially represent two novel genogroups, only distantly related to known SaVs. Furthermore, comparing these sequences with currently used screening primers and probes indicated that the novel SaVs would not be detected in routine epidemiological screening studies in humans in case an interspecies transmission would occur. Therefore, we designed and validated new primers that can detect both human and bat SaVs. In this study, we identified multiple novel bat SaVs, however, further epidemiological studies in humans are needed to unravel their potential role in gastroenteritis.
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40
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Li J, Shen Q, Zhang W, Zhao T, Li Y, Jiang J, Yu X, Guo Z, Cui L, Hua X. Genomic organization and recombination analysis of a porcine sapovirus identified from a piglet with diarrhea in China. Virol J 2017; 14:57. [PMID: 28302145 PMCID: PMC5356244 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sapovirus (SaV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in humans and pigs. To date, both intra- and inter-genogroup recombinant strains have been reported in many countries except for China. Here, we report an intra-genogroup recombination of porcine SaV identified from a piglet with diarrhea of China. Methods A fecal sample from a 15-day-old piglet with diarrhea was collected from Shanghai, China. Common agents of gastroenteritis including porcine circovirus type 2, porcine rotavirus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine SaV, porcine norovirus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus were detected by RT-PCR or PCR method. The complete genome of porcine SaV was then determined by RT-PCR method. Phylogenetic analyses based on the structural region and nonstructural (NS) region were carried out to group this SaV strain, and it was divided into different genotypes based on these two regions. Recombination analysis based on the genomic sequence was further performed to confirm this recombinant event and locate the breakpoint. Results All of the agents showed negative results except for SaV. Analysis of the complete genome sequence showed that this strain was 7387 nt long with two ORFs and belonged to SaV GIII. Phylogenetic analyses of the structural region (complete VP1 nucleotide sequences) grouped this strain into GIII-3, whereas of the nonstructural region (RdRp nucleotide sequences) grouped this strain into GIII-2. Recombination analysis based on the genomic sequence confirmed this recombinant event and identified two parental strains that were JJ259 (KT922089, GIII-2) and CH430 (KF204570, GIII-3). The breakpoint located at position 5139 nt of the genome (RdRp-capsid junction region). Etiologic analysis showed the fecal sample was negative with the common agents of gastroenteritis, except for porcine SaV, which suggested that this recombinant strain might lead to this piglet diarrhea. Conclusions P2 strain was an intra-genogroup recombinant porcine SaV. To the best of our knowledge, this study would be the first report that intra-genogroup recombination of porcine SaV infection was identified in pig herd in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Quan Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xiangqian Yu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Zhibo Guo
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Agriculture Service, Shanghai, 201202, China
| | - Li Cui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Oka T, Doan YH, Haga K, Mori K, Ogawa T, Yamazaki A. Genetic Characterization of Rare Genotype GII.5 Sapovirus Strain Detected from a Suspected Food-Borne Gastroenteritis Outbreak among Adults in Japan in 2010. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:223-224. [PMID: 28003604 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Decrease of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis to a Low Level Without Resurgence for Five Years After Universal RotaTeq Vaccination in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:1304-1308. [PMID: 27455440 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination with RotaTeq was introduced into National Immunization Programme (NIP) of Finland in September 2009. We have previously reported the reduction of RV gastroenteritis (GE) cases in the first 2 years after RV vaccination in NIP in Finland. METHODS In Tampere University Hospital, a 2-year survey of acute GE (AGE) in children was conducted before NIP in the years 2006 to 2008. This was followed by a similar prospective survey in years 2009 to 2011 and now extended to years 2012 to 2014. Stool samples from children examined in the hospital for AGE were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for RV and norovirus, and positive samples were typed by sequencing. RESULTS The proportion of RVGE of all AGE cases decreased from 52% (421 of 809 cases) in pre-NIP years to 26% (86 of 330 cases) in post-NIP years 2009 to 2011 falling to 12% (40 of 347 cases) in 2012 and 2014. The hospitalizations for RVGE were reduced by 90% and the outpatient clinic visits also by 90% in 2012 to 2014, compared with pre-NIP year; all AGE cases were reduced by 59%. Norovirus was a major causative agent of AGE in the post-NIP period, accounting for 34% of the cases in 2009 to 2011 and 29% in 2012 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS RV vaccination in NIP has led to a major reduction of RVGE cases seen in hospital with no resurgence in 5 years after NIP. A high coverage of RV vaccination will maintain RV activity at a low level but not eliminate wild-type RV circulation.
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Zhou X, Sun Y, Shang X, Gao J, Zhao X, Shuai H, Zhang R, Zhang Y. Complete genome sequence of a sapovirus from a child in Zhejiang, China. Virus Genes 2016; 52:706-10. [PMID: 27122130 PMCID: PMC5002278 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although Sapovirus (Caliciviridae) has been accepted as one of the causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the whole genome of sapoviruses in China, especially those that infect humans. Here we report the complete genome sequence of a sapovirus strain, Human/Zhejiang1/2015/China, obtained from a child with acute gastroenteritis in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Samples were collected and delivered to the CDC laboratories and were detected by RT-PCR. Sanger sequencing was used to obtain the full genome and molecular characterization of the genome was determined. A phylogenetic analysis of the genome was also performed. The results indicated that Human/Zhejiang1/2015/China belongs to Genogroup I. No recombination events were detected. This is the first complete sequence from a child to be reported in China. The sequence information is important for surveillance of this emerging gastrointestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhou
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Shang
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiqun Shuai
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Xiacheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China.
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The prevalence of enteric RNA viruses in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic people in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Arch Virol 2016; 162:117-128. [PMID: 27686073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Southwestern Alberta is a region of Canada that has high rates of enteritis as well as high densities of livestock. The presence of enteric RNA viruses, specifically norovirus (NoV) GI, GII, GIII, GIV; sapovirus (SaV); rotavirus (RV); and astrovirus (AstV), was evaluated in stools from diarrheic (n = 2281) and non-diarrheic (n = 173) people over a 1-year period in 2008 and 2009. Diarrheic individuals lived in rural (46.6 %) and urban (53.4 %) settings and ranged in age from less than 1 month to 102 years, and the highest prevalence of infection in these individuals was in November. In all, viruses were detected in diarrheic stools from 388 individuals (17.0 %). NoV GII was the most frequently detected virus (8.0 %; n = 182) followed by SaV (4.3 %; n = 97), RV (2.0 %; n = 46), AstV (1.8 %; n = 42), NoV GI (0.9 %; n = 20), and NoV GIV (0.1 %; n = 1). Animal NoV GIII was never detected. The prevalence of mixed viral infections in diarrheic individuals was 2.8 % (n = 11). Children from 1 to 5 years of age accounted for the highest prevalence of positive stools, followed by the elderly individuals (≥70 years). Only NoV GII (1.2 %; n = 2) and SaV (1.2 %; n = 2) were detected in stools from non-diarrheic people. Sequence analysis of a subset of stools revealed homology to NoV, SaV and RV sequences from humans but not to strains from non-human animals. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that viruses of animal origin have a significant impact on the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis caused by RNA enteric viruses in people living in southwestern Alberta.
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Varela MF, Hooper AS, Rivadulla E, Romalde JL. Human Sapovirus in Mussels from Ría do Burgo, A Coruña (Spain). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:187-193. [PMID: 27156175 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and genetical diversity of human Sapovirus were studied during an 18-month study in Ría do Burgo, an estuary nearby the city of A Coruña in Galicia (NW Spain). Sapovirus was detected using RT-qPCR procedure in 30 out of 80 mussel samples (37.5 %). Quantifications ranged from 2.2 × 10(3) to 2.1 × 10(5) RNA copies per gram of digestive tissue. Detection occurred mainly during the cold and rainy seasons of the period studied. Sequences obtained could be distributed into 5 genotypes being the most abundant GI.1 and GI.3. Results obtained indicate that the hydrodynamic characteristics of the harvesting area and the proximity of population density clearly influence the presence of the virus in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Varela
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Annalise S Hooper
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sisay Z, Djikeng A, Berhe N, Belay G, Abegaz WE, Wang QH, Saif LJ. First detection and molecular characterization of sapoviruses and noroviruses with zoonotic potential in swine in Ethiopia. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2739-47. [PMID: 27424025 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs), which belong to the family Caliciviridae, are important human and animal enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential. In Ethiopia, no study has been done on the epidemiology of animal NoVs and SaVs. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize NoVs and SaVs from swine of various ages. Swine fecal samples (n = 117) were collected from commercial farms in Ethiopia. The samples were screened for caliciviruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using universal and genogroup-specific primer pairs. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using a portion of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region and the VP1 region of genome sequences of caliciviruses. Among 117 samples, potential caliciviruses were detected by RT-PCR in 17 samples (14.5 %). Of the RT-PCR-positive fecal samples, four were sequenced, of which two were identified as human NoV GII.1 and the other two as porcine SaV GIII. The porcine SaV strains that were detected were genetically related to the porcine enteric calicivirus Cowden strain genogroup III (GIII), which is the prototype porcine SaV strain. No porcine NoVs were detected. Our results showed the presence of NoVs in swine that are most similar to human strains. These findings have important implications for NoV epidemiology and food safety. Therefore, continued surveillance of NoVs in swine is needed to define their zoonotic potential, epidemiology and public and animal health impact. This is the first study to investigate enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) in swine in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Sisay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock, Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Nega Berhe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo University Hospital-Ulleval, Oslo, Nornway
| | - Gurja Belay
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Q H Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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Sisay Z, Djikeng A, Berhe N, Belay G, Gebreyes W, Abegaz WE, Njahira MN, Wang QH, Saif LJ. Prevalence and molecular characterization of human noroviruses and sapoviruses in Ethiopia. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2169-82. [PMID: 27193022 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major public health problem worldwide. In Ethiopia, very limited studies have been done on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic viruses. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) from acute gastroenteritis patients of all ages. Fecal samples were collected from diarrheic patients (n = 213) in five different health centers in Addis Ababa during June-September 2013. The samples were screened for caliciviruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using universal and genogroup-specific primer pairs. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the sequences of the PCR products. Of the clinical samples, 25.3 % and 4.2 % were positive for NoV and SaV RNA, respectively. Among the norovirus positives, 22 were sequenced further, and diverse norovirus strains were identified: GI (n = 4), GII (n = 17) and GIV (n = 1). Most strains were GII (n = 17/22: 77.2 %), which were further divided into three different genotypes (GII.4, GII.12/GII.g recombinant-like and GII.17), with GII.17 being the dominant (7/17) strain detected. GI noroviruses, in particular GI.4 (n = 1), GI.5 (n = 2) and GI.8 (n = 1), were also detected and characterized. The GIV strain detected is the first from East Africa. The sapoviruses sequenced were also the first reported from Ethiopia. Collectively, this study showed the high burden and diversity of noroviruses and circulation of sapoviruses in diarrheic patients in Ethiopia. Continued surveillance to assess their association with diarrhea is needed to define their epidemiology, disease burden, and impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Sisay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O.Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Nega Berhe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gurja Belay
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moses N Njahira
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O.Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Q H Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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Murray TY, Nadan S, Page NA, Taylor MB. Diverse sapovirus genotypes identified in children hospitalised with gastroenteritis in selected regions of South Africa. J Clin Virol 2016; 76:24-9. [PMID: 26803285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapoviruses (SaVs) are recognised as causative agents of gastroenteritis worldwide. However, data on the genetic diversity of this virus in Africa are lacking, particularly in the form of current long-term studies. OBJECTIVE To determine the genetic diversity of SaVs in children hospitalised with gastroenteritis in South Africa (SA). STUDY DESIGN From April 2009 to December 2013, SaVs were characterised from stool specimens from children hospitalised with gastroenteritis in four provinces of SA. RESULTS Fourteen different SaV genotypes were identified from the 221 strains that were characterised. Genogroup (G) IV predominated overall and was detected in 24% (53/221) of specimens. The other identified genotypes included six belonging to GI (GI.1-GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, and GI.7) and seven belonging to GII (GII.1-GII.7). CONCLUSION This study has provided the first comprehensive data on the genetic diversity of SaVs in a clinical setting in SA, contributing to the global knowledge of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Y Murray
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Sandrama Nadan
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Nicola A Page
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 Pretoria, South Africa.
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Iritani N, Yamamoto SP, Abe N, Kubo H, Oka T, Kaida A. Epidemics of GI.2 sapovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks during 2012-2013 in Osaka City, Japan. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1187-93. [PMID: 26684081 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans in both sporadic cases and outbreaks. During the period from January 2005 to August 2014, SaV was detected in 30 (5.9%) of 510 gastroenteritis outbreaks in Osaka City, Japan using real-time RT-PCR. Seasonal distribution of SaV-associated outbreaks revealed an increase during the 2011-2012 season and the highest frequency of outbreaks during the 2012-2013 season. Genotyping analysis based on the capsid region demonstrated that the most common genotype was GI.2 (36.7%), in which the strains were closely related. The comparison of complete capsid gene sequences with 18 GI.2 strains (7 strains in this study and 11 from GenBank) between 1990 and 2013 showed that GI.2 strains were classified into at least three genetic clusters (1990-2000, 2004-2007, and 2008-2013) with chronologically unique amino acid residues and accumulation of mutations in the predicted P domain, suggesting the one of the causes of emergence and spread of GI.2 strains. This study will also be helpful for understanding the evolutionary mechanism of the SaV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Iritani
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji P Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Niichiro Abe
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Molecular Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Infections. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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