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Carrio R, Zhang G, Drake DR, Schanen BC. A novel dendritic cell-based direct ex vivo assay for detection and enumeration of circulating antigen-specific human T cells. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1325-1335. [PMID: 29736810 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a variety of assays have been used to examine T cell responses in vitro, standardized ex vivo detection of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells from human circulatory PBMCs remains constrained by low-dimensional characterization outputs and the need for polyclonal, mitogen-induced expansion methods to generate detectable response signals. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel methodology utilizing antigen-pulsed autologous human dendritic target cells in a rapid and sensitive assay to accurately enumerate antigen-specific CD4+ T cell precursor frequency by multiparametric flow cytometry. With this approach, we demonstrate the ability to reproducibly quantitate poly-functional T cell responses following both primary and recall antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, this approach enables more comprehensive phenotypic profiling of circulating antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, providing valuable insights into the pre-existing polarization of antigen-specific T cells in humans. Combined, this approach permits sensitive and detailed ex vivo detection of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells delivering an important tool for advancing vaccine, immune-oncology and other therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carrio
- Sanofi Pasteur, VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Drive Suite 300, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Sanofi Pasteur, VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Drive Suite 300, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Donald R Drake
- Sanofi Pasteur, VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Drive Suite 300, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Brian C Schanen
- Sanofi Pasteur, VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Drive Suite 300, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
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2
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Lone AG, Selinger LB, Uwiera RRE, Xu Y, Inglis GD. Campylobacter jejuni colonization is associated with a dysbiosis in the cecal microbiota of mice in the absence of prominent inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75325. [PMID: 24066174 PMCID: PMC3774657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni causes enterocolitis in humans, but does not incite disease in asymptomatic carrier animals. To survive in the intestine, C. jejuni must successfully compete with the microbiota and overcome the host immune defense. Campylobacter jejuni colonization success varies considerably amongst individual mice, and we examined the degree to which the intestinal microbiota was affected in mice (i.e. a model carrier animal) colonized by C. jejuni at high relative to low densities. Methods Mice were inoculated with C. jejuni or buffer, and pathogen shedding and intestinal colonization were measured. Histopathologic scoring and quantification of mRNA expression for α-defensins, toll-like receptors, and cytokine genes were conducted. Mucosa-associated bacterial communities were characterized by two approaches: multiplexed barcoded pyrosequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results Two C. jejuni treatments were established based on the degree of cecal and colonic colonization; C. jejuni Group A animals were colonized at high cell densities, and C. jejuni Group B animals were colonized at lower cell densities. Histological examination of cecal and colonic tissues indicated that C. jejuni did not incite visible pathologic changes. Although there was no significant difference among treatments in expression of mRNA for α-defensins, toll-like receptors, or cytokine genes, a trend for increased expression of toll-like receptors and cytokine genes was observed for C. jejuni Group A. The results of the two methods to characterize bacterial communities indicated that the composition of the cecal microbiota of C. jejuni Group A mice differed significantly from C. jejuni Group B and Control mice. This difference was due to a reduction in load, diversity and richness of bacteria associated with the cecal mucosa of C. jejuni Group A mice. Conclusions High density colonization by C. jejuni is associated with a dysbiosis in the cecal microbiota independent of prominent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G. Lone
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - L. Brent Selinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Label-free microcavity biosensors: steps towards personalized medicine. SENSORS 2012; 12:17262-94. [PMID: 23443397 PMCID: PMC3571837 DOI: 10.3390/s121217262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine has the potential to improve our ability to maintain health and treat disease, while ameliorating continuously rising healthcare costs. Translation of basic research findings to clinical applications within regulatory compliance is required for personalized medicine to become the new foundation for practice of medicine. Deploying even a few of the thousands of potential diagnostic biomarkers identified each year as part of personalized treatment workflows requires clinically efficient biosensor technologies to monitor multiple biomarkers in patients in real time. This paper discusses a critical component of a regulatory system, a microcavity optical biosensor for label-free monitoring of biomolecular interactions at physiologically-relevant concentrations. While most current biosensor research focuses on improving sensitivity, this paper emphasizes other characteristics a biosensor technology requires to be practical in a clinical setting, presenting robust microcavity biosensors which are easy to manufacture and integrate with microfluidics into flexible and redesignable platforms making the microcavity biosensors deployable for continuous monitoring of biomarkers in body fluids in the clinic, in dense 2D random arrays for high-throughput applications like drug-library screening in interactomics, and of the secretory behavior of single cells in the laboratory.
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Nakano K, Tsunoda M, Konno N. Tributyltin (TBT) increases TNFα mRNA expression and induces apoptosis in the murine macrophage cell line in vitro. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 9:266-71. [PMID: 21432313 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tributyltin (TBT) compounds have been widely used as antifouling agents for shipbottom paint. The immune system is a target of TBT intoxication. We evaluated the effects of TBT chloride in macrophages, which have critical roles in the immune system, using a murine macrophage lineage cell line, J774.1,in vitro. METHODS We examined tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) andc-jun mRNA expression in J774.1 cells. The effects of TBT on the apoptosis of J774.1 cells were examined by determining the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3 activity. RESULTS The mean values of the viabilities of J774.1 cells exposed to TBT decreased dose-dependently. The relative mRNA expression of TNFα increased dose-dependently, however, that of IL-1β was not significantly different among the groups. The mean percentage of TUNEL-positive cells increased dose-dependently. Increases in the caspase-3 activities of J774.1 cells were observed in the groups exposed to higher concentrations of TBT. The mean value of relative mRNA expression of c-Jun transcription factor increased dose-dependently. CONCLUSIONS The increases in the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and in caspase-3 activity suggested that exposure to TBT induces apoptosis of J774.1 cells. The increases in the mRNA expression of TNFα andc-jun by TBT may be related to apoptosis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakano
- Fukushima Prefecture Ken-poku Public Health and Welfare Office, Fukushima, Japan
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Musikacharoen T, Bandow K, Kakimoto K, Kusuyama J, Onishi T, Yoshikai Y, Matsuguchi T. Functional involvement of dual specificity phosphatase 16 (DUSP16), a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-specific phosphatase, in the regulation of T helper cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24896-905. [PMID: 21613215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells differentiate into distinct subsets of effector cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced regulatory T cells (iTreg)) expressing different sets of cytokines upon encounter with presented foreign antigens. It has been well established that Th1/Th2 balance is critical for the nature of the following immune responses. Previous reports have demonstrated important roles of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Th1/Th2 balance, whereas the regulatory mechanisms of JNK activity in Th cells have not been elucidated. Here, we show that dual specificity phosphatase 16 (DUSP16, also referred to as MKP-M or MKP-7), which preferentially inactivates JNK, is selectively expressed in Th2 cells. In the in vitro differentiation assay of naïve CD4(+) cells, DUSP16 expression is up-regulated during Th2 differentiation and down-regulated during Th1 differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed the increased acetylation of histone H3/H4 at the dusp16 gene promoter in CD4(+) T cells under the Th2 condition. Adenoviral transduction of naïve CD4(+) T cells with DUSP16 resulted in increased mRNA expression of IL-4 and GATA-3 in Th2 and decreased expression of IFNγ and T-bet in Th1 differentiation. In contrast, transduction of a dominant negative form of DUSP16 had the reverse effects. Furthermore, upon immunization, T cell-specific dusp16 transgenic mice produced antigen-specific IgG2a at lower amounts, whereas DN dusp16 transgenic mice produced higher amounts of antigen-specific IgG2a accompanied by decreased amounts of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE than those of control mice. Together, these data suggest the functional role of DUSP16 in Th1/Th2 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipayaratn Musikacharoen
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Morishima N, Mizoguchi I, Takeda K, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. TGF-beta is necessary for induction of IL-23R and Th17 differentiation by IL-6 and IL-23. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:105-10. [PMID: 19501566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta and IL-6 induce Th17 differentiation, and IL-23 is required for expansion and maintenance of Th17 cells. Recently, it was shown that IL-6 up-regulates IL-23R mRNA in naive CD4+ T cells and therefore IL-6 and IL-23 synergistically promote Th17 differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism whereby IL-6 and IL-23 induce Th17 differentiation and the relevance to TGF-beta remain unknown. Here, we found that IL-6 up-regulated IL-23R mRNA expression, and IL-6 and IL-23 synergistically augmented its protein expression. The combination induced Th17 differentiation, and TGF-beta1 further enhanced it. IL-6 augmented endogenous TGF-beta1 mRNA expression, whereas the amount of TGF-beta produced was not enough to induce Th17 differentiation by IL-6 alone. However, unexpectedly, the up-regulation of IL-23R and induction of Th17 differentiation by IL-6 and IL-23 were almost completely inhibited by anti-TGF-beta. These results suggest that the induction of IL-23R and Th17 differentiation by IL-6 and IL-23 is mediated through endogenously produced TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Morishima
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Li J, Jin H, Zhang F, Du X, Zhao G, Yu Y, Wang B. Treatment of autoimmune ovarian disease by co-administration with mouse zona pellucida protein 3 and DNA vaccine through induction of adaptive regulatory T cells. J Gene Med 2008; 10:810-20. [PMID: 18452236 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) caused by auto-reactive T cells is considered a major reason for human premature ovarian failure, which affects 5% of women worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS To develop an effective treatment for AOD, we showed that the co-administration of mouse zona pellucida protein 3 (mZP3) protein and DNA vaccine encoding the mZP3 was able to meliorate AOD in an AOD murine model induced by the mZP3. We observed that established AOD in mice reverted to a normal ovarian morphology without notable T-cell infiltration in the co-administrated group; whereas mice in the control groups developed severe AOD. The amelioration appears to be antigen specific because other co-administration combinations failed to reverse AOD and correlates with significant reductions of pathogenic T-cell responses and productions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Furthermore, the melioration is apparently associated with the induction of mZP3 specific regulatory T cells that exhibit a phenotypic CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+)IL-10(+) in the co-administrated group, which can be transferred to reverse AOD in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Thus, co-administration of mZP3 DNA and protein vaccines can be used to treat established AOD, and may provide a novel immunotherapy strategy to treat other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Owaki T, Asakawa M, Morishima N, Mizoguchi I, Fukai F, Takeda K, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. STAT3 is indispensable to IL-27-mediated cell proliferation but not to IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2903-11. [PMID: 18292512 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-27, a member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, activates both STAT1 and STAT3 through its receptor, which consists of WSX-1 and gp130 subunits, resulting in augmentation of Th1 differentiation and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production. In the present study, we investigated the role of STAT3 in the IL-27-mediated immune functions. IL-27 induced phosphorylation of STAT1, -2, -3 and -5 in wild-type naive CD4+ T cells, but failed to induce that of STAT3 and STAT5 in STAT3-deficient cohorts. IL-27 induced not only proinflammatory responses including up-regulation of ICAM-1, T-box expressed in T cells, and IL-12Rbeta2 and Th1 differentiation, but also anti-inflammatory responses including suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-13 even in STAT3-deficient naive CD4+ T cells. In contrast, IL-27 augmented c-Myc and Pim-1 expression and induced cell proliferation in wild-type naive CD4+ T cells but not in STAT3-deficient cohorts. Moreover, IL-27 failed to activate STAT3, augment c-Myc and Pim-1 expression, and induce cell proliferation in pro-B BaF/3 transfectants expressing mutant gp130, in which the putative STAT3-binding four Tyr residues in the YXXQ motif of the cytoplasmic region was replaced by Phe. These results suggest that STAT3 is activated through gp130 by IL-27 and is indispensable to IL-27-mediated cell proliferation but not to IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production. Thus, IL-27 may be a cytokine, which activates both STAT1 and STAT3 through distinct receptor subunits, WSX-1 and gp130, respectively, to mediate its individual immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Owaki
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Jin H, Kang Y, Zhao L, Xiao C, Hu Y, She R, Yu Y, Du X, Zhao G, Ng T, Chu HJ, Wang B. Induction of adaptive T regulatory cells that suppress the allergic response by coimmunization of DNA and protein vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5360-72. [PMID: 18390718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-induced immediate hypersensitivity (AIH) is a health issue of significant concern. This robust inflammatory reaction is initiated by the allergen-specific T cell responsiveness. Severe lesion reactions on skin are consequential problem requiring medical treatment. Effective Ag-specific treatments or preventions are lacking. Using a rodent model of AIH induced by flea allergens, we first report that coimmunization of DNA and protein vaccines encoding the flea salivary specific Ag-1 ameliorated experimental AIH, including Ag-induced wheal formation, elevated T cell proliferation, and infiltration of lymphocytes and mast cells to the site of allergen challenge. The amelioration of AIH was directly related to the induction of a specific population of flea antigenic specific T cells exhibiting a CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) phenotype, a characteristic of regulatory T (T(REG)) cells. These T(REG) cells expressing IL-10, IFN-gamma, and the transcriptional factor T-bet after Ag stimulation were driven by a tolerogenic MHC class II(+)/CD40(low) dendritic cell population that was induced by the coimmunization of DNA and protein vaccines. The tolerogenic dendritic cell could educate the naive T cells into CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) T(REG) cells both in vitro and in vivo. The study identified phenomenon to induce an Ag-specific tolerance via a defined Ag vaccinations and lead to the control of AIH. Exploitation of these cellular regulators and understanding their induction provides a basis for the possible development of novel therapies against allergic and related disorders in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Previously unrecognized vaccine candidates control Trypanosoma cruzi infection and immunopathology in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1158-64. [PMID: 18550728 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00144-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, a major health problem in Latin America and an emerging infectious disease in the United States. Previously, we screened a T. cruzi sequence database by a computational-bioinformatic approach and identified antigens that exhibited the characteristics of good vaccine candidates. In this study, we tested the vaccine efficacy of three of the putative candidate antigens against T. cruzi infection and disease in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with T. cruzi G1 (TcG1)-, TcG2-, or TcG4-encoding plasmids and cytokine (interleukin-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) expression plasmids elicited a strong Th1-type antibody response dominated by immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b)/IgG1 isotypes. The dominant IgG2b/IgG1 antibody response was maintained after a challenge infection and was associated with 50 to 90% control of the acute-phase tissue parasite burden and an almost undetectable level of tissue parasites during the chronic phase, as determined by a sensitive T. cruzi 18S rRNA gene-specific real-time PCR approach. Splenocytes from vaccinated-and-infected mice, compared to unvaccinated-and-infected mice, exhibited decreased (approximately 50% lower) proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production when stimulated in vitro with T. cruzi antigens, thus suggesting that protection from challenge infection was not provided by an active T-cell response. Subsequently, the serum and cardiac levels of IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and infiltration of inflammatory infiltrate in the heart were decreased in vaccinated mice during the course of infection and chronic disease development. Taken together, these results demonstrate the identification of novel vaccine candidates that provided protection from T. cruzi-induced immunopathology in experimental mice.
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Ronet C, Voigt H, Himmelrich H, Doucey MA, Hauyon-La Torre Y, Revaz-Breton M, Tacchini-Cottier F, Bron C, Louis J, Launois P. Leishmania major-specific B cells are necessary for Th2 cell development and susceptibility to L. major LV39 in BALB/c mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4825-35. [PMID: 18354206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are considered to play a minimal role in host defense against Leishmania major. In this study, the contribution of B cells to susceptibility to infection with different strains of L. major was investigated in BALB/c mice lacking mature B cells due to the disruption of the IgM transmembrane domain (microMT). Whereas BALB/c microMT remained susceptible to infection with L. major IR173 and IR75, they were partially resistant to infection with L. major LV39. Adoptive transfer of naive B cells into BALB/c microMT mice before infection restored susceptibility to infection with L. major LV39, demonstrating a role for B cells in susceptibility to infection with this parasite. In contrast, adoptive transfer of B cells that express an IgM/IgD specific for hen egg lysozyme (HEL), an irrelevant Ag, did not restore disease progression in BALB/c microMT mice infected with L. major LV39. This finding was likely due to the inability of HEL Tg B cells to internalize and present Leishmania Ags to specific T cells. Furthermore, specific Ig did not contribute to disease progression as assessed by transfer of immune serum in BALB/c microMT mice. These data suggest that direct Ag presentation by specific B cells and not Ig effector functions is involved in susceptibility of BALB/c mice to infection with L. major LV39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ronet
- World Health Organization-Immunology Research and Training Centre, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Yoshimoto T, Yoshimoto T, Yasuda K, Mizuguchi J, Nakanishi K. IL-27 suppresses Th2 cell development and Th2 cytokines production from polarized Th2 cells: a novel therapeutic way for Th2-mediated allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4415-23. [PMID: 17878337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 up-regulates Th1 but down-regulates Th2 responses. However, its molecular mechanism and regulatory effects on polarized Th2 cells remain unclear. In this study, we have revealed that IL-27 inhibits Th2 cell development as well as Th2 cytokines production from already polarized Th2 cells by down-regulation of GATA-3 and up-regulation of T-bet expression simultaneously. In vivo daily IL-27 treatment for 1 wk after Leishmania major infection protects BALB/c mice from footpad swelling by diminishing parasite burden via reciprocal regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses. Furthermore, IL-27 stimulation causes marked reduction in the capacity of host mouse to mount a Th2 response against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Thus, IL-27-treated mice failed to develop intestinal mastocytosis after S. venezuelensis infection and exhibited a marked delay in parasite expulsion. Finally, intranasal administration of IL-27 inhibits OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in OVA-sensitized animals. Thus, IL-27 could provide us with a novel therapeutic way for treating Th2-associated diseases such as bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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ROMERO JF, IBRAHIM GH, RENGGLI J, HIMMELRICH H, GRABER P, CORRADIN G. IL-12p40-independent induction of protective immunity upon multiple Plasmodium berghei irradiated sporozoite immunizations. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:541-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng G, Zhao X, Chen W, Yan W, Liu M, Chen J, Zheng Z. Detection of Differential Expression of Porcine IFN-αSubtypes by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:579-87. [PMID: 17651019 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) multigene family is a new IFN-alpha system in recent research. Characterization of the PoIFN-alpha multigene family has been described in our previous work, and 14 functional PoIFN-alpha genes were detected in the porcine genome. In this study, we designed subtype-specific primers and consensus primers for PoIFN-alpha. The expression of PoIFN-alpha was detected using the two PCR strategies in three systems, namely, poly(I).poly(C)-DEAE-dextran-induced PK15 cells, pseudorabies virus-infected PK15 cells, and infected PK15 cells with an attenuated strain of swine fever virus, respectively. In poly(I).poly(C)-DEAE-dextran-induced PK15 cells, the expression of IFN-alpha2, -alpha3, -alpha4, -alpha8, and -alpha9 after 6-h/24-h inducement in PK15 cells were observed. In pseudorabies virus-infected PK15 cells, the expression of PoIFN-alpha2, -alpha3, -alpha8, -alpha9, -alpha10, and -alpha13 was observed after 6-h/24-h infection, and in the attenuated strain of swine fever virus-infected PK15 cells, upregulation of PoIFN-alpha2, -alpha3, -alpha4, -alpha8, -alpha9, and -alpha10 was detected. The results of realtime quantitative PCR analysis suggested that the expression was time-dependent in pseudorabies virus/poly(I).poly(C)-DEAE-dextran-induced PK15 cells, but in the attenuated swine fever virus-infected PK15 system, the expression level of IFN-alpha subtypes was not obviously time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Yin J, Jin H, Yang F, Ding Z, Huang C, Zhu Q, Wang B. Synergistic Effects of Adjuvants Interferon-γ and Levamisole on DNA Vaccination against Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:288-99. [PMID: 17603845 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are important to protect animals from initial acute viral infection and establishment of chronic infection. Adjuvants for DNA vaccines can influence the balance between humoral and cell-mediated immunities. In this study, a DNA vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) incorporated with chicken interferon(provax-chIFN-gamma) cDNA as a molecular adjuvant and levamisole (LMS) as a chemical adjuvant was tested for its efficacy in protection against NDV lethal challenge. Compared with DNA vaccine alone, the DNA vaccine with provax-chIFN-gamma plus LMS induced significantly higher humoral and cell-mediated responses, as shown by higher levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and T cell proliferation. In addition, the DNA vaccine with provax-chIFN-gamma plus LMS formulation increased the expression of IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-13, suggesting that the effectiveness of the IFN-gamma and LMS formulation is partly due to the enhancement of balanced cytokine production. Furthermore, the two adjuvants yielded 80% protection in chickens against challenge with a lethal dose of the virulent NDV strain. This study demonstrates that the synergistic effects of provax-chIFN-gamma plus LMS as the adjuvants in NDV DNA vaccination could be used to improve protective efficacy in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource, and Application of MOA, College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Launois P, Pingel S, Himmelrich H, Locksley R, Louis J. Different epitopes of the LACK protein are recognized by V beta 4 V alpha 8 CD4+ T cells in H-2b and H-2d mice susceptible to Leishmania major. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1260-6. [PMID: 17890126 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
After inoculation of Leishmania major, a rapid production of IL-4 by LACK-specific CD4+ T cells has been shown to drive Th2 cell development in susceptible mice i.e. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice rendered susceptible by neutralization of IFN-gamma at the onset of infection. Here, we showed that peptide AA 156-173 induced an early IL-4 mRNA expression not only in BALB/c mice but also in resistant B10.D2 mice when IFN-gamma is neutralized. Epitope mapping of LACK protein demonstrated that peptide containing AA 293-305 induced early IL-4 mRNA transcripts in susceptible H-2b mice i.e. BALB/b and resistant C57BL/6 mice when IFN-gamma is neutralized. Stringently, the early IL-4 response to the H-2d (AA 156-173) or the H-2b (AA 293-305) epitopes occurred in V beta 4 V alpha 8 CD4+ T cells from either H-2d or H-2b susceptible mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Launois
- WHO Immunology Research and Training Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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17
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Charmoy M, Megnekou R, Allenbach C, Zweifel C, Perez C, Monnat K, Breton M, Ronet C, Launois P, Tacchini-Cottier F. Leishmania major induces distinct neutrophil phenotypes in mice that are resistant or susceptible to infection. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:288-99. [PMID: 17449725 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0706440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are key components of the inflammatory response contributing to the development of pathogen-specific immune responses. Following infection with Leishmania major, neutrophils are recruited within hours to the site of parasite inoculation. C57BL/6 mice are resistant to infection, and BALB/c mice are susceptible to infection, developing unhealing, inflammatory lesions. In this report, we investigated the expression of cell surface integrins, TLRs, and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines by PMN of both strains of mice, in response to infection with L. major. The parasite was shown to induce CD49d expression in BALB/c-inflammatory PMN, and expression of CD49d remained at basal levels in C57BL/6 PMN. Equally high levels of CD11b were expressed on PMN from both strains. In response to L. major infection, the levels of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 mRNA were significantly higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c PMN. C57BL/6 PMN secreted biologically active IL-12p70 and IL-10. In contrast, L. major-infected BALB/c PMN transcribed and secreted high levels of IL-12p40 but did not secrete biologically active IL-12p70. Furthermore, IL-12p40 was shown not to associate with IL-23 p19 but formed IL-12p40 homodimers with inhibitory activity. No IL-10 was secreted by BALB/c PMN. Thus, following infection with L. major, in C57BL/6 mice, PMN could constitute one of the earliest sources of IL-12, and in BALB/c mice, secretion of IL-12p40 could contribute to impaired, early IL-12 signaling. These distinct PMN phenotypes may thus influence the development of L. major-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Charmoy
- WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, Department of Biochemistry, Epalinges, Switzerland
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18
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Kang Y, Jin H, Zheng G, Du X, Xiao C, Zhang X, Geng S, Li X, Wang J, Chen A, Wang B. Co-inoculation of DNA and protein vaccines induces antigen-specific T cell suppression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 353:1034-9. [PMID: 17204242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunization can sometimes lead to antigen-specific immune suppression. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon by testing several combinations of DNA and protein vaccines directed against various viruses. We find that co-inoculation of mice with combined DNA and protein vaccines induces immune suppression if the two vaccines are "matched" by targeting the same antigen. Conversely, vaccine combinations never lead to immune suppression if they are derived from different viruses and, thus, mismatched antigenically. We have further identified CD4+CD25- T cells as the type of regulatory T cells induced by and are responsible for suppressing T cell activities in an antigen-specific manner in immunized animals. These regulatory T cells are phenotypically unique in their expression of Foxp3, IL-10, and IFN-gamma. Our study thus shows for the first time that co-administration of antigen-matched DNA and protein vaccines can generate this type of adaptive regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmin Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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19
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Owaki T, Asakawa M, Fukai F, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. IL-27 Induces Th1 Differentiation via p38 MAPK/T-bet- and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-Dependent Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:7579-87. [PMID: 17114427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-27, a novel member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, activates both STAT1 and STAT3 through its receptor, which consists of WSX-1 and gp130 subunits, resulting in positive and negative regulations of immune responses. We recently demonstrated that IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation through ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction in a STAT1-dependent, but T-bet-independent mechanism. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms by focusing on p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation was partially inhibited by lack of T-bet expression or by blocking ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction with anti-ICAM-1 and/or anti-LFA-1, and further inhibited by both. Similarly, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or the inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, PD98059, partially suppressed IL-27-induced Th1 differentiation and the combined treatment completely suppressed it. p38 MAPK was then revealed to be located upstream of T-bet, and SB203580, but not PD98059, inhibited T-bet-dependent Th1 differentiation. In contrast, ERK1/2 was shown to be located downstream of ICAM-1/LFA-1, and PD98059, but not SB203580, inhibited ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent Th1 differentiation. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that STAT1 is important for IL-27-induced activation of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, and that IL-27 directly induces mRNA expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45gamma, which is known to mediate activation of p38 MAPK. Finally, IL-12Rbeta2 expression was shown to be up-regulated by IL-27 in both T-bet- and ICAM-1/LFA-1-dependent mechanisms. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-27 induces Th1 differentiation via two distinct pathways, p38 MAPK/T-bet- and ICAM-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-dependent pathways. This is in contrast to IL-12, which induces it via only p38 MAPK/T-bet-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Owaki
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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20
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Vasquez RE, Soong L. CXCL10/gamma interferon-inducible protein 10-mediated protection against Leishmania amazonensis infection in mice. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6769-77. [PMID: 16982826 PMCID: PMC1698098 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01073-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis can cause progressive disease in most inbred strains of mice. We have previously shown that L. amazonensis-infected C57BL/6 mice have profound impairments in expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and in activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. These impairments are independent of interleukin-4 (IL-4) but partially due to IL-10 production. The precise mechanism of pathogenesis associated with L. amazonensis infection remains largely unresolved. Since chemokines are essential mediators of leukocyte recruitment and effector cell function, we hypothesized that these molecules are important for the initiation of early responses locally and for the eventual control of the infection. In this study, we examined the roles of CXCL10/gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the activation of the macrophage effector function in vitro and their efficacy in ameliorating infection in vivo. Bone marrow-derived macrophages of both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were treated with increasing concentrations of recombinant chemokines prior to infection with either stationary-phase promastigotes or tissue-derived amastigotes. We found that treatment with IP-10 or MCP-1 significantly reduced parasite burdens, in a dose-dependent manner, and triggered nitric oxide production. When susceptible C57BL/6 mice were injected locally with IP-10 following L. amazonensis infection, there was a significant delay in lesion development and a reduction in parasite burdens, accompanied by 7- and 3.5-fold increases in gamma interferon and IL-12 secretion, respectively, in restimulated lymph node cells. This study confirms that IP-10 plays a protective role in promoting the reduction of intracellular parasites and thereby opens new avenues for therapeutic control of nonhealing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene E Vasquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 3.132, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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21
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Yin J, Jin H, Kang Y, Xiao C, Zhao L, Li X, Ding Z, Yang F, Zhu Q, Wang B. Efficacy of Modified Levamisole Adjuvant on Inactivated Virus Vaccine. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:525-35. [PMID: 16987070 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve efficacy, especially for the cell-mediated response to inactivated viral vaccines, a modified levamisole (LMS) adjuvant formulation, designated LMS+, was evaluated for its efficacy in mice and chickens, using Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a model pathogen. Compared with oil adjuvant, the killed NDV in LMS+ induced a significantly higher helper T cell type 1 response, as shown by higher levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, T cell proliferation, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, without sacrificing the level of IgG production in mice. In addition, vaccine in LMS+ formulation increased the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules as well as the number of CD11c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that the better response to the LMS+ formulation occurs partly via the maturation of dendritic cells and activation of MHC-antigen presentation and costimulation. Furthermore, this formulation provides 100% protection in chickens after challenge with a lethal dose of virulent NDV strain F48E9 at 1000 ELD50 (50% egg lethal dose). These results demonstrated that modified LMS+ adjuvant could be used to improve both humoral and cell-mediated responses for inactivated viral vaccines and its development as an effective inactivated viral vaccine is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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22
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Tüzün E, Li J, Wanasen N, Soong L, Christadoss P. Immunization of mice with T cell-dependent antigens promotes IL-6 and TNF-α production in muscle cells. Cytokine 2006; 35:100-6. [PMID: 16919469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 and TNF-alpha are proinflammatory cytokines involved in various inflammatory or non-inflammatory disorders characterized by muscle wasting. While infiltrating leukocytes are known to be the major source of these cytokines, it is unclear whether muscle cells also contribute to local inflammation. In this study, we first showed that cultured muscle cells and naive mouse muscle tissue were capable of producing IL-6 and TNF-alpha. We demonstrated an increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha on muscle sections of C57BL/6J mice immunized with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or with CFA only. In the presence of IL-6 or TNF-alpha, cultured AChR-expressing mouse (G-8) and human (TE671) skeletal muscle cells showed significantly decreased alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites as measured by cellular ELISA. Moreover, IL-6- or TNF-alpha-treated muscle cells displayed a considerable increase in apoptotic cell ratios. Collectively, this study suggests a direct role for these two cytokines in muscle cell destruction and a possibility of muscle cell damage via an autocrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.
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23
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Owaki T, Asakawa M, Kamiya S, Takeda K, Fukai F, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. IL-27 suppresses CD28-mediated [correction of medicated] IL-2 production through suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2773-80. [PMID: 16493033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 is a novel IL-6/IL-12 family cytokine that not only plays a role in the early regulation of Th1 differentiation, but also exerts an inhibitory effect on immune responses, including the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production. However, the molecular mechanism by which IL-27 exerts the inhibitory effect remains unclear. In this study we demonstrate that IL-27 inhibits CD28-mediated IL-2 production and that suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) plays a critical role in the inhibitory effect. Although IL-27 enhanced IFN-gamma production from naive CD4+ T cells stimulated with plate-coated anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence of IL-12, IL-27 simultaneously inhibited CD28-mediated IL-2 production. Correlated with the inhibition, IL-27 was shown to augment SOCS3 expression. Analyses using various mice lacking a signaling molecule revealed that the inhibition of IL-2 production was dependent on STAT1, but not on STAT3, STAT4, and T-bet, and was highly correlated with the induction of SOCS3 expression. Similar inhibition of CD28-mediated IL-2 production and augmentation of SOCS3 expression by IL-27 were observed in a T cell hybridoma cell line, 2B4. Forced expression of antisense SOCS3 or dominant negative SOCS3 in the T cell line blocked the IL-27-inudced inhibition of CD28-mediated IL-2 production. Furthermore, pretreatment with IL-27 inhibited IL-2-mediated cell proliferation and STAT5 activation, although IL-27 hardly affected the induction level of CD25 expression. These results suggest that IL-27 inhibits CD28-mediated IL-2 production and also IL-2 responses, and that SOCS3, whose expression is induced by IL-27, plays a critical role in the inhibitory effect in a negative feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Owaki
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Gumy A, Aseffa A, Rachinel N, Breton M, Otten L, Tacchini-Cottier F, Röcken M, Doyen N, Acha-Orbea H, Locksley RM, MacDonald HR, Launois P, Louis J. LACK-reactive CD4+ T cells require autocrine IL-2 to mediate susceptibility to Leishmania major. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1465-73. [PMID: 16637008 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mice from most inbred strains are resistant to infection with Leishmania major whereas mice from BALB strains are highly susceptible. Resistance and susceptibility result from the development of Th1 or Th2 cells, respectively. In this report, we document an IL-2 mRNA burst, preceding the reported early IL-4 response, in draining lymph nodes of susceptible mice infected with L. major. Neutralization of IL-2 during the first days of infection redirected Th1 cell maturation and resistance to L. major, through interference with the rapid IL-4 transcription in Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1 (LACK)-reactive CD4(+) cells. A burst of IL-2 transcripts also occurred in infected C57BL/6 mice that do not mount an early IL-4 response. However, although the LACK protein induced IL-2 transcripts in susceptible mice, it failed to trigger this response in resistant C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution experiments using C.B.-17 SCID mice and LACK-reactive CD4(+) T cells from IL-2(-/-) BALB/c mice showed that triggering of the early IL-4 response required autocrine IL-2. Thus, in C57BL/6 mice, the inability of LACK-reactive CD4(+) T cells to express early IL-4 mRNA transcription, important for disease progression, appears due to an incapacity of these cells to produce IL-2.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Gumy
- World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Centre, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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25
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Escocard RDCM, Kanashiro MM, Petretski JH, Azevedo-Silva J, Queiroz de Carvalho EC, Dias da Silva W, Kipnis TL. Neutrophils regulate the expression of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide in mice injected with Bothrops atrox venom. Immunobiology 2006; 211:37-46. [PMID: 16446169 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox crude venom injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) into BALB/c mice induced local afflux of inflammatory cells, one neutrophil-rich peak after 6h and another macrophage-rich peak after 48 h. A similar pattern of local cell afflux plus edema, Delta lesions of some skeletal muscle cells, and hemorrhage were observed in mice intramuscular (i.m.) injected with the venom. Measurement of serum cytokines in neutrophil-depleted (by anti-mouse rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) RB6-8C5) and non-depleted BALB/c mice was performed by ELISA. With the exception of IL-1beta (78 pg/ml), higher levels of IL-6 (1348 pg/ml), MIP-1beta (437 pg/ml) and MIP-2 (904 pg/ml) were observed in neutrophil-depleted mice, in comparison to the values found in non-neutrophil depleted mice: IL-1beta (437 pg/ml), IL-6 (750 pg/ml), MIP-1beta (165 pg/ml) and MIP-2 (90 pg/ml). TNF-alpha was not detected. NO was detected (18 microM) 24h after venom injection in neutrophil-depleted mice. RT-PCR using representative primers detected expression of mRNA in cells from BALB/c mice injected with B. atrox venom: (a) for IL-1beta, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CXCR2, MIP-2 and RANTES in cells from mice that were neutrophil-depleted or not; (b) for CCR1, CCR5 and MIP-1beta in cells from neutrophil-depleted mice; (c) for MIP-1alpha in cells from non-neutrophil-depleted mice; (d) TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were not detected in either of the mice. These results indicate that neutrophils play a role in regulating the production of some cytokines and chemokines as well as locally expressed or liberated iNOS/NO in tissues injected with B. atrox crude venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Mothé Escocard
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Young N, Mikhalkevich N, Yan Y, Chen D, Zheng WP. Differential regulation of osteoblast activity by Th cell subsets mediated by parathyroid hormone and IFN-gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 175:8287-95. [PMID: 16339569 PMCID: PMC2647996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is a typical pathological feature of chronic inflammatory bone diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, in which CD4 effector T cells play critical roles. We found that activated mouse Th2 and not Th1 cells produced the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Unlike in the parathyroid cells, PTH expression in Th2 cells was not regulated by the fluctuation of calcium level, but rather it required the full activation of the T cells. Although PTH was expressed in immature Th2 cells, and its receptor was transiently expressed during Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, PTH did not significantly affect the outcome of the differentiation. In primary osteoblasts cultured in Th2 cell condition medium, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was maintained at a basal level. However, antagonizing PTH in the condition medium resulted in a significant reduction of the ALP activity. These results demonstrated an important role of the Th2 cell-derived PTH in maintaining the bone-forming activity of the osteoblasts under inflammatory conditions. In osteoblasts cultured in the Th1 cell condition medium, the ALP activity was significantly suppressed. Neutralizing IFN-gamma alleviated the suppression. Conversely, treatment of osteoblasts with IFN-gamma suppressed the ALP activity. Unlike ALP, expression of the major bone matrix proteins by the osteoblasts was only minimally affected by either Th1 or Th2 cytokine environment. In addition, the Th2 cytokine environment also regulated to expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin through both PTH-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our study therefore identified new regulatory events in bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Young
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Natallia Mikhalkevich
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Wei-ping Zheng
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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27
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Chen YT, Kung JT. CD1d-Independent Developmental Acquisition of Prompt IL-4 Gene Inducibility in Thymus CD161(NK1)−CD44lowCD4+CD8− T Cells Is Associated with Complementarity Determining Region 3-Diverse and Biased Vβ2/Vβ7/Vβ8/Vα3.2 T Cell Receptor Usage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6537-50. [PMID: 16272308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among Ag-inexperienced naive T cells, the CD1d-restricted NKT cell that uses invariant TCR-alpha-chain is the most widely studied cell capable of prompt IL-4 inducibility. We show in this study that thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells promptly produce IL-4 upon TCR stimulation, a response that displays biased Vbeta(2/7/8) and Valpha3.2 TCR usage. The association of Vbeta family bias and IL-4 inducibility in thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells is found for B6, B10, BALB/c, CBA, B10.A(4R), and ICR mouse strains. Despite reduced IL-4 inducibility, there is a similarly biased Vbeta(2/7/8) TCR usage by IL-4 inducibility+ spleen CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells. Removal of alpha-galacotosylceramide/CD1d-binding cells from CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- thymocytes does not significantly affect their IL-4 inducibility. The development of thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells endowed with IL-4 inducibility and their associated use of Vbeta(2/7/8) are beta2-microglobulin-, CD1d-, and p59fyn-independent. Thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells produce low and no IFN-gamma inducibility in response to TCR stimulation and to IL-12 + IL-18, respectively, and they express diverse complementarity determining region 3 sequences for both TCR-alpha- and -beta-chains. Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of a NKT cell distinct, TCR-repertoire diverse naive CD4+ T cell subset capable of prompt IL-4 inducibility. This subset has the potential to participate in immune response to a relatively large number of Ags. The more prevalent nature of this unique T cell subset in the thymus than the periphery implies roles it might play in intrathymic T cell development and may provide a framework upon which mechanisms of developmentally regulated IL-4 gene inducibility can be studied.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- DNA/genetics
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Morishima N, Owaki T, Asakawa M, Kamiya S, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. Augmentation of effector CD8+ T cell generation with enhanced granzyme B expression by IL-27. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1686-93. [PMID: 16034109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 is a novel IL-12 family member that plays a role in the early regulation of Th1 initiation. We have recently demonstrated that IL-27 has a potent antitumor activity, which is mainly mediated through CD8+ T cells, and also has an adjuvant activity to induce epitope-specific CTL in vivo. In this study, we further investigated the in vitro effect of IL-27 on CD8+ T cells of mouse spleen cells. In a manner similar to CD4+ T cells, IL-27 activated STAT1, -2, -3, -4, and -5, and augmented the expression of T-bet, IL-12Rbeta2, and granzyme B, and slightly that of perforin in naive CD8+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3. IL-27 induced synergistic IFN-gamma production with IL-12 and proliferation of naive CD8+ T cells. Moreover, IL-27 enhanced proliferation of CD4+ T cell-depleted spleen cells stimulated by allogeneic spleen cells and augmented the generation of CTL. In STAT1-deficient naive CD8+ T cells, IL-27-induced proliferation was not reduced, but synergistic IFN-gamma production with IL-12 was diminished with decreased expression of T-bet, IL-12Rbeta2, granzyme B, and perforin. In T-bet-deficient naive CD8+ T cells, IL-27-induced proliferation was hardly reduced, but synergistic IFN-gamma production with IL-12 was diminished with decreased expression of IL-12Rbeta2, granzyme B, and perforin. However, IL-27 still augmented the generation of CTL from T-bet-deficient CD4+ T cell-depleted spleen cells stimulated by allogeneic spleen cells with increased granzyme B expression. These results suggest that IL-27 directly acts on naive CD8+ T cells in T-bet-dependent and -independent manners and augments generation of CTL with enhanced granzyme B expression.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- Granzymes
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Milk Proteins/metabolism
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- STAT2 Transcription Factor
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- T-Box Domain Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Morishima
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Alexandre-Moreira MS, Takiya CM, de Arruda LB, Pascarelli B, Gomes RN, Castro Faria Neto HC, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ. LASSBio-468: a new achiral thalidomide analogue which modulates TNF-alpha and NO production and inhibits endotoxic shock and arthritis in an animal model. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:485-94. [PMID: 15683845 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of a program researching the synthesis and immunopharmacological evaluation of novel synthetic compounds, we have described the immune modulatory profile of the new achiral thalidomide analogue LASSBio-468 in the present work. This compound was planned as an N-substituted phthalimide derivate, structurally designed as a hybrid of thalidomide and aryl sulfonamides, which were previously described as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and PDE4 inhibitors. LASSBio-468 was recently demonstrated to inhibit the TNF-alpha production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in vivo. Here, we investigated whether this compound would affect chronic inflammation processes associated with the production of this pro-inflammatory cytokine. Treatment with LASSBio-468 before a lethal dose injection of LPS in animals greatly inhibited endotoxic shock. This effect seems to be mediated by a specific down regulation of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production, regulated mainly at the RNA level. In another model, histopathological analysis indicated that this compound also inhibited adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Taken together, our data demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory effect of LASSBio-468, suggesting its use as a potential drug against chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magna S Alexandre-Moreira
- LASSBio-Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP 68.006, ZIP 21944-910, Rio de Janeiro, R.J., Brazil
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30
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Jin H, Kang Y, Xiao C, Zhu K, Ma Y, Xie Q, Ma J, Xie Q, He C, Yang Z, Sun Z, Zhang X, Chen M, Zhang F, Wang B. DNA Prime Followed by Protein Boost Enhances Neutralization and Th1 Type Immunity Against FMDV. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:539-48. [PMID: 16212533 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prime-boost strategy has been exhibited its potency to enhance immune responses, which would be important to the success to develop a vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). An eukaryotic expression construct encoding the FMDV capsid VP1 protein with a recombinant VP1 protein or a commercial FMDV vaccine were tested in the prime-boost strategy in mice and cattle trials. The levels of induced specific antibodies, T cell proliferations, and DTH activities were significantly higher in the prime-boost groups than in those vaccinated with DNA, protein or FMDV vaccine alone. More importantly, the levels of neutralizing antibodies in the former groups were significantly higher than others and could last for at least four months in cattle trials. This study suggests that the prime-boost strategy significantly improves the effective immunity and may provide a longer protection against FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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31
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Jin H, Kang Y, Zheng G, Xie Q, Xiao C, Zhang X, Yu Y, Zhu K, Zhao G, Zhang F, Chen A, Wang B. Induction of active immune suppression by co-immunization with DNA- and protein-based vaccines. Virology 2005; 337:183-91. [PMID: 15914231 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although immunization has been used for eliciting immune response, here we show that it can also induce immune suppression. When a DNA vaccine encoding a viral antigen such as the VP1 protein from the foot and mouth disease virus is administered together with its recombinant protein antigen or a viral preparation containing the same antigen, the immunized animals developed significantly reduced antigen-specific T cell-mediated responses and became impaired to subsequent rechallenge with the same antigen. The induction of immune suppression is mediated by suppressor T cells, as demonstrated by an adoptive transfer experiment and mixed lymphocyte reactions. The induction of immune suppression in immunized animals is also correlated with a shift of cytokine balance, as reflected by an elevated level of IL-10 and reduced level of IFN-gamma or IL-2. Hence, co-immunization with DNA- and protein-based vaccines may represent a novel means for inducing active suppression against untoward immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing
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32
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Carvalho-Gaspar M, Billing JS, Spriewald BM, Wood KJ. Chemokine gene expression during allograft rejection: Comparison of two quantitative PCR techniques. J Immunol Methods 2005; 301:41-52. [PMID: 16018884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to analyse expression of genes rapidly in small samples of tissue is essential for the clinical assessment of many conditions, including the onset of rejection after transplantation. Chemokines have been shown to play a critical role in leukocyte recruitment to transplanted organs and in leukocyte localisation within tissues and antagonism of certain chemokines or chemokine receptors, identified as being up-regulated during allograft rejection, it has been shown to delay leukocyte infiltration into the graft and to prolong graft survival. The analysis of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in allografts after transplantation may therefore be a useful early indicator of the onset of rejection. RT-PCR techniques are the most sensitive for the detection of low abundance mRNA when the amount of tissue sample is limited. Here we compared competitive-quantitative RT-PCR (CQ-PCR) with real-time PCR for the sequential quantification of chemokine transcripts after transplantation of a fully MHC mismatched mouse cardiac allograft. Although CQ-PCR was found to be an accurate and sensitive technique, real-time PCR was more sensitive and reproducible. Despite the reproducibility, differences in sensitivity between the two techniques were high. Real-time PCR avoids hazardous post-PCR manipulations thereby decreasing the potential risk of sample contamination, and offers the advantage that several genes can be analysed from small tissue samples in a shorter period of time, a key parameter for graft biopsy samples. Real-time PCR was therefore used to extend the analysis of intragraft mRNA chemokine expression levels. Expression of CXCL5 and CCL2 was found to be independent of T cell infiltration while intragraft expression of CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, XCL1 and CCL1 was clearly T cell dependent and increased significantly with time after transplantation. Overall, real-time PCR analysis showed that chemokine gene expression during rejection is clearly distinct from that in non-rejecting syngeneic grafts and is altered by the onset of infiltration of alloantigen-reactive T cells into the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carvalho-Gaspar
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9 DU United Kingdom
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33
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Zhang A, Jin H, Zhang F, Ma Z, Tu Y, Ren Z, Zhang X, Zhu K, Wang B. Effects of multiple copies of CpG on DNA vaccination. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:292-8. [PMID: 15869406 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that a dose-dependent enhancement of immune response is derived from immunization with several copies of the CpG motif. Following that lead, we sought to incorporate a higher copy number of CpG motifs into an expression construct to evaluate the augmentation of immune responses. By multiple insertions, 30 copies of the CpG motif were cloned into the backbone of an expression construct encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein VP1. After intramuscular immunization, an augmented immune response with significantly increased levels of the specific antibody, T-cell proliferation, and IFN-gamma in Balb/c mice was observed. Compared to chemically synthesized CpG ODN, application of such a multicopy of CpG sequences within the expression backbone for DNA vaccination strategy is feasible and warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/administration & dosage
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- CpG Islands/genetics
- CpG Islands/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bioresources and Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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34
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Jin H, Xiao C, Chen Z, Kang Y, Ma Y, Zhu K, Xie Q, Tu Y, Yu Y, Wang B. Induction of Th1 type response by DNA vaccinations with N, M, and E genes against SARS-CoV in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:979-86. [PMID: 15707974 PMCID: PMC7092846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against the SARS-CoV infection is an attractive means to control the spread of viruses in public. In this study, we employed a DNA vaccine technology with the levamisole, our newly discovered chemical adjuvant, to generate Th1 type of response. To avoid the enhancement antibody issue, genes encoding the nucleocapsid, membrane, and envelope protein of SARS-CoV were cloned and their expressions in mammalian cells were determined. After the intramuscular introduction into animals, we observed that the constructs of the E, M, and N genes could induce high levels of specific antibodies, T cell proliferations, IFN-γ, DTH responses, and in vivo cytotoxic T cells activities specifically against SARS-CoV antigens. The highest immune responses were generated by the construct encoding the nucleocapsid protein. The results suggest that the N, M, and E genes could be used as the targets to prevent SARS-CoV infection in the DNA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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35
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Tanaka Y, Koido S, Ohana M, Liu C, Gong J. Induction of impaired antitumor immunity by fusion of MHC class II-deficient dendritic cells with tumor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1274-80. [PMID: 15661883 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To dissect the role of Ag presentation through MHC class I and/or II pathways by dendritic cell (DC)-tumor fusion cells, we have created various types of DC-tumor fusion cells by alternating fusion cell partners. Fusions of MC38/MUC1 carcinoma cells with DC from wild-type (WT-DC), MHC class I knockout (IKO-DC), class II knockout (IIKO-DC), or class I and II knockout (I/IIKO-DC) mice created WTDC-fusion cells (FC), IKO-FC, IIKO-FC, and I/IIKO-FC, respectively. MHC class II- and MUC1-positive fusion cells were constructed by fusion of B16/MUC1 melanoma cells with IKO-DC (IKO/B16-FC). Immunization of MUC1 transgenic mice with 5 x 10(5) WTDC-FC, IKO-FC, IIKO-FC, or I/IIKO-FC provided 100, 91.7, 61.5, and 15.4% protection, respectively, against tumor challenge with MC38/MUC1 cells. In contrast, all mice immunized with irradiated MC38/MUC1 tumor cells or WT-DC developed tumors. One group of mice was immunized with 5 x 10(5) IKO/B16-FC and then challenged with B16/Ia(+)/MUC1 on one flank and MC38/MUC1 on the other flank. Immunization of these mice with IKO/B16-FC resulted in 100 and 78.6% protection against B16/Ia(+)/MUC1 and MC38/MUC1 tumor challenge, respectively. The antitumor immunity induced by immunization with IKO/B16-FC was able to inhibit the growth of MHC class II-negative tumor. In addition, in vivo results correlated with the induction of Ag-specific CTL. Collectively, the data indicate that MHC class II Ag presentation targeting activation of CD4 T cells is indispensable for antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Fusion/methods
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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36
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Lanoue A, Clatworthy MR, Smith P, Green S, Townsend MJ, Jolin HE, Smith KGC, Fallon PG, McKenzie ANJ. SIGN-R1 contributes to protection against lethal pneumococcal infection in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 200:1383-93. [PMID: 15583012 PMCID: PMC2211941 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid clearance of pathogens is essential for successful control of pyogenic bacterial infection. Previous experiments have shown that antibody to specific intracellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin (SIGN)-R1 inhibits uptake of capsular polysaccharide by marginal zone macrophages, suggesting a role for SIGN-R1 in this process. We now demonstrate that mice lacking SIGN-R1 (a mouse homologue of human dendritic cell–SIGN receptor) are significantly more susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection and fail to clear S. pneumoniae from the circulation. Marginal zone and peritoneal macrophages show impaired bacterial recognition associated with an inability to bind T-independent type 2 antigens such as dextran. Our work represents the first evidence for a protective in vivo role for a SIGN family molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Lanoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Hills Rd., Cambridge CB2 2QH, England, UK
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37
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Lee GR, Spilianakis CG, Flavell RA. Hypersensitive site 7 of the TH2 locus control region is essential for expressing TH2 cytokine genes and for long-range intrachromosomal interactions. Nat Immunol 2004; 6:42-8. [PMID: 15608641 DOI: 10.1038/ni1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several regulatory regions are important for the expression of genes encoding T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cytokines, including T(H)2-specific DNase I hypersensitivity sites in the T(H)2 cytokine locus control region. Among these sites, Rad50 hypersensitive site 7 (RHS7) shows rapid T(H)2-specific demethylation after antigenic stimulation. To investigate the function of RHS7 in T(H)2 cell differentiation, we have generated RHS7-deficient mice. CD4(+) T cells and mast cells showed a notable reduction in T(H)2 cytokine expression in vitro and T(H)2 responses in vivo were considerably impaired in RHS7-deficient mice. Deletion of RHS7 did not affect the expression of a linked Rad50 gene, but it did reduce long-range intrachromosomal interactions between the locus control region and promoters of the T(H)2 cytokine genes. Our findings show that RHS7 is essential for the proper regulation of T(H)2 cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gap Ryol Lee
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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38
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Kamiya S, Owaki T, Morishima N, Fukai F, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. An indispensable role for STAT1 in IL-27-induced T-bet expression but not proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3871-7. [PMID: 15356135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 is a novel IL-12 family member that plays a role in the early regulation of Th1 initiation, induces proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells, and synergizes with IL-12 in IFN-gamma production. It has been recently reported that IL-27 induces T-bet and IL-12Rbeta2 expression through JAK1/STAT1 activation. In the present study, we further investigated the JAK/STAT signaling molecules activated by IL-27 and also the role of STAT1 in IL-27-mediated responses using STAT1-deficient mice. In addition to JAK1 and STAT1, IL-27-activated JAK2, tyrosine kinase-2, and STAT2, -3, and -5 in naive CD4+ T cells. The activation of STAT2 and STAT5, but not of STAT3, was greatly diminished in STAT1-deficient naive CD4+ T cells. Comparable proliferative response to IL-27 was observed between STAT1-deficient and wild-type naive CD4+ T cells. In contrast, IL-27 hardly induced T-bet and subsequent IL-12Rbeta2 expression, and synergistic IFN-gamma production by IL-27 and IL-12 was impaired in STAT1-deficient naive CD4+ T cells. Moreover, IL-27 augmented the expression of MHC class I on naive CD4+ T cells in a STAT1-dependent manner. These results suggest that IL-27 activates JAK1 and -2, tyrosine kinase-2, STAT1, -2, -3, and -5 in naive CD4+ T cells and that STAT1 plays an indispensable role in IL-27-induced T-bet and subsequent IL-12Rbeta2 expression and MHC class I expression as well but not proliferation, while STAT3 presumably plays an important role in IL-27-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiro Kamiya
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
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39
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Godoy-Ramirez K, Franck K, Mahdavifar S, Andersson L, Gaines H. Optimum culture conditions for specific and nonspecific activation of whole blood and PBMC for intracellular cytokine assessment by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2004; 292:1-15. [PMID: 15350507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of cytokine production is an important component of studies of cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) to immunological challenges. In this study, we present a method to enhance the detection of cytokine-producing cells by allowing antigen-specific cells to expand in long-term culture. We investigated the influence of the degree of dilution of whole blood and the duration of the incubation period on whole blood as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cultured in the absence or presence of mitogens, superantigens or specific antigens, for intracellular cytokine production (IFNgamma, TNFalpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes using four-colour flow cytometry. Whole blood was diluted 1/1, 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10, and cultured for 6, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h in the presence of antibodies against the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD49d, and, during the last 4 h of culture, in the presence of brefeldin A. Optimum conditions for detection of a high number of IFNgamma-positive cells were observed after 72 h of culture in blood diluted 1/10. Median frequencies of IFNgamma+ cells obtained after activation by PMA-ionomycin, PHA or SEA-B were 29.3%, 20.0% and 6.8% for CD4+ cells, and 67.8%, 20.6% and 6.8% for CD8+ cells. In blood samples diluted 1/5 or 1/10, and cultured in the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV), mean peak levels of 2.8% and 1.4% IFNgamma+CD4+ cells were recorded at 120 h. The levels of cells producing cytokines other than IFNgamma were generally much lower and, in the case of IL-4 and IL-13, difficult to distinguish from background levels recorded in cultures with medium only. Kinetic studies of cytokine production by PBMCs showed a pattern similar to that of whole blood with peak levels of IFNgamma-producing cells recorded at 72 h. The increased levels of IFNgamma production after culture for 72 h were due to an expansion of the numbers of cytokine-producing cells responsive to a specific stimulus. Antigen-specific cells are usually present only at low levels in peripheral blood and may not be detected following simple activation for a few hours. To reach a level of detection in such cases, culture of diluted blood for several days is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Godoy-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Sweden.
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40
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Jin H, Li Y, Ma Z, Zhang F, Xie Q, Gu D, Wang B. Effect of chemical adjuvants on DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2004; 22:2925-35. [PMID: 15246629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is useful for generating immune responses, particularly the cell-mediated immune response, in a wide variety of species. However, DNA vaccination generally induces only relatively weak responses; hence, various approaches have been developed recently in order to improve its efficacy or immunopotency. The use of a chemical adjuvant is one of them. Previously we have shown that Bupivacaine or Marcaine can modulate immune responses induced by DNA vaccines [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90 (1993) 4156]. Following that lead, we have recently tested several additional chemicals for their usefulness as adjuvants in DNA inoculation. Of a total of five chemicals tested, levamisole exhibited strongest Th1 stimulatory activity whereas Tween 80 showed weakest Th1 activity, as determined by IgG2a production, and saline formulation induced weak T cell proliferation and DTH, in animals inoculated with a DNA construct expressing the foot-mouth disease viral capsule protein VP1. Furthermore, co-inoculation of levamisole increased the production of IFN-gamma by more than 100-fold as compared to that by DNA inoculation formulated in saline. In contrast, a previously reported chemical adjuvant, bupivacaine, stimulated only modest levels of overall antibody production, with relatively low level of Ig2a. These results demonstrate the usefulness of various chemicals, particularly levamisole, for modulating the outcome of DNA vaccination, in both the intensity of the immune response and the polarity of such response (toward Th1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing
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41
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Yoshimoto T, Okada K, Morishima N, Kamiya S, Owaki T, Asakawa M, Iwakura Y, Fukai F, Mizuguchi J. Induction of IgG2a class switching in B cells by IL-27. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2479-85. [PMID: 15294962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 is a novel IL-12 family member that plays a role in the early regulation of Th1 initiation. However, its role in B cells remains unexplored. We here show a role for IL-27 in the induction of T-bet expression and regulation of Ig class switching in B cells. Expression of WSX-1, one subunit of IL-27R, was detected at the mRNA level in primary mouse spleen B cells, and stimulation of these B cells by IL-27 rapidly activated STAT1. IL-27 then induced T-bet expression and IgG2a, but not IgG1, class switching in B cells activated with anti-CD40 or LPS. In contrast, IL-27 inhibited IgG1 class switching induced by IL-4 in activated B cells. Similar induction of STAT1 activation, T-bet expression and IgG2a class switching was observed in IFN-gamma-deficient B cells, but not in STAT1-deficient ones. The induction of IgG2a class switching was abolished in T-bet-deficient B cells activated with LPS. These results suggest that primary spleen B cells express functional IL-27R and that the stimulation of these B cells by IL-27 induces T-bet expression and IgG2a, but not IgG1, class switching in a STAT1-dependent but IFN-gamma-independent manner. The IL-27-induced IgG2a class switching is highly dependent on T-bet in response to T-independent stimuli such as LPS. Thus, IL-27 may be a novel attractive candidate as a therapeutic agent against diseases such as allergic disorders by not only regulating Th1 differentiation but also directly acting on B cells and inducing IgG2a class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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42
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Kim EY, Teh HS. Critical Role of TNF Receptor Type-2 (p75) as a Costimulator for IL-2 Induction and T Cell Survival: A Functional Link to CD28. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4500-9. [PMID: 15383581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD28 provides important signals that lower the threshold of T cell activation, augment the production of IL-2, and promote T cell survival. The recent identification of a second family of costimulatory molecules within the TNFR family has reshaped the "two-signal" model of T cell activation. In this study the role of p75 as a T cell costimulatory molecule in controlling cell fate during TCR/CD28-mediated stimulation was examined. We found that p75-deficient T cells possess a profound defect in IL-2 production in response to TCR/CD28-mediated stimulation. Examination of key signaling intermediates revealed that TCR proximal events such as global tyrosine phosphorylation and ZAP70 phosphorylation, as well as downstream MAPK cascades are unperturbed in p75-deficient T cells. In contrast, p75 is nonredundantly coupled to sustained AKT activity and NF-kappaB activation in response to TCR/CD28-mediated stimulation. Moreover, p75-deficient T cells possess a defect in survival during the early phase of T cell activation that is correlated with a striking defect in Bcl-x(L) expression. These data indicate discrete effects of p75 on the intracellular signaling milieu during T cell activation, and reveal the synergistic requirement of TCR, CD28, and p75 toward optimal IL-2 induction and T cell survival. We propose that p75 acts as one of the earliest of the identified costimulatory members of the TNFR family, and is functionally linked to CD28 for initiating and determining T cell fate during activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Second Messenger Systems/genetics
- Second Messenger Systems/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- bcl-X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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43
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Moretto M, Weiss LM, Khan IA. Induction of a rapid and strong antigen-specific intraepithelial lymphocyte response during oral Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4402-9. [PMID: 15034055 PMCID: PMC3086354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi continues to pose a problem for immunocompromised patients. Previous studies from our laboratory have elucidated the importance of the CD8(+) T cell subset in the protection against systemic parasite infection. There have been no studies related to the mucosal immunity induced against this orally acquired pathogen. In the present study, the immune response generated in the gut after oral E. cuniculi infection was evaluated. An early and rapid increase of the intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population of orally infected animals was observed. This increase in the IEL population started as early as day 3 and peaked at day 7 postinfection with persistent elevation thereafter. At day 7 postinfection, IELs expressed strong cytokine messages (IFN-gamma and IL-10) and were highly cytotoxic for parasite-infected syngeneic macrophages. At an E:T ratio of 80:1, these cells were able to cause >60% Ag-specific target cell lysis. A significant increase in the CD8alphaalpha subset of IEL in response to an oral E. cuniculi infection was observed. To the best of our knowledge, such an early expansion of an IEL population exhibiting strong ex vivo cytotoxicity has not been reported with infectious models. These data suggest that IELs act as important barriers for multiplication of this organism leading to the successful resolution of infection. The protective role of IELs may be due both to their inflammatory (IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic response) as well as immunoregulatory (IL-10 production) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Moretto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Imtiaz A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Imtiaz A. Khan, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112.
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44
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Chikhlikar P, Barros de Arruda L, Agrawal S, Byrne B, Guggino W, August JT, Marques ETA. Inverted terminal repeat sequences of adeno-associated virus enhance the antibody and CD8(+) responses to a HIV-1 p55Gag/LAMP DNA vaccine chimera. Virology 2004; 323:220-32. [PMID: 15193918 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune responses to an HIV-1 p55Gag vaccine encoded as a DNA chimera with the lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP) have been examined for the effect of the addition of the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) to the DNA plasmid construct, and of packaging the LAMP/gag gene as a recombinant AAV vector (rAAV). DNA plasmids encoding Gag and the LAMP/Gag protein chimera were constructed in two vectors, the pcDNA3.1 and a corresponding plasmid containing the ITR sequences (pITR) flanking the expression elements of the plasmid, and the pITR LAMP/gag DNA plasmid was encapsidated in the rAAV vector. Human 293 cells transfected in vitro with LAMP/gag plasmids either in pcDNA3.1 or pITR produced much Gag protein in cell extracts (1.6 and 2.2 ng of Gag/mg of protein, respectively). The immune responses of mice to immunization with these constructs were examined under three protocols: DNA prime/DNA boost, DNA prime/rAAV boost, and a single rAAV immunization. The results demonstrated that under DNA prime/DNA boost protocol, the "naked" DNA vaccines encoding the LAMP/gag chimera, either as pcDNA3.1 or pITR DNA plasmid constructs, elicited strong CD4(+) T cell responses. In contrast, significantly higher levels of CD8(+) and antibody responses were observed with the pITR-DNA constructs. Immunization with the rAAV vector under the DNA prime/rAAV boost protocol resulted in sustained T cell responses and a markedly increased antibody response, predominantly of the IgG(1) isotype resulting from the activation of the Th2 subset of CD4(+) T cells, that was sustained for at least 5 months after immunization.
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45
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Maffei CML, Mirels LF, Sobel RA, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression during experimental murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2338-49. [PMID: 15039359 PMCID: PMC375146 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.4.2338-2349.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune events that take place in the central nervous system (CNS) during cryptococcal infection are incompletely understood. We used competitive reverse transcription-PCR to delineate the time course of the local expression of mRNAs encoding a variety of cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during progressive murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and assessed the CNS inflammatory response using immunohistochemistry. Interleukin 18 (IL-18), transforming growth factor beta1, and IL-12p(40) mRNAs were constitutively expressed in the brains of infected and uninfected mice; IL-2 mRNA was not detected at any time. Increased levels of transcripts corresponding to IL-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and iNOS were detected as early as day 1 postinfection, with TNF-alpha rising by approximately 30-fold and iNOS increasing by approximately 5-fold by day 7. Each remained at these levels thereafter. IL-4, IL-6, and gamma interferon transcripts were detected on day 5, and IL-1 beta and IL-10 transcripts were detected beginning on day 7. Once detected, each remained at a relatively constant level through 28 days of infection. This cytokine profile does not suggest a polarized Th1 or Th2 response. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal inflammatory infiltrates before day 7, despite the presence of cryptococci. Intraparenchymal abscesses with inflammatory cells in their peripheries were found beginning on day 10. The infiltrates were comprised primarily of cells expressing CD4, CD8, or CD11b; low numbers of cells expressing CD45R/B220 were also present. The persistence of Cryptococcus observed in the CNS may result from an ineffective immune response, perhaps owing to an insufficient anticryptococcal effector function of endogenous glial cells resulting from competing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data detail the immune response in the brain and could be important for the future design of specific immunomodulatory therapies for this important opportunistic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M L Maffei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900 Brazil
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46
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Higuchi K, Sekiya Y, Harada N. Characterization of M. Tuberculosis-derived IL-12-inducing material by alveolar macrophages. Vaccine 2004; 22:724-34. [PMID: 14741165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the substance derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that induces interleukin (IL)-12 production by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in vitro. The cytosol fraction of live Mtb H37Rv induced IL-12 production by AMs in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) augmented IL-12 production. IL-12-inducing activity by AMs (termed as surely active keeping rescue antigen, SAKRA) was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography, and the molecular weight of SAKRA was estimated by gel filtration to be more than 700 kDa. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blotting of SAKRA using rabbit anti-SAKRA antibody suggested that SAKRA is composed with several low molecular weight proteins. Amino acids sequence analysis of several bands after SDS-PAGE suggested that SAKRA is a part of ribosomes. RT-PCR showed that SAKRA induced not only expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA, but expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA at least 6 h after stimulation, suggesting that SAKRA activates the bactericidal activity of macrophages. To investigate the potential use of SAKRA as a vaccine against tuberculosis, SAKRA was administered to BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with BCG for 18 months, and mouse were infected with Mtb H37Rv via a respiratory route. Replication of Mtb in lungs and spleens was examined 6 weeks after infection. Administration of SAKRA to BCG-vaccinated mice significantly reduced the numbers of Mtb in lungs and spleens as compared with BCG-vaccinated control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that SAKRA is one of the Mtb-derived immunomodulatory substances which induce IL-12 production during infection and also increases mycobactericidal activities of macrophages, and that SAKRA may be a promising new vaccine candidate against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Higuchi
- Department of Basic Research, Immunology Division, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan.
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47
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Fung MC, Sia SF, Leung KN, Mak NK. Detection of differential expression of mouse interferon-alpha subtypes by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. J Immunol Methods 2004; 284:177-86. [PMID: 14736428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific primers for nine mouse interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) subtypes, namely, IFN-alpha1, IFN-alpha1-9, IFN-alpha2, IFN-alpha4, IFN-alpha5, IFN-alpha7, IFN-alpha6/8, IFN-alpha11, and IFN-alphaB, were designed and evaluated on Poly(I).Poly(C)-induced and influenza virus-infected L929 cells. Specificity of the primers was confirmed in a cross-polymerase chain reaction (cross-PCR). IFN-alpha1, IFN-alpha1-9, IFN-alpha4, IFN-alpha6/8, IFN-alpha11, and IFN-alphaB were found to be induced in L929 cells 6-9 h after Poly(I).Poly(C) treatment. The amplification of a particular subtype was not biased in the presence of excess of other templates. Differential expression of the IFN-alpha subtypes was observed in influenza A/NWS/33- and B/Lee/40-infected L929 cells. A/NWS/33 virus was found to upregulate the gene expression of IFN-alpha1, IFN-alpha4, IFN-alpha6/8, IFN-alpha11, and IFN-alphaB in L929 cells as early as 6 h after infection. In B/Lee/40-infected L929 cells, only IFN-alpha4 was upregulated. Our results suggest that the designed primers will serve as a useful tool in analyzing the expression of IFN-alpha subtypes in various systems and hence for the evaluation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fung
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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48
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Norsworthy NB, Sun J, Elnaiem D, Lanzaro G, Soong L. Sand fly saliva enhances Leishmania amazonensis infection by modulating interleukin-10 production. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1240-7. [PMID: 14977924 PMCID: PMC356033 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1240-1247.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Revised: 10/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After transmission through the bite of female sand flies, Leishmania spp. can cause a broad spectrum of disease manifestations collectively known as leishmaniases. L. amazonensis is endemic in South America, where it causes cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. In this study, we have provided evidence that salivary gland extracts (SGE) of Lutzomyia longipalpis enhances L. amazonensis infection. BALB/c mice infected intradermally in the ear with 10(5) metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis together with SGE (equivalent to 0.5 gland) showed an early onset of disease and larger lesions that contained approximately 3-log-units more parasites than did controls. To determine the potential mechanism underlying this enhancement, we assessed cytokine production via reverse transcriptase PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice coinjected with parasites and SGE displayed higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA in the ear tissues, as well as higher levels of IL-10 in supernatants of restimulated draining lymph node (LN) cells, than did controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed high frequencies of IL-10-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the draining LN of mice coinjected with the parasite and SGE. In addition, we examined bone marrow derived-macrophage cultures and detected increased IL-10 but decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in cells exposed to SGE prior to infection with L. amazonensis. Together, these results imply that the sand fly saliva facilitates Leishmania evasion of the host immune system by modulating IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer B Norsworthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA
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49
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Tsang CK, Bertram PG, Ai W, Drenan R, Zheng XFS. Chromatin-mediated regulation of nucleolar structure and RNA Pol I localization by TOR. EMBO J 2004; 22:6045-56. [PMID: 14609951 PMCID: PMC275436 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein is a conserved regulator of ribosome biogenesis, an important process for cell growth and proliferation. However, how TOR is involved remains poorly understood. In this study, we find that rapamycin and nutrient starvation, conditions inhibiting TOR, lead to significant nucleolar size reduction in both yeast and mammalian cells. In yeast, this morphological change is accompanied by release of RNA polymerase I (Pol I) from the nucleolus and inhibition of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. We also present evidence that TOR regulates association of Rpd3-Sin3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) with rDNA chromatin, leading to site-specific deacetylation of histone H4. Moreover, histone H4 hypoacetylation mutations cause nucleolar size reduction and Pol I delocalization, while rpd3Delta and histone H4 hyperacetylation mutations block the nucleolar changes as a result of TOR inhibition. Taken together, our results suggest a chromatin-mediated mechanism by which TOR modulates nucleolar structure, RNA Pol I localization and rRNA gene expression in response to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kwan Tsang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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50
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Spriewald BM, Ensminger SM, Billing JS, Morris PJ, Wood KJ. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-β and eosinophil infiltration is associated with the development of transplant arteriosclerosis in long-term surviving cardiac allografts. Transplantation 2003; 76:1105-11. [PMID: 14557761 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000076467.83192.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant arteriosclerosis is a major limiting factor for long-term function of allografts in clinical transplantation. This study investigated the impact of three different protocols capable of inducing long-term allograft survival on the development of transplant arteriosclerosis and immune response in cardiac allografts. METHODS CBA.Ca (H2k) recipients of fully allogeneic C57/BL10 (H2b) heart grafts received a short-term course of anti-CD154 antibody or were pretreated with anti-CD4 antibody in combination with donor alloantigen in the form of CBK (H2k+Kb) bone marrow or C57BL/10 donor-specific transfusion (DST). Grafts were analyzed on day 40 or 100 after transplantation for transplant arteriosclerosis and expression of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 mRNA. Serum was analyzed for the presence of alloantibodies. RESULTS Intimal proliferation was 62%+/-11% on day 40 in the anti-CD154 group, progressed from 31%+/-10% on day 40 to 68%+/-8% on day 100 in the CBK-bone marrow group, but remained stable at 39%+/-4% in the DST group. Increased transplant arteriosclerosis on day 100 was associated with high intragraft TGF-beta1 mRNA production and eosinophil infiltration, but not alloantibody production. Progressing transplant arteriosclerosis was associated with increased IL-4 expression. CONCLUSION Treatment protocols for the induction of long-term allograft survival can differ substantially in the extent and kinetics of transplant arteriosclerosis. IL-4 and TGF-beta1 may be two potential therapeutic targets to attenuate the development of transplant arteriosclerosis in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M Spriewald
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom
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