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Wu B, Qi Z, Qian X. Recent Advancements in Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:813. [PMID: 37112794 PMCID: PMC10143207 DOI: 10.3390/v15040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the global incidence of flavivirus infection has been increasing dramatically and presents formidable challenges for public health systems around the world. Most clinically significant flaviviruses are mosquito-borne, such as the four serotypes of dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. Until now, no effective antiflaviviral drugs are available to fight flaviviral infection; thus, a highly immunogenic vaccine would be the most effective weapon to control the diseases. In recent years, flavivirus vaccine research has made major breakthroughs with several vaccine candidates showing encouraging results in preclinical and clinical trials. This review summarizes the current advancement, safety, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of vaccines against mosquito-borne flaviviruses posing significant threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
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Yao M, Ren X, Yin M, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Nanoparticle vaccine based on the envelope protein domain III of Japanese encephalitis virus elicits robust protective immune responses in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:5-18. [PMID: 36789970 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a vaccine candidate for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), for which an effective and safe vaccine is urgently needed. Materials & methods: A vaccine candidate based on domain III of the JEV envelope protein and lumazine synthase (EDIII-LS) was prepared by coupling multivalent ED III to a self-assembling nanoparticle of LS through genetic fusion and self-assembly. Results: High enrichment of ED III was achieved based on the self-assembly of an EDIII-LS polymer. EDIII-LS strongly promoted dendritic cells' internalization and presentation compared with ED III monomer. The cellular and humoral immune responses provoked by EDIII-LS were remarkably higher than those caused by ED III in mice, and conferred complete protection against JEV challenge. Conclusion: The study of ED III-based nanoparticles suggests an effective approach against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xujiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mengge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever & Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever & Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever & Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Immunological Analysis of Nodavirus Capsid Displaying the Domain III of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111826. [PMID: 34834244 PMCID: PMC8618745 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the pathogen that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE) in humans and horses. Lethality of the virus was reported to be between 20–30%, of which, 30–50% of the JE survivors develop neurological and psychiatric sequelae. Attributed to the low effectiveness of current therapeutic approaches against JEV, vaccination remains the only effective approach to prevent the viral infection. Currently, live-attenuated and chimeric-live vaccines are widely used worldwide but these vaccines pose a risk of virulence restoration. Therefore, continuing development of JE vaccines with higher safety profiles and better protective efficacies is urgently needed. In this study, the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) capsid protein (CP) fused with the domain III of JEV envelope protein (JEV-DIII) was produced in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein (MrNV-CPJEV-DIII) assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) with a diameter of approximately 18 nm. The BALB/c mice injected with the VLPs alone or in the presence of alum successfully elicited the production of anti-JEV-DIII antibody, with titers significantly higher than that in mice immunized with IMOJEV, a commercially available vaccine. Immunophenotyping showed that the MrNV-CPJEV-DIII supplemented with alum triggered proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, cytokine profiles of the immunized mice revealed activities of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells, indicating the activation of adaptive cellular and innate immune responses mediated by MrNV-CPJEV-DIII VLPs. Induction of innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses by the MrNV-CPJEV-DIII VLPs suggest that the chimeric protein is a promising JEV vaccine candidate.
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Wang H. Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis, Vaccination and Virus. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4579-4588. [PMID: 31820697 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191210155059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (Anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an acute autoimmune disorder. The symptoms range from psychiatric symptoms, movement disorders, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. Previous studies revealed that vaccination might induce this disease. A few cases were reported to be related to H1N1 vaccine, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis and polio vaccine, and Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Although vaccination is a useful strategy to prevent infectious diseases, in a low risk, it may trigger serious neurological symptoms. In addition to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, other neurological diseases were reported to be associated with a number of vaccines. In this paper, the anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis cases related to a number of vaccines and other neurological symptoms that might be induced by these vaccines were reviewed. In addition, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis cases that were induced by virus infection were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiuying Wang
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Liu H, Wu R, Liu K, Yuan L, Huang X, Wen Y, Ma X, Yan Q, Zhao Q, Wen X, Cao S. Enhanced immune responses against Japanese encephalitis virus using recombinant adenoviruses coexpressing Japanese encephalitis virus envelope and porcine interleukin-6 proteins in mice. Virus Res 2016; 222:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhai Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Feng G. Immune-enhancing effect of nano-DNA vaccine encoding a gene of the prME protein of Japanese encephalitis virus and BALB/c mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:199-209. [PMID: 25738258 PMCID: PMC4438877 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-encoded granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an adjuvant for genetic vaccines; however, how GM-CSF enhances immunogenicity remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was demonstrated that injection of a plasmid encoding the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus and mouse GM-CSF (pJME/GM-CSF) into mouse muscle recruited large and multifocal conglomerates of macrophages and granulocytes, predominantly neutrophils. During the peak of the infiltration, an appreciable number of immature dendritic cells (DCs) appeared, although no T and B-cells was detected. pJME/GM-CSF increased the number of splenic DCs and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) on splenic DC, and enhanced the antigenic capture, processing and presentation functions of splenic DCs, and the cell-mediated immunity induced by the vaccine. These findings suggested that the immune-enhancing effect by pJME/GM-CSF was associated with infiltrate size and the appearance of integrin αx (CD11c)+cells. Chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles, prepared by coacervation via intramuscular injection, outperformed standard pJME/GM-CSF administrations in DC recruitment, antigen processing and presentation, and vaccine enhancement. This revealed that muscular injection of chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles may enhance the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Zhai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ximei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Guohe Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Halstead SB, Thomas SJ. New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:355-64. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic mosquito-borne flavivirus. JEV is prevalent in much of Asia and the Western Pacific, with over 4 billion people living at risk of infection. In the absence of antiviral intervention, vaccination is the only strategy to develop long-term sustainable protection against JEV infection. Over the past half-century, a mouse brain-derived inactivated vaccine has been used internationally for active immunization. To date, however, JEV is still a clinically important, emerging, and re-emerging human pathogen of global significance. In recent years, production of the mouse brain-derived vaccine has been discontinued, but 3 new cell culture-derived vaccines are available in various parts of the world. Here we review current aspects of JEV biology, summarize the 4 types of JEV vaccine, and discuss the potential of an infectious JEV cDNA technology for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Im Yun
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences; Utah Science Technology and Research; College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences; Utah Science Technology and Research; College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences; Utah State University; Logan, UT USA
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Choi UY, Lee SY, Kim KH, Kim DS, Choi KM, Cha SH, Kang JH. Is a booster dose necessary in children after immunization with live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine? J Trop Pediatr 2013; 59:423-5. [PMID: 23764540 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmt043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus is a common cause of encephalitis in Asian children; therefore, maintenance of immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus is essential. Although many countries recommend booster vaccination, some trials have concluded that administration of one or two vaccinations is sufficient. The current study was conducted to evaluate immunogenicity and safety after a booster vaccination with live attenuated vaccine. For 68 study subjects, measurement of antibody titer was performed before and at 4-6 weeks after administration of a booster dose. Adverse reactions occurring at the injection site and systemic adverse reactions were documented. The percentages of subjects with seroprotective neutralizing antibody titers was 100% before and after booster vaccination, and the geometric mean titer increased after booster vaccination. Thus, we predict that immunity will be maintained for a long time by an amnestic response. Low percentages of adverse reactions indicated the safety of the immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Yoon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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The dominant roles of ICAM-1-encoding gene in DNA vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus are the activation of dendritic cells and enhancement of cellular immunity. Cell Immunol 2013; 281:1-10. [PMID: 23411485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cellular immune responses elicited by a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding prM-E protein from the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) with or without various forms of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 gene to maximize the immune responses evoked by the JE DNA vaccine. We observed that co-immunization with the construct containing murine ICAM-1 gene (pICAM-1) resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of CD4(+)T cells, high level of JEV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, and high production of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines in splenic T cells. Furthermore, the co-expression of ICAM-1 and DNA immunogens was found to be more effective in generating T cell-mediated immune responses than those induced by immunization with pJME in combination with pICAM-1. Our results suggested that ICAM-1 enhanced T cell receptor signaling and activated Th1 immune responses in the JEV model system by increasing the induction of CD4(+)Th1 cell subset and activating dendritic cells.
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Marks F, Nguyen TTY, Tran ND, Nguyen MH, Vu HH, Meyer CG, You YA, Konings F, Liu W, Wierzba TF, Xu ZY. Effectiveness of the Viet Nam produced, mouse brain-derived, inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Northern Viet Nam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1952. [PMID: 23272262 PMCID: PMC3521705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a flaviviral disease of public health concern in many parts of Asia. JE often occurs in large epidemics, has a high case-fatality ratio and, among survivors, frequently causes persistent neurological sequelae and mental disabilities. In 1997, the Vietnamese government initiated immunization campaigns targeting all children aged 1–5 years. Three doses of a locally-produced, mouse brain-derived, inactivated JE vaccine (MBV) were given. This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of Viet Nam's MBV. Methodology A matched case-control study was conducted in Northern Viet Nam. Cases were identified through an ongoing hospital-based surveillance. Each case was matched to four healthy controls for age, gender, and neighborhood. The vaccination history was ascertained through JE immunization logbooks maintained at local health centers. Principal Findings Thirty cases and 120 controls were enrolled. The effectiveness of the JE vaccine was 92.9% [95% CI: 66.6–98.5]. Confounding effects of other risk variables were not observed. Conclusions Our results strongly suggest that the locally-produced JE-MBV given to 1–5 years old Vietnamese children was efficacious. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease caused by a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Although pigs and wild birds are main reservoirs of the disease, it is occasionally transmitted to humans. The majority of infections in humans are asymptomatic. In persons developing encephalitis, JE has a high case-fatality rate and, among survivors, JE frequently causes persistent neurological sequelae and mental disabilities. Therefore, it is a public health concern in many parts of Asia and many countries vaccinate against JE. Since 1997, children in Vietnam are vaccinated in high risk areas and receive a locally-produced vaccine. This study is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the Vietnamese JE vaccine through a case-control study, in which 30 cases and 120 controls were enrolled. The effectiveness of the JE vaccine was 92.9% [95% CI: 66.6–98.5], which suggests that the locally-produced JE vaccine given to 1–5 year old Vietnamese children was efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. Clinical development of IMOJEV ®--a recombinant Japanese encephalitis chimeric vaccine (JE-CV). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1251-63. [PMID: 22775524 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JE is endemic in most of the South-East Asian countries and in some parts of the Western Pacific. As mosquito control is ineffective, currently vaccination is the only available control measure. A mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine (MBDV) has been in use for a long time; however, it is not feasible for mass vaccination due to the ethical and safety issues. With the World Health Organization (WHO) appealing for the development of novel, safe and affordable JE vaccines, several vaccine candidates have been developed in the recent times and IMOJEV ® is one among them. AREAS COVERED This review presents a brief account of various developmental, immunological and ethical issues related to IMOJEV® and provides an in-depth account of its clinical development and efficacy in comparison to other JE vaccines. EXPERT OPINION IMOJEV® is a safe and efficacious vaccine. If made affordable through financial assistance from health agencies or by its production in set ups where operational costs are lower, it may become an ideal vaccine for mass vaccination in JE endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, UdyogVihar Phase III, Gurgaon 122016, India
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Kim DK, Kim HY, Kim JY, Ye MB, Park KB, Han E, Kim J, Ja Ban S, Hong SH, Park YK, Nam JH. Development of an in vitro antigen-detection test as an alternative method to the in vivo plaque reduction neutralization test for the quality control of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:463-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Erra EO, Askling HH, Rombo L, Riutta J, Vene S, Yoksan S, Lindquist L, Pakkanen SH, Huhtamo E, Vapalahti O, Kantele A. A single dose of vero cell-derived Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine (Ixiaro) effectively boosts immunity in travelers primed with mouse brain-derived JE vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:825-34. [PMID: 22696017 PMCID: PMC3423932 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-VC, Ixiaro) has replaced mouse brain–derived vaccines (JE-MB) associated with serious safety concerns. A single dose of JE-VC effectively boosted immunity in JE-MB–primed travelers. Current recommendations for booster vaccination should be reevaluated. Background. A significant part of the world population lives in areas with endemic Japanese encephalitis (JE). For travelers from nonendemic countries, Vero cell–derived vaccine (JE-VC; Ixiaro) has replaced traditional mouse brain–derived vaccines (JE-MB) associated with safety concerns. The 2 vaccines are derived from different viral strains: JE-VC from the SA14-14-2 strain and JE-MB from the Nakayama strain. No data exist regarding whether JE-VC can be used to boost immunity after a primary series of JE-MB; therefore, a primary series of JE-VC has been recommended to all travelers regardless of previous vaccination history. Methods. One hundred twenty travelers were divided into 4 groups: Volunteers with no prior JE vaccination received primary immunization with (group 1) JE-MB or (group 2) JE-VC, and those primed with JE-MB received a single booster dose of (group 3) JE-MB or (group 4) JE-VC. Immune responses were tested before and 4–8 weeks after vaccination using plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) against both vaccine strains. Results. In vaccine-naive travelers, the vaccination response rate for test strains Nakayama and SA14-14-2 was 100% and 87% after primary vaccination with JE-MB and 87% and 94% after JE-VC, respectively. Antibody levels depended on the target virus, with higher titers against homologous than heterologous PRNT50 target strain (P < .001). In travelers primed with JE-MB, vaccination response rates were 91% and 91%, and 98% and 95% after a booster dose of JE-MB or JE-VC, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that a higher proportion of primed (98%/95%) than nonprimed (39%/42%) volunteers responded to a single dose of JE-VC (P < .001). Conclusions. A single dose of JE-VC effectively boosted immunity in JE-MB–primed travelers. Current recommendations should be reevaluated. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01386827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina O Erra
- Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Schuller E, Klingler A, Dubischar-Kastner K, Dewasthaly S, Müller Z. Safety profile of the Vero cell-derived Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine IXIARO®. Vaccine 2011; 29:8669-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Waldman EA, Luhm KR, Monteiro SAMG, Freitas FRMD. Surveillance of adverse effects following vaccination and safety of immunization programs. Rev Saude Publica 2011; 45:173-84. [PMID: 21181055 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102011000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the review was to analyze conceptual and operational aspects of systems for surveillance of adverse events following immunization. Articles available in electronic format were included, published between 1985 and 2009, selected from the PubMed/Medline databases using the key words "adverse events following vaccine surveillance", "post-marketing surveillance", "safety vaccine" and "Phase IV clinical trials". Articles focusing on specific adverse events were excluded. The major aspects underlying the Public Health importance of adverse events following vaccination, the instruments aimed at ensuring vaccine safety, and the purpose, attributes, types, data interpretation issues, limitations, and further challenges in adverse events following immunization were describe, as well as strategies to improve sensitivity. The review was concluded by discussing the challenges to be faced in coming years with respect to ensuring the safety and reliability of vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Alves Waldman
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. IMOJEV(®): a Yellow fever virus-based novel Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1371-84. [PMID: 21105774 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease of the CNS caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The disease appears in the form of frequent outbreaks in most south- and southeast Asian countries and the virus has become endemic in several areas. There is no licensed therapy available and disease control by vaccination is considered to be most effective. Mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccines, although immunogenic, have several limitations in terms of safety, availability and requirement for multiple doses. Owing to these drawbacks, the WHO called for the development of novel, safe and more efficacious JE vaccines. Several candidate vaccines have been developed and at least three of them that demonstrated strong immunogenicity after one or two doses of the vaccine in animal models were subsequently tested in various clinical trials. One of these vaccines, IMOJEV(®) (JE-CV and previously known as ChimeriVax™-JE), is a novel recombinant chimeric virus vaccine, developed using the Yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine vector YFV17D, by replacing the cDNA encoding the envelope proteins of YFV with that of an attenuated JEV strain SA14-14-2. IMOJEV was found to be safe, highly immunogenic and capable of inducing long-lasting immunity in both preclinical and clinical trials. Moreover, a single dose of IMOJEV was sufficient to induce protective immunity, which was similar to that induced in adults by three doses of JE-VAX(®), a mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine. Recently, Phase III trials evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of the chimeric virus vaccine have been successfully completed in some JE-endemic countries and the vaccine manufacturers have filed an application for vaccine registration. IMOJEV may thus be licensed for use in humans as an improved alternative to the currently licensed JE vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon 122 016, India
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Li Y, Ye J, Yang X, Xu M, Chen L, Mei L, Zhu J, Liu X, Chen H, Cao S. Infection of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by live attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus induces cells maturation and triggers T cells activation. Vaccine 2011; 29:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Jones JF, Sejvar JJ, Griggs A, Iskander J, Miller ER, Fischer M. Adverse event reports following Japanese encephalitis vaccination in the United States, 1999-2009. Vaccine 2010; 29:58-64. [PMID: 20970488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed adverse events following receipt of inactivated mouse brain-derived Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine reported to the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) from 1999 to 2009. During this period, VAERS received 300 adverse event reports following JE vaccination (24 per 100,000 doses distributed); 106 (35%) were classified as hypersensitivity reactions (8.4 per 100,000 doses) and four (1%) were classified as neurologic events (0.3 per 100,000 doses). Twenty-three (8%) reports described serious adverse events (1.8 per 100,000 doses distributed). There were no reports of encephalitis, meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome. As reported previously, hypersensitivity reactions were common among persons receiving inactivated mouse brain-derived JE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole P Lindsey
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States.
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Dubischar-Kastner K, Kaltenboeck A, Klingler A, Jilma B, Schuller E. Safety analysis of a Vero-cell culture derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine, IXIARO (IC51), in 6 months of follow-up. Vaccine 2010; 28:6463-9. [PMID: 20673824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most common viral encephalitis in Asia. IXIARO is a Vero cell-derived, inactivated JE virus vaccine which has recently been approved in the US, Europe, Canada and Australia (trade name JESPECT). This overview of the safety and tolerability of IXIARO, for 6 months after the first vaccination in 7 Phase III trials, includes: 3558 subjects with at least one IXIARO vaccination, 435 subjects with a JE-VAX (manufactured by BIKEN, distributed by Sanofi Pasteur) vaccination, and 657 with phosphate-buffered saline solution with 0.1% Al(OH)(3) (PBS+Alum) control vaccination. The percentage of subjects reporting solicited local adverse events (AEs) with IXIARO (54%) was similar to PBS+Alum vaccination (56%) as were solicited systemic adverse events (40% IXIARO; 40% PBS+Alum vaccination). JE-VAX showed a higher frequency of subjects with solicited local adverse events (61%) but a slightly lower frequency of subjects with solicited systemic adverse events (36%). The frequency of subjects with any solicited and unsolicited AE with IXIARO (64%) was also similar to PBS+Alum vaccination (61%) and JE-VAX (64%); as for subjects with serious AEs (1% IXIARO; 2% PBS+Alum vaccination, 1% JE-VAX). No serious allergic reactions were observed in any group. This safety analysis indicates that IXIARO has a favorable safety profile, comparable to PBS+Alum control vaccination and appears to have a better local tolerability profile than JE-VAX.
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Appaiahgari MB, Abdin MZ, Bansal KC, Vrati S. Expression of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein in transgenic tobacco plants. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:22-9. [PMID: 19628009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The virus envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus induces virus-neutralizing antibodies and is therefore a potential vaccine antigen. In a mammalian system, co-expression of another viral structural protein prM is necessary for proper expression and folding of E protein. Transgenic tobacco plants were produced carrying JEV cDNA encoding prM and E proteins under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. E protein, however, was not detectable in these plants. In vitro translation studies showed that the presence of the prM sequence inhibited transgene expression in the plant system. Accordingly, JEV E protein could be expressed in transgenic tobacco plants only without the prM protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- National Institute of Immunology and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, THSTI, New Delhi 110067, India
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27
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Griffin MR, Braun MM, Bart KJ. What should an ideal vaccine postlicensure safety system be? Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S345-50. [PMID: 19797747 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.143081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2007 the National Vaccine Program, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the Health Resources and Services Administration, sponsored a public conference titled "Vaccine Safety Evaluation: Post Marketing Surveillance." The objective was to discuss enhanced approaches to postlicensure evaluation of vaccine safety, including active and passive surveillance systems and special studies. The conference participants reviewed the evolution of the assessment of vaccine safety, detailed current national approaches to postmarketing safety, and offered new approaches to evaluating vaccine safety. A number of the participants recommended that information systems be expanded to include reliable information on vaccination and health outcomes in large populations. We summarize the major meeting presentations and discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Griffin
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Japanese encephalitis: is there a need for a novel vaccine? Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:969-72. [PMID: 19627179 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kollaritsch H, Paulke-Korinek M, Dubischar-Kastner K. IC51 Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:921-31. [PMID: 19527110 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903042282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. Every year 30,000 - 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths from Japanese encephalitis are reported, and underreporting has been suggested. No effective antiviral therapy exists to treat this mosquito-borne flavivirus infection. For active immunization vaccines are available. The manufacturing of the only vaccine that was internationally licensed, JE-VAX, was ceased in 2005. Therefore a shortage of Japanese encephalitis vaccines might occur before new generation vaccines based on cell culture technology will be available. A promising new vaccine candidate is the inactivated whole-virus vaccine IXIARO (Strain SA(14)-14-2), developed by Intercell AG. Which was licensed in Europe, the USA and Australia in spring 2009. Recently, successful Phase III immunogenicity and tolerability studies were published, indicating that this vaccine will be an acceptable approach to active immunization against Japanese encephalitis. Cell-culture-based vaccines will not only be used in the population living in endemic areas where the risk of infection is high, but also by travelers and military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Kollaritsch
- Medical University Vienna, Centre for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kaltenböck A, Dubischar-Kastner K, Eder G, Jilg W, Klade C, Kollaritsch H, Paulke-Korinek M, von Sonnenburg F, Spruth M, Tauber E, Wiedermann U, Schuller E. Safety and immunogenicity of concomitant vaccination with the cell-culture based Japanese Encephalitis vaccine IC51 and the hepatitis A vaccine HAVRIX1440 in healthy subjects: A single-blind, randomized, controlled Phase 3 study. Vaccine 2009; 27:4483-9. [PMID: 19486955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In travellers often several pre-departure immunizations are indicated, thus data are needed about possible interactions between vaccines. This Phase 3 study investigated the immunogenicity and safety of IC51 (JE vaccine) and HAVRIX1440 (hepatitis A vaccine) when administered alone or concomitantly to healthy subjects. The immune response was compared between single and concomitant vaccination in terms of geometric mean titre (GMT) and seroconversion rate (SCR) on Days 28 and 56. Immunogenicity was comparable for the 2 vaccines whether given together or separately which suggests that travellers to such regions could receive the vaccinations concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaltenböck
- Intercell AG, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Burchard GD, Caumes E, Connor BA, Freedman DO, Jelinek T, Jong EC, von Sonnenburg F, Steffen R, Tsai TF, Wilder-Smith A, Zuckerman J. Expert opinion on vaccination of travelers against Japanese encephalitis. J Travel Med 2009; 16:204-16. [PMID: 19538583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tauber E, Dewasthaly S. Japanese encephalitis vaccines--needs, flaws and achievements. Biol Chem 2008; 389:547-50. [PMID: 18953721 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis causes serious health problems in countries in Southeast Asia, where the causative virus is endemic. Whereas most adults living in this region have acquired immunity, children are at high risk of infection. Childhood mass immunization programs with first-generation mouse brain-derived vaccines efficiently reduced Japanese encephalitis incidence in affected countries, but immunization recommendations have mostly been abolished in Japan owing to the occurrence of severe side effects. Thus, there is a pressing need for safer vaccines to keep the disease under control. The safety profile of the current vaccines, together with the relatively low incidence, makes the risk/benefit ratio unfavorable for immunization of travelers to Southeast Asia, despite the high mortality once the clinical disease has developed. As Asian countries become increasingly popular travel destinations, the availability of well-tolerated vaccines would likely shift the ratio towards immunization. Currently, there is one second-generation inactivated cell-culture-grown vaccine in late-stage clinical development that is approaching licensing in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Tauber
- Intercell AG, Campus Vienna Biocenter 2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Li P, Cao RB, Zheng QS, Liu JJ, Li Y, Wang EX, Li F, Chen PY. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in mice against Japanese encephalitis virus using a DNA prime-protein boost vaccine strategy. Vet J 2008; 183:210-6. [PMID: 19008134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic multi-epitope gene containing critical epitopes of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope gene was cloned into both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors. The recombinant plasmid and purified recombinant protein (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) were used as immunogens in a mouse model. The results indicate that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Neutralising antibody titres in mice in the pcDNA-TEP plus rEP group increased considerably relative to mice immunised using either pcDNA-TEP or rEP alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the highest levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma and IL-4 were induced following priming with the DNA vaccine and boosting with the recombinant protein. Together these findings demonstrate that a DNA-recombinant protein prime-boost vaccination strategy can produce high levels of antibody and trigger significant T cell responses in mice, highlighting the potential value of such an approach in the prevention of JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Evaluation of Japanese encephalitis virus DNA vaccine candidates in rhesus monkeys [Macaca mulatta]. Vaccine 2008; 27:10-6. [PMID: 18996161 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described DNA vaccine candidates against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that were immunogenic in mice. Present study was conducted to evaluate their immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and compare it with the commercial mouse brain-derived, formalin-inactivated vaccine. Groups of four monkeys were immunized with either pMEa (expressing the anchored form of the envelope protein along with the pre-membrane protein of JEV) or pMEs (expressing the secretory form of the envelope protein along with pre-membrane protein of JEV) by intra-muscular (IM, using needle) or intra-dermal (ID, using gene gun) routes. Following primary immunization with 1mg plasmid DNA given IM, or 5 microg plasmid DNA given ID, the monkeys were boosted after 1 and 2 months with 0.5mg DNA given IM or 5 microg DNA given ID, and observed for a period of 6 months. After the second booster, most of the monkeys sero-converted and developed JEV neutralizing antibodies, albeit of low titer. Importantly however, following a sham challenge with the mouse brain-derived inactivated JEV vaccine given 6 months after immunization, the neutralizing antibody titers rose rapidly indicating a vigorous anamnestic response. Based on the JEV neutralizing antibody response following the vaccination and the extent of anamnestic response generated in the immunized monkeys, plasmid pMEa was superior to pMEs. This study indicates that the JEV candidate DNA vaccine is capable of generating protective levels of JEV neutralizing antibodies in rhesus monkeys and prime the immune system effectively against a subsequent exposure to JEV.
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Immune responses of recombinant adenoviruses expressing immunodominant epitopes against Japanese encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2008; 26:5802-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Extensive vaccination against Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been carried out in many Asian countries for the past 20 years and is also increasingly recommended for travelers to endemic areas. Concerns have been raised regarding potential neurological and allergic side effects of the currently available JE vaccine, which is manufactured from mouse brain. A new purified, inactivated JE virus vaccine (IC51) has been developed, which is manufactured in a Vero cell culture substrate. Studies show that the vaccine is both safe and immunogenic and the product will be licensed very soon for use in many industrialized countries. Once a highly immunogenic and safe product is available, wider use of JE vaccine in travelers will be prudent. Currently, vaccination is restricted to travelers with an increased risk of acquiring JE. Individuals at increased risk have been defined quite arbitrarily as travelers with increased behavioral contact to JE-transmitting mosquitoes, in particular, during stays in rural areas and during the transmission season. However, the possibility of an infection with JE virus can never be ruled out when traveling to endemic areas and infection can prove disastrous for the individual concerned. Since a safe product will be available very soon, guidelines and recommendations will have to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jelinek
- Berlin Center for Travel & Tropical Medicine, Jägerstrasse 67-69, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Tauber E, Kollaritsch H, von Sonnenburg F, Lademann M, Jilma B, Firbas C, Jelinek T, Beckett C, Knobloch J, McBride W, Schuller E, Kaltenböck A, Sun W, Lyons A. Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Phase 3 Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of IC51, an Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:493-9. [DOI: 10.1086/590116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Schuller E, Jilma B, Voicu V, Golor G, Kollaritsch H, Kaltenböck A, Klade C, Tauber E. Long-term immunogenicity of the new Vero cell-derived, inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine IC51. Vaccine 2008; 26:4382-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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General immunization practices. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Tauber E, Kollaritsch H, Korinek M, Rendi-Wagner P, Jilma B, Firbas C, Schranz S, Jong E, Klingler A, Dewasthaly S, Klade CS. Safety and immunogenicity of a Vero-cell-derived, inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: a non-inferiority, phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370:1847-53. [PMID: 18061060 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in southeast Asia. Although no treatment is currently available, vaccination effectively prevents the disease. In a non-inferiority study, we aimed to compare the safety and immunogenicity of a novel, second-generation, inactivated candidate vaccine for JEV with a licensed, mouse-brain-derived vaccine. METHODS We included 867 adults in a multicentre, multinational, observer-blinded, randomised controlled phase III trial. Study sites were located in the USA, Germany, and Austria. Volunteers received either the JEV test vaccine intramuscularly on a two-dose schedule (on days 0 and 28; n=430) or the licensed vaccine subcutaneously according to its recommended three-dose schedule (on days 0, 7, and 28; n=437). The primary endpoint was immunogenicity, with respect to neutralising JEV-specific antibodies assessed by a plaque-reduction neutralisation test, which was assessable in 725 patients in the per-protocol population. This trial is registered as a clinical trial, EudraCT number 2004-002474-36. FINDINGS The safety profile of the test vaccine was good, and its local tolerability profile was more favourable than that of the licensed vaccine. Frequency of adverse events was similar between treatment groups, and vaccine-related adverse events were generally mild. The seroconversion rate of the test vaccine was 98% compared with 95% for the licensed vaccine on day 56 (95% CI for the difference -1.33 to 3.43). Geometric mean titre for recipients of the test vaccine was 244 (range 5-19 783), compared with 102 (5-1864) for the licensed vaccine (ratio 2.3 [95% CI 1.967-2.75]). INTERPRETATION The test JEV vaccine has a promising immunogenicity and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tauber
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is recognized as the only practical measure for preventing Japanese encephalitis. Production shortage, costs, and issues of licensure impair vaccination programmes in many affected countries. Concerns over vaccine effectiveness and safety also have a negative impact on acceptance and uptake. OBJECTIVES To evaluate vaccines for preventing Japanese encephalitis in terms of effectiveness, adverse events, and immunogenicity. SEARCH STRATEGY In March 2007, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 1), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, BIOSIS, and reference lists. We also attempted to contact corresponding authors and vaccine companies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster-RCTs, comparing Japanese encephalitis vaccines with placebo (inert agent or unrelated vaccine), no intervention, or alternative Japanese encephalitis vaccine. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Authors independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Dichotomous data were compared with relative risks and a 95% confidence interval (CI), and converted into percentage vaccine efficacy. MAIN RESULTS Eight RCTs involving 358,750 participants were included. These trials investigated two available and three pre-licensure vaccines. Two RCTs assessing efficacy of the commercially available inactivated Nakayama vaccine were identified. A two-dose schedule of the licensed vaccine provided significant protection of 95% (95% CI 10% to 100%) for one year only, while two doses of an unpurified precursor vaccine protected children by 81% (95% CI 45% to 94%) in year one and by 59% (95% CI 2% to 83%) in year two. Serious adverse events were not observed. Mild and moderate episodes of injection site soreness, fever, headache, and nausea were reported in less than 6% of children receiving inactivated vaccine compared to 0.6% of unvaccinated controls. One cluster-RCT compared the live-attenuated SA14-14-2 vaccine (widely used in China) with no intervention measuring adverse events. Fever was reported in 2.7% of vaccinees compared to 3.1% of controls, while 0.1% of both groups suffered diarrhoea or seizures. Four small pre-licensure RCTs assessing a genetically engineered vaccine and two cell culture-derived inactivated vaccines revealed high immunogenicity and relative safety. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Only one of the three currently used vaccines has been assessed for efficacy in a RCT. Other RCTs have assessed their safety, however, and they appear to cause only occasional mild or moderate adverse events. Further trials of effectiveness and safety are needed for the currently used vaccines, especially concerning dose levels and schedules. Trials investigating several new vaccines are planned or in progress.
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Key Words
- humans
- encephalitis, japanese
- encephalitis, japanese/prevention & control
- japanese encephalitis vaccines
- japanese encephalitis vaccines/adverse effects
- japanese encephalitis vaccines/immunology
- japanese encephalitis vaccines/therapeutic use
- randomized controlled trials as topic
- vaccines, attenuated
- vaccines, attenuated/adverse effects
- vaccines, attenuated/immunology
- vaccines, attenuated/therapeutic use
- vaccines, inactivated
- vaccines, inactivated/adverse effects
- vaccines, inactivated/immunology
- vaccines, inactivated/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Schiøler
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, C/O Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK, L3 5QA.
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an inflammatory disease in the central nervous system caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JE is a disease with a high fatality rate and endemic and epidemic in East, Southeast, and South Asia. High morbidity is noted in children living in the endemic area. JEV is maintained mainly between vector mosquitoes and pigs in nature. The risk of JE increases as the number of vector mosquitoes increases. The expansion of JEV-endemic area depends on irrigated rice field and pig farming. These environments that are suitable for infectious cycle of JEV exist widely in Asia today. The effective and safe vaccine is available in endemic countries and for international travelers. JE vaccination is strongly recommended to those who visit the JEV-endemic regions, especially in the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oya
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sidhapuriwala JN, Sivalingam SP, Lu J, Moochhala SM. Immunomodulation of Japanese encephalitis vaccine through CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in mice. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:370-5. [PMID: 16970676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine guanine (CpG) dinucleotides motifs act as immune adjuvant and provide means of modulation to immune responses when co-delivered with antigens. They stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. We investigated the immunomodulation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine using CpG ODN as an adjuvant. Mice were immunized with one dose of JE vaccine 0.1 ml with different concentrations (10, 25 and 100 microg) of CpG ODN. The serum antibody level and cytokines were evaluated and compared with mice immunized with two doses of JE vaccine alone. Our studies revealed that anti-JE antibody level in mice immunized with single dose of 0.1 ml JE vaccine and 100 microg CpG ODN were almost equal to mice immunized with two doses of JE vaccine alone. Furthermore, CpG ODN enhanced the production of TNF-alpha and Th1-mediated cytokines, including IFN-gamma and IL-2 compared with JE vaccine alone. In addition, absence of any significant changes in biochemical, haematological and histological studies suggest that CpG ODN are safe adjuvants for JE vaccine. Therefore, it is inferred that CpG ODN are effective and improve the efficacy of JE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sidhapuriwala
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Appaiahgari MB, Saini M, Rauthan M, Vrati S. Immunization with recombinant adenovirus synthesizing the secretory form of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein protects adenovirus-exposed mice against lethal encephalitis. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:92-104. [PMID: 16126425 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses (RAds) were constructed that synthesized the pre-membrane and envelope (E) proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Recombinant virus RAdEa synthesized Ea, the membrane-anchored E protein, and RAdEs synthesized Es, the secretory E protein. Compared with RAdEs, RAdEa replicated poorly in HEK 293A cells and synthesized lower amounts of E protein. Oral immunization of mice with RAds generated low titers of anti-JEV antibodies that had little JEV neutralizing activity. Intra-muscular (IM) immunization of mice with either RAd generated high titers of anti-JEV antibodies. Interestingly, RAdEa induced only low titers of JEV neutralizing antibodies. Titers were significantly higher in case of RAdEs immunization. Splenocytes from mice immunized IM with RAds secreted large amounts of interferon-gamma and moderate amounts of interleukin-5 in the presence of JEV and showed cytotoxic activity against JEV-infected cells. Naïve mice immunized IM with RAdEs showed complete protection against a lethal dose of JEV given intra-cerebrally. In order to study the effect of the pre-existing adenovirus 5 (Ad5) immunity on the outcome of the RAdEs immunization, mice were exposed to Ad5 through IM or intra-nasal (IN) routes before immunization with RAdEs. Mice exposed to Ad5 through the IN route, when immunized with RAdEs given IM, or those exposed to Ad5 through the IM route, when immunized with RAdEs given IN, were completely protected against lethal JEV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi 110 067, India
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46
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Konishi E, Shoda M, Ajiro N, Kondo T. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantifying antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural 1 protein to detect subclinical infections in vaccinated horses. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5087-93. [PMID: 15528700 PMCID: PMC525176 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.11.5087-5093.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein constitute a marker of natural JEV infection among populations vaccinated with inactivated JE vaccine. In Japan, with few recent human JE cases, the natural infection rate is critical to evaluate the necessity of continuing JE vaccination. A sensitive immunochemical staining method for detecting NS1 antibodies in individuals naturally and subclinically infected with JEV was previously established. Here, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect NS1 antibodies in equine sera was developed and evaluated as an alternative to immunostaining. By this method, NS1 antigens contained in culture fluids from cells stably transfected with the NS1 and NS2A genes were captured by a rabbit anti-NS1 polyclonal antibody. Three nanograms per well of NS1 antigen, corresponding to 1:2 to 1:8 dilutions of the culture fluid, was sufficient for testing. ELISA values were obtained by a single-serum dilution (1:100), which correlated with ELISA titers obtained by an endpoint method. Under a tentative cutoff value (0.122) statistically calculated from NS1 antibody levels of horses in an area where JEV is not endemic, a high level of qualitative agreement (85.3%) was obtained between the ELISA and immunostaining methods. A significant correlation coefficient (0.799; P < 0.001) was also obtained between the two methods. Three experimentally infected horses seroconverted no later than 13 to 23 days postinfection, whereas 4 field horses infected during an epizootic remained positive for NS1 antibodies for at least 40 weeks. Our results indicate that the ELISA used here was sufficiently sensitive to detect subclinical infections in vaccinated equine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Konishi
- Department of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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47
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Rauthan M, Kaur R, Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. Oral immunization of mice with Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein synthesized in Escherichia coli induces anti-viral antibodies. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:1305-11. [PMID: 15555537 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the possibility of developing an oral vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), mice were fed with recombinant JEV envelope (E) protein synthesized in Escherichia coli. The protein was administered orally to mice with or without an immunostimulatory cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motif containing synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) as an adjuvant. The immunized mice made high-titered anti-E and anti-JEV antibodies. Mice immunized with JEV E protein along with the ODN adjuvant produced higher antibody titers and these were predominantly IgG2a type. These antibodies, however, failed to neutralize JEV activity in vitro, and the immunization did not protect the mice against lethal JEV challenge. Splenocytes from the immunized mice secreted large amounts of interferon (IFN)-gamma and showed proliferation in the presence of JEV E protein. Our results indicate that JEV E protein delivered orally to mice together with ODN generated both humoral and cellular immune responses to JEV, and these were of the Th1 type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Rauthan
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi 110 067, India
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48
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice of a formaldehyde-inactivated Indian strain of Japanese encephalitis virus grown in Vero cells. Vaccine 2004; 22:3669-75. [PMID: 15315846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P20778, an Indian strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) obtained from Vellore in the Southern India, was grown in Vero cells cultured on microcarriers in a spinner flask. The virus was formalin-inactivated and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice were tested in comparison with a commercially available vaccine. Our studies indicated that formalin-inactivated JEV P20778 induced high levels of protective immunity in mice. Virus inactivation with formalin at 22 degrees C, which required shorter incubation period, was found to be as good or better to virus inactivation at 4 degrees C for generating high titers of anti-JEV antibodies. Similarly, the 22 degrees C-inactivated virus generated JEV neutralizing antibody titers as good or higher than those induced by the 4 degrees C-inactivated virus. Thus, for the vaccine production, inactivation of JEV with formalin at 22 degrees C would be a preferred method as it is faster and does not require cold room storage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disinfectants/pharmacology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/growth & development
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Formaldehyde/pharmacology
- India
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi 110067, India
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49
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Kaur R, Rauthan M, Vrati S. Immunogenicity in mice of a cationic microparticle-adsorbed plasmid DNA encoding Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Vaccine 2004; 22:2776-82. [PMID: 15246611 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Revised: 01/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described a plasmid pMEa, synthesizing the anchored form of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope protein that generated virus-neutralizing antibodies in mice upon intra-muscular injection. The immunized mice showed significant protection against lethal JEV challenge. In order to improve the efficacy of plasmid DNA immunization against JEV, methods need to be employed that would enhance neutralizing antibody titers. Plasmid DNA adsorbed to cationic microparticles has recently been shown to significantly improve its immunogenicity. In the present study, we have adsorbed the plasmid pMEa on cationic microparticles and have compared its immunogenicity with the naked plasmid DNA. As seen in ELISA, the microparticle-adsorbed DNA induced higher titers of anti-JEV antibodies when compared to those induced by the naked DNA. No difference, however, was seen in JEV neutralization titers. The microparticle-adsorbed DNA induced a mixed Th1-Th2 kind of immune responses as opposed to Th1 type of immune responses elicited by the naked DNA.
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MESH Headings
- Adsorption
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Lactic Acid
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microspheres
- Neutralization Tests
- Particle Size
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Polyglycolic Acid
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
- Polymers
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinderjeet Kaur
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi 110067, India
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50
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Konishi E, Shoda M, Kondo T. Prevalence of antibody to Japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural 1 protein among racehorses in Japan: indication of natural infection and need for continuous vaccination. Vaccine 2004; 22:1097-103. [PMID: 15003636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Revised: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes fatal diseases in equines as well as humans. In Japan, racehorses are vaccinated with inactivated JE vaccine every year and no equine JE cases have been reported since 1986. However, the current reduction in JEV activity in nature has raised an argument against the requirement of continuous vaccination. Here, we studied natural infection rates in racehorses to address the issue. To identify naturally-infected individuals from vaccinated populations, we used an immunostaining method for detecting antibodies to JEV nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein. A total of 779 horses in eight nationwide locations showed NS1 antibody prevalences ranging from 15 to 73%. NS1 antibody prevalences among 2-year-old individuals that had spent one epizootic season in a particular location, therefore representing annual infection rates, were 15-67%. Individuals aged >/=3 years showed higher NS1 antibody titers than the 2-year-olds, suggesting that NS1 antibody levels were boosted by repeated exposures to JEV antigen over >/=2 epizootic seasons. These results indicate that horses in Japan are exposed to natural JEV infections, confirming the need for continuous vaccination for protecting horses from JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Konishi
- Department of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-10-2 Tomokaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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