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Liu Y, Cafiero TR, Park D, Biswas A, Winer BY, Cho CH, Bram Y, Chandar V, Connell AKO, Gertje HP, Crossland N, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. Targeted viral adaptation generates a simian-tropic hepatitis B virus that infects marmoset cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3582. [PMID: 37328459 PMCID: PMC10276007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) only infects humans and chimpanzees, posing major challenges for modeling HBV infection and chronic viral hepatitis. The major barrier in establishing HBV infection in non-human primates lies at incompatibilities between HBV and simian orthologues of the HBV receptor, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP). Through mutagenesis analysis and screening among NTCP orthologues from Old World monkeys, New World monkeys and prosimians, we determined key residues responsible for viral binding and internalization, respectively and identified marmosets as a suitable candidate for HBV infection. Primary marmoset hepatocytes and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells support HBV and more efficient woolly monkey HBV (WMHBV) infection. Adapted chimeric HBV genome harboring residues 1-48 of WMHBV preS1 generated here led to a more efficient infection than wild-type HBV in primary and stem cell derived marmoset hepatocytes. Collectively, our data demonstrate that minimal targeted simianization of HBV can break the species barrier in small NHPs, paving the path for an HBV primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Thomas R Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Debby Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Winer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aoife K O' Connell
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hans P Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Nicholas Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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2
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Tian J, Li C, Li W. Entry of hepatitis B virus: going beyond NTCP to the nucleus. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:97-102. [PMID: 34428726 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major cause of liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV infection begins by low-affinity attachment to hepatocytes and subsequent binding with a specific receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) on sinusoidal-basolateral side of liver parenchymal cells. Following internalization with an unclear mechanism, HBV undergoes uncoating, capsid disassembling and culminates in delivering its genome into the nucleus and forms the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of HBV entry and discuss some unanswered questions along the entry pathway beyond NTCP binding into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tian
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Cong Li
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Science, Beijing, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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3
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Wieland SF. The chimpanzee model for hepatitis B virus infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/6/a021469. [PMID: 26033082 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Even before the discovery of hepatitis B virus (HBV), it was known that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are susceptible to human hepatitis viruses. The chimpanzee is the only primate animal model for HBV infections. Much like HBV-infected human patients, chimpanzees can develop acute and chronic HBV infections and consequent hepatitis. Chimpanzees also develop a cellular immune response similar to that observed in humans. For these reasons, the chimpanzee has proven to be an invaluable model for investigations on HBV-driven disease pathogenesis and also the testing of novel antiviral therapies and prophylactic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Wieland
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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4
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Dickens C, Kew MC, Purcell RH, Kramvis A. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in chacma baboons, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:598-605. [PMID: 23631817 PMCID: PMC3647412 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During previous studies of susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HBV DNA was detected in 2/6 wild-caught baboons. In the present study, HBV DNA was amplified from 15/69 wild-caught baboons. All animals were negative for HBV surface antigen and antibody against HBV core antigen. Liver tissue from 1 baboon was immunohistochemically negative for HBV surface antigen but positive for HBV core antigen. The complete HBV genome of an isolate from this liver clustered with subgenotype A2. Reverse transcription PCR of liver RNA amplified virus precore and surface protein genes, indicating replication of virus in baboon liver tissue. Four experimentally naive baboons were injected with serum from HBV DNA-positive baboons. These 4 baboons showed transient seroconversion, and HBV DNA was amplified from serum at various times after infection. The presence of HBV DNA at relatively low levels and in the absence of serologic markers in the baboon, a nonhuman primate, indicates an occult infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dickens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Sa-nguanmoo P, Thongmee C, Ratanakorn P, Pattanarangsan R, Boonyarittichaikij R, Chodapisitkul S, Theamboonlers A, Tangkijvanich P, Poovorawan Y. Prevalence, whole genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus in captive orangutan and gibbon. J Med Primatol 2008; 37:277-89. [PMID: 18466280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a public health problem worldwide and apart from infecting humans, HBV has been found in non-human primates. METHODS We subjected 93 non-human primates comprising 12 species to ELISA screening for the serological markers HBsAg, antiHBs and antiHBc. Subsequently, we detected HBV DNA, sequenced the whole HBV genome and performed phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS HBV infection was detected in gibbon (4/15) and orangutan (7/53). HBV DNA isolates from two gibbons and seven orangutans were chosen for complete genome amplification. We aligned the Pre-S/S, Pre-C/C and entire genomes with HBV sequences and performed phylogenetic analysis. The gibbon and orangutan viruses clustered within their respective groups. CONCLUSIONS Both geographic location and host species influence which HBV variants are found in gibbons and orangutans. Hence, HBV transmission between humans and non-human primates might be a distinct possibility and additional studies will be required to further investigate this potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaratida Sa-nguanmoo
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Starkman SE, MacDonald DM, Lewis JCM, Holmes EC, Simmonds P. Geographic and species association of hepatitis B virus genotypes in non-human primates. Virology 2003; 314:381-93. [PMID: 14517090 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been detected in human populations throughout the world, as well as in a number of ape species (Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, gibbons [Nomascus and Hylobates species] and Pongo pygmaeus). To investigate the distribution of naturally occurring HBV infection in these species and other African Old World monkey species (Cercopithecidae), we screened 137 plasma samples from mainly wild caught animals by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using several of highly conserved primers from the HB surface (HBs) gene, and for HBs antigen (HBsAg) by ELISA. None of the 93 Cercopithecidae screened (6 species) showed PCR or serology evidence for HBV infection; in contrast 2 from 8 chimpanzees and 5 from 22 gibbons were PCR-positive with each set of primers. Complete genome sequences from each of the positive apes were obtained and compared with all previously published complete and surface gene sequences. This extended phylogenetic analysis indicated that HBV variants from orangutans were interspersed by with HBV variants from southerly distributed gibbon species (H. agilis and H. moloch) occupying overlapping or adjacent habitat ranges with orangutans; in contrast, HBV variants from gibbon species in mainland Asia were phylogenetically distinct. A geographical rather than (sub)species association of HBV would account for the distribution of HBV variants in different subspecies of chimpanzees in Africa, and explain the inlier position of the previously described lowland gorilla sequence in the chimpanzee clade. These new findings have a number of implication for understanding the origins and epidemiology of HBV infection in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Starkman
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK
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7
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Robertson BH. Viral hepatitis and primates: historical and molecular analysis of human and nonhuman primate hepatitis A, B, and the GB-related viruses. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:233-42. [PMID: 11454173 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis viruses have long been assumed to be highly host-specific, with infection of other nonhuman primates occurring due to inoculation with, or exposure to, human viruses. This paradigm has slowly changed over the last 10 years, as mounting data has revealed nonhuman primate equivalents of hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and the hepatitis C-related viruses GBV-C and GBV-A. This review summarizes the historical and molecular information for each of these groups and highlights the impact of these nonhuman primate hepatitis viruses on our understanding of the evolution of each of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Robertson
- Hepatitis Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30333, USA.
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8
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Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus in experimental carcinogenesis studies. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(01)05007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Kedda MA, Kramvis A, Kew MC, Lecatsas G, Paterson AC, Aspinall S, Stark JH, De Klerk WA, Gridelli B. Susceptibility of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus orientalis) to infection by hepatitis B virus. Transplantation 2000; 69:1429-34. [PMID: 10798766 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200004150-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because baboons are being considered as a source of xenografts for human liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis B virus- (HBV) induced cirrhosis to forestall infection of the graft by the virus, we undertook a study to ascertain if baboons are resistant to HBV infection. METHODS Six chacma baboons were inoculated with serum containing HBV and were followed for 52 weeks to detect transmission of infection. RESULTS Anti-HBc was detected in the serum of four baboons 16 weeks after inoculation. Virions, small spherical particles, and tubular forms were seen at this time in the serum of the one baboon studied by transmission electron microscopy. HBV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the serum of the same four baboons throughout the period of follow-up, as well as in liver tissue obtained after 52 weeks. The specificity of the DNA was confirmed by Southern hybridization. Nucleotide sequences showed complete sequence identity between the HBV DNA in each of the baboon sera and one of the two HBV genotypes inoculated. Serum transaminase levels tested at 4-weekly intervals were always normal and histological examination of liver tissue after 52 weeks showed no evidence of chronic hepatitis. Examination of squash preparations of liver tissue by electron microscopy in one baboon revealed core-like particles. CONCLUSIONS Chacma baboons are susceptible to HBV infection and appear to develop a chronic carrier state. The use of xenografts from baboons should preferably be avoided, but if they are used again for HBV-infected patients it would be prudent to treat the patients as if they had received an organ from a human donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kedda
- Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Vitral CL, Yoshida CF, Gaspar AM. The use of non-human primates as animal models for the study of hepatitis viruses. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:1035-48. [PMID: 9777010 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses belong to different families and have in common a striking hepatotropism and restrictions for propagation in cell culture. The transmissibility of hepatitis is in great part limited to non-human primates. Enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus) can induce hepatitis in a number of Old World and New World monkey species, while the host range of non-human primates susceptible to hepatitis viruses transmitted by the parenteral route (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis delta virus) is restricted to few species of Old World monkeys, especially the chimpanzee. Experimental studies on non-human primates have provided an invaluable source of information regarding the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses, and represent a still indispensable tool for vaccine and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Vitral
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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11
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Lanford RE, Chavez D, Brasky KM, Burns RB, Rico-Hesse R. Isolation of a hepadnavirus from the woolly monkey, a New World primate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5757-61. [PMID: 9576957 PMCID: PMC20452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.10.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are a major worldwide health problem with chronic infections leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Viruses related to human HBV have been isolated from birds and rodents, but despite efforts to find hepadnaviruses that infect species intermediate in evolution between rodents and humans, none have been described. We recently isolated a hepadnavirus from a woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) that was suffering from fulminant hepatitis. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the core and surface genes indicated that the virus was distinct from the human HBV family, and because it is basal (ancestral) to the human monophyletic group, it probably represents a progenitor of the human viruses. This virus was designated woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV). Analysis of woolly monkey colonies at five zoos indicated that WMHBV infections occurred in most of the animals at the Louisville zoo but not at four other zoos in the United States. The host range of WMHBV was examined by inoculation of one chimpanzee and two black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), the closest nonendangered relative of the woolly monkey. The data suggest that spider monkeys are susceptible to infection with WMHBV and that minimal replication was observed in a chimpanzee. Thus, we have isolated a hepadnavirus with a host intermediate between humans and rodents and establishes a new animal model for evaluation of antiviral therapies for treating HBV chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Lanford
- Departments of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, 7620 Northwest Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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12
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13
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Michaels MG, Lanford R, Demetris AJ, Chavez D, Brasky K, Fung J, Starzl TE. Lack of susceptibility of baboons to infection with hepatitis B virus. Transplantation 1996; 61:350-1. [PMID: 8610338 PMCID: PMC2967409 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199602150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Historically, hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been considered species specific and unable to infect baboons. Based on this premise, two patients with HBV endstage liver disease underwent baboon liver xenotransplantation. To study whether baboons are susceptible to HBV infection, four baboons (two receiving immunosuppressive therapy) were inoculated with HBV. Animals were followed for 6 months: clinical examinations and biochemical studies were normal, hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen staining of biopsies was negative, and HBV serology remained negative. HBV polymerase chain reaction was transiently positive in one animal, which most likely reflects the initial inoculation. This pilot study corroborates historical evidence and beliefs that baboons are resistant to HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Michaels
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Michaels MG, McMichael JP, Brasky K, Kalter S, Peters RL, Starzl TE, Simmons RL. Screening donors for xenotransplantation. The potential for xenozoonoses. Transplantation 1994; 57:1462-5. [PMID: 8197609 PMCID: PMC2978655 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199405000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the current donor shortage for solid organ transplantation. The transmission of infectious agents from donor organs or bone marrow to the recipient is a well-recognized phenomenon following allotransplantation. Thus the prospect of xenotransplantation raises the issue of xenozoonoses--i.e., the transmission of animal infections to the human host. Anticipating an increasing number of baboon to human transplants, 31 adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from a single colony in the United States were screened for the presence of antibody to microbial agents (principally viral) that may pose a significant risk of infection. Antibody to simian cytomegalovirus, simian agent 8 and Epstein-Barr virus, was found in 97% of animals tested. Antibody to simian retroviruses and Toxoplasma gondii was found in 30% and 32% respectively. Discordant results were found when paired samples were examined by two primate laboratories. This was particularly noted when methodologies were based on cross-reaction with human viral antigens. These results highlight the need to develop specific antibody tests against the species used for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Michaels
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
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15
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16
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Brown EA, Jansen RW, Lemon SM. Characterization of a simian hepatitis A virus (HAV): antigenic and genetic comparison with human HAV. J Virol 1989; 63:4932-7. [PMID: 2552172 PMCID: PMC251140 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4932-4937.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PA21, a strain of hepatitis A virus (HAV) recovered from a naturally infected captive owl monkey, is indistinguishable from human HAV in polyclonal radioimmunoassays and cross-neutralization studies. However, cDNA-RNA hybridization has suggested a significant difference at the genomic level between PA21 and a reference human virus, HM175. Further characterization of this unique HAV was undertaken in an effort to determine the extent of genetic divergence from human HAV and its relation to the conserved antigenic structure of the virus. The close similarity between PA21 and HM175 antigens was confirmed with an extended panel of 18 neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies: a reproducible difference in binding to the two viruses was detected with only one antibody (B5-B3). The nucleotide sequence of the P1 region of the PA21 genome had only 83.2% identity with HM175 virus, a difference approximately twice as great as that found between any two human strains. Most nucleotide changes were in third base positions, and the amino acid sequences of the capsid proteins were largely conserved. Amino acid replacements were clustered in the carboxy terminus of VP1 and the amino-terminal regions of VP2 and VP1. These data indicate that PA21 virus represents a unique genotype of HAV and suggest the existence of an ecologically isolated niche for HAV among feral owl monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599-7030
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17
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Shevtsova Z, Lapin B, Doroshenko N, Krilova R, Korzaja L, Lomovskaya I, Dzhelieva Z, Zairov G, Stakhanova V, Belova E, Sazhchenko L. Spontaneous and Experimental Hepatitis A in Old World Monkeys. J Med Primatol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1988.tb00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z.V. Shevtsova
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - B.A. Lapin
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - N.V. Doroshenko
- D.I. Ivanovsky Research Institute of VirologyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesMoscowUSSR
| | - R.I. Krilova
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - L.I. Korzaja
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - I.B. Lomovskaya
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - Z.N. Dzhelieva
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - G.K. Zairov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Research Institute of VirologyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesMoscowUSSR
| | - V.M. Stakhanova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Research Institute of VirologyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesMoscowUSSR
| | - E.G. Belova
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
| | - L.A. Sazhchenko
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and TherapyUSSR Academy of Medical SciencesSukhumi
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18
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Chalifoux LV, Elliott MW. Congenital Anomalies in Two Neonatal Tamarins (
Saguinus oedipus
and
Saguinus fuscicollis
). J Med Primatol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1986.tb00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Chalifoux
- Harvard Medical SchoolNew England Regional Primate Research CenterOne Pine Hill DriveSouthboroughMAUSA
| | - Martha W. Elliott
- Harvard Medical SchoolNew England Regional Primate Research CenterOne Pine Hill DriveSouthboroughMAUSA
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19
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Chalifoux LV, Brieland JK, King NW. Evolution and natural history of colonic disease in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Dig Dis Sci 1985; 30:54S-58S. [PMID: 3933937 DOI: 10.1007/bf01296976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Soike KF, Rangan SR, Gerone PJ. Viral disease models in primates. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1984; 28:151-99. [PMID: 6098169 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039228-5.50011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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The behavior of the callitrichid monkey,Saguinus labiatus labiatus, in the laboratory. INT J PRIMATOL 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02735599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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LeDuc JW, Lemon SM, Keenan CM, Graham RR, Marchwicki RH, Binn LN. Experimental infection of the New World owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) with hepatitis A virus. Infect Immun 1983; 40:766-72. [PMID: 6840861 PMCID: PMC264921 DOI: 10.1128/iai.40.2.766-772.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) to hepatitis A virus, but have not shown an association between infection and histopathological or chemical evidence of liver disease. Therefore, 12 seronegative, colony-bred monkeys were inoculated intravenously with a fecal suspension containing either PA33 strain hepatitis A virus (a strain recovered from a naturally infected Aotus sp.) or HM-175 virus (recovered from a human). Viral antigen was detected by radioimmunoassay in the feces of six monkeys 6 to 17 days after inoculation with PA33 virus, and by 9 to 21 days serum aminotransferase activities were significantly elevated in each. Antibody to the virus developed in each monkey by 28 days after inoculation. Similar findings were noted in five of six monkeys inoculated with HM-175 virus, although the incubation period preceding aminotransferase elevations was somewhat longer (25 to 39 days). Liver biopsies obtained from the 11 infected monkeys demonstrated mild to moderate portal inflammation, as well as random areas of focal necrosis and inflammation extending outward from the portal region. These data confirm the susceptibility of Aotus sp. to hepatitis A virus and indicate that the infection of this primate provides a useful animal model of human hepatitis A.
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Lemon SM, LeDuc JW, Binn LN, Escajadillo A, Ishak KG. Transmission of hepatitis A virus among recently captured Panamanian owl monkeys. J Med Virol 1982; 10:25-36. [PMID: 6290600 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in 60% of procured owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) held within the United States prompted a study of recently captured A trivirgatus in Panama. Only 2 of 145 newly captured monkeys, but all of 35 A trivirgatus held within a colony for over 100 days, were found to have anti-HAV. Of 41 sero-negative, newly captured monkeys followed prospectively, 25 became infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) as evidenced by seroconversion or demonstration of virus in the liver at death. Only one monkey that survived over 60 days within the colony was not infected. HAV was identified in the feces of most infected monkeys prior to the development of antibody and was antigenically indistinguishable from human HAV in cross-blocking radioimmunoassays. This colony-centered epizootic provides strong evidence that A trivirgatus is susceptible to HAV and should be investigated further as a potential model of human hepatitis A.
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Nickerson DA, Gengozian N. Functional capabilities of marmoset T and B lymphocytes in primary in vitro antibody formation. Cell Immunol 1981; 57:408-19. [PMID: 6783321 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kojima H, Shibayama T, Sato A, Suzuki S, Ichida F, Hamada C. Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in conventional cell lines. J Med Virol 1981; 7:273-86. [PMID: 6278066 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fecal extracts of hepatitis A (HA) patients were selected for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immune electron microscopy (IEM). When FL and Vero cells were inoculated with fecal extracts containing HAV, development of hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) was evident in the cytoplasm of the two cell lines by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test. The antigen was detectable in the cells 12 hr postinoculation (pi), and reached a plateau within two days pi. FL cell cultures inoculated with a specimen containing HAV were harvested and passaged four times. During the passages, efficient production of HAAg was confirmed in the infected cultures by three different serological tests: The indirect IF test, RIA using fixed cells, and RIA by the sandwich method. At the second and fourth passages, HAV particles were recovered in abundance from infected FL cell cultures by IEM. Throughout these experiments, no cytopathic effect (CPE) was discernible in the cultures.
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Frösner GG, Deinhardt F, Scheid R, Gauss-Müller V, Holmes N, Messelberger V, Siegl G, Alexander JJ. Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in a hepatoma cell line. Infection 1979; 7:303-5. [PMID: 232698 DOI: 10.1007/bf01642154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was isolated directly from human feces and propagated serially in an HBsAg producing human hepatoma cell line. No cytopathic effect was observed in the tissue culture and no detectable amounts of HAV were present in the tissue culture supernatant fluid. However, increasing amounts of hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) were detected by radioimmunoassay in the cell extracts obtained by freezing and thawing of cells. Specificity of the HAAg determination was shown by neutralization with convalescent sera of marmosets experimentally infected with the MS-1 strain of hepatitis A and by the absence of this neutralization with preinoculation sera. HAAg was first detected after four weeks in the cell extract of infected cultures after inoculation of 10(2)--10(4) tissue culture infectious doses of HAV from second passage.
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Siegert W, Grunst J, Wilmanns W, Frösner GG, Deinhardt F. Quantitative correlation between the Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase and the hepatitis B e antigen. Infection 1979; 7:220-2. [PMID: 511339 DOI: 10.1007/bf01648929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential infectivity of blood of hepatitis B patients, the Dane particle associated DNA polymerase was determined, which is a reliable marker for the presence of complete viral particles. Enzyme activities were compared with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) titers determined by radioimmunoassay. Detectable DNA polymerase activity was only present in HBeAg positive blood, preferentially in samples with high antigen titers (1 : 1000 and above). These samples therefore have to be considered as highly infectious. However, blood with low HBeAg levels and free of detectable polymerase activity can still be infectious, since the polymerase reaction is rather insensitive compared to the radioimmunological HBeAg determination.
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Abstract
The recognition of viral hepatitis has been facilitated by the use of serologic studies for types A, B, and non-A, non-B. The course is best determined by serum enzyme determinations, followed by clearance studies of bile acids or dyes once the serum enzymes return to normal. In patients with persisting clinical or biochemical abnormalities and those in which the nature of the disease is not known, liver biopsy should be done.
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Zuckerman AJ, Thornton A, Howard CR, Tsiquaye KN, Jones DM, Brambell MR. Hepatitis B outbreak among chimpanzees at the London Zoo. Lancet 1978; 2:652-4. [PMID: 80578 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent carriage of hepatitis B virus in extremely high titre was identified in 5 out of 9 chimpanzees kept at the London Zoo. Antibody to this virus was present in the other 4 chimpanzees. Serological survey of the other primates in the Regent's Park collection did not reveal the presence of the surface antigen in 2 gorillas, 11 orang-utans, and 2 gibbons, although surface antibody was present in the serum of 1 gorilla and 2 orang-utans. 3 of the carrier chimpanzees were born at the Zoo and were the offspring of either a carrier mother or a carrier father, and perinatal transmission may have occurred. A strict safety code of practice was introduced and hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given at intervals to designated staff members. Sero-conversion did not occur in any of the 38 staff members under surveillance for more than 2 years. Treatment of the carrier state in the chimpanzees was attempted with human leucocyte interferon, with and without ribavirin ('Virazole'), and with adenine arabinoside, but the effects were mostly temporary.
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Peterson DA, Wolfe LG, Larkin EP, Deinhardt FW. Thermal treatment and infectivity of hepatitis A virus in human feces. J Med Virol 1978; 2:201-6. [PMID: 212524 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of white-lipped marmoset monkeys (Saguinus sp) to human hepatitis A virus (HAV) provides a system for evaluation of thermal inactivation of HAV in feces and contaminated shellfish. Intramuscular or oral administration of HAV derived from feces of four patients with acute hepatitis A induced hepatitis in 28--100% of the inoculated marmosets. A 10% (w/v) fecal pool (GBG-BM) prepared from two patients (GBG and GBM) induced hepatitis in marmosets (2/4 with 1 ml; 2/2 with 3 ml) when given orally as a 1 : 3 dilution. A HAV-baby food raw oyster mixture fed to fasted marmosets induced hepatitis in 1/4 and seroconversion in 2/4 animals. Two groups of oysters were injected with HAV (concentrated 3 : 1 by centrifugation of the GBG-BM pool); one group was treated at 140 degrees F for 19 minutes and the other served as an untreated control. In animals fed the untreated inoculum, 4/6 developed hepatitis and 6/6 seroconverted, whereas of those fed the heat-treated inoculum 1/7 developed hepatitis and 2/7 seroconverted. These data suggest that pasteurization methods could be developed that would eliminate shellfish-associated hepatitis A and retain the palatability of the shellfish.
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