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Gold Nanoparticles: Multifaceted Roles in the Management of Autoimmune Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091289. [PMID: 34572503 PMCID: PMC8470500 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been recently applied for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The unique properties of these nanoparticles (NPs), such as relative ease of synthesis in various sizes, shapes and charges, stability, high drug-loading capacity and relative availability for modification accompanied by non-cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, make them an ideal field of research in bio-nanotechnology. Moreover, their potential to alleviate various inflammatory factors, nitrite species, and reactive oxygen production and the capacity to deliver therapeutic agents has attracted attention for further studies in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, the characteristics of GNPs and surface modification can modulate their toxicity, biodistribution, biocompatibility, and effects. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo effects of GNPs and their functionalized forms in managing various autoimmune disorders (Ads) such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
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Frenkel LM, Kuller L, Beck IA, Tsai CC, Joy JP, Mulvania TM, Hu SL, Montefiori DC, Anderson DM. Immunization by exposure to live virus (SIVmne/HIV-2287) during antiretroviral drug prophylaxis may reduce risk of subsequent viral challenge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240495. [PMID: 33914754 PMCID: PMC8084236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale/Study design A major challenge in the development of HIV vaccines is finding immunogens that elicit protection against a broad range of viral strains. Immunity to a narrow range of viral strains may protect infants of HIV-infected women or partners discordant for HIV. We hypothesized that immunization to the relevant viral variants could be achieved by exposure to infectious virus during prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs. To explore this approach in an animal model, macaques were exposed to live virus (SIVmne or HIV-2287) during prophylaxis with parenteral tenofovir and humoral and cellular immune responses were quantified. Subsequently, experimental animals were challenged with homologous virus to evaluate protection from infection, and if infection occurred, the course of disease was compared to control animals. Experimental animals uninfected with SIVmne were challenged with heterologous HIV-2287 to assess resistance to retroviral infection. Methodology/Principal findings Juvenile female Macaca nemestrina (N = 8) were given ten weekly intravaginal exposures with either moderately (SIVmne) or highly (HIV-2287) pathogenic virus during tenofovir prophylaxis. Tenofovir protected all 8 experimental animals from infection, while all untreated control animals became infected. Specific non-neutralizing antibodies were elicited in blood and vaginal secretions of experimental animals, but no ELISPOT responses were detected. Six weeks following the cessation of tenofovir, intravaginal challenge with homologous virus infected 2/4 (50%) of the SIVmne-immunized animals and 4/4 (100%) of the HIV-2287-immunized animals. The two SIVmne-infected and 3 (75%) HIV-2287-infected had attenuated disease, suggesting partial protection. Conclusions/Significance Repeated exposure to SIVmne or HIV-2287, during antiretroviral prophylaxis that blocked infection, induced binding antibodies in the blood and mucosa, but not neutralizing antibodies or specific cellular immune responses. Studies to determine whether antibodies are similarly induced in breastfeeding infants and sexual partners discordant for HIV infection and receiving pre-exposure antiretroviral prophylaxis are warranted, including whether these antibodies appear to confer partial or complete protection from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Frenkel
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ingrid A. Beck
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Che-Chung Tsai
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaimy P. Joy
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thera M. Mulvania
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Anderson
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Goswami R, Nelson AN, Tu JJ, Dennis M, Feng L, Kumar A, Mangold J, Mangan RJ, Mattingly C, Curtis AD, Obregon-Perko V, Mavigner M, Pollara J, Shaw GM, Bar KJ, Chahroudi A, De Paris K, Chan C, Van Rompay KKA, Permar SR. Analytical Treatment Interruption after Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy in a Postnatally Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaque Model. mBio 2019; 10:e01971-19. [PMID: 31488511 PMCID: PMC6945967 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01971-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve long-term viral remission in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, novel strategies beyond early antiretroviral therapy (ART) will be necessary. Identifying clinical predictors of the time to viral rebound upon ART interruption will streamline the development of novel therapeutic strategies and accelerate their evaluation in clinical trials. However, identification of these biomarkers is logistically challenging in infants, due to sampling limitations and the potential risks of treatment interruption. To facilitate the identification of biomarkers predicting viral rebound, we have developed an infant rhesus macaque (RM) model of oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) SHIV.CH505.375H.dCT challenge and analytical treatment interruption (ATI) after short-term ART. We used this model to characterize SHIV replication kinetics and virus-specific immune responses during short-term ART or after ATI and demonstrated plasma viral rebound in 5 out of 6 (83%) infants. We observed a decline in humoral immune responses and partial dampening of systemic immune activation upon initiation of ART in these infants. Furthermore, we monitored SHIV replication and rebound kinetics in infant and adult RMs and found that both infants and adults demonstrated equally potent virus-specific humoral immune responses. Finally, we validated our models by confirming a well-established correlate of the time to viral rebound, namely, the pre-ART plasma viral load, as well as identified additional potential humoral immune correlates. Thus, this model of infant ART and viral rebound can be used and further optimized to define biomarkers of viral rebound following long-term ART as well as to preclinically assess novel therapies to achieve a pediatric HIV functional cure.IMPORTANCE Novel interventions that do not rely on daily adherence to ART are needed to achieve sustained viral remission for perinatally infected children, who currently rely on lifelong ART. Considering the risks and expense associated with ART interruption trials, the identification of biomarkers of viral rebound will prioritize promising therapeutic intervention strategies, including anti-HIV Env protein therapeutics. However, comprehensive studies to identify those biomarkers are logistically challenging in human infants, demanding the need for relevant nonhuman primate models of HIV rebound. In this study, we developed an infant RM model of oral infection with simian-human immunodeficiency virus expressing clade C HIV Env and short-term ART followed by ATI, longitudinally characterizing the immune responses to viral infection during ART and after ATI. Additionally, we compared this infant RM model to an analogous adult RM rebound model and identified virologic and immunologic correlates of the time to viral rebound after ATI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley N Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua J Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Dennis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liqi Feng
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jesse Mangold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Riley J Mangan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron Mattingly
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alan D Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Dolutegravir Monotherapy of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques Selects for Several Patterns of Resistance Mutations with Variable Virological Outcomes. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01189-18. [PMID: 30381490 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01189-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a major concern for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment. To date, very few resistance mutations have emerged in first-line combination therapy that includes the integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir (DTG). In vitro, DTG selects for several primary mutations that induce low-level DTG resistance; secondary mutations, while increasing the level of resistance, however, further impair replication fitness, which raised the idea that DTG monotherapy may be feasible. The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) rhesus macaque model of HIV infection can be useful to explore this concept. Nine macaques were infected with virulent SIVmac251 and started on DTG monotherapy during either acute (n = 2) or chronic infection (n = 7). Within 4 weeks of treatment, all animals demonstrated a reduction in viremia of 0.8 to 3.5 log RNA copies/ml plasma. Continued treatment led to overall sustained benefits, but the outcome after 10 to 50 weeks of treatment was highly variable and ranged from viral rebound to near pretreatment levels to sustained suppression, with viremia being 0.5 to 5 logs lower than expected based on pretreatment viremia. A variety of mutations previously described to confer low-level resistance of HIV-1 to DTG or other INSTI were detected, and these were sometimes followed by mutations believed to be compensatory. Some mutations, such as G118R, previously shown to severely impair the replication capacity in vitro, were associated with more sustained virological and immunological benefits of continued DTG therapy, while other mutations, such as E92Q and G140A/Q148K, were associated with more variable outcomes. The observed variability of the outcomes in macaques warrants avoidance of DTG monotherapy in HIV-infected people.IMPORTANCE A growing number of anti-HIV drug combinations are effective in suppressing virus replication in HIV-infected persons. However, to reduce their cost and risk for toxicity, there is considerable interest in simplifying drug regimens. A major concern with single-drug regimens is the emergence of drug-resistant viral mutants. It has been speculated that DTG monotherapy may be a feasible option, because DTG may have a higher genetic barrier for the development of drug resistance than other commonly used antiretrovirals. To explore treatment initiation with DTG monotherapy, we started SIV-infected macaques on DTG during either acute or chronic infection. Although DTG initially reduced virus replication, continued treatment led to the emergence of a variety of viral mutations previously described to confer low-level resistance of HIV-1 to DTG, and this was associated with variable clinical outcomes. This unpredictability of mutational pathways and outcomes warns against using DTG monotherapy as initial treatment for HIV-infected people.
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Maternal HIV-1 Env Vaccination for Systemic and Breast Milk Immunity To Prevent Oral SHIV Acquisition in Infant Macaques. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00505-17. [PMID: 29359183 PMCID: PMC5760748 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00505-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Without novel strategies to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, more than 5% of HIV-1-exposed infants will continue to acquire HIV-1, most through breastfeeding. This study of rhesus macaque dam-and-infant pairs is the first preclinical study to investigate the protective role of transplacentally transferred HIV-1 vaccine-elicited antibodies and HIV-1 vaccine-elicited breast milk antibody responses in infant oral virus acquisition. It revealed highly variable placental transfer of potentially protective antibodies and emphasized the importance of pregnancy immunization timing to reach peak antibody levels prior to delivery. While there was no discernible impact of maternal immunization on late infant oral virus acquisition, we observed a strong correlation between the percentage of activated CD4+ T cells in infant peripheral blood and a reduced number of challenges to infection. This finding highlights an important consideration for future studies evaluating alternative strategies to further reduce the vertical HIV-1 transmission risk. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contributes to an estimated 150,000 new infections annually. Maternal vaccination has proven safe and effective at mitigating the impact of other neonatal pathogens and is one avenue toward generating the potentially protective immune responses necessary to inhibit HIV-1 infection of infants through breastfeeding. In the present study, we tested the efficacy of a maternal vaccine regimen consisting of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) 1086.C gp120 prime-combined intramuscular-intranasal gp120 boost administered during pregnancy and postpartum to confer passive protection on infant rhesus macaques against weekly oral exposure to subtype C simian-human immunodeficiency virus 1157ipd3N4 (SHIV1157ipd3N4) starting 6 weeks after birth. Despite eliciting a robust systemic envelope (Env)-specific IgG response, as well as durable milk IgA responses, the maternal vaccine did not have a discernible impact on infant oral SHIV acquisition. This study revealed considerable variation in vaccine-elicited IgG placental transfer and a swift decline of both Env-specific antibodies (Abs) and functional Ab responses in the infants prior to the first challenge, illustrating the importance of pregnancy immunization timing to elicit optimal systemic Ab levels at birth. Interestingly, the strongest correlation to the number of challenges required to infect the infants was the percentage of activated CD4+ T cells in the infant peripheral blood at the time of the first challenge. These findings suggest that, in addition to maternal immunization, interventions that limit the activation of target cells that contribute to susceptibility to oral HIV-1 acquisition independently of vaccination may be required to reduce infant HIV-1 acquisition via breastfeeding. IMPORTANCE Without novel strategies to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, more than 5% of HIV-1-exposed infants will continue to acquire HIV-1, most through breastfeeding. This study of rhesus macaque dam-and-infant pairs is the first preclinical study to investigate the protective role of transplacentally transferred HIV-1 vaccine-elicited antibodies and HIV-1 vaccine-elicited breast milk antibody responses in infant oral virus acquisition. It revealed highly variable placental transfer of potentially protective antibodies and emphasized the importance of pregnancy immunization timing to reach peak antibody levels prior to delivery. While there was no discernible impact of maternal immunization on late infant oral virus acquisition, we observed a strong correlation between the percentage of activated CD4+ T cells in infant peripheral blood and a reduced number of challenges to infection. This finding highlights an important consideration for future studies evaluating alternative strategies to further reduce the vertical HIV-1 transmission risk.
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Pegivirus avoids immune recognition but does not attenuate acute-phase disease in a macaque model of HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006692. [PMID: 29073258 PMCID: PMC5675458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV) protects HIV+ people from HIV-associated disease, but the mechanism of this protective effect remains poorly understood. We sequentially infected cynomolgus macaques with simian pegivirus (SPgV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to model HIV+HPgV co-infection. SPgV had no effect on acute-phase SIV pathogenesis-as measured by SIV viral load, CD4+ T cell destruction, immune activation, or adaptive immune responses-suggesting that HPgV's protective effect is exerted primarily during the chronic phase of HIV infection. We also examined the immune response to SPgV in unprecedented detail, and found that this virus elicits virtually no activation of the immune system despite persistently high titers in the blood over long periods of time. Overall, this study expands our understanding of the pegiviruses-an understudied group of viruses with a high prevalence in the global human population-and suggests that the protective effect observed in HIV+HPgV co-infected people occurs primarily during the chronic phase of HIV infection.
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Nixon CC, Mavigner M, Silvestri G, Garcia JV. In Vivo Models of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Cure Strategies. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S142-S151. [PMID: 28520967 PMCID: PMC5410984 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current HIV therapy is not curative regardless of how soon after infection it is initiated or how long it is administered, and therapy interruption almost invariably results in robust viral rebound. Human immunodeficiency virus persistence is therefore the major obstacle to a cure for AIDS. The testing and implementation of novel yet unproven approaches to HIV eradication that could compromise the health status of HIV-infected individuals might not be ethically warranted. Therefore, adequate in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is needed to facilitate the clinical implementation of promising strategies for an HIV cure. Animal models of HIV infection have a strong and well-documented history of bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and eventual clinical implementation. More recently, animal models have been developed and implemented for the in vivo evaluation of novel HIV cure strategies. In this article, we review the recent progress in this rapidly moving area of research, focusing on the two most promising model systems: humanized mice and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
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Balancing Trained Immunity with Persistent Immune Activation and the Risk of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Infant Macaques Vaccinated with Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00360-16. [PMID: 27655885 PMCID: PMC5216431 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00360-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our goal is to develop a pediatric combination vaccine to protect the vulnerable infant population against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and tuberculosis (TB) infections. The vaccine consists of an auxotroph Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain that coexpresses HIV antigens. Utilizing an infant rhesus macaque model, we have previously shown that this attenuated M. tuberculosis (AMtb)-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine is immunogenic, and although the vaccine did not prevent oral SIV infection, a subset of vaccinated animals was able to partially control virus replication. However, unexpectedly, vaccinated infants required fewer SIV exposures to become infected compared to naive controls. Considering that the current TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), can induce potent innate immune responses and confer pathogen-unspecific trained immunity, we hypothesized that an imbalance between enhanced myeloid cell function and immune activation might have influenced the outcome of oral SIV challenge in AMtb-SIV-vaccinated infants. To address this question, we used archived samples from unchallenged animals from our previous AMtb-SIV vaccine studies and vaccinated additional infant macaques with BCG or AMtb only. Our results show that vaccinated infants, regardless of vaccine strain or regimen, had enhanced myeloid cell responses. However, CD4+ T cells were concurrently activated, and the persistence of these activated target cells in oral and/or gastrointestinal tissues may have facilitated oral SIV infection. Immune activation was more pronounced in BCG-vaccinated infant macaques than in AMtb-vaccinated infant macaques, indicating a role for vaccine attenuation. These findings underline the importance of understanding the interplay of vaccine-induced immunity and immune activation and its effect on HIV acquisition risk and outcome in infants.
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Cartwright EK, Spicer L, Smith SA, Lee D, Fast R, Paganini S, Lawson BO, Nega M, Easley K, Schmitz JE, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Chahroudi A, Vanderford TH, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Derdeyn CA, Silvestri G. CD8(+) Lymphocytes Are Required for Maintaining Viral Suppression in SIV-Infected Macaques Treated with Short-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. Immunity 2016; 45:656-668. [PMID: 27653601 PMCID: PMC5087330 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV persists despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), and treatment interruption results in rapid viral rebound. Antibody-mediated CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) shows that these cells contribute to viral control in untreated animals. However, the contribution of CD8(+) lymphocytes to maintaining viral suppression under ART remains unknown. Here, we have shown that in SIV-infected RMs treated with short-term (i.e., 8-32 week) ART, depletion of CD8(+) lymphocytes resulted in increased plasma viremia in all animals and that repopulation of CD8(+) T cells was associated with prompt reestablishment of virus control. Although the number of SIV-DNA-positive cells remained unchanged after CD8 depletion and reconstitution, the frequency of SIV-infected CD4(+) T cells before depletion positively correlated with both the peak and area under the curve of viremia after depletion. These results suggest a role for CD8(+) T cells in controlling viral production during ART, thus providing a rationale for exploring immunotherapeutic approaches in ART-treated HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Cartwright
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Lori Spicer
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - S Abigail Smith
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sara Paganini
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Benton O Lawson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Melon Nega
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Modes of transmission of Simian T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in semi-captive mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Vet Microbiol 2015; 179:155-61. [PMID: 26143560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) often live in inaccessible areas, have cryptic behaviors, and are difficult to follow in the wild. Here, we present a study on the spread of the simian T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (STLV-1), the simian counterpart of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in a semi-captive mandrill colony. This study combines 28 years of longitudinal monitoring, including behavioral data, with a dynamic mathematical model and Bayesian inference. Three transmission modes were suspected: aggressive, sexual and familial. Our results show that among males, STLV-1 transmission occurs preferentially via aggression. Because of their impressive aggressive behavior male mandrills can easily transmit the virus during fights. On the contrary, sexual activity seems to have little effect. Thus transmission appears to occur primarily via male-male and female-female contact. In addition, for young mandrills, familial transmission appears to play an important role in virus spread.
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Borsetti A, Ferrantelli F, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Bellino S, Gallinaro A, Farcomeni S, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cafaro A, Titti F, Ensoli B. Effect of MHC haplotype on immune response upon experimental SHIVSF162P4cy infection of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93235. [PMID: 24695530 PMCID: PMC3973703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) haplotypes on immunity to primate lentiviruses involving both acquired and innate immune responses. We present statistical evidence of the influence of MHC polymorphism on antiviral immunity of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) following simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P4cy infection, involving the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and α-defensins, which may modulate acquired immune responses. During the acute phase of infection, IL-10 correlated positively with viral load and negatively with CD4+T cell counts. Furthermore, α-defensins production was directly correlated with plasma viral RNA, particularly at peak of viral load. When the effects of the MHC were analyzed, a significant association between lower anti-Env binding and neutralizing antibody levels with class IB M4 haplotype and with class IA, IB M4 haplotype, respectively, was observed in the post-acute phase. Lower antibody responses may have resulted into a poor control of infection thus explaining the previously reported lower CD4 T cell counts in these monkeys. Class II M3 haplotype displayed significantly lower acute and post-acute IL-10 levels. In addition, significantly lower levels of α-defensins were detected in class IA M3 haplotype monkeys than in non-M3 macaques, in the post-acute phase of infection. These data indicate that the MHC could contribute to the delicate balance of pro-inflammatory mechanisms, particularly with regard to the association between IL-10 and α-defensins in lentivirus infection. Our results show that host genetic background, virological and immunological parameters should be considered for the design and interpretation of HIV-1 vaccine efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward T. Mee
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Titti
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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12
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Zhang GQ, Ni C, Ling F, Qiu W, Wang HB, Xiao Y, Guo XJ, Huang JY, Du HL, Wang JF, Zhao SJ, Zhuo M, Wang XN. Characterization of the major histocompatibility complex class I A alleles in cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 80:494-501. [PMID: 23137320 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis, Mafa) have emerged as an important animal model for infectious disease and transplantation research. Extensive characterization of their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphism regions therefore becomes urgently required. In this study, we identified 41 MHC class I A nucleotide sequences in 34 unrelated cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin farmed in Southern China, including eight novel Mafa-A sequences. We found two sequences with perfect identity and six sequences with close similarity to previously defined MHC class I alleles from other populations, especially from Indonesian-origin macaques. We also found three Vietnamese-origin cynomolgus macaque MHC class I sequences for which the predicted protein sequences identical throughout their B and F binding pockets to Mamu-A1*001:01 and Mamu-A3*13:03, respectively. This is important because Mamu-A1*001:01 and Mamu-A3*13:03 are associated with longer survival and lower set-point viral load in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys. These findings have implications for the evolutionary history of Vietnamese-origin cynomolgus macaque as well as for the use of this model in SIV/SHIV (a virus combining parts of the HIV and SIV genomes) research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Fouchet D, Verrier D, Ngoubangoye B, Souquière S, Makuwa M, Kazanji M, Gonzalez JP, Pontier D. Natural simian immunodeficiency virus transmission in mandrills: a family affair? Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3426-35. [PMID: 22673358 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how pathogens spread and persist in the ecosystem is critical for deciphering the epidemiology of diseases of significance for global health and the fundamental mechanisms involved in the evolution of virulence and host resistance. Combining long-term behavioural and epidemiological data collected in a naturally infected mandrill population and a Bayesian framework, the present study investigated unknown aspects of the eco-epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the recent ancestor of HIV. Results show that, in contrast to what is expected from aggressive and sexual transmission (i.e. the two commonly accepted transmission modes for SIV), cases of SIVmnd-1 subtype were significantly correlated among related individuals (greater than 30% of the observed cases). Challenging the traditional view of SIV, this finding suggests the inheritance of genetic determinants of susceptibility to SIV and/or a role for behavioural interactions among maternal kin affecting the transmission of the virus, which would highlight the underappreciated role of sociality in the spread of infectious diseases. Outcomes of this study also provide novel insights into the role of host social structure in the evolution of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fouchet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558-CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Borsetti A, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Bellino S, Ferrantelli F, Belli R, Fulgenzi D, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, Titti F. Influence of MHC class I and II haplotypes on the experimental infection of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques with SHIVSF162P4cy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:36-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Immunogenetic Management Software: a new tool for visualization and analysis of complex immunogenetic datasets. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:329-36. [PMID: 22080300 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the Immunogenetic Management Software (IMS) system, a novel web-based application that permits multiplexed analysis of complex immunogenetic traits that are necessary for the accurate planning and execution of experiments involving large animal models, including nonhuman primates. IMS is capable of housing complex pedigree relationships, microsatellite-based MHC typing data, as well as MHC pyrosequencing expression analysis of class I alleles. It includes a novel, automated MHC haplotype naming algorithm and has accomplished an innovative visualization protocol that allows users to view multiple familial and MHC haplotype relationships through a single, interactive graphical interface. Detailed DNA and RNA-based data can also be queried and analyzed in a highly accessible fashion, and flexible search capabilities allow experimental choices to be made based on multiple, individualized and expandable immunogenetic factors. This web application is implemented in Java, MySQL, Tomcat, and Apache, with supported browsers including Internet Explorer and Firefox on Windows and Safari on Mac OS. The software is freely available for distribution to noncommercial users by contacting Leslie.kean@emory.edu. A demonstration site for the software is available at http://typing.emory.edu/typing_demo , user name: imsdemo7@gmail.com and password: imsdemo.
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16
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Aarnink A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Vaslin B, Le Grand R, Winterton P, Apoil PA, Blancher A. Influence of the MHC genotype on the progression of experimental SIV infection in the Mauritian cynomolgus macaque. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Poonia B, Salvato MS, Yagita H, Maeda T, Okumura K, Pauza CD. Treatment with anti-FasL antibody preserves memory lymphocytes and virus-specific cellular immunity in macaques challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus. Blood 2009; 114:1196-204. [PMID: 19498020 PMCID: PMC2723015 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-202655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiency viruses such as SIV in macaques or HIV-1 in human beings have evolved mechanisms to defeat host immunity that also impact the efficacy of vaccines. A key factor for vaccine protection is whether immune responses elicited by prior immunization remain at levels sufficient to limit disease progression once a host is exposed to the pathogen. One potential mechanism for escaping pre-existing immunity is to trigger death among antigen-activated cells. We tested whether FasL/CD178 is involved in destroying preexisting immunity. Rhesus macaques were immunized with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine expressing SIV Gag to elicit cellular immune responses, then treated with antibody that neutralizes FasL and challenged with intravenous SIVmac251. Compared with animals injected with control antibody, anti-FasL-treated macaques had superior preservation of central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells and decreased regulatory T cells in the blood. The CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes from treated animals responded better to SIV Gag compared with controls, evidenced by higher cell-mediated immune responses to viral antigens for at least 17 weeks after SIV challenge. Anti-FasL treatment during the initial stages of acute SIV infection preserved the T-cell compartment and sustained cell-mediated immunity to SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Poonia
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Abstract
Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6872.
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19
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Li J, Srivastava T, Rawal R, Manuel E, Isbell D, Tsark W, La Rosa C, Wang Z, Li Z, Barry PA, Hagen KD, Longmate J, Diamond DJ. Mamu-A01/K(b) transgenic and MHC Class I knockout mice as a tool for HIV vaccine development. Virology 2009; 387:16-28. [PMID: 19249807 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a murine model expressing the rhesus macaque (RM) Mamu-A01 MHC allele to characterize immune responses and vaccines based on antigens of importance to human disease processes. Towards that goal, transgenic (Tg) mice expressing chimeric RM (alpha1 and alpha2 Mamu-A01 domains) and murine (alpha3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic H-2K(b) domains) MHC Class I molecules were derived by transgenesis of the H-2K(b)D(b) double MHC Class I knockout strain. After immunization of Mamu-A01/K(b) Tg mice with rVV-SIVGag-Pol, the mice generated CD8(+) T-cell IFN-gamma responses to several known Mamu-A01 restricted epitopes from the SIV Gag and Pol antigen sequence. Fusion peptides of highly recognized CTL epitopes from SIV Pol and Gag and a strong T-help epitope were shown to be immunogenic and capable of limiting an rVV-SIVGag-Pol challenge. Mamu-A01/K(b) Tg mice provide a model system to study the Mamu-A01 restricted T-cell response for various infectious diseases which are applicable to a study in RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Li
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Fox South, 1000B, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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20
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Bandawe GP, Martin DP, Treurnicht F, Mlisana K, Karim SSA, Williamson C. Conserved positive selection signals in gp41 across multiple subtypes and difference in selection signals detectable in gp41 sequences sampled during acute and chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Virol J 2008; 5:141. [PMID: 19025632 PMCID: PMC2630941 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high diversity of HIV variants driving the global AIDS epidemic has caused many to doubt whether an effective vaccine against the virus is possible. However, by identifying the selective forces that are driving the ongoing diversification of HIV and characterising their genetic consequences, it may be possible to design vaccines that pre-empt some of the virus' more common evasion tactics. One component of such vaccines might be the envelope protein, gp41. Besides being targeted by both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system this protein mediates fusion between viral and target cell membranes and is likely to be a primary determinant of HIV transmissibility. RESULTS Using recombination aware analysis tools we compared site specific signals of selection in gp41 sequences from different HIV-1 M subtypes and circulating recombinant forms and identified twelve sites evolving under positive selection across multiple major HIV-1 lineages. To identify evidence of selection operating during transmission our analysis included two matched datasets sampled from patients with acute or chronic subtype C infections. We identified six gp41 sites apparently evolving under different selection pressures during acute and chronic HIV-1 infections. These sites mostly fell within functional gp41 domains, with one site located within the epitope recognised by the broadly neutralizing antibody, 4E10. CONCLUSION Whereas these six sites are potentially determinants of fitness and are therefore good candidate targets for subtype-C specific vaccines, the twelve sites evolving under diversifying selection across multiple subtypes might make good candidate targets for broadly protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gama P Bandawe
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella, 4013, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella, 4013, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
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21
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Rapid disease progression to AIDS due to Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques: host and viral factors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 56:369-98. [PMID: 18086418 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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22
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Sauermann U, Siddiqui R, Suh YS, Platzer M, Leuchte N, Meyer H, Mätz-Rensing K, Stoiber H, Nürnberg P, Hunsmann G, Stahl-Hennig C, Krawczak M. Mhc class I haplotypes associated with survival time in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques. Genes Immun 2007; 9:69-80. [PMID: 18094710 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In both human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques, genes encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region are important determinants of disease progression. However, compared to the human human lymphocyte antigen complex, the macaque MHC region encodes many more class I genes. Macaques with the same immunodominant class I genes express additional Mhc genes with the potential to influence the disease course. We therefore assessed the association between of the Mhc class I haplotypes, rather than single gene variants, and survival time in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). DNA sequence analysis and Mhc genotyping of 245 pedigreed monkeys identified 17 Mhc class I haplotypes that constitute 10 major genotypes. Among 81 vaccination-naive, SIV-infected macaques, 71 monkeys carried at least one Mhc class I haplotype encoding only MHC antigens that were incapable of inducing an effective anti-SIV cytotoxic T lymphocytes response. Study of these macaques enabled us to relate individual Mhc class I haplotypes to slow, medium and rapid disease progression. In a post hoc analysis, classification according to disease progression was found to explain at least 48% of the observed variation of survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sauermann
- Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Havarinasab S, Johansson U, Pollard KM, Hultman P. Gold causes genetically determined autoimmune and immunostimulatory responses in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:179-88. [PMID: 17680821 PMCID: PMC2219286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natrium aurothiomaleate (GSTM) is a useful disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, but causes a variety of immune-mediated adverse effects in many patients. A murine model was used to study further the interaction of GSTM with the immune system, including induction of systemic autoimmunity. Mice were given weekly intramuscular injections of GSTM and controls equimolar amounts of sodium thiomaleate. The effects of gold on lymphocyte subpopulations were determined by flow cytometry. Humoral autoimmunity was measured by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, and deposition of immunoglobulin and C3 used to assess immunopathology. Gold, in the form of GSTM, stimulated the murine immune system causing strain-dependent lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity, including a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted autoantibody response against the nucleolar protein fibrillarin. GSTM did not cause glomerular or vessel wall IgG deposits. However, it did elicit a strong B cell-stimulating effect, including both T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-dependent isotypes. All these effects on the immune system were dependent on the MHC genotype, emphasizing the clinical observations of a strong genetic linkage for the major adverse immune reactions seen with GSTM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Havarinasab
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Molecular and Immunological Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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24
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Kaizu M, Borchardt GJ, Glidden CE, Fisk DL, Loffredo JT, Watkins DI, Rehrauer WM. Molecular typing of major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in the Indian rhesus macaque which restrict SIV CD8+ T cell epitopes. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:693-703. [PMID: 17641886 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The utility of the rhesus macaque as an animal model in both HIV vaccine development and pathogenesis studies necessitates the development of accurate and efficient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotyping technologies. In this paper, we describe the development and application of allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the simultaneous detection of eight MHC class I alleles from the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) of Indian descent. These alleles were selected, as they have been implicated in the restriction of CD8(+) T cell epitopes of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Molecular typing of Mamu-A 01, Mamu-A 02, Mamu-A 08, Mamu-A 11, Mamu-B 01, Mamu-B 03, Mamu-B 04, and Mamu-B 17 was conducted in a high throughput fashion using genomic DNA. Our amplification strategy included a conserved internal control target to minimize false negative results and can be completed in less than 5 h. We have genotyped over 4,000 animals to establish allele frequencies from colonies all over the western hemisphere. The ability to identify MHC-defined rhesus macaques will greatly enhance investigation of the immune responses, which are responsible for the control of viral replication. Furthermore, application of this technically simple and accurate typing method should facilitate selection, utilization, and breeding of rhesus macaques for AIDS virus pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kaizu
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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25
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Kuwata T, Byrum R, Whitted S, Goeken R, Buckler-White A, Plishka R, Iyengar R, Hirsch VM. A rapid progressor-specific variant clone of simian immunodeficiency virus replicates efficiently in vivo only in the absence of immune responses. J Virol 2007; 81:8891-904. [PMID: 17596304 PMCID: PMC1951398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00614-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques progresses rapidly to disease with transient SIV-specific immune responses and high viral loads. Unique SIV variants with convergent Env mutations evolve in these rapid progressor (RP) macaques. To address the pathogenic significance of RP-specific variants, we generated infectious molecular clones from the terminal-phase plasma of an RP macaque. Inoculation of macaques with a representative clone, SIVsmH635FC, resulted in a persistent viremia, comparable to that produced by pathogenic SIVsmE543-3, and a chronic disease with progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells. However, SIVsmH635FC did not reproduce the rapid-disease phenomenon. Molecular analyses of viruses from these macaques revealed rapid reversion to the wild-type SIVsmE543-3 sequence at two RP-specific sites and slower reversion at another three sites. SIVsmH635FC infection was not sufficient to cause rapid progression even following coinoculation with SIVsmE543-3, despite acute depletion of memory CD4(+) T cells. SIVsmH635FC competed efficiently during primary infection in the coinoculated macaques, but SIVsmE543-3 predominated after the development of SIV-specific immune responses. These data suggest that the replication fitness of the RP variant was similar to that of SIVsmE543-3 in a naïve host; however, SIVsmH635FC was at a disadvantage following the development of SIV-specific immune responses. Consistent with these findings, neutralization assays revealed that SIVsmH635FC was highly sensitive to neutralization but that the parental SIVsmE543-3 strain was highly resistant. This study suggests that the evolution of RP-specific variants is the result of replication in a severely immunocompromised host, rather than the direct cause of rapid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Van Rompay KKA, Johnson JA, Blackwood EJ, Singh RP, Lipscomb J, Matthews TB, Marthas ML, Pedersen NC, Bischofberger N, Heneine W, North TW. Sequential emergence and clinical implications of viral mutants with K70E and K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase during prolonged tenofovir monotherapy in rhesus macaques with chronic RT-SHIV infection. Retrovirology 2007; 4:25. [PMID: 17417971 PMCID: PMC1852805 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously on the emergence and clinical implications of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251) mutants with a K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase (RT), and the role of CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses in suppressing viremia during tenofovir therapy. Because of significant sequence differences between SIV and HIV-1 RT that affect drug susceptibilities and mutational patterns, it is unclear to what extent findings with SIV can be extrapolated to HIV-1 RT. Accordingly, to model HIV-1 RT responses, 12 macaques were inoculated with RT-SHIV, a chimeric SIV containing HIV-1 RT, and started on prolonged tenofovir therapy 5 months later. RESULTS The early virologic response to tenofovir correlated with baseline viral RNA levels and expression of the MHC class I allele Mamu-A*01. For all animals, sensitive real-time PCR assays detected the transient emergence of K70E RT mutants within 4 weeks of therapy, which were then replaced by K65R mutants within 12 weeks of therapy. For most animals, the occurrence of these mutations preceded a partial rebound of plasma viremia to levels that remained on average 10-fold below baseline values. One animal eventually suppressed K65R viremia to undetectable levels for more than 4 years; sequential experiments using CD8+ cell depletion and tenofovir interruption demonstrated that both CD8+ cells and continued tenofovir therapy were required for sustained suppression of viremia. CONCLUSION This is the first evidence that tenofovir therapy can select directly for K70E viral mutants in vivo. The observations on the clinical implications of the K65R RT-SHIV mutants were consistent with those of SIVmac251, and suggest that for persons infected with K65R HIV-1 both immune-mediated and drug-dependent antiviral activities play a role in controlling viremia. These findings suggest also that even in the presence of K65R virus, continuation of tenofovir treatment as part of HAART may be beneficial, particularly when assisted by antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen KA Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Emily J Blackwood
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Raman P Singh
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jonathan Lipscomb
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Marta L Marthas
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Walid Heneine
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Thomas W North
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Brown CR, Czapiga M, Kabat J, Dang Q, Ourmanov I, Nishimura Y, Martin MA, Hirsch VM. Unique pathology in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rapid progressor macaques is consistent with a pathogenesis distinct from that of classical AIDS. J Virol 2007; 81:5594-606. [PMID: 17376901 PMCID: PMC1900277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00202-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of humans result in variable but generally fatal disease outcomes. Most SIV-infected macaques progress to AIDS over a period of 1 to 3 years, in the face of robust SIV-specific immune responses (conventional progressors [CP]). A small number of SIV-inoculated macaques mount transient immune responses and progress rapidly to AIDS (rapid progressors [RP]). We speculated that the underlying pathogenic mechanisms may differ between RP and CP macaques. We compared the pathological lesions, virus loads, and distribution of virus and target cells in SIVsmE660- or SIVsmE543-infected RP and CP rhesus macaques at terminal disease. RP macaques developed a wasting syndrome characterized by severe SIV enteropathy in the absence of opportunistic infections. In contrast, opportunistic infections were commonly observed in CP macaques. RP and CP macaques showed distinct patterns of CD4(+) T-cell depletion, with a selective loss of memory cells in RP macaques and a generalized (naive and memory) CD4 depletion in CP macaques. In situ hybridization demonstrated higher levels of virus expression in lymphoid tissues (P < 0.001) of RP macaques and a broader distribution to include many nonlymphoid tissues. Finally, SIV was preferentially expressed in macrophages in RP macaques whereas the primary target cells in CP macaques were T lymphocytes at end stage disease. These data suggest distinct pathogenic mechanisms leading to the deaths of these two groups of animals, with CP macaques being more representative of HIV-induced AIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, 4 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Wiseman RW, Wojcechowskyj JA, Greene JM, Blasky AJ, Gopon T, Soma T, Friedrich TC, O'Connor SL, O'Connor DH. Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 infection of major histocompatibility complex-identical cynomolgus macaques from Mauritius. J Virol 2006; 81:349-61. [PMID: 17035320 PMCID: PMC1797269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01841-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are widely used to study correlates of protective immunity in AIDS research. Successful cellular immune responses have been difficult to identify because heterogeneity within macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes results in quantitative and qualitative differences in immune responses. Here we use microsatellite analysis to show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-susceptible cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius have extremely simple MHC genetics, with six common haplotypes accounting for two-thirds of the MHC haplotypes in feral animals. Remarkably, 39% of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques carry at least one complete copy of the most frequent MHC haplotype, and 8% of these animals are homozygous. In stark contrast, entire MHC haplotypes are rarely conserved in unrelated Indian rhesus macaques. After intrarectal infection with highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus, a pair of MHC-identical Mauritian cynomolgus macaques mounted concordant cellular immune responses comparable to those previously reported for a pair of monozygotic twins infected with the same strain of human immunodeficiency virus. Our identification of relatively abundant SIV-susceptible, MHC-identical macaques will facilitate research into protective cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 555 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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29
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Van Rompay KKA, Singh RP, Heneine W, Johnson JA, Montefiori DC, Bischofberger N, Marthas ML. Structured treatment interruptions with tenofovir monotherapy for simian immunodeficiency virus-infected newborn macaques. J Virol 2006; 80:6399-410. [PMID: 16775328 PMCID: PMC1488952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02308-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that prolonged tenofovir treatment of infant macaques, starting early during infection with virulent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251), can lead to persistently low or undetectable viremia even after the emergence of mutants with reduced in vitro susceptibility to tenofovir as a result of a K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase; this control of viremia was demonstrated to be mediated by the generation of effective antiviral immune responses. To determine whether structured treatment interruptions (STI) can induce similar immunologic control of viremia, eight newborn macaques were infected with highly virulent SIVmac251 and started on a tenofovir STI regimen 5 days later. Treatment was withdrawn permanently at 33 weeks of age. All animals receiving STI fared much better than 22 untreated SIVmac251-infected infant macaques. However, there was a high variability among animals in the viral RNA set point after complete drug withdrawal, and none of the animals was able to achieve long-term immunologic suppression of viremia to persistently low levels. Early immunologic and viral markers in blood (including the detection of the K65R mutation) were not predictive of the viral RNA set point after drug withdrawal. These results, which reflect the complex interactions between drug resistance mutations, viral virulence, and drug- and immune-mediated inhibition of virus replication, highlight the difficulties associated with trying to develop STI regimens with predictable efficacy for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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30
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Kyes RC, Jones-Engel L, Chalise MK, Engel G, Heidrich J, Grant R, Bajimaya SS, McDonough J, Smith DG, Ferguson B. Genetic characterization of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Nepal. Am J Primatol 2006; 68:445-55. [PMID: 16541441 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Indian-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have long served as an animal model for the study of human disease and behavior. Given the current shortage of Indian-origin rhesus, many researchers have turned to rhesus macaques from China as a substitute. However, a number of studies have identified marked genetic differences between the Chinese and Indian animals. We investigated the genetic characteristics of a third rhesus population, the rhesus macaques of Nepal. Twenty-one rhesus macaques at the Swoyambhu Temple in Kathmandu, Nepal, were compared with more than 300 Indian- and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. The sequence analyses of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci, from the HVS I and 12 S rRNA regions, showed that the Nepali animals were more similar to Indian-origin than to Chinese-origin animals. The distribution of alleles at 24 short tandem repeat (STR) loci distributed across 17 chromosomes also showed greater similarity between the Nepali and Indian-origin animals. Finally, an analysis of seven major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles showed that the Nepali animals expressed Class I alleles that are common to Indian-origin animals, including Mamu-A*01. All of these analyses also revealed a low level of genetic diversity within this Nepali rhesus sample. We conclude that the rhesus macaques of Nepal more closely resemble rhesus macaques of Indian origin than those of Chinese origin. As such, the Nepali rhesus may offer an additional resource option for researchers who wish to maintain research protocols with animals that possess key genetic features characteristic of Indian-origin rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C Kyes
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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31
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Kuwata T, Dehghani H, Brown CR, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Igarashi T, Mattapallil J, Roederer M, Hirsch VM. Infectious molecular clones from a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rapid-progressor (RP) macaque: evidence of differential selection of RP-specific envelope mutations in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80:1463-75. [PMID: 16415023 PMCID: PMC1346964 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1463-1475.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A minor fraction of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques progress rapidly to AIDS in the absence of SIV-specific immune responses. Common mutations in conserved residues of env in three SIVsmE543-3-infected rapid-progressor (RP) macaques suggest the evolution of a common viral variant in RP macaques. The goal of the present study was to analyze the biological properties of these variants in vitro and in vivo through the derivation of infectious molecular clones. Virus isolated from a SIVsmE543-3-infected RP macaque, H445 was used to inoculate six naive rhesus macaques. Although RP-specific mutations dominated in H445 tissues, they represented only 10% of the population of the virus stock, suggesting a selective disadvantage in vitro. Only one of these macaques (H635) progressed rapidly to AIDS. Plasma virus during primary infection of H635 was similar to the inoculum. However, RP-specific mutations were apparently rapidly reselected by 4 to 9 weeks postinfection. Terminal plasma from H635 was used as a source of viral RNA to generate seven full-length, infectious molecular clones. With the exception of one clone, which was similar to SIVsmE543-3, clones with RP-specific mutations replicated with delayed kinetics in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human T-cell lines. None of the clones replicated in monocyte-derived or alveolar macrophages, and all used CCR5 as their major coreceptor. RP variants appear to be well adapted to replicate in vivo in RP macaques but are at a disadvantage in tissue culture compared to their parent, SIVsmE543-3. Therefore, tissue culture may not provide a good surrogate for replication of RP variants in macaques. These infectious clones will provide a valuable reagent to study the roles of specific viral variants in rapid progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, Building 4, Rm. B1-33, 4 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Smith MZ, Kent SJ. Genetic influences on HIV infection: implications for vaccine development. Sex Health 2006; 2:53-62. [PMID: 16335742 DOI: 10.1071/sh04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human HIV infection is characterised by great variability in outcome. Much of this variability is due either to viral variation or host genetic factors, particularly major histocompatibility complex differences within genetically diverse populations. The study of non-human primates infected with well characterised simian immunodeficiency virus strains has recently allowed further dissection of the critical role of genetic influences on both susceptibility to infection and progression to AIDS. This review summarises the important role of many host genetic factors on HIV infection and highlights important variables that will need to be taken into account in evaluating effective HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Z Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Van Rompay KKA, Singh RP, Brignolo LL, Lawson JR, Schmidt KA, Pahar B, Canfield DR, Tarara RP, Sodora DL, Bischofberger N, Marthas ML. The clinical benefits of tenofovir for simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques are larger than predicted by its effects on standard viral and immunologic parameters. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 36:900-14. [PMID: 15220696 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200408010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that tenofovir (9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine; PMPA) treatment is usually very effective in suppressing viremia in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The present study focuses on a subset of infant macaques that were chronically infected with highly virulent SIVmac251, and for which prolonged tenofovir treatment failed to significantly suppress viral RNA levels in plasma despite the presence of tenofovirsusceptible virus at the onset of therapy. While untreated animals with similarly high viremia developed fatal immunodeficiency within 3-6 months, these tenofovir-treated animals had significantly improved survival (up to 3.5 years). This clinical benefit occurred even in animals for which tenofovir had little or no effect on CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts and antibody responses to SIV and test antigens. Thus, the clinical benefits of tenofovir were larger than predicted by plasma viral RNA levels and other routine laboratory parameters.
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34
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Van Rompay KKA, Abel K, Lawson JR, Singh RP, Schmidt KA, Evans T, Earl P, Harvey D, Franchini G, Tartaglia J, Montefiori D, Hattangadi S, Moss B, Marthas ML. Attenuated poxvirus-based simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines given in infancy partially protect infant and juvenile macaques against repeated oral challenge with virulent SIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:124-34. [PMID: 15671796 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200502010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An infant macaque model was developed to test pediatric vaccine candidates aimed at reducing HIV transmission through breast-feeding. Infant macaques were given multiple immunizations during the first 3 weeks of life with recombinant poxvirus vaccines expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) structural proteins Gag, Pol, and Env (ALVAC-SIV or modified vaccinia virus Ankara [MVA]-SIV). After repeated daily oral inoculations with virulent SIVmac251 at 4 weeks of age, significantly fewer ALVAC-SIV-immunized infants were infected compared with unimmunized infants. Monkeys not infected after oral challenge in infancy were rechallenged at 16 months of age or older by repeated weekly oral SIV exposure; unimmunized animals were infected after fewer SIV exposures than were animals vaccinated with ALVAC-SIV or MVA-SIV. When infected, ALVAC-SIV- and MVA-SIV-vaccinated animals also had reduced viremia compared with unimmunized animals. The results of these investigations suggest that immunization of human infants with poxvirus-based HIV vaccine candidates may offer protection against early and late HIV infection through breastfeeding.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Breast Feeding/adverse effects
- Female
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/transmission
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Macaca mulatta
- Poxviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/immunology
- SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- SAIDS Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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35
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Knapp LA. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and its use in the detection of major histocompatibility complex polymorphism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:211-9. [PMID: 15730514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been studied extensively in humans and in mice and many methods are available for MHC typing of these well-characterized species. Studies of MHC variation in other species are ever increasing and researchers can choose one of a number of approaches for MHC typing of their species of interest. DNA sequencing is regarded as the 'gold standard' and it is frequently used for MHC typing. However, DNA sequencing is impractical when many individuals must be typed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) offers a flexible and sensitive method for identifying and characterizing MHC alleles in any vertebrate species. This article reviews the theory and the practice of DGGE and examines the use of DGGE for MHC identification in various species. DGGE is compared to other similar techniques for MHC typing, such as single-stranded conformational polymorphism and reference strand-mediated conformational analysis. The advantages, problems, pitfalls and limitations of DGGE are considered and future perspectives on the use of DGGE for MHC typing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Knapp
- Primate Immunogenetics and Molecular Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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36
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Greenier JL, Van Rompay KKA, Montefiori D, Earl P, Moss B, Marthas ML. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope quasispecies transmission and evolution in infant rhesus macaques after oral challenge with uncloned SIVmac251: increased diversity is associated with neutralizing antibodies and improved survival in previously immunized animals. Virol J 2005; 2:11. [PMID: 15710048 PMCID: PMC552328 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral infection of infant macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a useful animal model to test interventions to reduce postnatal HIV transmission via breast-feeding. We previously demonstrated that immunization of infant rhesus macaques with either modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing SIV Gag, Pol and Env, or live-attenuated SIVmac1A11 resulted in lower viremia and longer survival compared to unimmunized controls after oral challenge with virulent SIVmac251 (Van Rompay et al., J. Virology 77:179–190, 2003). Here we evaluate the impact of these vaccines on oral transmission and evolution of SIV envelope variants. Results Limiting dilution analysis of SIV RNA followed by heteroduplex mobility assays of the V1–V2 envelope (env) region revealed two major env variants in the uncloned SIVmac251 inoculum. Plasma sampled from all infants 1 week after challenge contained heterogeneous SIV env populations including one or both of the most common env variants in the virus inoculum; no consistent differences in patterns of env variants were found between vaccinated and unvaccinated infants. However, SIV env variant populations diverged in most vaccinated monkeys 3 to 5 months after challenge, in association with the development of neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions These patterns of viral envelope diversity, immune responses and disease course in SIV-infected infant macaques are similar to observations in HIV-infected children, and underscore the relevance of this pediatric animal model. The results also support the concept that neonatal immunization with HIV vaccines might modulate disease progression in infants infected with HIV by breast-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Greenier
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Koen KA Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Patricia Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marta L Marthas
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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37
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Picker LJ, Hagen SI, Lum R, Reed-Inderbitzin EF, Daly LM, Sylwester AW, Walker JM, Siess DC, Piatak M, Wang C, Allison DB, Maino VC, Lifson JD, Kodama T, Axthelm MK. Insufficient production and tissue delivery of CD4+ memory T cells in rapidly progressive simian immunodeficiency virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 200:1299-314. [PMID: 15545355 PMCID: PMC2211921 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms linking human immunodeficiency virus replication to the progressive immunodeficiency of acquired immune deficiency syndrome are controversial, particularly the relative contribution of CD4+ T cell destruction. Here, we used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model to investigate the relationship between systemic CD4+ T cell dynamics and rapid disease progression. Of 18 rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with CCR5-tropic SIVmac239 (n = 14) or CXCR4-tropic SIVmac155T3 (n = 4), 4 of the former group manifested end-stage SIV disease by 200 d after infection. In SIVmac155T3 infections, naive CD4+ T cells were dramatically depleted, but this population was spared by SIVmac239, even in rapid progressors. In contrast, all SIVmac239-infected RMs demonstrated substantial systemic depletion of CD4+ memory T cells by day 28 after infection. Surprisingly, the extent of CD4+ memory T cell depletion was not, by itself, a strong predictor of rapid progression. However, in all RMs destined for stable infection, this depletion was countered by a striking increase in production of short-lived CD4+ memory T cells, many of which rapidly migrated to tissue. In all rapid progressors (P < 0.0001), production of these cells initiated but failed by day 42 of infection, and tissue delivery of new CD4+ memory T cells ceased. Thus, although profound depletion of tissue CD4+ memory T cells appeared to be a prerequisite for early pathogenesis, it was the inability to respond to this depletion with sustained production of tissue-homing CD4+ memory T cells that best distinguished rapid progressors, suggesting that mechanisms of the CD4+ memory T cell generation play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis in stable SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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38
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Peyerl FW, Bazick HS, Newberg MH, Barouch DH, Sodroski J, Letvin NL. Fitness costs limit viral escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes at a structurally constrained epitope. J Virol 2004; 78:13901-10. [PMID: 15564498 PMCID: PMC533946 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.24.13901-13910.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense selection pressure exerted by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) on replicating human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus results in the accumulation of CTL epitope mutations. It has been assumed that fitness costs can limit the evolution of CTL epitope mutations. However, only a limited number of studies have carefully examined this possibility. To explore the fitness costs associated with viral escape from p11C, C-M-specific CTL, we constructed a panel of viruses encoding point mutations at each position of the entire p11C, C-M epitope. Amino acid substitutions at positions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of the epitope significantly impaired virus replication by altering virus production and Gag protein expression as well as by destabilizing mature cores. Amino acid substitutions at position 2 of the epitope were tolerated but required reversion or additional compensatory mutations to generate replication-competent viruses. Finally, while amino acid substitutions at positions 1 and 8 of the p11C, C-M epitope were functionally tolerated, these substitutions were recognized by p11C, C-M-specific CTL and therefore provided no selection advantage for the virus. Together, these data suggest that limited sequence variation is tolerated by the region of the capsid encoding the p11C, C-M epitope and therefore that only a very limited number of mutations can allow successful viral escape from the p11C, C-M-specific CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred W Peyerl
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Research East Room 113, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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39
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Chung C, Mealey RH, McGuire TC. CTL from EIAV carrier horses with diverse MHC class I alleles recognize epitope clusters in Gag matrix and capsid proteins. Virology 2004; 327:144-54. [PMID: 15327905 PMCID: PMC3342308 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are important for controlling equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Because Gag matrix (MA) and capsid (CA) are the most frequently recognized proteins, the hypothesis that CTL from EIAV-infected horses with diverse MHC class I alleles recognize epitope clusters (EC) in these proteins was tested. Four EC were identified by CTL from 15 horses and 8 of these horses had diverse MHC class I alleles. Two of the eight had CTL to EC1, six to EC2, five to EC3, and four to EC4. Because EC2-4 were recognized by CTL from >50% of horses with diverse alleles, the hypothesis was accepted. EC1 and EC3 were the most conserved EC and these more conserved broadly recognized EC may be most useful for CTL induction, helping overcome MHC class I polymorphism and antigenic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis C. McGuire
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99165-7040. Fax: +1 509 335 8529. (T.C. McGuire)
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40
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Van Rompay KKA, Singh RP, Pahar B, Sodora DL, Wingfield C, Lawson JR, Marthas ML, Bischofberger N. CD8+-cell-mediated suppression of virulent simian immunodeficiency virus during tenofovir treatment. J Virol 2004; 78:5324-37. [PMID: 15113912 PMCID: PMC400346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5324-5337.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of tenofovir to suppress viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques for years despite the presence of virulent viral mutants with reduced in vitro susceptibility is unprecedented in this animal model. In vivo cell depletion experiments demonstrate that tenofovir's ability to suppress viremia during acute and chronic infection is significantly dependent on the presence of CD8+ lymphocytes. Continuous tenofovir treatment was required to maintain low viremia. Although it is unclear whether this immune-mediated suppression of viremia is linked to tenofovir's direct antiviral efficacy or is due to independent immunomodulatory effects, these studies prove the concept that antiviral immune responses can play a crucial role in suppressing viremia during anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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41
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Hirsch VM, Santra S, Goldstein S, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Seth A, Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Engle R, Montefiori D, Glowczwskie J, Kunstman K, Wolinsky S, Letvin NL. Immune failure in the absence of profound CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rapid progressor macaques. J Virol 2004; 78:275-84. [PMID: 14671109 PMCID: PMC303408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.1.275-284.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A fraction of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques develop rapidly progressive disease in the apparent absence of detectable SIV-specific antibody responses. To characterize the immunopathogenesis of this syndrome, we studied viral load, CD4+ T-lymphocyte numbers as well as cellular and humoral immune responses to SIV and other exogenous antigens in four SIVsm-infected rhesus macaques that progressed to AIDS 9 to 16 weeks postinoculation. Each of these animals exhibited high levels of viremia but showed relatively preserved CD4 T lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid tissues at the time of death. Transient SIV-specific antibody responses and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were observed at 2 to 4 weeks postinoculation. Two of the macaques that were immunized sequentially with tetanus toxoid and hepatitis A virus failed to develop antibody to either antigen. These studies show that the SIV-infected rapid progressor macaques initially mounted an appropriate but transient cellular and humoral immune response. The subsequent immune defect in these animals appeared to be global, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity to SIV as well as immune responses against unrelated antigens. The lack of CD4 depletion and loss of humoral and cellular immune responses suggest that their immune defect may be due to an early loss in T helper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Zhang ZQ, Fu TM, Casimiro DR, Davies ME, Liang X, Schleif WA, Handt L, Tussey L, Chen M, Tang A, Wilson KA, Trigona WL, Freed DC, Tan CY, Horton M, Emini EA, Shiver JW. Mamu-A*01 allele-mediated attenuation of disease progression in simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2002; 76:12845-54. [PMID: 12438610 PMCID: PMC136722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12845-12854.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles is associated with a protective effect against disease progression in both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus infection. To understand the mechanism underlying this effect, we investigated the expression of the MHC class I allele Mamu-A*01 in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection, one of the major models for evaluation of AIDS vaccine candidates. We found that disease progression was significantly delayed in Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus monkeys infected with the highly pathogenic SHIV 89.6P. The delay corresponded not only to a noted Mamu-A*01-restricted dominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response but also to a lower viral load in lymph nodes (LN) and, importantly, to minimal destruction of LN structure during early infection. In contrast, Mamu-A*01-negative monkeys exhibited massive destruction of LN structure with accompanying rapid disease progression. These data indicate that MHC class I allele-restricted CTL responses may play an important role in preservation of lymphoid tissue structure, thereby resulting in attenuation of disease progression in immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Viral Vaccine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, WP16-225, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Mühl T, Krawczak M, Ten Haaft P, Hunsmann G, Sauermann U. MHC class I alleles influence set-point viral load and survival time in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3438-46. [PMID: 12218167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected rhesus macaques, host genes influence viral containment and hence the duration of the disease-free latency period. Our knowledge of the rhesus monkey immunogenetics, however, is limited. In this study, we describe partial cDNA sequences of five newly discovered rhesus macaque (Mamu) class I alleles and PCR-based typing techniques for the novel and previously published Mhc class I alleles. Using 15 primer pairs for PCR-based typing and DNA sequence analysis, we identified at least 21 Mhc class I alleles in a cohort of 91 SIV-infected macaques. The results confirm the presence of multiple class I genes in rhesus macaques. Of these alleles, Mamu-A*01 was significantly associated with lower set-point viral load and prolonged survival time. Mamu-A*1303 was associated with longer survival and a "novel" Mhc class I allele with lower set-point viral load. The alleles are frequent in rhesus macaques of Indian origin (12-22%). In addition, survival probability of individual SIV-infected rhesus monkeys increased with their number of alleles considered to be associated with longer survival. The results contribute to improve the interpretation and quality of preclinical studies in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Mühl
- Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany
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Gillespie GMA, Kaul R, Dong T, Yang HB, Rostron T, Bwayo JJ, Kiama P, Peto T, Plummer FA, McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes against a HIV-1 p24 epitope in slow progressors with B*57. AIDS 2002; 16:961-72. [PMID: 11953462 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200205030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether CD8 T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients expressing B*5701 and B*5703 show broad cross-reactivity against different variants of a conserved p24 epitope, which might account for the good prognosis of HIV-1-infected individuals with HLA-B*57. DESIGN B*5701+ and B*5703+ were recruited from Nairobi, Kenya and from Oxford, UK. All patients had been HIV positive for at least 8 years and could be categorized as slow progressors. METHODS CD8 cytotoxic T cell clones were generated from B*5701+ and B*5703+ donors and tested for their ability to recognize clade variants of an index p24 epitope in standard cytolytic assays. Cross-reactive responses in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were assessed by interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) production and tetramer binding. RESULTS Broad cross-clade reactivity for both cytolysis and tetramer binding was observed in CD8 T cell clones from patients harbouring the index epitope sequence. Patterns of cross-reactivity were similar in freshly isolated PBMC but varied between individuals in terms of strength and breath of responses generated. One common variant induced an unusual response with tetramer binding but often failed to induce IFNgamma production, and another was a weak stimulator of both IFNgamma and cytolytic activity. CONCLUSION B*5701+ and B5703+ donors demonstrate broad functional cross-reactivity to both common and rare variants of a dominant p24 epitope, which could be relevant to the association of B*57 alleles with slow progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M A Gillespie
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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Burkhard MJ, Mathiason CK, O'Halloran K, Hoover EA. Kinetics of early FIV infection in cats exposed via the vaginal versus intravenous route. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:217-26. [PMID: 11839157 DOI: 10.1089/08892220252781284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the influence of route of virus exposure on early pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, cats were exposed to either of two FIV isolates (FIV-B-2542 or FIV-A-PPR) by vaginal or intravenous (IV) inoculation. Exposure to either virus clade by either route of inoculation resulted in vaginal and systemic infection. Peak plasma viremia and tissue proviral burden were 1-3 log(10) greater in cats infected with FIV-B-2542 vs. FIV-A-PPR, irrespective of inoculation route. Plasma RNA levels paralleled provirus titers in FIV-B-2542-infected cats and were highest in those exposed IV. In contrast, plasma RNA titers were higher in cats infected vaginally with FIV-A-PPR than in those infected IV. Despite early differences, PBMC provirus titers were similar in all groups by 9 weeks postinfection. In cats infected IV, but not vaginally, CD4(+) lymphocyte counts declined significantly independent of the magnitude of viremia. Mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation was decreased in all infected cats regardless of CD4(+) cell counts; this decline correlated with the magnitude of peak plasma viremia in FIV-B-2542, but not FIV-A-PPR, infected cats. These results establish that the kinetics of early FIV infection differ with route of exposure as well as virus isolate and that properties extrapolated from one virus isolate may not be universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Nehete PN, Chitta S, Hossain MM, Hill L, Bernacky BJ, Baze W, Arlinghaus RB, Sastry KJ. Protection against chronic infection and AIDS by an HIV envelope peptide-cocktail vaccine in a pathogenic SHIV-rhesus model. Vaccine 2001; 20:813-25. [PMID: 11738745 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on our prior studies in mouse, monkey, chimpanzee, and human experimental systems, we identified six peptides encoded by highly conserved regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope gene that selectively induce cellular immune responses in the absence of anti-viral antibody production. We tested a cocktail of the six peptides as a prototype vaccine for protection from simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a rhesus monkey model. Three monkeys were vaccinated with the peptide cocktail in Freund's adjuvant followed by autologous dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with these peptides. All the vaccinated animals exhibited significant induction of T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses, but no neutralizing antibodies. Two control mock-vaccinated monkeys showed no specific immune responses. Upon challenge with the pathogenic SHIV(KU-2), both the control and vaccinated monkeys were infected, but efficient clearance of virus-infected cells was observed in all the three vaccinated animals within 14 weeks. These animals also experienced a boosting of antiviral cellular immune responses after infection, and maintained antigen-specific IFN-gamma-producing cells in circulation beyond 42 weeks post-challenge. In contrast, the two mock-vaccinated monkeys had low to undetectable cellular immune responses and maintained significant levels of viral-infected cells and infectious virus in circulation. Further, in both the control monkeys plasma viremia was detectable beyond 38 weeks post-challenge indicating chronic phase infection. In one control monkey, the CD4+ cells dropped to very low levels by 2 weeks post-challenge and became undetectable by week 39 coinciding with high plasma viremia and AIDS, which included cachexia and ataxia. These results serve as proof of principle for the effectiveness of the HIV envelope peptide cocktail vaccine against chronic infection and AIDS, and support the development of multivalent peptide-based vaccine as a viable strategy to induce cell-mediated immunity (CMI) for protection against HIV and AIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, 650 Coolwater Drive, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
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Marthas ML, Lu D, Penedo MC, Hendrickx AG, Miller CJ. Titration of an SIVmac251 stock by vaginal inoculation of Indian and Chinese origin rhesus macaques: transmission efficiency, viral loads, and antibody responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:1455-66. [PMID: 11679158 PMCID: PMC3401017 DOI: 10.1089/088922201753197123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether rhesus monkeys of Chinese origin are suitable for studies of mucosal lentivirus transmission by comparing the relative ability of these animals and rhesus macaques of Indian origin to become infected by vaginal (IVAG) inoculation with SIVmac251. In addition, we sought to test the hypothesis that differences in viral load during the first few weeks after inoculation were due to the relative strength of the anti-SIV immune responses in the two populations of rhesus macaques. Significant difference was not observed between the number of Indian and Chinese origin monkeys that were infected after IVAG SIV inoculation in this study. For 8-9 weeks after infection there was considerable overlap in the range of viral loads among the Indian and Chinese animals and the variation among the Indian origin animals was greater than the variation among the Chinese origin monkeys. By 6 weeks postinfection, viral loads in SIV-infected Chinese origin monkeys tended to be at the lower end of the range of viral loads observed in SIV-infected Indian origin monkeys. The strength of the anti-SIV antibody response was also more variable in the Indian origin rhesus macaques, but at 6-8 weeks postinfection, Chinese and Indian origin rhesus macaques had similar titers of anti-SIV antibodies. Microsatellite allele frequencies differed between Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques; however, the majority of alleles present in Indian-origin animals were also found in Chinese macaques. Together these results show that host factors, other than geographic origin, determine the ability of a rhesus macaque to be infected after IVAG SIV exposure and that geographic origin does not predict the viral load of SIV-infected animals during the first 8-9 weeks after IVAG inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Marthas
- California Regional Primate Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Greenier JL, Miller CJ, Lu D, Dailey PJ, Lü FX, Kunstman KJ, Wolinsky SM, Marthas ML. Route of simian immunodeficiency virus inoculation determines the complexity but not the identity of viral variant populations that infect rhesus macaques. J Virol 2001; 75:3753-65. [PMID: 11264364 PMCID: PMC114866 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3753-3765.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the host and viral factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is essential to developing effective strategies to curb the global HIV epidemic. Here we used the rhesus macaque-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) animal model of HIV infection to study the range of viral genotypes that are transmitted by different routes of inoculation and by different types of viral inocula. Analysis of transmitted variants was undertaken in outbred rhesus macaques inoculated intravenously (IV) or intravaginally (IVAG) with a genetically heterogeneous SIVmac251 stock derived from a well-characterized rhesus macaque viral isolate. In addition, we performed serial IV and IVAG passage experiments using plasma from SIV-infected macaques as the inoculum. We analyzed the V1-V2 region of the SIV envelope gene from virion-associated RNA in plasma from infected animals by the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and by DNA sequence analysis. We found that a more diverse population of SIV genetic variants was present in the earliest virus-positive plasma samples from all five IV SIVmac251-inoculated monkeys and from two of five IVAG SIVmac251-inoculated monkeys. In contrast, we found a relatively homogeneous population of SIV envelope variants in three of five monkeys inoculated IVAG with SIVmac251 stock and in two monkeys infected after IVAG inoculation with plasma from an SIV-infected animal. In some IVAG-inoculated animals, the transmitted SIV variant was the most common variant in the inoculum. However, a specific viral variant in the SIVmac251 stock was not consistently transmitted by IVAG inoculation. Thus, it is likely that host factors or stochastic processes determine the specific viral variants that infect an animal after IVAG SIV exposure. In addition, our results clearly demonstrate that the route of inoculation is associated with the extent and breadth of the genetic complexity of the viral variant population in the earliest stages of systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Greenier
- California Regional Primate Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Korber B, Gaschen B, Yusim K, Thakallapally R, Kesmir C, Detours V. Evolutionary and immunological implications of contemporary HIV-1 variation. Br Med Bull 2001; 58:19-42. [PMID: 11714622 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/58.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary modelling studies indicate less than a century has passed since the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains and, in that time frame, an extraordinarily diverse viral population has developed. HIV-1 employs a multitude of schemes to generate variants: accumulation of base substitutions, insertions and deletions, addition and loss of glycosylation sites in the envelope protein, and recombination. A comparison between HIV and influenza virus illustrates the extraordinary scale of HIV variation, and underscores the importance of exploring innovative HIV vaccine strategies. Deeper understanding of the implications of variation for both antibody and T-cell responses may help in the effort to rationally design vaccines that stimulate broad cross-reactivity. The impact of HIV-1 variation on host immune response is reviewed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Korber
- Division of Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 98545, USA
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