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Monzón S, Varona S, Negredo A, Vidal-Freire S, Patiño-Galindo JA, Ferressini-Gerpe N, Zaballos A, Orviz E, Ayerdi O, Muñoz-Gómez A, Delgado-Iribarren A, Estrada V, García C, Molero F, Sánchez-Mora P, Torres M, Vázquez A, Galán JC, Torres I, Causse Del Río M, Merino-Diaz L, López M, Galar A, Cardeñoso L, Gutiérrez A, Loras C, Escribano I, Alvarez-Argüelles ME, Del Río L, Simón M, Meléndez MA, Camacho J, Herrero L, Jiménez P, Navarro-Rico ML, Jado I, Giannetti E, Kuhn JH, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Di Paola N, Kugelman JR, Guerra S, García-Sastre A, Cuesta I, Sánchez-Seco MP, Palacios G. Monkeypox virus genomic accordion strategies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3059. [PMID: 38637500 PMCID: PMC11026394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2023 monkeypox (mpox) epidemic was caused by a subclade IIb descendant of a monkeypox virus (MPXV) lineage traced back to Nigeria in 1971. Person-to-person transmission appears higher than for clade I or subclade IIa MPXV, possibly caused by genomic changes in subclade IIb MPXV. Key genomic changes could occur in the genome's low-complexity regions (LCRs), which are challenging to sequence and are often dismissed as uninformative. Here, using a combination of highly sensitive techniques, we determine a high-quality MPXV genome sequence of a representative of the current epidemic with LCRs resolved at unprecedented accuracy. This reveals significant variation in short tandem repeats within LCRs. We demonstrate that LCR entropy in the MPXV genome is significantly higher than that of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and that LCRs are not randomly distributed. In silico analyses indicate that expression, translation, stability, or function of MPXV orthologous poxvirus genes (OPGs), including OPG153, OPG204, and OPG208, could be affected in a manner consistent with the established "genomic accordion" evolutionary strategies of orthopoxviruses. We posit that genomic studies focusing on phenotypic MPXV differences should consider LCR variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monzón
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai Varona
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 2832, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Negredo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Vidal-Freire
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Angel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Orviz
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Ayerdi
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Gómez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Estrada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Molero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Mora
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Galán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Causse Del Río
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Merino-Diaz
- Unidad Clínico de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcos López
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Galar
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cardeñoso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Loras
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General y Universitario, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Escribano
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - María Simón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", 28947, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Angeles Meléndez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Navarro-Rico
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elaina Giannetti
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kugelman
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Publica y Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maripaz P Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Sun Y, Nie W, Tian D, Ye Q. Human monkeypox virus: Epidemiologic review and research progress in diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105662. [PMID: 38432097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is responsible for causing a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (mpox), which sporadically infects humans in West and Central Africa. It first infected humans in 1970 and, along with the variola virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus in the poxvirus family. Since the World Health Organization declared the MPXV outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on July 23, 2022, the number of infected patients has increased dramatically. To control this epidemic and address this previously neglected disease, MPXV needs to be better understood and reevaluated. In this review, we cover recent research on MPXV, including its genomic and pathogenic characteristics, transmission, mutations and mechanisms, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment measures, as well as prevention of MPXV infection in light of the 2022 and 2023 global outbreaks. The 2022 MPXV outbreak has been primarily associated with close intimate contact, including sexual activity, with most cases diagnosed among men who have sex with men. The incubation period of MPXV infection usually lasts from 6 to 13 days, and symptoms include fever, muscle pains, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic painful rash, including several stages, such as macules, papules, blisters, pustules, scabs, and scab shedding involving the genitals and anus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is usually used to detect MPXV in skin lesion material. Treatment includes supportive care, antivirals, and intravenous vaccinia immune globulin. Smallpox vaccines have been designed with four givens emergency approval for use against MPXV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenjian Nie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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Yang CH, Song AL, Qiu Y, Ge XY. Cross-species transmission and host range genes in poxviruses. Virol Sin 2024; 39:177-193. [PMID: 38272237 PMCID: PMC11074647 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistent epidemic of human mpox, caused by mpox virus (MPXV), raises concerns about the future spread of MPXV and other poxviruses. MPXV is a typical zoonotic virus which can infect human and cause smallpox-like symptoms. MPXV belongs to the Poxviridae family, which has a relatively broad host range from arthropods to vertebrates. Cross-species transmission of poxviruses among different hosts has been frequently reported and resulted in numerous epidemics. Poxviruses have a complex linear double-strand DNA genome that encodes hundreds of proteins. Genes related to the host range of poxvirus are called host range genes (HRGs). This review briefly introduces the taxonomy, phylogeny and hosts of poxviruses, and then comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge about the cross-species transmission of poxviruses. In particular, the HRGs of poxvirus are described and their impacts on viral host range are discussed in depth. We hope that this review will provide a comprehensive perspective about the current progress of researches on cross-species transmission and HRG variation of poxviruses, serving as a valuable reference for academic studies and disease control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - A-Ling Song
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
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4
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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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Nasrin T, Samim Hassan M, Iqbal M, Yousif A, Hoque M, Ali N, Ali S. Elucidating the evolution of monkeypox virus genomes through phylo-geo-network and haplogroup analysis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2024; 22:100346. [PMID: 38494259 PMCID: PMC10860881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2023.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the world settles down from the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries are faced with an unexpected outbreak of monkeypox infection. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is an enveloped, double stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family. Presently, we construct and analyze the phylo-geo-network and the corresponding haplogroups. Presently, we performed the haplogroup analysis with their defining mutations and phylogenetic lineage study along with geographical distributions with the aim to understand the evolutionary path of the MPXV across the world. RESULTS Information about 719 full length genomes of MPXV were collected from GISAID repository and the sequences extracted from NCBI. The alignment of 719 MPXV genomes and their subsequent analysis revealed a total of 1530 segregating sites of which 330 were parsimony informative (PI) sites. The variations had a positive value of Tajima's D statistic indicating some mutations being prevalent and hence balancing selection. A total of 39 haplogroups were observed in the phylo-geo-network and their defining mutations along with the evolutionary path has been discussed. The phylo-geo-network revealed the nodal haplogroup is represented by GISAID ID 13889450, haplogroup A1, an isolate from Germany, having a total of 296 identical sequences in the study incident across 22 countries. The localized evolution is highlighted by country specific sequences and haplogroups. USA had a total of 58 genomes and 13 haplogroups as compared to Peru (89 genomes, 7 haplogroups) and Germany (26 genomes, 6 haplogroups). CONCLUSIONS The evolution of MPXV can be happening in a localized manner and hence accumulation of variations in the MPXV genomes needs to be monitored in order to be prepared for any possible threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Nasrin
- Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Md Samim Hassan
- Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, India
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amar Yousif
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne 21853, MD, USA.
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Safdar Ali
- Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, India.
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Djuicy DD, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Bilounga CN, Yonga MG, Tchatchueng-Mbougua JB, Essima GD, Esso L, Nguidjol IME, Metomb SF, Chebo C, Agwe SM, Ankone PA, Ngonla FNN, Mossi HM, Etoundi AGM, Eyangoh SI, Kazanji M, Njouom R. Concurrent Clade I and Clade II Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Cameroon, 1979-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:432-443. [PMID: 38325363 PMCID: PMC10902553 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.230861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
During 1979-2022, Cameroon recorded 32 laboratory-confirmed mpox cases among 137 suspected mpox cases identified by the national surveillance network. The highest positivity rate occurred in 2022, indicating potential mpox re-emergence in Cameroon. Both clade I (n = 12) and clade II (n = 18) monkeypox virus (MPXV) were reported, a unique feature of mpox in Cameroon. The overall case-fatality ratio of 2.2% was associated with clade II. We found mpox occurred only in the forested southern part of the country, and MPXV phylogeographic structure revealed a clear geographic separation among concurrent circulating clades. Clade I originated from eastern regions close to neighboring mpox-endemic countries in Central Africa; clade II was prevalent in western regions close to West Africa. Our findings suggest that MPXV re-emerged after a 30-year lapse and might arise from different viral reservoirs unique to ecosystems in eastern and western rainforests of Cameroon.
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Casimiro‐Soriguer CS, Perez‐Florido J, Lara M, Camacho‐Martinez P, Merino‐Diaz L, Pupo‐Ledo I, de Salazar A, Fuentes A, Viñuela L, Chueca N, Martinez‐Martinez L, Lorusso N, Lepe JA, Dopazo J, Garcia F. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the monkeypox outbreak in the South of Spain. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1965. [PMID: 38524774 PMCID: PMC10957719 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Until the May 2022 Monkeypox (MPXV) outbreak, which spread rapidly to many non-endemic countries, the virus was considered a viral zoonosis limited to some African countries. The Andalusian circuit of genomic surveillance was rapidly applied to characterize the MPXV outbreak in the South of Spain. Methods Whole genome sequencing was used to obtain the genomic profiles of samples collected across the south of Spain, representative of all the provinces of Andalusia. Phylogenetic analysis was used to study the relationship of the isolates and the available sequences of the 2022 outbreak. Results Whole genome sequencing of a total of 160 MPXV viruses from the different provinces that reported cases were obtained. Interestingly, we report the sequences of MPXV viruses obtained from two patients who died. While one of the isolates bore no noteworthy mutations that explain a potential heightened virulence, in another patient the second consecutive genome sequence, performed after the administration of tecovirimat, uncovered a mutation within the A0A7H0DN30 gene, known to be a prime target for tecovirimat in its Vaccinia counterpart. In general, a low number of mutations were observed in the sequences reported, which were very similar to the reference of the 2022 outbreak (OX044336), as expected from a DNA virus. The samples likely correspond to several introductions of the circulating MPXV viruses from the last outbreak. The virus sequenced from one of the two patients that died presented a mutation in a gene that bears potential connections to drug resistance. This mutation was absent in the initial sequencing before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Casimiro‐Soriguer
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Javier Perez‐Florido
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Maria Lara
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
| | - Pedro Camacho‐Martinez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Laura Merino‐Diaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Pupo‐Ledo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Adolfo de Salazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Ana Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Laura Viñuela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
| | - Natalia Chueca
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Luis Martinez‐Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Unit of Microbiology, University Hospital Reina SofiaCordobaSpain
- Departamento de Química AgrícolaEdafología y Microbiología, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)CórdobaSpain
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaSevillaSpain
| | - Jose A. Lepe
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
- FPS/ELIXIR‐ES, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
| | - Federico Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
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Akaishi T. Recently Added Frameshift Mutation in Human Monkeypox Virus (hMPXV) OPG191 Gene. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2023; 261:103-107. [PMID: 37438121 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2023.j057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) has caused sporadic outbreaks intermittently across countries in recent years, with the largest outbreak in 2022. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study searched for recently developed structural variants of the viral genome. A total of 22 hMPXV whole genome sequences were randomly selected from the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank sequence database for initial screening. As a result, a recent frameshift mutation based on a 2-base insertion in a coding region was identified at the 3' terminal of the OPG191 gene, which encodes MPXVgp168 (B7R) protein. With this insertion, the protein was prematurely truncated, and the last 11 amino acids were missing, with 3 alternative amino acids added. Among the hMPXV genome sequences registered in the GenBank database as of January 2023, 61 sequences lacked the 2-base insertion and 3,362 sequences were inserted. All 61 sequences without mutations were collected before 2020, whereas 3,358 (99.9%) of the 3,362 sequences with the insertion were collected during or after 2022. These findings imply that a 2-base insertion has recently emerged and has been fixed among the virus population that prevailed in 2022. In summary, a recently emerged frameshift mutation with a 2-base insertion was identified in hMPXV OPG191 gene. Although the structural and functional consequences of this mutation on virulence and infectivity are unknown, research on the possible associations between this mutation and recent hMPXV outbreaks is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Akaishi
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University
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9
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Ogoina D, Oru Oru I, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, Ndodo N, Aruna O. Case Report: Recurrent Mpox in a Healthcare Worker in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:858-860. [PMID: 37604469 PMCID: PMC10551069 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of recurrent Mpox from Africa. The patient is a 36-year-old, previously healthy, HIV-negative male healthcare worker who developed two episodes of laboratory-confirmed Mpox in 2017 and 2018, 9 months apart. In both cases, he had prior close contact with confirmed Mpox cases in the hospital setting. On follow-up in 2022, he also reported recurrent postcoital skin eruptions over a previously healed genital scar from the first episode of Mpox. We highlight the need for future studies to investigate the true burden and risk factors for Mpox reinfection, relapse, and recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimie Ogoina
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Niger Delta University/Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Inestol Oru Oru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Nigeria
| | | | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Ndodo
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Aruna
- International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Global Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Oguzie JU, Petros BA, Oluniyi PE, Mehta SB, Eromon PE, Nair P, Adewale-Fasoro O, Ifoga PD, Odia I, Pastusiak A, Gbemisola OS, Aiyepada JO, Uyigue EA, Edamhande AP, Blessing O, Airende M, Tomkins-Tinch C, Qu J, Stenson L, Schaffner SF, Oyejide N, Ajayi NA, Ojide K, Ogah O, Abejegah C, Adedosu N, Ayodeji O, Liasu AA, Okogbenin S, Okokhere PO, Park DJ, Folarin OA, Komolafe I, Ihekweazu C, Frost SDW, Jackson EK, Siddle KJ, Sabeti PC, Happi CT. Metagenomic surveillance uncovers diverse and novel viral taxa in febrile patients from Nigeria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4693. [PMID: 37542071 PMCID: PMC10403498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective infectious disease surveillance in high-risk regions is critical for clinical care and pandemic preemption; however, few clinical diagnostics are available for the wide range of potential human pathogens. Here, we conduct unbiased metagenomic sequencing of 593 samples from febrile Nigerian patients collected in three settings: i) population-level surveillance of individuals presenting with symptoms consistent with Lassa Fever (LF); ii) real-time investigations of outbreaks with suspected infectious etiologies; and iii) undiagnosed clinically challenging cases. We identify 13 distinct viruses, including the second and third documented cases of human blood-associated dicistrovirus, and a highly divergent, unclassified dicistrovirus that we name human blood-associated dicistrovirus 2. We show that pegivirus C is a common co-infection in individuals with LF and is associated with lower Lassa viral loads and favorable outcomes. We help uncover the causes of three outbreaks as yellow fever virus, monkeypox virus, and a noninfectious cause, the latter ultimately determined to be pesticide poisoning. We demonstrate that a local, Nigerian-driven metagenomics response to complex public health scenarios generates accurate, real-time differential diagnoses, yielding insights that inform policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith U Oguzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Brittany A Petros
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samar B Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Philomena E Eromon
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Parvathy Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Opeoluwa Adewale-Fasoro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Peace Damilola Ifoga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Otitoola Shobi Gbemisola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Osiemi Blessing
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Airende
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Tomkins-Tinch
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Qu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liam Stenson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Oyejide
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nnenna A Ajayi
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Ojide
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Onwe Ogah
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac Komolafe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Simon D W Frost
- Microsoft Premonition, Redmond, WA, USA
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Álvarez Argüelles ME, Martínez ZP, Alba SR, González Alba JM, Fernandez-Verdugo AM, González IC, Rodríguez GM, Riveiro JAB, Martins MM, García SM. Detecting, Quantifying, and Isolating Monkeypox Virus in Suspected Cases, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1465-1469. [PMID: 37347839 PMCID: PMC10310368 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.221229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When a monkeypox virus outbreak began in several parts of the world in May 2022, timely and accurate diagnosis became mandatory. In our laboratory, a real-time quantitative PCR was designed and evaluated in several patient samples and compared with isolation results. Genomic viral load was related to virus viability.
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12
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Pattnaik H, Surani S, Goyal L, Kashyap R. Making Sense of Monkeypox: A Comparison of Other Poxviruses to the Monkeypox. Cureus 2023; 15:e38083. [PMID: 37252521 PMCID: PMC10212748 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current monkeypox (MPX) outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is a zoonotic disease that has persisted in the African basin for decades but suddenly exploded into the international sphere this year. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of monkeypox, including a hypothesis of the rapid spread of the virus, its epidemiology and clinical features, a comparison with other orthopoxviruses such as chickenpox and smallpox, past and present outbreaks, and strategies for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Pattnaik
- Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Salim Surani
- Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- Medicine, University of North Texas, Dallas, USA
- Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Associates, Corpus Christi, USA
- Clinical Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Lokesh Goyal
- Hospital Medicine, Christus Spohn Hospital, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Rahul Kashyap
- Global Clinical Scholars Research Training (GCSRT), Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Research, Global Remote Research Program, St. Paul, USA
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Research, WellSpan Health, York, USA
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13
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Forni D, Molteni C, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:742-751. [PMID: 35831941 PMCID: PMC10044091 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2/3), but its evolution is poorly explored. METHODS We retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and we analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach. RESULTS We show that the population transmitted in West Africa (clades 2/3) experienced limited drift. Conversely, clade 1 (transmitted in the Congo Basin) possibly underwent a bottleneck or founder effect. Depending on the model used, we estimated that the 2 clades separated ∼560-860 (highest posterior density: 450-960) years ago, a period characterized by expansions and contractions of rainforest areas, possibly creating the ecological conditions for the MPXV reservoir(s) to migrate. In the Congo Basin, MPXV diversity is characterized by 4 subpopulations that show no geographic structuring. Conversely, clades 2/3 are spatially structured with 2 populations located West and East of the Dahomey Gap. CONCLUSIONS The distinct histories of the 2 clades may derive from differences in MPXV ecology in West and Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristian Molteni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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14
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Skin Manifestation of Human Monkeypox. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030914. [PMID: 36769562 PMCID: PMC9918194 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, which is mainly manifested as characteristic rashes. It spreads mainly through direct skin-to-skin contact. In some cases, respiratory transmission occurs through contact with respiratory droplets when in close contact with an infected person for a long time. The monkeypox outbreak in 2022 frequently occurred in the MSM (men who have sex with men) population, raising concerns about whether monkeypox could be transmitted through sexual behavior. This article mainly reviews the research progress of skin manifestations of monkeypox, including typical and atypical rashes of monkeypox, and different skin manifestations in some special groups, such as children, pregnant women and individuals co-infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and MPXV. At present, dermatologists are not very familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox, it is therefore necessary to review the skin manifestations of monkeypox, which can help clinicians diagnose the sporadic cases and monitor the occurrence of monkeypox early, particularly in people at higher risk of infection. Early clinical diagnosis and treatment can largely avoid serious complications and death from monkeypox.
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15
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Aja-Macaya P, Rumbo-Feal S, Poza M, Cañizares A, Vallejo JA, Bou G. A new and efficient enrichment method for metagenomic sequencing of Monkeypox virus. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:29. [PMID: 36650445 PMCID: PMC9847149 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methodology described in previous literature for Monkeypox virus (MPXV) sequencing shows low efficiency when using metagenomic approaches. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a new fine-tuned method for extraction and enrichment of genomic MPXV DNA using clinical samples and to compare it to a non-enrichment metagenomic approach. RESULTS A new procedure that allows sample enrichment in MPXV DNA, avoiding wasting the sequencing capacity in human DNA, was designed. This procedure consisted of host DNA depletion using a saponin/NaCl combination treatment and DNase, together with high g-force centrifugations. After typical quality control, samples using the enrichment method contained around 96% of reads not classified as human DNA, while the non-enrichment protocol showed around 5-10%. When reads not belonging to Orthopoxvirus were removed, enriched samples kept about 50% of the original read counts, while non-enriched ones kept only 2-7%. CONCLUSIONS Results showed a very significant improvement in sequencing efficiency, increasing the number of reads belonging to MPXV, the depth of coverage and the trustworthiness of the consensus sequences. This, in turn, allows for more samples to be included in a single cartridge, reducing costs and time to diagnosis, which can be very important factors when dealing with a contagious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Aja-Macaya
- grid.411066.40000 0004 1771 0279Microbiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) - University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC) - CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Servicio de Microbiología, 3ª planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soraya Rumbo-Feal
- grid.411066.40000 0004 1771 0279Microbiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) - University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC) - CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Servicio de Microbiología, 3ª planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita Poza
- grid.411066.40000 0004 1771 0279Microbiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) - University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC) - CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Servicio de Microbiología, 3ª planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain ,grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535University of A Coruña (UDC) - Center for Advanced Research (CICA), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Zapateira, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Angelina Cañizares
- grid.411066.40000 0004 1771 0279Microbiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) - University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC) - CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Servicio de Microbiología, 3ª planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan A. Vallejo
- grid.411066.40000 0004 1771 0279Microbiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) - University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC) - CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Servicio de Microbiología, 3ª planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Germán Bou
- grid.411066.40000 0004 1771 0279Microbiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) - University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC) - CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Servicio de Microbiología, 3ª planta, Edificio Sur, Hospital Universitario, As Xubias, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
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16
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Peng Q, Xie Y, Kuai L, Wang H, Qi J, Gao GF, Shi Y. Structure of monkeypox virus DNA polymerase holoenzyme. Science 2023; 379:100-105. [PMID: 36520947 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared mpox (or monkeypox) a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022, and prophylactic and therapeutic measures are in urgent need. The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has its own DNA polymerase F8, together with the processive cofactors A22 and E4, constituting the polymerase holoenzyme for genome replication. Here, we determined the holoenzyme structure in complex with DNA using cryo-electron microscopy at the global resolution of ~2.8 angstroms. The holoenzyme possesses an architecture that suggests a "forward sliding clamp" processivity mechanism for viral DNA replication. MPXV polymerase has a DNA binding mode similar to that of other B-family DNA polymerases from different species. These findings reveal the mechanism of the MPXV genome replication and may guide the development of anti-poxvirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Kuai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Disease (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Disease (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
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17
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Sohn EJ. Functional Analysis of Monkeypox and Interrelationship between Monkeypox and COVID-19 by Bioinformatic Analysis. Genet Res (Camb) 2023; 2023:8511036. [PMID: 37006463 PMCID: PMC10063359 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8511036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of monkeypox may be considered a novel and urgent threat after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). No wide-ranging studies have been conducted on this disease since it was first reported. We systematically assessed the functional role of gene expression in cells infected with the monkeypox virus using transcriptome profiling and compared the functional relation with that of COVID-19. Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we obtained 212 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE36854 and GSE21001 of monkeypox datasets. Enrichment analyses, including KEGG and gene ontology (GO) analyses, were performed to identify the common function of 212 DEGs of GSE36854 and GSE21001. CytoHubba and Molecular Complex Detection were performed to determine the core genes after a protein-protein interaction (PPI). Metascape/COVID-19 was used to compare DEGs of monkeypox and COVID-19. GO analysis of 212 DEGs of GSE36854 and GSE21001 for monkeypox infection showed cellular response to cytokine stimulus, cell activation, and cell differentiation regulation. KEGG analysis of 212 DEGs of GSE36854 and GSE21001 for monkeypox infection showed involvement of monkeypox in COVID-19, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, TNF signaling, and T cell receptor signaling. By comparing our data with published transcriptome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in other cell lines, the common function of monkeypox and COVID-19 includes cytokine signaling in the immune system, TNF signaling, and MAPK cascade regulation. Thus, our data suggest that the molecular connections identified between COVID-19 and monkeypox elucidate the causes of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Sohn
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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18
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Li H, Huang QZ, Zhang H, Liu ZX, Chen XH, Ye LL, Luo Y. The land-scape of immune response to monkeypox virus. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104424. [PMID: 36584594 PMCID: PMC9797195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and has become the greatest public health threat in the genus Orthopoxvirus after smallpox was eradicated. The host immune response to MPXV plays an essential role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. MPXV infection leads to skin lesions with the genital area as the main feature in the current outbreak and triggers a strong immune response that results in sepsis, deep tissue abscess, severe respiratory disease, and injuries to multiple immune organs. Emerging evidence shows that the immunopathogenesis of MPXV infection is closely associated with impaired NK-cell function, lymphopenia, immune evasion, increased antibodies, increased blood monocytes and granulocytes, cytokine storm, inhibition of the host complement system, and antibody-dependent enhancement. In this overview, we discuss the immunopathology and immunopathogenesis of monkeypox to aid the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies against monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhao Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Liu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Li-Lin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China,Corresponding author: Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China,Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 402260, PR China,Corresponding author: College of Life Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China.
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19
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Sukhdeo S, Mishra S, Walmsley S. Human monkeypox: a comparison of the characteristics of the new epidemic to the endemic disease. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:928. [PMID: 36503476 PMCID: PMC9742013 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2022, a new global outbreak of mpox (formerly, human monkeypox) emerged that was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization on July 23, 2022. With new patterns of person-to-person spread within sexual networks in nonendemic countries and several differences from the classic disease course, we performed a comprehensive review of existing literature on human monkeypox to discuss epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation and asymptomatic infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines with the primary aim to identify important areas for future research of this new epidemic form of the disease. A comprehensive literature search was performed of all published literature to August 15, 2022. Historically, in regions of monkeypox virus endemicity, human outbreaks have occurred related to discrete zoonotic events. The animal reservoir is unknown, but the virus has been isolated from rodents. Traditionally, transmission occurred by direct or indirect contact with an infected animal. In nonendemic countries affected in the 2022 outbreak, almost exclusive person-to-person spread has been observed, and most cases are connected to sexual networks of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. After an incubation period of approximately 13 days, in traditional human cases affected persons developed a febrile prodrome preceding a rash that started on the face and body, spread centrifugally to the palms and soles and healed monomorphically over two to four weeks. However, in the 2022 outbreak, the febrile illness is often absent or occurs after the onset of the rash. The rash presents primarily in the anogenital region and face before disseminating throughout the body, with lesions displaying regional pleomorphism. There is a paucity of data for the role of antiviral agents or vaccines. The epidemiology and clinical course of mpox has changed in the 2022 epidemic from that observed with the endemic disease. There is an urgent need to establish rapid and collaborative research platforms to diagnose, treat and prevent disease and inform important public health and other strategies to stop the spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sukhdeo
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Monkeypox infection: The past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109382. [PMID: 36330915 PMCID: PMC9617593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic illness caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) that has a similar etiology to smallpox. The first case of monkeypox was reported in Western and Central Africa in 1971, and in 2003, there was an outbreak of monkeypox viruses outside Africa. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monkeypox is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or persons exposed to infectious sores, scabs, or body fluids. Also, intimate contact between people during sex, kissing, cuddling, or touching parts of the body can result in the spreading of this disease. The use of the smallpox vaccine against monkeypox has several challenges and hence anti-virals such as cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat have been used for the symptomatic relief of patients and reversing the lesion formation on the skin. Despite the recent outbreak of monkeypox most especially in hitherto non-endemic countries, there is still a lack of definitive treatment for monkeypox. In the present review, emphasis was focused on etiopathology, transmission, currently available therapeutic agents, and future targets that could be explored to halt the progression of monkeypox. From our review we can postulate that owing to the lack of a definitive cure to this reemerging disorder, there is a need for general awareness about the transmission as well as to develop appropriate diagnostic procedures, immunizations, and antiviral medication.
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Key Words
- monkeypox
- infection
- etiopathology
- prevention
- vaccines
- therapeutic targets
- abs, antibodies
- acip, advisory committee on immunization practices
- cdc, centers for disease control and prevention
- cev, cell-associated enveloped virus
- cfr, case fatality rate
- cpxv, cowpox virus
- drc, democratic republic of the congo
- eev, extracellular enveloped virus
- hsv, herpes simplex virus
- iev, intracellular enveloped virus
- ifn-γ, interferon
- imv, internal mature virus
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mpxv, human monkeypox virus
- nk, natural killer
- opxvs, orthopoxviruses
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pfu, plaque-forming units
- ppe, personal protective equipment
- prep, pre-exposure prophylaxis
- th, t-helper
- tlrs, toll-like receptors
- tnf-α, tumor necrotic factor
- vacv, vaccinia virus
- varv, smallpox virus
- varv, variola major virus
- vzv, varicella-zoster virus
- who, world health organization
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21
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Liang C, Qian J, Liu L. Biological characteristics, biosafety prevention and control strategies for the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:376-385. [PMID: 36406058 PMCID: PMC9643041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a potential biological warfare agent of bioterrorism and poses the greatest threat to the world's public biosafety and health after variola virus (VARV). While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not ended yet, monkeypox is spreading menacingly. The first case of monkeypox in a nonendemic country was confirmed on May 6th, 2022, while the first imported case from Asia was found on June 21st. There were more than 16 thousand reported cases as of July 23rd, the day the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the global monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) at the same level as smallpox and COVID-19; while there were more than 53 thousand cases as of September 1st. Therefore, we will propose relevant biosafety prevention and control strategies after analyzing the etiology of the 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak from the biological feature, transmissibility, epidemic, and variability of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudan Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510030, China,Corresponding authors: Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (J. Qian); Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China (L. Liu)
| | - Linna Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China,Corresponding authors: Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China (J. Qian); Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China (L. Liu)
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22
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Dhama K. Evolution, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and mutational landscape of newly emerging monkeypox virus. GeroScience 2022; 44:2895-2911. [PMID: 36094771 PMCID: PMC9466330 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent monkeypox (MPX) outbreaks are major ones in non-endemic countries. The present study analyzed molecular phylogenetics, divergence, epidemiology, the geographical distribution, entropy diversity of genome, mutational landscape, and evolution of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) genome and the current MPXV is entitled "hMPXV1." We used different in-silico and statistical methods to study our objectives. The developed phylogram from molecular phylogenetics describes the origin and evolution of hMPXV1 of A, A.1, A.1.1, A.2, and B.1 lineages. The microevolution of B.1 lineage shows its evolution from May to August 2022. B.1 lineage is further adapting and showing more mutation and sub-lineages. The scatter plot of all lineages shows the clustering pattern of lineages and the divergence. We also developed two statistical models of confirmed cases and a diagram of the age-related pattern of infected cases to illustrate the epidemiology of the MPX outbreaks. The entropy diversity and mutational landscape of the hMPXV1 genome were analyzed in nucleotide and codon contexts. Our study has shown the in-depth evolution pattern of different lineages of the hMPXV1. We found B.1 lineage is associated with the current outbreaks. The mutational landscape informs about the slow mutation of the virus. Finally, the study might assists the new therapeutic development considering all the above points and would help the researcher to set up their future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, Bareilly, India
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23
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Cuérel A, Favre G, Vouga M, Pomar L. Monkeypox and Pregnancy: Latest Updates. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112520. [PMID: 36423129 PMCID: PMC9693336 DOI: 10.3390/v14112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged as a threatening zoonosis. Its spread around the world has been growing fast over the last 2 years, particularly in 2022. The reasons for this sudden spread are probably multifactorial. The R0 values of the two MPXV clades are rather low, and a massive pandemic is considered unlikely, although the increase in the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms found in the 2022 MPXV strain could indicate an accelerated human adaptation. Very little is known about the risks of an infection during pregnancy for both the mother and the fetus. Further observations must be made to create clear, adapted, evidence-based guidelines. This article summarizes the current knowledge about MPXV infections and similar pregnancy virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cuérel
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Guillaume Favre
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Vouga
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léo Pomar
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:373. [PMID: 36319633 PMCID: PMC9626568 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in west and central Africa caused by monkeypox virus. However, cases recently have been confirmed in many nonendemic countries outside of Africa. WHO declared the ongoing monkeypox outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern on July 23, 2022, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases could pose a threat to the international community. Here, we review the epidemiology of monkeypox, monkeypox virus reservoirs, novel transmission patterns, mutations and mechanisms of viral infection, clinical characteristics, laboratory diagnosis and treatment measures. In addition, strategies for the prevention, such as vaccination of smallpox vaccine, is also included. Current epidemiological data indicate that high frequency of human-to-human transmission could lead to further outbreaks, especially among men who have sex with men. The development of antiviral drugs and vaccines against monkeypox virus is urgently needed, despite some therapeutic effects of currently used drugs in the clinic. We provide useful information to improve the understanding of monkeypox virus and give guidance for the government and relative agency to prevent and control the further spread of monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Mu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Ejaz H, Junaid K, Younas S, Abdalla AE, Bukhari SNA, Abosalif KOA, Ahmad N, Ahmed Z, Hamza MA, Anwar N. Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1156-1165. [PMID: 36174285 PMCID: PMC9534090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus' entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Younas
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abualgasim E Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid O A Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
| | - Manhal Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Naeem Anwar
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
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26
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Orviz E, Negredo A, Ayerdi O, Vázquez A, Muñoz-Gomez A, Monzón S, Clavo P, Zaballos A, Vera M, Sánchez P, Cabello N, Jiménez P, Pérez-García JA, Varona S, Del Romero J, Cuesta I, Delgado-Iribarren A, Torres M, Sagastagoitia I, Palacios G, Estrada V, Sánchez-Seco MP. Monkeypox outbreak in Madrid (Spain): Clinical and virological aspects. J Infect 2022; 85:412-417. [PMID: 35830908 PMCID: PMC9534097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is the most prevalent Orthopoxvirus zoonosis infection since the eradication of smallpox. The current multi-country outbreak involves five WHO regions affecting mainly Europe. Accurate clinical and virological aspects of the disease outside endemic areas are needed. METHODS We performed an observational study of cases diagnosed in Madrid (Spain) (May/June 2022). Confirmation from vesicular lesions swabs, Orthopoxvirus real-time PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and direct detection by Electron microscopy was performed. In addition, a structured epidemiological questionnaire was completed systematically to gather sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral data from all confirmed cases. FINDINGS We extracted data from 48 patients, all cisgender men. The median age was 35 years (IQR 29 - 44), and 87.5% were MSM. The most prevalent symptoms were the presence of vesicular-umbilicated and pseudo-pustular skin lesions (93.8%), asthenia (66.6%), and fever (52.1%). In addition, the location of the lesions in the genital or perianal area was related to the role in sexual intercourse (p<0.001). Sequencing analysis indicated the virus circulating in Spain belongs to the western African clade. Like the other European cases in the outbreak, the Spanish isolates are a direct descendant of viruses previously detected in Nigeria, the UK, Singapore, and Israel in 2017-2018. CONCLUSIONS Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease in Europe where community transmission is reported, mainly in MSM. The first symptom was skin lesions instead of classical fever and rash. The disease follows a self-limited course, and there have been no cases with a serious presentation or severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Orviz
- Centro Sandoval/Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC
| | - Anabel Negredo
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CIBERINFEC
| | - Oskar Ayerdi
- Centro Sandoval/Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CIBERINFEC
| | | | - Sara Monzón
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | | | | | - Mar Vera
- Centro Sandoval/Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC
| | - Patricia Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CIBERINFEC
| | - Noemi Cabello
- Centro Sandoval/Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC; CIBERINFEC
| | | | | | - Sarai Varona
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | | | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | | | - Montse Torres
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | | | | | - Vicente Estrada
- Centro Sandoval/Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC; CIBERINFEC.
| | - Maria Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CIBERINFEC
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27
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Monkeypox: From A Neglected Tropical Disease to a Public Health Threat. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:772-783. [PMID: 36286200 PMCID: PMC9602669 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first case of human monkeypox was diagnosed in 1970, the disease remained endemic in several countries in West and Central Africa. In 1996, there was a sudden increase in cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and since 2017 an ongoing outbreak in Nigeria took place, probably related to the population growth, human invasion of MPXV animal habitat reservoirs, and the waning of the cross-protection offered from smallpox immunization, later ending in 1980. Since May 2022, an unprecedented outbreak of human monkeypox has rapidly spread around the world, outside endemic regions of Africa, through new modes of transmission, showing differences in clinical features compared with previous reports. The 2022 MPXV strain belongs to the clade of West Africa but diverges from the original strain, making the virus more transmissible. The authors review the main milestones in more than 50 years of history of human monkeypox, from a rare viral zoonotic infection to a public health emergency.
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28
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION A monkeypox outbreak is spreading in territories where the virus is not generally prevalent. The rapid and sudden emergence of monkeypox in numerous nations at the same time means that unreported transmission may have persisted. The number of reported cases is on a constant increase worldwide. At least 20 non-African countries, like Canada, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, have reported more than 57662 as of September 9th suspected or confirmed cases. This is the largest epidemic seen outside of Africa. Scientists are struggling to determine the responsible genes for the higher virulence and transmissibility of the virus. Because the viruses are related, several countries have begun acquiring smallpox vaccinations, which are believed to be very effective against monkeypox. METHODS Bibliographic databases and web-search engines were used to retrieve studies that assessed monkeypox basic biology, life cycle, and transmission. Data were evaluated and used to explain the therapeutics that are under use or have potential. Finally, here is a comparison between how vaccines are being made now and how they were made in the past to stop the spread of new viruses. CONCLUSIONS Available vaccines are believed to be effective if administered within four days of viral exposure, as the virus has a long incubation period. As the virus is zoonotic, there is still a great deal of concern about the viral genetic shift and the risk of spreading to humans. This review will discuss the virus's biology and how dangerous it is. It will also look at how it spreads, what vaccines and treatments are available, and what technologies could be used to make vaccines quickly using mRNA technologies.
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Spatial modeling and ecological suitability of monkeypox disease in Southern Nigeria. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274325. [PMID: 36126054 PMCID: PMC9488772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The reemergence of monkeypoxvirus (MPXV) in 2017 after about 39 years of no reported cases in Nigeria, and the recent incidence in countries such as the United States of America, United Kingdom, Singapore, and Israel which have been reportedly linked with travelers from Africa, have heightened concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the vacant ecological and immunological niche created by the extinct smallpox virus. This study was carried out to identify environmental conditions and areas that are environmentally suitable (risky areas) for MPXV in southern Nigeria. One hundred and sixteen (116) spatially unique MPXV occurrence data from 2017–2021 and corresponding environmental variables were spatially modeled by a maximum entropy algorithm to evaluate the contribution of the variables to the distribution of the viral disease. A variance inflation analysis was adopted to limit the number of environmental variables and minimize multicollinearity. The five variables that contributed to the suitability model for MPXV disease are precipitation of driest quarter (47%), elevation (26%), human population density (17%), minimum temperature in December (7%), and maximum temperature in March (3%). For validation, our model had a high AUC value of 0.92 and standard deviation of 0.009 indicating that it had excellent ability to predict the suitable areas for monkeypox disease. Categorized risk classes across southern states was also identified. A total of eight states were predicted to be at high risk of monkeypox outbreak occurrence. These findings can guide policymakers in resources allocation and distribution to effectively implement targeted control measures for MPXV outbreaks in southern Nigeria.
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Fludarabine, a Potential DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, as a Prospective Drug against Monkeypox Virus: A Computational Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091129. [PMID: 36145351 PMCID: PMC9504824 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic contagious disease that has recently re-emerged in different countries worldwide. Due to the lack of an effective treatment that eliminates the virus, there is an urgent need to find effective drugs to stop the spread of the multi-country outbreak. The current study aimed to use computational methods to quickly identify potentially effective drugs against the Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Three MPXV proteins were targeted in this study due to their essential role in viral replication (a DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase subunit (A6R)), a protein involved in cell entry (D8L), and a protein catalyzing the envelopment of intracellular mature virus particles (F13L). We virtually screened a library of 1615 FDA-approved compounds, utilizing different in-silico approaches including computational modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and MM-GBSA. The compound Fludarabine was found to have the best docking score (−7.53 kcal/mol) in relation to the MPXV A6R protein. Additionally, Fludarabine showed in-silico activity on the D8L and F13L proteins. During the whole period of the 100 ns MD simulation, the complex of A6R and Fludarabine exhibited the best stability. This stability was reflected in a good score of MM-GBSA, with an average value of −44.62 kcal/mole in a range between −53.26 and −35.49 and a low value of standard deviation (3.76). Furthermore, Fludarabine blocked efficiently the Asn175 residue which has an important role in the attachment of the virus to a host cell. The results of this study recommend more in vitro studies on this compound, as a starting point to develop a novel treatment against MPXV.
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Monkeypox: Some Keys to Understand This Emerging Disease. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172190. [PMID: 36077910 PMCID: PMC9454429 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1958, several monkeys in a Copenhagen laboratory developed a skin rash from which an orthopoxvirus could be isolated, which was named monkeypox virus (MPXV). However, the natural animal reservoir for MPXV is thought to be a rodent. The first human case occurred in 1970, and the incidence has increased progressively throughout the years. Starting May 2022, the number of cases outside Africa has soared, especially in Western Europe. There are two clades of MPXV, Congo Basin, with higher virulence and mortality, and Western Africa (WA). MPXV from the present outbreak has been proposed to be classified as Clade 3, distinct from the WA clade by at least 50 substitutions, which may increase human-to-human transmissibility. Most cases correspond to men in their 30s who have sex with men, and the possibility of sexual transmission is under investigation. Though there is no evidence of human-to-animal transmission, pets of positive human cases may be classified as low risk, including dogs, cats, and birds, who can be quarantined at home, and high risk, such as pet rabbits or mice, who should be isolated in official laboratories for observation. The current epidemiological data do not support the risk of a pandemic.
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Ogoina D, Yinka-Ogunleye A. Sexual history of human monkeypox patients seen at a tertiary hospital in Bayelsa, Nigeria. Int J STD AIDS 2022; 33:928-932. [PMID: 35969500 DOI: 10.1177/09564624221119335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human monkeypox (HMPX) is currently spreading outside endemic countries in Africa and the majority of those affected are gay and bisexual men within interconnected sexual networks. We investigated the sexual history of HMPX cases seen at a tertiary hospital in Bayelsa State during the 2017-2018 outbreak in Nigeria.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 20 October 2017 and 2 January 2019 among adult confirmed/probable HMPX cases. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the sexual history of participants, including sexual contact in relation to the first symptom, and high-risk behaviours (HRB) such as a history of condomless casual sex, multiple sexual partners, and transactional sex.Results: Of 21 patients, 16 (76.2%) gave consent to participate in the study: age range of 22-43 years, 75% males, three (18.8%) HIV-1 positive, and 13 (81.2%) with genital ulcers. Nine (56.2%) of participants reported HRB, and all were male heterosexuals. Eight of the 16 participants (50%) reported having sex within a month before their first symptom, and five (62.5%) of this number reported HRB. There were two cases of sex with a partner with a non-genital rash, and a spouse who developed a vulval ulcer four days after sex with her husband.Conclusion: Our results support the role of sexual contact in the transmission of monkeypox among some confirmed cases from Nigeria. However, future elaborate studies are required to confirm if sexual behaviour and sexual transmission are associated with HMPX in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimie Ogoina
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, 146956Niger Delta University/Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Amassoma, Nigeria
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Vandenbogaert M, Kwasiborski A, Gonofio E, Descorps-Declère S, Selekon B, Nkili Meyong AA, Ouilibona RS, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Caro V, Nakoune E, Berthet N. Nanopore sequencing of a monkeypox virus strain isolated from a pustular lesion in the Central African Republic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10768. [PMID: 35750759 PMCID: PMC9232561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is an emerging and neglected zoonotic disease whose number of reported cases has been gradually increasing in Central Africa since 1980. This disease is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Obtaining molecular data is particularly useful for establishing the relationships between the viral strains involved in outbreaks in countries affected by this disease. In this study, we evaluated the use of the MinION real-time sequencer as well as different polishing tools on MinION-sequenced genome for sequencing the MPXV genome originating from a pustular lesion in the context of an epidemic in a remote area of the Central African Republic. The reads corresponding to the MPXV genome were identified using two taxonomic classifiers, Kraken2 and Kaiju. Assembly of these reads led to a complete sequence of 196,956 bases, which is 6322 bases longer than the sequence previously obtained with Illumina sequencing from the same sample. The comparison of the two sequences showed mainly indels at the homopolymeric regions. However, the combined use of Canu with specific polishing tools such as Medaka and Homopolish was the best combination that reduced their numbers without adding mismatches. Although MinION sequencing is known to introduce a number of characteristic errors compared to Illumina sequencing, the new polishing tools allow a better-quality MinION-sequenced genome, thus to be used to help determine strain origin through phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Vandenbogaert
- Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aurélia Kwasiborski
- Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ella Gonofio
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Stéphane Descorps-Declère
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, UMR3569, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Caro
- Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Berthet
- Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, No. 320 Yueyang Road, XuHui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Berthet N, Descorps-Declère S, Besombes C, Curaudeau M, Nkili Meyong AA, Selekon B, Labouba I, Gonofio EC, Ouilibona RS, Simo Tchetgna HD, Feher M, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, Manuguerra JC, Hassanin A, Gessain A, Nakoune E. Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13085. [PMID: 34158533 PMCID: PMC8219716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). To date, no complete MPXV viral genome has been published from the human cases identified in the CAR. The objective of this study was to sequence the full genome of 10 MPXV isolates collected during the CAR epidemics between 2001 and 2018 in order to determine their phylogenetic relationships among MPXV lineages previously described in Central Africa and West Africa. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the 10 CAR isolates belong to three lineages closely related to those found in DRC. The phylogenetic pattern shows that all of them emerged in the rainforest block of the Congo Basin. Since most human index cases in CAR occurred at the northern edge of western and eastern rainforests, transmissions from wild animals living in the rainforest is the most probable hypothesis. In addition, molecular dating estimates suggest that periods of intense political instability resulting in population movements within the country often associated also with increased poverty may have led to more frequent contact with host wild animals. The CAR socio-economic situation, armed conflicts and ecological disturbances will likely incite populations to interact more and more with wild animals and thus increase the risk of zoonotic spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, No. 320 Yueyang Road, XuHui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France.
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Stéphane Descorps-Declère
- Institut Pasteur, Centre of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI), Paris, France
| | - Camille Besombes
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Manon Curaudeau
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ingrid Labouba
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Maxence Feher
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Unité Pasteur-CNAM Risques Infectieux et Emergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, Paris, France
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Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses 2020; 12:E1257. [PMID: 33167496 PMCID: PMC7694534 DOI: 10.3390/v12111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature. This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively. Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UIT)—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Immunology, The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on the Prevention and Management HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), P.O Box 3077 Yaoundé-Messa, Cameroon;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.O Box 420110 Awka, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
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Simpson K, Heymann D, Brown CS, Edmunds WJ, Elsgaard J, Fine P, Hochrein H, Hoff NA, Green A, Ihekweazu C, Jones TC, Lule S, Maclennan J, McCollum A, Mühlemann B, Nightingale E, Ogoina D, Ogunleye A, Petersen B, Powell J, Quantick O, Rimoin AW, Ulaeato D, Wapling A. Human monkeypox - After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication. Vaccine 2020; 38:5077-5081. [PMID: 32417140 PMCID: PMC9533855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox eradication, coordinated by the WHO and certified 40 years ago, led to the cessation of routine smallpox vaccination in most countries. It is estimated that over 70% of the world's population is no longer protected against smallpox, and through cross-immunity, to closely related orthopox viruses such as monkeypox. Monkeypox is now a re-emerging disease. Monkeypox is endemic in as yet unconfirmed animal reservoirs in sub-Saharan Africa, while its human epidemiology appears to be changing. Monkeypox in small animals imported from Ghana as exotic pets was at the origin of an outbreak of human monkeypox in the USA in 2003. Travellers infected in Nigeria were at the origin of monkeypox cases in the UK in 2018 and 2019, Israel in 2018 and Singapore in2019. Together with sporadic reports of human infections with other orthopox viruses, these facts invite speculation that emergent or re-emergent human monkeypox might fill the epidemiological niche vacated by smallpox. An ad-hoc and unofficial group of interested experts met to consider these issues at Chatham House, London in June 2019, in order to review available data and identify monkeypox-related research gaps. Gaps identified by the experts included:The experts further agreed on the need for a better understanding of the genomic evolution and changing epidemiology of orthopox viruses, the usefulness of in-field genomic diagnostics, and the best disease control strategies, including the possibility of vaccination with new generation non-replicating smallpox vaccines and treatment with recently developed antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Simpson
- JKS Bioscience Limited, 2 Midanbury Court, 44 Midanbury Lane, Southampton SO18 4HF, UK.
| | - David Heymann
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Colin S Brown
- Public Health England, Colindale, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
| | - W John Edmunds
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Jesper Elsgaard
- Bavarian Nordic A/S, Hejreskovvej 10A, DK-3490 Kvistgård, Denmark.
| | - Paul Fine
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | | - Nicole A Hoff
- Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, 50 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Andrew Green
- Royal Centre of Defence Medicine, Level 2 QEHB, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB,UK.
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria CDC, Plot 801, Ebitu Ukiwe Street, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Terry C Jones
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Swaib Lule
- University College London, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Jane Maclennan
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
| | - Andrea McCollum
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Emily Nightingale
- The Forge Veterinary Centre, 93b Head Street, Halstead, Essex CO9 2AZ, UK.
| | - Dimie Ogoina
- Niger Delta University/Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Ogunleye
- Nigeria CDC, Plot 801, Ebitu Ukiwe Street, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Brett Petersen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Powell
- Bavarian Nordic Inc, 3025 Carrington Mill Blvd, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - Ollie Quantick
- SO1 Public Health and Health Protection, Army Headquarters, Ground Floor, Zone1, Blenheim Bd, Marlborough Lines, Monxton Road, Andover, Hampshire SP11 8HJ, UK.
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, 50 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - David Ulaeato
- CBR Division, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Andy Wapling
- Regional Head of Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response, NHS England (South West & South East), UK.
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Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
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Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, Zumla A. Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:1027-1043. [PMID: 30981594 PMCID: PMC9533922 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, concern has been raised about the emergence of human monkeypox virus and the occasionally severe clinical presentation bearing resemblance to that of smallpox. In 2018 3 patients in the UK were diagnosed with monkeypox, and the frequency and geographic distribution of cases across West and Central Africa have increased in recent years. In Nigeria, most monkeypox patients are aged <40 years and lack cross-protective immunity because they were born after discontinuation of the smallpox eradication campaign. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, and management of monkeypox and discusses its growing public health threat in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark; The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman; European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Task Force for Emerging Infections, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Stenbäckinkatu 9, PO BOX 100, Helsinki FI-00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Asogun
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, and Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | | | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Plot 801, Ebitu Ukiwe Street, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, The National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007791. [PMID: 31618206 PMCID: PMC6816577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a vesicular-pustular illness that carries a secondary attack rate in the order of 10% in contacts unvaccinated against smallpox. Case fatality rates range from 1 to 11%, but scarring and other sequelae are common in survivors. It continues to cause outbreaks in remote populations in Central and West Africa, in areas with poor access and weakened or disrupted surveillance capacity and information networks. Recent outbreaks in Nigeria (2017-18) and Cameroon (2018) have occurred where monkeypox has not been reported for over 20 years. This has prompted concerns over whether there have been changes in the biology and epidemiology of the disease that may in turn have implications for how outbreaks and cases should best be managed. A systematic review was carried out to examine reported data on human monkeypox outbreaks over time, and to identify if and how epidemiology has changed. Published and grey literature were critically analysed, and data extracted to inform recommendations on outbreak response, use of case definitions and public health advice. The level of detail, validity of data, geographical coverage and consistency of reporting varied considerably across the 71 monkeypox outbreak documents obtained. An increase in cases reported over time was supported by literature from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Data were insufficient to measure trends in secondary attack rates and case fatality rates. Phylogenetic analyses consistently identify two strains of the virus without evidence of emergence of a new strain. Understanding of monkeypox virulence with regard to clinical presentation by strain is minimal, with infrequent sample collection and laboratory analysis. A variety of clinical and surveillance case definitions are described in the literature: two definitions have been formally evaluated and showed high sensitivity but low specificity. These were specific to a Congo-Basin (CB) strain-affected area of the DRC where they were used. Evidence on use of antibiotics for prophylaxis against secondary cutaneous infection is anecdotal and limited. Current evidence suggests there has been an increase in total monkeypox cases reported by year in the DRC irrespective of advancements in the national Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system. There has been a marked increase in number of individual monkeypox outbreak reports, from outside the DRC in between 2010 and 2018, particularly in the Central African Republic (CAR) although this does not necessarily indicate an increase in annual cases over time in these areas. The geographical pattern reported in the Nigeria outbreak suggests a possible new and widespread zoonotic reservoir requiring further investigation and research. With regards to outbreak response, increased attention is warranted for high-risk patient groups, and nosocomial transmission risks. The animal reservoir remains unknown and there is a dearth of literature informing case management and successful outbreak response strategies. Up-to-date complete, consistent and longer-term research is sorely needed to inform and guide evidence-based response and management of monkeypox outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Beer
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - V. Bhargavi Rao
- Manson Unit, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) UK, London, United Kingdom
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Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, Ogoina D, McCollum A, Disu Y, Mamadu I, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Burga J, Ndoreraho A, Nkunzimana E, Manneh L, Mohammed A, Adeoye O, Tom-Aba D, Silenou B, Ipadeola O, Saleh M, Adeyemo A, Nwadiutor I, Aworabhi N, Uke P, John D, Wakama P, Reynolds M, Mauldin MR, Doty J, Wilkins K, Musa J, Khalakdina A, Adedeji A, Mba N, Ojo O, Krause G, Ihekweazu C. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:872-879. [PMID: 31285143 PMCID: PMC9628943 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September, 2017, human monkeypox re-emerged in Nigeria, 39 years after the last reported case. We aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of the 2017-18 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria. METHODS We reviewed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases of human monkeypox that occurred between Sept 22, 2017, and Sept 16, 2018. Data were collected with a standardised case investigation form, with a case definition of human monkeypox that was based on previously established guidelines. Diagnosis was confirmed by viral identification with real-time PCR and by detection of positive anti-orthopoxvirus IgM antibodies. Whole-genome sequencing was done for seven cases. Haplotype analysis results, genetic distance data, and epidemiological data were used to infer a likely series of events for potential human-to-human transmission of the west African clade of monkeypox virus. FINDINGS 122 confirmed or probable cases of human monkeypox were recorded in 17 states, including seven deaths (case fatality rate 6%). People infected with monkeypox virus were aged between 2 days and 50 years (median 29 years [IQR 14]), and 84 (69%) were male. All 122 patients had vesiculopustular rash, and fever, pruritus, headache, and lymphadenopathy were also common. The rash affected all parts of the body, with the face being most affected. The distribution of cases and contacts suggested both primary zoonotic and secondary human-to-human transmission. Two cases of health-care-associated infection were recorded. Genomic analysis suggested multiple introductions of the virus and a single introduction along with human-to-human transmission in a prison facility. INTERPRETATION This study describes the largest documented human outbreak of the west African clade of the monkeypox virus. Our results suggest endemicity of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, with some evidence of human-to-human transmission. Further studies are necessary to explore animal reservoirs and risk factors for transmission of the virus in Nigeria. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olusola Aruna
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria; International Health Regulations Strengthening Programme in Nigeria, Public Health England, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Dimie Ogoina
- Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Niger Delta University, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Andrea McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yahyah Disu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Adama Ahmad
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Joel Burga
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adolphe Ndoreraho
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Edouard Nkunzimana
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Lamin Manneh
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Daniel Tom-Aba
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernard Silenou
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oladipupo Ipadeola
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muhammad Saleh
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patience Uke
- Cross State Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Doris John
- Department of Health, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Paul Wakama
- Nigeria Prison Services, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Mary Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew R Mauldin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Doty
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joy Musa
- University Of Maryland, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Nwando Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Ojo
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Gerard Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Rezza G. Emergence of human monkeypox in west Africa. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:797-799. [PMID: 31285141 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00142, Italy.
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Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A, Ederiane E, Anebonam U, Neni A, Oyeyemi A, Etebu EN, Ihekweazu C. The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214229. [PMID: 30995249 PMCID: PMC6469755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2017, Nigeria experienced a large outbreak of human monkeypox (HMPX). In this study, we report the outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH), Bayelsa state, where the index case and majority of suspected cases were reported. METHODS In a cross-sectional study between September 25th and 31st December 2017, we reviewed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of all suspected and confirmed cases of HMPX seen at the NDUTH and appraised the plans, activities and challenges of the hospital in response to the outbreak based on documented observations of the hospital's infection control committee (IPC). Monkeypox cases were defined using the interim national guidelines as provided by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). RESULTS Of 38 suspected cases of HMPX, 18(47.4%) were laboratory confirmed, 3(7.9%) were probable, while 17 (18.4%) did not fit the case definition for HMPX. Majority of the confirmed/probable cases were adults (80.9%) and males (80.9%). There was concomitant chicken pox, syphilis and HIV-1 infections in two confirmed cases and a case of nosocomial infection in one healthcare worker (HCW). The hospital established a make-shift isolation ward for case management, constituted a HMPX response team and provided IPC resources. At the outset, some HCWs were reluctant to participate in the outbreak and others avoided suspected patients. Some patients and their family members experienced stigma and discrimination and there were cases of refusal of isolation. Repeated trainings and collaborative efforts by all stakeholders addressed some of these challenges and eventually led to successful containment of the outbreak. CONCLUSION While the 2017 outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria was contained, our report reveals gaps in outbreak response that could serve as lessons to other hospitals to strengthen epidemic preparedness and response activities in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimie Ogoina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - James Hendris Izibewule
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ebi Ederiane
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Abisoye Oyeyemi
- Department of Community Medicine, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
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Sadeuh-Mba SA, Yonga MG, Els M, Batejat C, Eyangoh S, Caro V, Etoundi A, Carniel E, Njouom R. Monkeypox virus phylogenetic similarities between a human case detected in Cameroon in 2018 and the 2017-2018 outbreak in Nigeria. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 69:8-11. [PMID: 30634001 PMCID: PMC9533929 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A monkeypox virus was detected from a human clinical case in 2018 in Cameroon; a country where no human cases were reported since 1989. The virus exhibited close genetic relatedness with another monkeypox virus isolated in Nigeria during the 2017-2018 outbreak. Although our molecular findings argue in favor of an extension of the monkeypox outbreak from Nigeria into Cameroon, the possibility that the monkeypox virus detected could be indigenous to Cameroon cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Els
- Cameroon Field Epidemiology Training Program, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Batejat
- Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sara Eyangoh
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Valérie Caro
- Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Etoundi
- Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, les Epidémies et les Pandémies, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Kabuga AI, El Zowalaty ME. A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria. J Med Virol 2019; 91:533-540. [PMID: 30357851 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the eradication of smallpox approximately 39 years ago, monkeypox virus remains the most pathogenic poxvirus, being mainly restricted to Central and West Africa. Before 1970, there were no reports of human monkeypox in Nigeria, while between 1971 and 1978 there were three cases, with none having been reported thereafter. However, in September 2017, a case of contagious skin rash disease, typical of monkeypox, was observed in an 11-year-old boy from the southern part of the country and confirmed to be associated with the monkeypox virus. This large outbreak consisted of 262 suspected, 115 confirmed cases, and 7 mortalities across 26 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an updated, comprehensive, and timely review of monkeypox, an important emerging infection in Nigeria. Monkeypox is now a major threat to global health security, requiring an urgent multidisciplinary approach involving veterinarians, physicians, virologists, and public health experts to fast-track the development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, antivirals, and other control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal I Kabuga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Virology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Petersen E, Abubakar I, Ihekweazu C, Heymann D, Ntoumi F, Blumberg L, Asogun D, Mukonka V, Lule SA, Bates M, Honeyborne I, Mfinanga S, Mwaba P, Dar O, Vairo F, Mukhtar M, Kock R, McHugh TD, Ippolito G, Zumla A. Monkeypox - Enhancing public health preparedness for an emerging lethal human zoonotic epidemic threat in the wake of the smallpox post-eradication era. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 78:78-84. [PMID: 30453097 PMCID: PMC7129336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of monkeypox in 3 separate patients in the United Kingdom in September raised media and political attention on an emerging public health threat. Nigeria, whose last confirmed case of monkeypox was in 1978, is currently experiencing an unusually large and outbreak of human monkeypox cases, a 'One Human-Environmental-Animal Health' approach is being effectively used to define and tackle the outbreak. As of 13th October 2018, there have been one hundred and sixteen confirmed cases the majority of whom are under 40 years. Over the past 20 years ten Central and West African countries have reported monkeypox cases which have risen exponentially. We review the history and evolution of monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and USA, the changing clinical presentations, and discuss possible factors underlying the increasing numbers being detected including the cessation of smallpox vaccination programs. Major knowledge gaps remain on the epidemiology, host reservoir, and emergence, transmission, pathogenesis and prevention of monkeypoz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark; The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman; ESCMID Emerging Infections Task Force, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - David Heymann
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- University Marien NGouabi and Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo.
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Danny Asogun
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
| | - Victor Mukonka
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Swaib Abubaker Lule
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Bates
- HerpeZ and UNZA-UCLMS Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.
| | - Isobella Honeyborne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sayoki Mfinanga
- National Institute of Medical Research Muhimbili, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA-UCLMS Project, and Lusaka Apex University Medical School, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Osman Dar
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maowia Mukhtar
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Richard Kock
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, United Kingdom; The National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.
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Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans. Front Public Health 2018; 6:241. [PMID: 30234087 PMCID: PMC6131633 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease recognized as the most important orthopoxvirus infection in humans in the smallpox post-eradication era. The clinical presentation of monkeypox is similar to the one of smallpox. The case fatality rate of monkeypox (10%) lies between the case fatality rate of variola major (30%) and variola minor (1%). The disease is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but other countries of Central and West Africa either reported cases of monkeypox in humans or circulation in wildlife. The disease was also imported once into the USA. The disease has always been considered rare and self-limiting, however recent sporadic reports suggest otherwise. Unfortunately, the collected data is limited, dispersed and often incomplete. Therefore, the objective of this review is to trace all reported human monkeypox outbreaks and relevant epidemiological information. The frequency and geographical spread of human monkeypox cases have increased in recent years, and there are huge gaps in our understanding of the disease's emergence, epidemiology, and ecology. The monkeypox virus is considered a high threat pathogen causing a disease of public health importance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to focus on building surveillance capacities which will provide valuable information for designing appropriate prevention, preparedness and response activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sklenovská
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, Petersen BW, Reynolds MG, Briand S, Djingarey MH, Olson V, Damon IK, Khalakdina A. Emergence of Monkeypox - West and Central Africa, 1970-2017. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:306-310. [PMID: 29543790 PMCID: PMC5857192 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6710a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent apparent increase in human monkeypox cases across a wide geographic area, the potential for further spread, and the lack of reliable surveillance have raised the level of concern for this emerging zoonosis. In November 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with CDC, hosted an informal consultation on monkeypox with researchers, global health partners, ministries of health, and orthopoxvirus experts to review and discuss human monkeypox in African countries where cases have been recently detected and also identify components of surveillance and response that need improvement. Endemic human monkeypox has been reported from more countries in the past decade than during the previous 40 years. Since 2016, confirmed cases of monkeypox have occurred in Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, and Sierra Leone and in captive chimpanzees in Cameroon. Many countries with endemic monkeypox lack recent experience and specific knowledge about the disease to detect cases, treat patients, and prevent further spread of the virus. Specific improvements in surveillance capacity, laboratory diagnostics, and infection control measures are needed to launch an efficient response. Further, gaps in knowledge about the epidemiology and ecology of the virus need to be addressed to design, recommend, and implement needed prevention and control measures.
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