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Tang J, Wang Y, Ma J, Chen Y, Chen M. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by sustainable biomass-based carbon nanotubes for controlling the spread of plant viruses in water environments. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 149:99-112. [PMID: 39181682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for water in hydroponic systems and agricultural irrigation, viral diseases have seriously affected the yield and quality of crops. By removing plant viruses in water environments, virus transmission can be prevented and agricultural production and ecosystems can be protected. But so far, there have been few reports on the removal of plant viruses in water environments. Herein, in this study, easily recyclable biomass-based carbon nanotubes catalysts were synthesized with varying metal activities to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Among them, the magnetic 0.125Fe@NCNTs-1/PMS system showed the best overall removal performance against pepper mild mottle virus, with a 5.9 log10 removal within 1 min. Notably, the key reactive species in the 0.125Fe@NCNTs-1/PMS system is 1O2, which can maintain good removal effect in real water matrices (river water and tap water). Through RNA fragment analyses and label free analysis, it was found that this system could effectively cleave virus particles, destroy viral proteins and expose their genome. The capsid protein of pepper mild mottle virus was effectively decomposed where serine may be the main attacking sites by 1O2. Long viral RNA fragments (3349 and 1642 nt) were cut into smaller fragments (∼160 nt) and caused their degradation. In summary, this study contributes to controlling the spread of plant viruses in real water environment, which will potentially help protect agricultural production and food safety, and improve the health and sustainability of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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2
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Hamilton AN, Maes F, Reyes GYC, Almeida G, Li D, Uyttendaele M, Gibson KE. Machine Learning and Imputation to Characterize Human Norovirus Genotype Susceptibility to Sodium Hypochlorite. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09613-3. [PMID: 39259473 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the developed world and a major contributor to gastroenteritis globally. Its low infectious dose and environmental persistence necessitate effective disinfection protocols. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) bleach is a widely used disinfectant for controlling HuNoV transmission via contaminated fomites. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of HuNoV genotypes (n = 11) from genogroups I, II, and IV to NaOCl in suspension. HuNoV was incubated for 1 and 5 min in diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water containing 50 ppm, 100 ppm, or 150 ppm NaOCl, buffered to maintain a pH between 7.0 and 7.5. Neutralization was achieved by a tenfold dilution into 100% fetal bovine serum. RNase pre-treatment followed by RT-qPCR was used to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious HuNoV. Statistical methods, including imputation, machine learning, and generalized linear models, were applied to process and analyze the data. Results showed that NaOCl reduced viral loads across all genotypes, though efficacy varied. Genotypes GI.1, GII.4 New Orleans, and GII.4 Sydney were the least susceptible, while GII.6 and GII.13 were the most susceptible. All NaOCl concentrations above 0 ppm were statistically indistinguishable, and exposure duration did not significantly affect HuNoV reduction, suggesting rapid inactivation at effective concentrations. For instance, some genotypes were completely inactivated within 1 min, rendering extended exposure unnecessary, while other genotypes maintained the initial concentration at both 1 and 5 min, indicating a need for longer contact times. These findings underscore the critical role of HuNoV genotype selection in testing disinfection protocols and optimizing NaOCl concentrations. Understanding HuNoV susceptibility to NaOCl bleach informs better disinfection strategies, aiding public health and food safety authorities in reducing HuNoV transmission and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Flor Maes
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- Food Microbiology and Food Preservation Research Unit, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- BESTMIX® Software, Vlaanderen, Maldegem, Belgium
| | - Génesis Yosbeth Chávez Reyes
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- Steuben Foods Inc., Bozeman, Montana, United States
| | - Giselle Almeida
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Food Microbiology and Food Preservation Research Unit, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
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3
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Chaplin M, Leung K, Szczuka A, Hansen B, Rockey NC, Henderson JB, Wigginton KR. Linear Mixed Model of Virus Disinfection by Free Chlorine to Harmonize Data Collected across Broad Environmental Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12260-12271. [PMID: 38923944 PMCID: PMC11238732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of virus disinfection by chlorine, our fundamental understanding of the relative susceptibility of different viruses to chlorine and robust quantitative relationships between virus disinfection rate constants and environmental parameters remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of virus inactivation by free chlorine and used the resulting data set to develop a linear mixed model that estimates chlorine inactivation rate constants for viruses based on experimental conditions. 570 data points were collected in our systematic review, representing 82 viruses over a broad range of environmental conditions. The harmonized inactivation rate constants under reference conditions (pH = 7.53, T = 20 °C, [Cl-] < 50 mM) spanned 5 orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.0196 to 1150 L mg-1 min-1, and uncovered important trends between viruses. Whereas common surrogate bacteriophage MS2 does not serve as a conservative chlorine disinfection surrogate for many human viruses, CVB5 was one of the most resistant viruses in the data set. The model quantifies the role of pH, temperature, and chloride levels across viruses, and an online tool allows users to estimate rate constants for viruses and conditions of interest. Results from the model identified potential shortcomings in current U.S. EPA drinking water disinfection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Chaplin
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Kaming Leung
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Brianna Hansen
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Nicole C. Rockey
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
| | - James B. Henderson
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
Medical School, NCRC Bldg. 16 #471C, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Krista R. Wigginton
- Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
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4
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Gerba CP, Boone S, Nims RW, Maillard JY, Sattar SA, Rubino JR, McKinney J, Ijaz MK. Mechanisms of action of microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0020522. [PMID: 38958456 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYUnderstanding how commonly used chemical microbicides affect pathogenic microorganisms is important for formulation of microbicides. This review focuses on the mechanism(s) of action of chemical microbicides commonly used in infection prevention and control. Contrary to the typical site-specific mode of action of antibiotics, microbicides often act via multiple targets, causing rapid and irreversible damage to microbes. In the case of viruses, the envelope or protein capsid is usually the primary structural target, resulting in loss of envelope integrity or denaturation of proteins in the capsid, causing loss of the receptor-binding domain for host cell receptors, and/or breakdown of other viral proteins or nucleic acids. However, for certain virucidal microbicides, the nucleic acid may be a significant site of action. The region of primary damage to the protein or nucleic acid is site-specific and may vary with the virus type. Due to their greater complexity and metabolism, bacteria and fungi offer more targets. The rapid and irreversible damage to microbes may result from solubilization of lipid components and denaturation of enzymes involved in the transport of nutrients. Formulation of microbicidal actives that attack multiple sites on microbes, or control of the pH, addition of preservatives or potentiators, and so on, can increase the spectrum of action against pathogens and reduce both the concentrations and times needed to achieve microbicidal activity against the target pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephanie Boone
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Syed A Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, New Jersey, USA
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5
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Jia J, Minella M, Ruiz MC, Decker J, Li D, Gonçalves NPF, Prevot AB, Lin T, Giannakis S. Small concentrations, big results: μM addition of photoactive iron oxides with PMS, PDS, or H 2O 2, leads to enhanced removal of viruses at near-neutral pH. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121760. [PMID: 38795547 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The photo-Fenton process is effective for pathogen removal, and its low-cost versions can be applied in resource-poor contexts. Herein, a photo-Fenton-like system was proposed using low concentrations of iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) and persulfates (peroxymonosulfate - PMS, and peroxydisulfate - PDS), which exhibited excellent inactivation performance towards MS2 bacteriophages. In the presence of bacteria, MS2 inactivation was inhibited in H2O2 and PDS systems but promoted in PMS-involved systems. The inactivation efficacy of all the proposed systems for mixed bacteria and viruses was greater than that of the sole bacteria, showing potential practical applications. The inactivation performance of humic acid-incorporated iron oxides mediating photo-Fenton-like processes was also studied; except for the PMS-involved system, the inactivation efficacy of the H2O2- and PDS-involved systems was inhibited, but the PDS-involved system was still acceptable (< 2 h). Reactive species exploration experiments indicated that ·OH was the main radical in the H2O2 and PDS systems, whereas 1O2 played a key role in the PMS-involved system. In summary, hematite- and magnetite-mediated persulfate-assisted photo-Fenton-like systems at low concentrations can be used as alternatives to the photo-Fenton process for virus inactivation in sunny areas, providing more possibilities for point-of-use drinking water treatment in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Mercedes Cid Ruiz
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremie Decker
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nuno P F Gonçalves
- CICECO - Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Hidráulica, Energía y Medio Ambiente, Unidad docente Ingeniería Sanitaria, c/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Hadi M, Kheiri R, Baghban M, Sayahi A, Nasseri S, Alimohammadi M, Khastoo H, Aminabad MS, Vaghefi KA, Vakili B, Tashauoei H, Borji SH, Iravani E. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in Tehran's municipal wastewater: performance of treatment systems and feasibility of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2024; 22:281-293. [PMID: 38887767 PMCID: PMC11180145 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-024-00897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Analyzing municipal wastewater for the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) helps to evaluate the efficacy of treatment systems in mitigating virus-related health risks. This research investigates wastewater treatment plants' (WWTPs) performance in the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 from municipal wastewater in Tehran, Iran. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was measured within sewers, at the inlets, and after the primary and secondary treatment stages of three main WWTPs. Within sewers, the average virus titer stood at 58,600 gc/L, while at WWTP inlets, it measured 38,136 gc/L. A substantial 67% reduction in virus titer was observed at the inlets, accompanied by a 2-log reduction post-primary treatment. Remarkably, the biological treatment process resulted in complete virus elimination across all plants. Additionally, a notable positive correlation (r > 0.8) was observed between temperature and virus titer in wastewater. Using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) technique and the estimated SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding rates, the infection prevalence among populations served by WWTPs found to be between 0.128% to 0.577%. In conclusion, this research not only advances our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics within wastewater treatment systems but also provides practical insights for enhancing treatment efficiency and implementing the feasibility of WBE strategies in Tehran. These implications contribute to the broader efforts to protect public health and mitigate the impact of future viral outbreaks. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roohollah Kheiri
- Water Quality Control Office, Alborz Province Water and Wastewater Company, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahtab Baghban
- Reference Laboratory of Water and Wastewater, Tehran Province Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Sayahi
- Office of R&D and Industrial Relations of Water and Wastewater Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khastoo
- Office of R&D and Industrial Relations of Water and Wastewater Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Solaimany Aminabad
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kooshiar Azam Vaghefi
- Manager of Water Quality Control Bureau, National Water and Wastewater Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Vakili
- Office of Improvement on Wastewater Operation Procedures, National Water and Wastewater Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Tashauoei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Hemmati Borji
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Iravani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Rindhe S, Khan A, Priyadarshi R, Chatli M, Wagh R, Kumbhar V, Wankar A, Rhim JW. Application of bacteriophages in biopolymer-based functional food packaging films. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13333. [PMID: 38571439 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently, food spoilage caused by pathogens has been increasing. Therefore, applying control strategies is essential. Bacteriophages can potentially reduce this problem due to their host specificity, ability to inhibit bacterial growth, and extend the shelf life of food. When bacteriophages are applied directly to food, their antibacterial activity is lost. In this regard, bacteriophage-loaded biopolymers offer an excellent option to improve food safety by extending their shelf life. Applying bacteriophages in food preservation requires comprehensive and structured information on their isolation, culturing, storage, and encapsulation in biopolymers for active food packaging applications. This review focuses on using bacteriophages in food packaging and preservation. It discusses the methods for phage application on food, their use for polymer formulation and functionalization, and their effect in enhancing food matrix properties to obtain maximum antibacterial activity in food model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Rindhe
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruchir Priyadarshi
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manish Chatli
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, India
| | - Rajesh Wagh
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Vishal Kumbhar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, State Government, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alok Wankar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ma JX, Wang X, Pan YR, Wang ZY, Guo X, Liu J, Ren NQ, Butler D. Data-driven systematic analysis of waterborne viruses and health risks during the wastewater reclamation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:100328. [PMID: 37965045 PMCID: PMC10641159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viral epidemics are a major threat to public health. Increasing interest in wastewater reclamation highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with potential microbial hazards, particularly for reused water in direct contact with humans. This study focused on identifying viral epidemic patterns in municipal wastewater reused for recreational applications based on long-term, spatially explicit global literature data during 2000-2021, and modelled human health risks from multiple exposure pathways using a well-established quantitative microbial risk assessment methodology. Global median viral loads in municipal wastewater ranged from 7.92 × 104 to 1.4 × 106 GC L-1 in the following ascending order: human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus (NoV) GII, enterovirus (EV), NoV GI, rotavirus (RV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Following secondary or tertiary wastewater treatment, NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, and RV showed a relatively higher and more stable log reduction value with medians all above 0.8 (84%), whereas SARS-CoV-2 and HAdV showed a relatively lower reduction, with medians ranging from 0.33 (53%) to 0.55 (72%). A subsequent disinfection process effectively enhanced viral removal to over 0.89-log (87%). The predicted event probability of virus-related gastrointestinal illness and acute febrile respiratory illnesses in reclaimed recreational water exceeded the World Health Organization recommended recreational risk benchmark (5% and 1.9%, respectively). Overall, our results provided insights on health risks associated with reusing wastewater for recreational purposes and highlighted the need for establishing a regulatory framework ensuring the safety management of reclaimed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Rong Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuesong Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - David Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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9
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Nema RK, Singh AK, Nagar J, Prajapati B, Sikenis M, Singh S, Diwan V, Singh P, Tiwari R, Mishra PK. Investigating the Presence of Rotavirus in Wastewater Samples of Bhopal Region, India, by Utilizing Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cureus 2024; 16:e58882. [PMID: 38800300 PMCID: PMC11116745 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus-induced viral gastroenteritis outbreaks result in over two million hospitalizations globally yearly. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a crucial tool for detecting and monitoring viral outbreaks. The adoption of WBE has been instrumental in the early detection and surveillance of such viral outbreaks, providing a non-invasive method to assess public health. OBJECTIVE This study aims to utilize droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) technology to detect and quantify Rotavirus in wastewater samples collected from the Bhopal region of India, thereby contributing to the understanding and management of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks through environmental surveillance. METHODS In this study, we used ddPCR to detect and quantify Rotavirus in wastewater samples collected from the Bhopal region of India. We monitored its viral presence in municipal sewage treatment plants bi-weekly using an advanced ddPCR assay. Targeting the rotavirus non-structural protein 3 (NSP-3) region with custom primers and TaqMan probes, we detected virus concentration employing polyethylene glycol (PEG). Following RNA isolation, complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, and ddPCR analysis, our novel method eliminated standard curve dependence, propelling virus research and treatment forward. RESULTS Out of the 42 samples collected, a 16.60% positivity rate was observed, indicating a moderate presence of Rotavirus in Bhopal. The wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) attached to a hospital exhibited a 42.85% positivity rate, indicating the need for targeted monitoring. Leveraging ddPCR, precise quantification of rotavirus concentrations (ranging from 0.75 to 28.9 copies/µL) facilitated understanding and supported effective remediation. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the importance of vigilant wastewater surveillance, especially in WWTPs with higher rotavirus prevalence. The significance of ddPCR in comparison to conventional and real-time PCR lies in its superior sensitivity and specificity in detecting and quantifying positive samples. Furthermore, it can identify positive samples even in the smallest quantities without the need for a standard curve to evaluate. This makes ddPCR a valuable tool for accurate and precise detection and quantification of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Nema
- Division of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Ashutosh K Singh
- Division of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Juhi Nagar
- Division of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Bhavna Prajapati
- Division of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Mudra Sikenis
- Division of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Surya Singh
- Division of Environmental Monitoring and Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring and Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- Division of Microbial Genomics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, IND
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Division of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND
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10
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Torii S, Gouttenoire J, Kumar K, Antanasijevic A, Kohn T. Influence of Amino Acid Substitutions in Capsid Proteins of Coxsackievirus B5 on Free Chlorine and Thermal Inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5279-5289. [PMID: 38488515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of enteroviruses to disinfectants varies among genetically similar variants and coincides with amino acid changes in capsid proteins, although the effect of individual substitutions remains unknown. Here, we employed reverse genetics to investigate how amino acid substitutions in coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) capsid proteins affect the virus' sensitivity to free chlorine and heat treatment. Of ten amino acid changes observed in CVB5 variants with free chlorine resistance, none significantly reduced the chlorine sensitivity, indicating a minor role of the capsid composition in chlorine sensitivity of CVB5. Conversely, a subset of these amino acid changes located at the C-terminal region of viral protein 1 led to reduced heat sensitivity. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that these changes affect the assembly of intermediate viral states (altered and empty particles), suggesting that the mechanism for reduced heat sensitivity could be related to improved molecular packing of CVB5, resulting in greater stability or altered dynamics of virus uncoating during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kiruthika Kumar
- Virology and Structural Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Virology and Structural Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Heffron J, Samsami M, Juedemann S, Lavin J, Tavakoli Nick S, Kieke BA, Mayer BK. Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121242. [PMID: 38342066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is a growing global reality. In regulating water reuse, viruses have come to the fore as key pathogens due to high shedding rates, low infectious doses, and resilience to traditional wastewater treatments. To demonstrate the high log reductions required by emerging water reuse regulations, cost and practicality necessitate surrogates for viruses for use as challenge organisms in unit process evaluation and monitoring. Bacteriophage surrogates that are mitigated to the same or lesser extent than viruses of concern are routinely used for individual unit process testing. However, the behavior of these surrogates over a multi-barrier treatment train typical of water reuse has not been well-established. Toward this aim, we performed a meta-analysis of log reductions of common bacteriophage surrogates for five treatment processes typical of water reuse treatment trains: advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, membrane filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Robust linear regression was applied to identify a range of doses consistent with a given log reduction of bacteriophages and viruses of concern for each treatment process. The results were used to determine relative conservatism of surrogates. We found that no one bacteriophage was a representative or conservative surrogate for viruses of concern across all multi-barrier treatments (encompassing multiple mechanisms of virus mitigation). Rather, a suite of bacteriophage surrogates provides both a representative range of inactivation and information about the effectiveness of individual processes within a treatment train. Based on the abundance of available data and diversity of virus treatability using these five key water reuse treatment processes, bacteriophages MS2, phiX174, and Qbeta were recommended as a core suite of surrogates for virus challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maryam Samsami
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Samantha Juedemann
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jennifer Lavin
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, 1000 N Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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12
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Atrashkevich A, Alum A, Stirling R, Abbaszadegan M, Garcia-Segura S. Approaching easy water disinfection for all: Can in situ electrochlorination outperform conventional chlorination under realistic conditions? WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121014. [PMID: 38128307 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochlorination has gained research interest for its potential application as decentralized water treatment. A number of studies have displayed promising efficiency for water disinfection. However, a comprehensive comparison of in situ electrodisinfection to existing disinfection techniques, particularly under realistic water composition and flow rates, still needs additional research efforts. The aim of this study is to evaluate in situ electrochlorination while comparing the treatment with conventional chemical chlorination for point-of-entry decentralized disinfection at the household level. An electrochemical flow cell reactor was operated in a single pass mode considering water flow and water consumption for a household of four family members. Disinfection efficiency assessment of both electrochemical and chemical chlorination was conducted using bacterial and viral surrogates, E. coli and MS2 bacteriophage. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis was conducted, using the levelized cost of water, to compare two electrochemical chlorination scenarios (i.e., electrical grid energy use, and solar panel powered system) and benchmarked against the baseline treatment of chemical chlorination. The findings revealed increased inactivation efficiency of in situ electrochlorination over conventional chlorination (p-value < 0.05). The synergetic impact of radicals and chlorine, and/or contribution of high chlorine concentration at acidic pH near anode surface were identified as key factors that could enhance disinfection performance of in situ electrochlorination. The techno-economic analysis demonstrated that electrochemical treatment, when operated using renewable energy sources, is not only a more environmentally sustainable approach, but also emerges as a more economically feasible solution for decentralized water treatment application. The results highlight that in situ electrochlorination is a more advanced alternative to decentralized water chlorination. However, further fundamental research on products and by-products formation under various water matrices is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksana Atrashkevich
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Absar Alum
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Water and Environmental Technology Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Robert Stirling
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Morteza Abbaszadegan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Water and Environmental Technology Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA.
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13
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Luo H, Zhang S, Zhong L. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation: A prediction model to estimate UV-C-induced infectivity loss in single-strand RNA viruses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117704. [PMID: 37984783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) disinfection technology is effective in inactivating microorganisms. However, its performance can vary against different microorganisms due to their diverse structural and genomic features. Thus, rapid predictions of UV (254 nm) inactivation kinetics are essential, particularly for highly infectious emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, during the extemporary COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, aiming at single-strand RNA (ssRNA) viruses, an improved genomic model was introduced to predict the UV inactivation kinetics of viral genomes using genome sequence data. First, the overall virus infectivity loss in an aqueous matrix was estimated as the sum of damage to both the entire genome and the protein capsid. Then, the "UV rate constant ratio of aerosol and liquid" was used to convert the UV rate constant for viruses in a liquid-based matrix to an airborne state. The prediction model underwent both quantitative and qualitative validation using experimental data from this study and the literature. Finally, with the goal of mitigating potential airborne transmission of ssRNA viruses in indoor environments, this paper summarizes existing in-duct UVGI system designs and evaluates their germicidal performance. The prediction model may serve as a preliminary tool to assess the effectiveness of a UVGI system for emerging or unculturable viruses or to estimate the required UV dose when designing such a system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Shuce Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lexuan Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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14
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Yang L, Li L, Liu R, Xie C, Zhao J, Chang W, Chen L, Yan Y, Zhang N, Zhang W, Liu B, Yang L. Cationic fluorescent carbon dots with solution ultra-stability and its rapid/on-site sensing application for HClO. Talanta 2024; 267:125137. [PMID: 37666083 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) as a remarkable fluorescent nanomaterial have the advantages of easy preparation, good photostability and high sensitivity. However, the poor aqueous solution stability of carbon dots largely limited their practical application due to the characteristic of easily forming precipitation for long time storage. Here, a kind of cationic fluorescent carbon dots CDs-P(Ph)3 was designed by introducing a cationic compound, (4-carboxybutyl) triphenyl phosphonium bromide, to construct an electrostatic shell outside the dots. Such electrostatic shell could highly improve carbon dots stability in an aqueous solution to make CDs-P(Ph)3 stable for long-term storage with negligible aggregation. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of CDs-P(Ph)3 for hypochlorous acid (HClO) was also enhanced on the basis of the electron-withdrawing effect of cationic substituents on the surface of carbon dots. The limit of detection of CDs-P(Ph)3 for HClO was as low as ∼0.32 μM. Additionally, the fluorescence of CDs-P(Ph)3 could be rapid quenched by HClO with a quenching efficiency of more than 80% within 30 s. The excellent stability of CDs-P(Ph)3 in an aqueous solution made it suitable for on-site detecting HClO in real samples, such as tap, well and lake water. Such designed fluorescent nanomaterial would provide a practical application pathway for optical sensing detection in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Renyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China
| | - Chenggen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
| | - Wengui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China
| | - Yehan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Sensor and Detecting Technology of Anhui Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237012, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Bianhua Liu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
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15
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Boone SA, Ijaz MK, Bright KR, Silva-Beltran NP, Nims RW, McKinney J, Gerba CP. Antiviral Natural Products, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications as Sanitizers and Disinfectants. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:265-280. [PMID: 37906416 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts, natural products and plant oils contain natural virucidal actives that can be used to replace active ingredients in commercial sanitizers and disinfectants. This review focuses on the virucidal mechanisms of natural substances that may exhibit potential for indoor air and fomite disinfection. Review of scientific studies indicates: (1) most natural product studies use crude extracts and do not isolate or identify exact active antiviral substances; (2) many natural product studies contain unclear explanations of virucidal mechanisms of action; (3) natural product evaluations of virucidal activity should include methods that validate efficacy under standardized disinfectant testing procedures (e.g., carrier tests on applicable surfaces or activity against aerosolized viruses, etc.). The development of natural product disinfectants requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of action (MOA), chemical profiles, compound specificities, activity spectra, and the chemical formulations required for maximum activity. Combinations of natural antiviral substances and possibly the addition of synthetic compounds might be needed to increase inactivation of a broader spectrum of viruses, thereby providing the required efficacy for surface and air disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Boone
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly R Bright
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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16
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Wang J, Chen W, Wang T, Reid E, Krall C, Kim J, Zhang T, Xie X, Huang CH. Bacteria and Virus Inactivation: Relative Efficacy and Mechanisms of Peroxyacids and Chlor(am)ine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18710-18721. [PMID: 36995048 PMCID: PMC10690719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacids (POAs) are a promising alternative to chlorine for reducing the formation of disinfection byproducts. However, their capacity for microbial inactivation and mechanisms of action require further investigation. We evaluated the efficacy of three POAs (performic acid (PFA), peracetic acid (PAA), and perpropionic acid (PPA)) and chlor(am)ine for inactivation of four representative microorganisms (Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive bacteria), MS2 bacteriophage (nonenveloped virus), and Φ6 (enveloped virus)) and for reaction rates with biomolecules (amino acids and nucleotides). Bacterial inactivation efficacy (in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) effluent) followed the order of PFA > chlorine > PAA ≈ PPA. Fluorescence microscopic analysis indicated that free chlorine induced surface damage and cell lysis rapidly, whereas POAs led to intracellular oxidative stress through penetrating the intact cell membrane. However, POAs (50 μM) were less effective than chlorine at inactivating viruses, achieving only ∼1-log PFU removal for MS2 and Φ6 after 30 min of reaction in phosphate buffer without genome damage. Results suggest that POAs' unique interaction with bacteria and ineffective viral inactivation could be attributed to their selectivity toward cysteine and methionine through oxygen-transfer reactions and limited reactivity for other biomolecules. These mechanistic insights could inform the application of POAs in water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Wang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wensi Chen
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elliot Reid
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Caroline Krall
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juhee Kim
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique FÉdÉrale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xing Xie
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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17
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Torii S, David SC, Larivé O, Cariti F, Kohn T. Observed Kinetics of Enterovirus Inactivation by Free Chlorine Are Host Cell-Dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18483-18490. [PMID: 36649532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virucidal efficacies of disinfectants are typically assessed by infectivity assay utilizing a single type of host cell. Enteroviruses infect multiple host cells via various entry routes, and each entry route may be impaired differently by a given disinfectant. Yet, it is unknown how the choice of host cells affects the observed inactivation kinetics. Here, we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of echovirus 11 (E11) by free chlorine, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and heat, using three different host cells (BGMK, RD, and A549). Inactivation rates were independent of the host cell for treatment of E11 by UV or heat. Conversely, E11 inactivation by free chlorine occurred 2-fold faster when enumerated on BGMK cells compared with RD and A549 cells. Host cell-dependent inactivation kinetics by free chlorine were also observed for echovirus 7, 9, and 13, and coxsackievirus A9. E11 inactivation by free chlorine was partly caused by a loss in host cell attachment, which was most pronounced for BGMK cells. BGMK cells lack the attachment receptor CD55 and a key subunit of the uncoating receptor β2M, which may contribute to the differential inactivation kinetics for this cell type. Consequently, inactivation kinetics of enteroviruses should be assessed using host cells with different receptor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shannon Christa David
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Odile Larivé
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Cariti
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Son JW, Han S, Hyun SW, Song MS, Ha SD. Synergistic effects of sequential treatment using disinfectant and e-beam for inactivation of hepatitis a virus on fresh vegetables. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113254. [PMID: 37803566 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has adversely affected public health worldwide, causing an economic burden on many countries. Fresh vegetables are reported as a source of HAV infections during production, harvesting, and distribution, which cause the emergence of foodborne illnesses. Therefore, in this study, the synergistic effects of chemical (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] and chlorine dioxide [ClO2]) and physical (electron-beam [e-beam] irradiation) sequential treatment for HAV inactivation on fresh vegetables were investigated, and the physicochemical quality changes of vegetables were evaluated after each treatment. On bell pepper and cucumber sequentially treated with NaOCl (50-500 ppm) and e-beam (1-5 kGy), the HAV titer was reduced by 0.19-4.69 and 0.28-4.78 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively. Sequential treatment with ClO2 (10-250 ppm) and e-beam (1-5 kGy) reduced the HAV titer on bell pepper and cucumber by 0.41-4.78 and 0.26-4.80 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively. The sequential treatments steadily decreased the HAV titers on each food by a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. The treatment combinations of 500 ppm NaOCl and 3 kGy (e-beam) on bell pepper and 150 ppm NaOCl and 1 kGy (e-beam) on cucumber provided maximum synergistic effects. It was also found that sequential treatment with 50 ppm ClO2 and 5 kGy (e-beam) on bell pepper and 10 ppm ClO2 and 5 kGy (e-beam) on cucumber most efficiently inactivated HAV. Additionally, bell pepper and cucumber showed no significant quality changes (p < 0.05) after the treatment. Therefore, the sequential treatment with NaOCl or ClO2 and e-beam is expected to effectively control HAV on fresh vegetables without changing the food quality compared to either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Son
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hyun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Song
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Zhdanov DD, Ivin YY, Shishparenok AN, Kraevskiy SV, Kanashenko SL, Agafonova LE, Shumyantseva VV, Gnedenko OV, Pinyaeva AN, Kovpak AA, Ishmukhametov AA, Archakov AI. Perspectives for the creation of a new type of vaccine preparations based on pseudovirus particles using polio vaccine as an example. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:253-280. [PMID: 37937429 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236905253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antiviral vaccines are currently created by inactivating the virus chemically, most often using formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. These approaches are not optimal since they negatively affect the safety of the antigenic determinants of the inactivated particles and require additional purification stages. The most promising platforms for creating vaccines are based on pseudoviruses, i.e., viruses that have completely preserved the outer shell (capsid), while losing the ability to reproduce owing to the destruction of the genome. The irradiation of viruses with electron beam is the optimal way to create pseudoviral particles. In this review, with the example of the poliovirus, the main algorithms that can be applied to characterize pseudoviral particles functionally and structurally in the process of creating a vaccine preparation are presented. These algorithms are, namely, the analysis of the degree of genome destruction and coimmunogenicity. The structure of the poliovirus and methods of its inactivation are considered. Methods for assessing residual infectivity and immunogenicity are proposed for the functional characterization of pseudoviruses. Genome integrity analysis approaches, atomic force and electron microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and bioelectrochemical methods are crucial to structural characterization of the pseudovirus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Ivin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - V V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Gnedenko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Pinyaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Kovpak
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Bernardy C, Malley J. Impacts of Surface Characteristics and Dew Point on the Blue-Light (BL 405) Inactivation of Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2638. [PMID: 38004651 PMCID: PMC10673487 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), healthcare associated infections (HAIs), and the recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused the photoinactivation industry to explore alternative wavelengths. Blue light (BL405) has gained significant interest as it is much less harmful to the skin and eyes than traditional germicidal wavelengths; therefore, in theory, it can be used continuously with human exposure. At present, the viricidal effects of BL405 are largely unknown as the literature predominately addresses bacterial disinfection performed with this wavelength. This work provides novel findings to the industry, reporting on the virucidal effects of BL405 on surfaces. This research utilizes three surfaces: ceramic, PTFE, and stainless steel. The efficacy of BL405 inactivation varied by surface type, which was due to surface characteristics, such as the contact angle, porosity, zeta potential, and reflectivity. Additionally, the effect of the dew point on BL405 inactivation efficacy was determined. This research is the first to study the effects of the dew point on the virucidal effectiveness of BL405 surface inactivation. The effects of the dew point were significant for all surfaces and the control experiments. The high-dew-point conditions (18 °C) yielded higher levels of BL405 inactivation and viral degradation for the experiments and controls, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Malley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
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21
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Ouyang L, Wang N, Irudayaraj J, Majima T. Virus on surfaces: Chemical mechanism, influence factors, disinfection strategies, and implications for virus repelling surface design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:103006. [PMID: 37778249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 is generally under control, the question of variants and infections still persists. Fundamental information on how the virus interacts with inanimate surfaces commonly found in our daily life and when in contact with the skin will be helpful in developing strategies to inhibit the spread of the virus. Here in, a critically important review of current understanding of the interaction between virus and surface is summarized from chemistry point-of-view. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theories to model virus attachments on surfaces are introduced, along with the interaction type and strength, and quantification of each component. The virus survival and transfer are affected by a combination of biological, physical, and chemical parameters, as well as environmental parameters. The surface properties for virus and virus survival on typical surfaces such as metals, plastics, and glass are summarized. Attention is also paid to the transfer of virus to/from surfaces and skin. Typical virus disinfection strategies utilizing heat, light, chemicals, and ozone are discussed together with their disinfection mechanism. In the last section, design principles for virus repelling surface chemistry such as surperhydrophobic or surperhydrophilic surfaces are also introduced, to demonstrate how the integration of surface property control and advanced material fabrication can lead to the development of functional surfaces for mitigating the effect of viral infection upon contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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22
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Ashokkumar S, Kaushik NK, Han I, Uhm HS, Park JS, Cho GS, Oh YJ, Shin YO, Choi EH. Persistence of Coronavirus on Surface Materials and Its Control Measures Using Nonthermal Plasma and Other Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14106. [PMID: 37762409 PMCID: PMC10531613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for the initiation of the global pandemic since 2020. The virus spreads through contaminated air particles, fomite, and surface-contaminated porous (i.e., paper, wood, and masks) and non-porous (i.e., plastic, stainless steel, and glass) materials. The persistence of viruses on materials depends on porosity, adsorption, evaporation, isoelectric point, and environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and relative humidity. Disinfection techniques are crucial for preventing viral contamination on animated and inanimate surfaces. Currently, there are few effective methodologies for preventing SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses without any side effects. Before infection can occur, measures must be taken to prevent the persistence of the coronavirus on the surfaces of both porous and non-porous inanimate materials. This review focuses on coronavirus persistence in surface materials (inanimate) and control measures. Viruses are inactivated through chemical and physical methods; the chemical methods particularly include alcohol, chlorine, and peroxide, whereas temperature, pH, humidity, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), gamma radiation, X-rays, ozone, and non-thermal, plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are physical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yung Oh Shin
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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23
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Dunn FB, Silverman AI. Sunlight photolysis of SARS-CoV-2 N1 gene target in the water environment: considerations for the environmental surveillance of wastewater-impacted surface waters. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1228-1241. [PMID: 37756191 PMCID: wh_2023_091 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has been used around the world to supplement clinical testing data for situational awareness of COVID-19 disease trends. Many regions of the world lack centralized wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure, which presents additional considerations for wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, including environmental decay of the RT-qPCR gene targets used for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 virions. Given the role of sunlight in the environmental decay of RNA, we evaluated sunlight photolysis kinetics of the N1 gene target in heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with a solar simulator under laboratory conditions. Insignificant photolysis of the N1 target was observed in a photosensitizer-free matrix. Conversely, significant decay of the N1 target was observed in wastewater at a shallow depth (<1 cm). Given that sunlight irradiance is affected by several environmental factors, first-order decay rate models were used to evaluate the effect of water column depth, time of the year, and latitude on decay kinetics. Decay rate constants were found to decrease significantly with greater depth of the well-mixed water column, at high latitudes, and in the winter. Therefore, sunlight-mediated decay of the N1 gene target is likely to be minimal, and is unlikely to confound results from wastewater-based epidemiology programs utilizing wastewater-impacted surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B Dunn
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA E-mail:
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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24
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Sun W, Jing Z, Zhao Z, Yin R, Santoro D, Mao T, Lu Z. Dose-Response Behavior of Pathogens and Surrogate Microorganisms across the Ultraviolet-C Spectrum: Inactivation Efficiencies, Action Spectra, and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10891-10900. [PMID: 37343195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The dose-response behavior of pathogens and inactivation mechanisms by UV-LEDs and excimer lamps remains unclear. This study used low-pressure (LP) UV lamps, UV-LEDs with different peak wavelengths, and a 222 nm krypton chlorine (KrCl) excimer lamp to inactivate six microorganisms and to investigate their UV sensitivities and electrical energy efficiencies. The 265 nm UV-LED had the highest inactivation rates (0.47-0.61 cm2/mJ) for all tested bacteria. The bacterial sensitivity strongly fitted the absorption curve of nucleic acids at wavelengths of 200-300 nm; however, indirect damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) was the leading cause of bacterial inactivation under 222 nm UV irradiation. In addition, the guanine and cytosine (GC) content and cell wall constituents of bacteria affect inactivation efficiency. The inactivation rate constant of Phi6 (0.13 ± 0.002 cm2/mJ) at 222 nm due to lipid envelope damage was significantly higher than other UVC (0.006-0.035 cm2/mJ). To achieve 2log reduction, the LP UV lamp had the best electrical energy efficiency (required less energy, average 0.02 kWh/m3) followed by 222 nm KrCl excimer lamp (0.14 kWh/m3) and 285 nm UV-LED (0.49 kWh/m3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zibo Jing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhinan Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999066, PR China
| | | | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
- MW Technologies, Inc., London, Ontario L8N1E, Canada
| | - Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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25
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Bernhard GH, Madronich S, Lucas RM, Byrne SN, Schikowski T, Neale RE. Linkages between COVID-19, solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:991-1009. [PMID: 36995652 PMCID: PMC10062285 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
There are several connections between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol. Exposure to ambient solar UV radiation inactivates SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. An action spectrum describing the wavelength dependence of the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by UV and visible radiation has recently been published. In contrast to action spectra that have been assumed in the past for estimating the effect of UV radiation on SARS-CoV-2, the new action spectrum has a large sensitivity in the UV-A (315-400 nm) range. If this "UV-A tail" is correct, solar UV radiation could be much more efficient in inactivating the virus responsible for COVID-19 than previously thought. Furthermore, the sensitivity of inactivation rates to the total column ozone would be reduced because ozone absorbs only a small amount of UV-A radiation. Using solar simulators, the times for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 have been determined by several groups; however, many measurements are affected by poorly defined experimental setups. The most reliable data suggest that 90% of viral particles embedded in saliva are inactivated within ~ 7 min by solar radiation for a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 16.5° and within ~ 13 min for a SZA of 63.4°. Slightly longer inactivation times were found for aerosolised virus particles. These times can become considerably longer during cloudy conditions or if virus particles are shielded from solar radiation. Many publications have provided evidence of an inverse relationship between ambient solar UV radiation and the incidence or severity of COVID-19, but the reasons for these negative correlations have not been unambiguously identified and could also be explained by confounders, such as ambient temperature, humidity, visible radiation, daylength, temporal changes in risk and disease management, and the proximity of people to other people. Meta-analyses of observational studies indicate inverse associations between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 positivity or severity of COVID-19, although the quality of these studies is largely low. Mendelian randomisation studies have not found statistically significant evidence of a causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility or severity, but a potential link between vitamin D status and disease severity cannot be excluded as some randomised trials suggest that vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for people admitted to a hospital. Several studies indicate significant positive associations between air pollution and COVID-19 incidence and fatality rates. Conversely, well-established cohort studies indicate no association between long-term exposure to air pollution and infection with SARS-CoV-2. By limiting increases in UV radiation, the Montreal Protocol has also suppressed the inactivation rates of pathogens exposed to UV radiation. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the expected larger inactivation rates without the Montreal Protocol would have had tangible consequences on the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S N Byrne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - T Schikowski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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26
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Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, McKenzie RL. Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:937-989. [PMID: 37083996 PMCID: PMC10120513 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, and climate) on the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. The assessment is performed in the context of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its Amendments and Adjustments. Changes in UV radiation at low- and mid-latitudes (0-60°) during the last 25 years have generally been small (e.g., typically less than 4% per decade, increasing at some sites and decreasing at others) and were mostly driven by changes in cloud cover and atmospheric aerosol content, caused partly by climate change and partly by measures to control tropospheric pollution. Without the Montreal Protocol, erythemal (sunburning) UV irradiance at northern and southern latitudes of less than 50° would have increased by 10-20% between 1996 and 2020. For southern latitudes exceeding 50°, the UV Index (UVI) would have surged by between 25% (year-round at the southern tip of South America) and more than 100% (South Pole in spring). Variability of erythemal irradiance in Antarctica was very large during the last four years. In spring 2019, erythemal UV radiation was at the minimum of the historical (1991-2018) range at the South Pole, while near record-high values were observed in spring 2020, which were up to 80% above the historical mean. In the Arctic, some of the highest erythemal irradiances on record were measured in March and April 2020. For example in March 2020, the monthly average UVI over a site in the Canadian Arctic was up to 70% higher than the historical (2005-2019) average, often exceeding this mean by three standard deviations. Under the presumption that all countries will adhere to the Montreal Protocol in the future and that atmospheric aerosol concentrations remain constant, erythemal irradiance at mid-latitudes (30-60°) is projected to decrease between 2015 and 2090 by 2-5% in the north and by 4-6% in the south due to recovering ozone. Changes projected for the tropics are ≤ 3%. However, in industrial regions that are currently affected by air pollution, UV radiation will increase as measures to reduce air pollutants will gradually restore UV radiation intensities to those of a cleaner atmosphere. Since most substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol are also greenhouse gases, the phase-out of these substances may have avoided warming by 0.5-1.0 °C over mid-latitude regions of the continents, and by more than 1.0 °C in the Arctic; however, the uncertainty of these calculations is large. We also assess the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone on climate, focusing on the poleward shift of climate zones, and discuss the role of the small Antarctic ozone hole in 2019 on the devastating "Black Summer" fires in Australia. Additional topics include the assessment of advances in measuring and modeling of UV radiation; methods for determining personal UV exposure; the effect of solar radiation management (stratospheric aerosol injections) on UV radiation relevant for plants; and possible revisions to the vitamin D action spectrum, which describes the wavelength dependence of the synthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin upon exposure to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
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27
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Yu M, Gao R, Lv X, Sui M, Li T. Inactivation of phage phiX174 by UV 254 and free chlorine: Structure impairment and function loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117962. [PMID: 37086557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is widely applied in water and wastewater treatment to inactivate viruses. However, the inactivation mechanism associated with viral structural alteration during disinfection is still not clear. In this work, inactivation of bacteriophage phiX174 by ultraviolet radiation (UV254) and free chlorine (FC), two most commonly used disinfection processes, was studied at the molecular level to investigate the relationship between phiX174 genome impairment and virus inactivation, and the correlation between protein impairment and function loss. Double-layer agar technique, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques (LC-MS/MS), together with structure impairment and function experiments were implemented to quantitatively analyze the inactivation and damage to genome and proteins of phiX174. Results showed that UV254 and FC could effectively inactivate phiX174 at the practical doses (UV254 dose of 30 mJ/cm2, and FC of 1-3 mg/L) used in water treatment plants, accompanied with the damage to viral genome and proteins. Specifically, a UV254 irradiation dose of 9.6 mJ/cm2, and FC at an initial concentration of 1 mg/L at 4 min could lead to a 4-log10 inactivation. Nevertheless, the combination of these two methods at selected doses played no significant synergistic disinfection effect. During UV254 disinfection, the proportion of phiX174 with damaged genome was similar with that of the inactivated phiX174. In addition, UV254 and FC could disrupt proteins of phiX174 such as H protein, thereby hindering the physiological function associated with these proteins. With these findings, it is suggested that UV254 and FC disinfection could hinder the injection of the viral genome into host cells, thus resulting in the inactivation of phiX174. This work provides a comprehensive study of the inactivation mechanism of phiX174, which can enhance the applicability of UV254 and FC in water treatment plants, and facilitate the design and optimization of disinfection technologies for virus control in drinking water and wastewater worldwide to ensure the biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Lv
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Sui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Zhang S, Zheng M, Yang G, Zhang T, Magnuson JT, Chen H, Zheng C, Qiu W. Sunlight-mediated CaO 2 inactivation of pathogen indicator organisms in surface water system: Roles of reactive species, characterization of pathogen inactivation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119756. [PMID: 36842331 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the era of the current epidemic, it is urgent to control pathogens in sewage, eliminate the source of infection, and optimize the technology for killing pathogens. Combining calcium peroxide (CaO2) with sunlight is considered a potentially efficient, economical, and eco-friendly method for pathogen-contaminated water remediation. This paper evaluated the solar activating properties of CaO2 for inactivating pathogenic indicators and explored the roles of reactive species contributing to pathogen inactivation. Moreover, these reactive species' average steady-state concentrations and second-order reaction rate were tentatively explored, and mechanistic model for photoinactivation were establishment. Pathogen's inactivation was mainly attributed to direct photoinactivation (13∼50%) and exogenous indirect mechanisms with corresponding contributions of reactive species, i.e., OH- (14∼23%), 1O2 (12∼28%), •OH (20∼32%), O2•- (12∼16%), and H2O2 (6∼11%). Furthermore, cell membrane rupture and DNA damage were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) experiments. Among experiments on common aqueous constituents influencing photoinactivation, copper and iron ions were found to promote a pathogen-inactivating ability of the system, while fulvic acids (FA) and humic acid (HA) had the opposite effect. This study revealed the potential of CaO2/sunlight to inactivate pathogens and laid a foundation for its application in inactivating pathogens in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Honghong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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29
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Shi JL, Mitch WA. Lysine and Arginine Reactivity and Transformation Products during Peptide Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5852-5860. [PMID: 36976858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine reactions with peptide-bound amino acids form disinfection byproducts and contribute to pathogen inactivation by degrading protein structure and function. Peptide-bound lysine and arginine are two of the seven chlorine-reactive amino acids, but their reactions with chlorine are poorly characterized. Using N-acetylated lysine and arginine as models for peptide-bound amino acids and authentic small peptides, this study demonstrated conversion of the lysine side chain to mono- and dichloramines and the arginine side chain to mono-, di-, and trichloramines in ≤0.5 h. The lysine chloramines formed lysine nitrile and lysine aldehyde at ∼6% yield over ∼1 week. The arginine chloramines formed ornithine nitrile at ∼3% yield over ∼1 week but not the corresponding aldehyde. While researchers hypothesized that the protein aggregation observed during chlorination arises from covalent Schiff base cross-links between lysine aldehyde and lysine on different proteins, no evidence for Schiff base formation was observed. The rapid formation of chloramines and their slow decay indicate that they are more relevant than the aldehydes and nitriles to byproduct formation and pathogen inactivation over timescales relevant to drinking water distribution. Previous research has indicated that lysine chloramines are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human cells. The conversion of lysine and arginine cationic side chains to neutral chloramines should alter protein structure and function and enhance protein aggregation by hydrophobic interactions, contributing to pathogen inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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30
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Lauteri C, Ferri G, Piccinini A, Pennisi L, Vergara A. Ultrasound Technology as Inactivation Method for Foodborne Pathogens: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061212. [PMID: 36981137 PMCID: PMC10048265 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient microbiological decontamination protocol is required to guarantee safe food products for the final consumer to avoid foodborne illnesses. Ultrasound and non-thermal technology combinations represent innovative methods adopted by the food industry for food preservation and safety. Ultrasound power is commonly used with a frequency between 20 and 100 kHz to obtain an “exploit cavitation effect”. Microbial inactivation via ultrasound derives from cell wall damage, the oxidation of intracellular amino acids and DNA changing material. As an inactivation method, it is evaluated alone and combined with other non-thermal technologies. The evidence shows that ultrasound is an important green technology that has a good decontamination effect and can improve the shelf-life of products. This review aims to describe the applicability of ultrasound in the food industry focusing on microbiological decontamination, reducing bacterial alterations caused by food spoilage strains and relative foodborne intoxication/infection.
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Zhou Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Kong L, Smith VF, Zhang M, Gulbrandson AJ, Waller GH, Lin F, Liu X, Durkin DP, Chen H, Shuai D. Fe-Fe Double-Atom Catalysts for Murine Coronavirus Disinfection: Nonradical Activation of Peroxides and Mechanisms of Virus Inactivation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3804-3816. [PMID: 36880272 PMCID: PMC9999944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxides find broad applications for disinfecting environmental pathogens particularly in the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the extensive use of chemical disinfectants can threaten human health and ecosystems. To achieve robust and sustainable disinfection with minimal adverse impacts, we developed Fe single-atom and Fe-Fe double-atom catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The Fe-Fe double-atom catalyst supported on sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride outperformed other catalysts for oxidation, and it activated PMS likely through a nonradical route of catalyst-mediated electron transfer. This Fe-Fe double-atom catalyst enhanced PMS disinfection kinetics for inactivating murine coronaviruses (i.e., murine hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59)) by 2.17-4.60 times when compared to PMS treatment alone in diverse environmental media including simulated saliva and freshwater. The molecular-level mechanism of MHV-A59 inactivation was also elucidated. Fe-Fe double-atom catalysis promoted the damage of not only viral proteins and genomes but also internalization, a key step of virus lifecycle in host cells, for enhancing the potency of PMS disinfection. For the first time, our study advances double-atom catalysis for environmental pathogen control and provides fundamental insights of murine coronavirus disinfection. Our work paves a new avenue of leveraging advanced materials for improving disinfection, sanitation, and hygiene practices and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Mengqiao Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lingchen Kong
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Virginia F. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Anders J. Gulbrandson
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Gordon H. Waller
- Chemistry
Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of
Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xitong Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - David P. Durkin
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Hanning Chen
- Texas
Advanced Computing Center, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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Jütte M, Abdighahroudi MS, Waldminghaus T, Lackner S, V Lutze H. Bacterial inactivation processes in water disinfection - mechanistic aspects of primary and secondary oxidants - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119626. [PMID: 36709565 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection during drinking water production is one of the most important processes to ensure safe drinking water, which is gaining even more importance due to the increasing impact of climate change. With specific reaction partners, chemical oxidants can form secondary oxidants, which can cause additional damage to bacteria. Cases in point are chlorine dioxide which forms free available chlorine (e.g., in the reaction with phenol) and ozone which can form hydroxyl radicals (e.g., during the reaction with natural organic matter). The present work reviews the complex interplay of all these reactive species which can occur in disinfection processes and their potential to affect disinfection processes. A quantitative overview of their disinfection strength based on inactivation kinetics and typical exposures is provided. By unifying the current data for different oxidants it was observable that cultivated wild strains (e.g., from wastewater treatment plants) are in general more resistant towards chemical oxidants compared to lab-cultivated strains from the same bacterium. Furthermore, it could be shown that for selective strains chlorine dioxide is the strongest disinfectant (highest maximum inactivation), however as a broadband disinfectant ozone showed the highest strength (highest average inactivation). Details in inactivation mechanisms regarding possible target structures and reaction mechanisms are provided. Thereby the formation of secondary oxidants and their role in inactivation of pathogens is decently discussed. Eventually, possible defense responses of bacteria and additional effects which can occur in vivo are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Jütte
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sajjad Abdighahroudi
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Waldminghaus
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Centre for synthetic biology, Chair of molecular microbiology, Schnittspahnstraße 12, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Susanne Lackner
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of water and environmental biotechnology, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Chair of environmental analytics and pollutants, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
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Gao Y, Sun Z, Guo Y, Qiang Z, Ben W. Virus inactivation by sequential ultraviolet-chlorine disinfection: Synergistic effect and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137632. [PMID: 36565762 PMCID: PMC9770000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has raised concerns about the efficacy of the disinfection process followed in water treatment plants in preventing the spread of viruses. Ultraviolet (UV) and chlorine multi-barrier disinfection processes are commonly used in water treatment plants; however, their effects on virus inactivation are still unclear. In this study, the effects of different disinfection processes (i.e., UV, free chlorine, and their combination) on waterborne viruses were analyzed using bacteriophage surrogates (i.e., MS2 and PR772) as alternative indicators. The results showed that the inactivation rates of PR772 by either UV or free chlorine disinfection were higher than those of MS2. PR772 was approximately 1.5 times more sensitive to UV disinfection and 8.4 times more sensitive to chlorine disinfection than MS2. Sequential UV-chlorine disinfection had a synergistic effect on virus inactivation, which was enhanced by an increase in the UV dose. As compared with single free chlorine disinfection, UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm-2 enhanced MS2 and PR772 inactivation significantly with a 2.7-fold (MS2) and a 1.7-fold (PR772) increase in the inactivation rate constants on subsequent chlorination in phosphate buffered saline. The synergistic effect was also observed in real wastewater samples, in which the MS2 inactivation rate increased 1.4-fold on subsequent chlorination following UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm-2. The mechanism of the synergistic effect of sequential UV-chlorine disinfection was determined via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using MS2 as an indicator. The results showed that the synergistic effect was due to damage to MS2 surface proteins caused by previous UV disinfection, which enhanced the sensitivity of MS2 to chlorination. This study provides a feasible approach for the efficient inactivation of viruses in water supply and drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Ben
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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Musaazi IG, McLoughlin S, Murphy HM, Rose JB, Hofstra N, Tumwebaze IK, Verbyla ME. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogen reduction in onsite sanitation systems. WATER RESEARCH X 2023; 18:100171. [PMID: 37250291 PMCID: PMC10214292 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The safe management of fecal sludge from the 3.4 billion people worldwide that use onsite sanitation systems can greatly reduce the global infectious disease burden. However, there is limited knowledge about the role of design, operational, and environmental factors on pathogen survival in pit latrines, urine diverting desiccation toilets, and other types of onsite toilets. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to characterize pathogen reduction rates in fecal sludge, feces, and human excreta with respect to pH, temperature, moisture content, and the use of additives for desiccation, alkalinization, or disinfection. A meta-analysis of 1,382 data points extracted from 243 experiments described in 26 articles revealed significant differences between the decay rates and T99 values of pathogens and indicators from different microbial groups. The overall median T99 values were 4.8 days, 29 days, >341 days, and 429 days for bacteria, viruses, protozoan (oo)cysts, and Ascaris eggs, respectively. As expected, higher pH values, higher temperatures, and the application of lime all significantly predicted greater pathogen reduction rates but the use of lime by itself was more effective for bacteria and viruses than for Ascaris eggs, unless urea was also added. In multiple lab-scale experiments, the application of urea with enough lime or ash to reach a pH of 10 - 12 and a sustained concentration of 2,000 - 6,000 mg/L of non-protonated NH3-N reduced Ascaris eggs more rapidly than without urea. In general, the storage of fecal sludge for 6 months adequately controls hazards from viruses and bacteria, but much longer storage times or alkaline treatment with urea and low moisture or heat is needed to control hazards from protozoa and helminths. More research is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of lime, ash, and urea in the field. More studies of protozoan pathogens are also needed, as very few qualifying experiments were found for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G. Musaazi
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Shane McLoughlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heather M. Murphy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joan B. Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Innocent K. Tumwebaze
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew E. Verbyla
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
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Antiviral activity of nano-monocaprin against Phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Int Microbiol 2022; 26:379-387. [PMID: 36422769 PMCID: PMC9685086 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic involving SARS-CoV-2 has raised interest in using antimicrobial lipid formulations to inhibit viral entry into their host cells or to inactivate them. Lipids are a part of the innate defense mechanism against pathogens. Here, we evaluated the use of nano-monocaprin (NMC) in inhibiting enveloped (phi6) and unenveloped (MS2) bacteriophages. NMC was prepared using the sonochemistry technique. Size and morphology analysis revealed the formation of ~ 8.4 ± 0.2-nm NMC as measured by dynamic light scattering. We compared the antiviral activity of NMC with molecular monocaprin (MMC) at 0.5 mM and 2 mM concentrations against phi6, which we used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. The synthesized NMC exhibited 50% higher antiviral activity against phi6 than MMC at pH 7 using plaque assay. NMC inactivated phi6 stronger at pH 4 than at pH 7. To determine if NMC is toxic to mammalian cells, we used MTS assay to assess its IC50 for HPDE and HeLa cell lines, which were ~ 203 and 221 µM, respectively. NMC may be used for prophylactic application either as a drop or spray since many viruses enter the human body through the mucosal lining of the nose, eyes, and lungs.
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Abkar L, Zimmermann K, Dixit F, Kheyrandish A, Mohseni M. COVID-19 pandemic lesson learned- critical parameters and research needs for UVC inactivation of viral aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 8:100183. [PMID: 36619826 PMCID: PMC9553962 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted public awareness of airborne disease transmission in indoor settings and emphasized the need for reliable air disinfection technologies. This increased awareness will carry in the post-pandemic era along with the ever-emerging SARS-CoV variants, necessitating effective and well-defined protocols, methods, and devices for air disinfection. Ultraviolet (UV)-based air disinfection demonstrated promising results in inactivating viral bioaerosols. However, the reported data diversity on the required UVC doses has hindered determining the best UVC practices and led to confusion among the public and regulators. This article reviews available information on critical parameters influencing the efficacy of a UVC air disinfection system and, consequently, the required dose including the system's components as well as operational and environmental factors. There is a consensus in the literature that the interrelation of humidity and air temperature has a significant impact on the UVC susceptibility, which translate to changing the UVC efficacy of commercialized devices in indoor settings under varying conditions. Sampling and aerosolization techniques reported to have major influence on the result interpretation and it is recommended to use several sampling methods simultaneously to generate comparable and conclusive data. We also considered the safety concerns and the potential safe alternative of UVC, far-UVC. Finally, the gaps in each critical parameter and the future research needs of the field are represented. This paper is the first step to consolidating literature towards developing a standard validation protocol for UVC air disinfection devices which is determined as the one of the research needs.
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Key Words
- Aerosolization of pathogens
- Air sampling methods
- Airborne transmission
- CDC, centre for disease control and prevention (USA)
- CMD, count median diameter
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DSB, double strand break
- Far-UVC
- Far-UVC, ultraviolet irradiation in the ‘far’ range of 200–230 nm
- GTC, growth tube collectors
- LED, light emitting diode
- LPUV, low-pressure ultraviolet lamp
- NIOSH, national institute for occupational safety and health
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PRRS, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- Particle size distribution
- REL, recommended exposure limit
- RH, relative humidity
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SSB, single strand break
- Suspending media
- UV, ultraviolet irradiation
- UV-LED, light emitting diode in the ultraviolet range
- UVC, ultraviolet irradiation in the ‘C’, or germicidal, spectrum from 200 to 290 nm
- UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
- Viral UVC susceptibility
- dsDNA, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, single-stranded ribonucleic acid
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Bi X, Liu D, Wang L, Huo Y, Fu ML, Sun W, Yuan B. Inactivation and genome damage of rotavirus and a human norovirus surrogate by monochloramine treatment and sequential application with UV. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119309. [PMID: 36369682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation efficacy by monochloramine for disinfecting gastroenteritis-causing rotaviruses (RV) and Tulane viruses (TV), a surrogate for noroviruses, were evaluated in this study. In addition, the strategies for improving the disinfection efficiency of monochloramine by raising the temperature and sequentially implementing UV irradiation were investigated. The results showed that monochloramine was more effective in the inactivation of TV than RV. Additionally, the inactivation rate constants of RV and TV by monochloramine at 35 °C were improved approximately by 46% and 100%, respectively, compared to those at 25 °C. Moreover, applying UV irradiation before monochloramine enhanced the inactivation efficacy of RV and TV by 63% and 72% compared to monochloramine alone (UV: 6 mJ/cm2, NH2Cl: 60 ppm × min). Furthermore, the synergistic effect was observed during the RV inactivation by the sequential process. Especially, higher than 0.5 log10 reductions of RV VP1 genome contributed to the synergistic effect in sequential treatment, while less than 0.1 log10 reductions of RV VP1 genome were observed during UV alone (13 mJ/cm2) or monochloramine alone (94 ppm × min). The genome damage might be the primary mechanism of generating synergy in sequential treatment for the inactivation of RV. By comparison, no synergistic effect was discovered for the inactivation of TV due to high susceptibility to monochloramine and UV. The findings on the inactivation efficacy and mechanism for improvement will contribute to a wide application of monochloramine for virus inactivation in water treatment and distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Bi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Decai Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Yang Huo
- Research Centre for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Ming-Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Atmospheric and Hydrologic Science, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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Zeng C, Chen Z, Yang M, Lv J, Li H, Gao J, Yuan Z. A Hydroxytricyanopyrrole-Based Fluorescent Probe for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Hypochlorous Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:7237. [PMID: 36364062 PMCID: PMC9656901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a reactive substance that reacts with most biomolecules and is essential in physiological and pathological processes. Abnormally elevated HOCl levels may cause inflammation and other disease responses. To further understand its key role in inflammation, HOCl must be detected in situ. Here, we designed a hydroxytricyanopyrrole-based small-molecule fluorescent probe (HTCP-NTC) to monitor and identify trace amounts of HOCl in biological systems. In the presence of HOCl, HTCP-NTC released hydroxyl groups that emit strong fluorescence covering a wide wavelength range from the visible to near-infrared region owing to the resumption of the intramolecular charge transfer process. Additionally, HTCP-NTC demonstrated a 202-fold fluorescence enhancement accompanied by a large Stokes shift and a low detection limit (21.7 nM). Furthermore, HTCP-NTC provided a rapid response to HOCl within 18 s, allowing real-time monitoring of intracellular HOCl. HTCP-NTC exhibited rapid kinetics and biocompatibility, allowing effective monitoring of the exogenous and endogenous HOCl fluctuations in living cells. Finally, based on fluorescence imaging, HTCP-NTC is a potential method for understanding the relationship between inflammation and HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zeli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
- Guizhou International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base for Medical Photo-Theranostics Technology and Innovative Drug Development, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 West Xuefu Road, Xinpu District, Zunyi 563000, China
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Buhr TL, Borgers-Klonkowski E, Gutting BW, Hammer EE, Hamilton SM, Huhman BM, Jackson SL, Kennihan NL, Lilly SD, Little JD, Luck BB, Matuczinski EA, Miller CT, Sides RE, Yates VL, Young AA. Ultraviolet dosage and decontamination efficacy were widely variable across 14 UV devices after testing a dried enveloped ribonucleic acid virus surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:875817. [PMID: 36267449 PMCID: PMC9578676 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.875817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The dosages and efficacy of 14 ultraviolet (UV) decontamination technologies were measured against a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus that was dried onto different materials for laboratory and field testing. Methods and results: A live enveloped, ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 was dried on stainless steel 304 (SS304), Navy Top Coat-painted SS304 (NTC), cardboard, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) materials at > 8.0 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU) per test coupon. The coupons were then exposed to UV radiation during both laboratory and field testing. Commercial and prototype UV-emitting devices were measured for efficacy: four handheld devices, three room/surface-disinfecting machines, five air disinfection devices, and two larger custom-made machines. UV device dosages ranged from 0.01 to 729 mJ cm-2. The antiviral efficacy among the different UV devices ranged from no decontamination up to nearly achieving sterilization. Importantly, cardboard required far greater dosage than SS304. Conclusion: Enormous variability in dosage and efficacy was measured among the different UV devices. Porous materials limit the utility of UV decontamination. Significance and impact of the study: UV devices have wide variability in dosages, efficacy, hazards, and UV output over time, indicating that each UV device needs independent technical measurement and assessment for product development prior to and during use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Buhr
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Erica Borgers-Klonkowski
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Bradford W. Gutting
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Emlyn E. Hammer
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Shelia M. Hamilton
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Brett M. Huhman
- Naval Research Laboratory (Plasma Physics Division), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Stuart L. Jackson
- Naval Research Laboratory (Plasma Physics Division), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Neil L. Kennihan
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Samuel D. Lilly
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - John D. Little
- Naval Research Laboratory (Plasma Physics Division), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brooke B. Luck
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Emily A. Matuczinski
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Charles T. Miller
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Rachel E. Sides
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Vanessa L. Yates
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
| | - Alice A. Young
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, Concepts and Experimentation Branch (B64), Dahlgren, VA, United States
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Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Kaushik A, Kujawska M, Batiha GE. Ginkgo biloba in the management of the COVID-19 severity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200188. [PMID: 35672257 PMCID: PMC9348126 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is linked with inflammatory disorders and the development of oxidative stress in extreme cases. Therefore, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs may alleviate these complications. Ginkgo biloba L. folium extract (EGb) is a herbal medicine containing various active constituents. This review aims to provide a critical discussion on the potential role of EGb in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The antiviral effect of EGb is mediated by different mechanisms, including blocking SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease that provides trans-variant effectiveness. Moreover, EGb impedes the development of pulmonary inflammatory disorders through the diminution of neutrophil elastase activity, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, platelet aggregation, and thrombosis. Thus, EGb can attenuate the acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19. In conclusion, EGb offers the potential of being used as adjuvant antiviral and symptomatic therapy. Nanosystems enabling targeted delivery, personalization, and booster of effects provide the opportunity for the use of EGb in modern phytotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Environmental EngineeringFlorida Polytechnic UniversityLakelandFloridaUSA
| | | | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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41
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Han R, Coey JD, O'Rourke C, Bamford CGG, Mills A. Flexible, disposable photocatalytic plastic films for the destruction of viruses. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B: BIOLOGY 2022; 235:112551. [PMID: 36063568 PMCID: PMC9404456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A thin, 30 μm, flexible, robust low-density polyethylene, LDPE, film, loaded with 30 wt% P25 TiO2, is extruded and subsequently rendered highly active photocatalytically by exposing it to UVA (352 nm, 1.5 mW cm−2) for 144 h. The film was tested for anti-viral activity using four different viruses, namely, two strains of Influenza A Virus (IAV), WSN, and a recombinant PR8, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2). The film was irradiated with either UVA radiation (352 nm, 1.5 mW cm−2; although only 0.25 mW cm−2 for SARS2) or with light from a cool white fluorescent lamp (UVA irradiance: 365 nm, 0.047 mW cm−2). In all cases the films exhibited an average virus inactivation rate of >1.5log/h. In the case of SARS2, the rates were > 2log/h, with the rate determined using a dedicated, low intensity UVA source (0.25 mW cm−2) only 1.3 x's faster than that for a cool white lamp (UVA irradiance = 0.047 mW cm−2), which suggests that SARS2 is particularly prone to photocatalytic inactivation even under low UV irradiation conditions, such as found in a room lit with just white fluorescent tubes. This is the first example of a flexible, very thin, photocatalytic plastic film, produced by a scalable process (extrusion), for virus inactivation. The potential of such a film for use as a disposable, self-sterilising thin plastic material alternative to the common, non-photocatalytic, inert equivalent used currently for curtains, aprons and table coverings in healthcare is discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Jonathon D Coey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine (WWIEM), Queens University Belfast, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, 96 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Christopher O'Rourke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Connor G G Bamford
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine (WWIEM), Queens University Belfast, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, 96 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andrew Mills
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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42
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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Swalaha FM. A review on disinfection methods for inactivation of waterborne viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991856. [PMID: 36212890 PMCID: PMC9539188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Water contamination is a global health problem, and the need for safe water is ever-growing due to the public health implications of unsafe water. Contaminated water could contain pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses that are implicated in several debilitating human diseases. The prevalence and survival of waterborne viruses differ from bacteria and other waterborne microorganisms. In addition, viruses are responsible for more severe waterborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, myocarditis, and encephalitis among others, hence the need for dedicated attention to viral inactivation. Disinfection is vital to water treatment because it removes pathogens, including viruses. The commonly used methods and techniques of disinfection for viral inactivation in water comprise physical disinfection such as membrane filtration, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and conventional chemical processes such as chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone among others. However, the production of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that accompanies chemical methods of disinfection is an issue of great concern due to the increase in the risks of harm to humans, for example, the development of cancer of the bladder and adverse reproductive outcomes. Therefore, this review examines the conventional disinfection approaches alongside emerging disinfection technologies, such as photocatalytic disinfection, cavitation, and electrochemical disinfection. Moreover, the merits, limitations, and log reduction values (LRVs) of the different disinfection methods discussed were compared concerning virus removal efficiency. Future research needs to merge single disinfection techniques into one to achieve improved viral disinfection, and the development of medicinal plant-based materials as disinfectants due to their antimicrobial and safety benefits to avoid toxicity is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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43
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Szczuka A, Horton J, Evans KJ, DiPietri VT, Sivey JD, Wigginton KR. Chloride Enhances DNA Reactivity with Chlorine under Conditions Relevant to Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13347-13356. [PMID: 36027047 PMCID: PMC9494735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Free available chlorine (FAC) is widely used to inactivate viruses by oxidizing viral components, including genomes. It is commonly assumed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the chlorinating agent responsible for virus inactivation; however, recent studies have underscored that minor constituents of FAC existing in equilibrium with HOCl, such as molecular chlorine (Cl2), can influence FAC reactivity toward select organic compounds. This study measures the FAC reaction kinetics with dsDNA and ssDNA extracted from representative bacteriophages (T3 and ϕX174) in samples augmented with chloride. Herein, chloride enhances FAC reactivity toward dsDNA and, to a lesser extent, toward ssDNA, especially at pH < 7.5. The enhanced reactivity can be attributed to the formation of Cl2. Second-order rate constants were determined for reactions of ssDNA and dsDNA with HOCl and Cl2. DNA chlorination kinetics followed the reactivity-selectivity principle, where the more-reactive nucleophilic species (ssDNA, ∼100× more reactive than dsDNA) reacted less selectively with electrophilic FAC species. The addition of chloride was also shown to enhance the inactivation of bacteriophage T3 (dsDNA genome) by FAC but did not enhance the inactivation of bacteriophage ϕX174 (ssDNA genome). Overall, the results suggest that Cl2 is an important chlorinating agent of nucleic acids and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jordon Horton
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kelsey J. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Vincent T. DiPietri
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - John D. Sivey
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Krista R. Wigginton
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Reno U, Regaldo L, Ojeda G, Schmuck J, Romero N, Polla W, Kergaravat SV, Gagneten AM. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Different Stages of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Santa Fe, Argentina. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:372. [PMID: 36090741 PMCID: PMC9440651 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected human life at every level. In this study, we analyzed genetic markers (N and ORF1ab, RNA genes) of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic wastewaters (DWW) in San Justo City (Santa Fe, Argentina), using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR. Out of the 30 analyzed samples, 30% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the total positive samples, 77% correspond to untreated DWW, 23% to pre-chlorination, and no SARS-CoV-2 RNA was registered at the post-chlorination sampling site. The viral loads of N and OFR1ab genes decreased significantly along the treatment process, and the increase in the number of viral copies of the N gene could anticipate, by 6 days, the number of clinical cases in the population. The concentration of chlorine recommended by the WHO (≥ 0.5 mg L-1 after at least 30 min of contact time at pH 8.0) successfully removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA from DWW. The efficiency of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) confirms the need to control and increase DWW treatment systems on a regional and global scale. This work could contribute to building a network for WBE to monitor SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters during the pandemic waves and the epidemic remission phase. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05772-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Reno
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luciana Regaldo
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Ojeda
- Central Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Josefina Schmuck
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalí Romero
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Wanda Polla
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina V. Kergaravat
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana María Gagneten
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, National University of Littoral (UNL), 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Review of Method and a New Tool for Decline and Inactive SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Treatment. CLEANER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [PMCID: PMC9213033 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, monitoring sewage has become crucial, according to reports that the virus was detected in sewage. Currently, various methods are discussed for understanding the SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater surveillance. This paper first introduces the fundamental knowledge of primary, secondary, and tertiary water treatment on SARS-CoV-2. Next, a thorough overview is presented to summarize the recent developments and breakthroughs in removing SARS-CoV-2 using solar water disinfection (SODIS) and UV (UVA (315–400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm), and UVC (100–280 nm)) process. In addition, Due to the fact that the distilled water can be exposed to sunlight if there is no heating source, it can be disinfected using solar water disinfection (SODIS). SODIS, on the other hand, is a well-known method of reducing pathogens in contaminated water; moreover, UVC can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 when the wavelength is between 100 to 280 nanometers. High temperatures (more than 56°C) and UVC are essential for eliminating SARS-CoV-2; however, the SODIS systems use UVA and work at lower temperatures (less than45°C). Therefore, using SODIS methods for wastewater treatment (or providing drinking water) is not appropriate during a situation like the ongoing pandemic. Finally, a wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) tracking tool for SARS-CoV-2 can be used to detect its presence in wastewater.
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Karaböce B, Saban E, Aydın Böyük A, Okan Durmuş H, Hamid R, Baş A. Inactivation of viruses on surfaces by infrared techniques. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES = REVUE GENERALE DE THERMIQUE 2022; 179:107595. [PMID: 35692600 PMCID: PMC9166233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on vaccines and medicines against virus-based illnesses (COVID-19, SARS, MERS) are being conducted worldwide. However, virus mutation is an issue. Therefore, inactivation and disinfection of viruses are crucial. This paper presents a method for virus inactivation by physical techniques. The infrared (IR) technique is preferred over other disinfection techniques such as ultraviolet (UV) and chemical disinfectants (alcohol) due to the associated health and environmental benefits. In this study, IR sources with various wavelengths were characterized and a far infrared (FIR) source was used to inactivate viruses. FIR sources have a therapeutic effect on the human body and have been used in medical centers. Virus spread is highly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and airflow. A setup with IR sources, an IR camera, an automatically controlled humidity chamber, and an airflow unit was constructed to study the viability of viruses in stationary droplets as a function of relative humidity and temperature. Bacteriophage Phi6 was used as a model organism for studying enveloped viruses such as influenza and coronavirus. IR techniques were used for studying virus inactivation. The effect of various physical conditions such as temperature, humidity, and airflows was considered to study the effect of radiation on the stationary droplets of Phi6. All measurements were performed under laboratory conditions with controlled temperature and humidity. The IR camera system was used to measure the surface temperature of Phi6 suspension droplets. The samples subjected to IR radiation were processed for plaque assay preparation and counting. Measurements were carried out to reduce and eliminate droplets, which are one of the transmission pathways of viruses. IR was radiated in closed and open-air conditions with appropriate humidity and temperature. This study reports the effective inactivation of viruses by FIR. The inactivation rate under 50 %rh for IR radiated at 1.4 m height for 3 h in closed environmental chamber was 90%, and that under an airflow rate of 0.20 m/s for 10 min in open-air conditions at a height of 1.0 m was 45.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rauf Hamid
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa, Internal Medical Sciences, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Baş
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa, Internal Medical Sciences, Turkey
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47
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Robinson RT, Mahfooz N, Rosas-Mejia O, Liu Y, Hull NM. UV 222 disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in solution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14545. [PMID: 36008435 PMCID: PMC9406255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for evidence-based engineering controls to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Although ultraviolet (UV) light is known to inactivate coronaviruses, conventional UV lamps contain toxic mercury and emit wavelengths (254 nm) that are more hazardous to humans than krypton chlorine excimer lamps emitting 222 nm (UV222). Here we used culture and molecular assays to provide the first dose response for SARS-CoV-2 solution exposed to UV222. Culture assays (plaque infectivity to Vero host) demonstrated more than 99.99% disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 after a UV222 dose of 8 mJ/cm2 (pseudo-first order rate constant = 0.64 cm2/mJ). Immediately after UV222 treatment, RT-qPCR assays targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene demonstrated ~ 10% contribution of N gene damage to disinfection kinetics, and an ELISA assay targeting the N protein demonstrated no contribution of N protein damage to disinfection kinetics. Molecular results suggest other gene and protein damage contributed more to disinfection. After 3 days incubation with host cells, RT-qPCR and ELISA kinetics of UV222 treated SARS-CoV-2 were similar to culture kinetics, suggesting validity of using molecular assays to measure UV disinfection without culture. These data provide quantitative disinfection kinetics which can inform implementation of UV222 for preventing transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Najmus Mahfooz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Oscar Rosas-Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yijing Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Hitchcock 417C, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave, Hitchcock 417C, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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48
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String GM, Kamal Y, Gute DM, Lantagne DS. Chlorine efficacy against bacteriophage Phi6, a surrogate for enveloped human viruses, on porous and non-porous surfaces at varying temperatures and humidity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:685-693. [PMID: 35912697 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While efficacy of chlorine against Phi6, a widely-used surrogate for pathogenic enveloped viruses, is well-documented, surfaces common to low-resource contexts are under-researched. We evaluated seven surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, nitrile, tarp, cloth, concrete, wood) and three environmental conditions-temperature (4, 25, 40 °C), relative humidity (RH) (23, 85%), and soiling-to determine Phi6 recoverability and the efficacy of disinfection with 0.5% NaOCl. Overall, Phi6 recovery was >4 log10 PFU/mL on most surfaces after drying 1 hour at all temperature/humidity conditions. After disinfection, all non-porous test conditions (48/48) achieved ≥4 LRV at 1 and 5 minutes of exposure; significantly more non-porous surfaces met ≥4 LRV than porous (p < 0.001). Comparing porous surfaces, significantly fewer wood samples met ≥4 LRV than cloth (p < 0.001); no differences were observed between concrete and either wood (p = 0.083) or cloth (p = 0.087). Lastly, no differences were observed between soil and no-soil conditions for all surfaces (p = 0.712). This study highlights infectious Phi6 is recoverable across a range of surfaces and environmental conditions, and confirms the efficacy of chlorine disinfection. We recommend treating all surfaces with suspect contamination as potentially infectious, and disinfecting with 0.5% NaOCl for the minimum contact time required for the target enveloped virus (e.g. Ebola, SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M String
- Lancon Environmental LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yarmina Kamal
- Lancon Environmental LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Gute
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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49
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Mendoza IC, Luna EO, Pozo MD, Vásquez MV, Montoya DC, Moran GC, Romero LG, Yépez X, Salazar R, Romero-Peña M, León JC. Conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods to prevent microbial contamination in minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 165:113714. [PMID: 35783661 PMCID: PMC9239846 DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic COVID-19 warned the importance of preparing the immune system to prevent diseases. Therefore, consuming fresh fruits and vegetables is essential for a healthy and balanced diet due to their diverse compositions of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and bioactive compounds. However, these fresh products grew close to manure and irrigation water and are harvested with equipment or by hand, representing a high risk of microbial, physical, and chemical contamination. The handling of fruits and vegetables exposed them to various wet surfaces of equipment and utensils, an ideal environment for biofilm formation and a potential risk for microbial contamination and foodborne illnesses. In this sense, this review presents an overview of the main problems associated with microbial contamination and the several chemicals, physical, and biological disinfection methods concerning their ability to avoid food contamination. This work has discussed using chemical products such as chlorine compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Moreover, newer techniques including ozone, electrolyzed water, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma technology, and microbial surfactants have also been illustrated here. Finally, future trends in disinfection with a sustainable approach such as combined methods were also described. Therefore, the fruit and vegetable industries can be informed about their main microbial risks to establish optimal and efficient procedures to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Cruz Mendoza
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Esther Ortiz Luna
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Dreher Pozo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Mirian Villavicencio Vásquez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Diana Coello Montoya
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Galo Chuchuca Moran
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luis Galarza Romero
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Yépez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rómulo Salazar
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Romero-Peña
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan Coronel León
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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50
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Hardison RL, Nelson SW, Barriga D, Ruiz NF, Ghere JM, Fenton GA, Lindstrom DJ, James RR, Stewart MJ, Lee SD, Calfee MW, Ryan SP, Howard MW. Evaluation of surface disinfection methods to inactivate the beta coronavirus Murine Hepatitis Virus. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:455-468. [PMID: 35687041 PMCID: PMC9547328 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2088768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The list of EPA-approved disinfectants for coronavirus features many products for use on hard, non-porous materials. There are significantly fewer products registered for use on porous materials. Further, many common, high-touch surfaces fall in between non-porous materials such as glass and porous materials such as soft fabrics. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of selected commercially available disinfectant products against coronaviruses on common, high-touch surfaces. Four disinfectants (Clorox Total 360, Bleach solution, Vital Oxide, and Peroxide Multi-Surface Cleaner) were evaluated against Murine Hepatitis Virus A59 (MHV) as a surrogate coronavirus for SARS-CoV-2. MHV in cell culture medium was inoculated onto four materials: stainless steel, latex-painted drywall tape, Styrene Butadiene rubber (rubber), and bus seat fabric. Immediately (T0) or 2-hr (T2) post-inoculation, disinfectants were applied by trigger-pull or electrostatic sprayer and either held for recommended contact times (Spray only) or immediately wiped (Spray and Wipe). Recovered infectious MHV was quantified by median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Bleach solution, Clorox Total 360, and Vital Oxide were all effective (>3-log10 reduction or complete kill of infectious virus) with both the Spray Only and Spray and Wipe methods on stainless steel, rubber, and painted drywall tape when used at recommended contact times at both T0 and T2 hr. Multi-Surface Cleaner unexpectedly showed limited efficacy against MHV on stainless steel within the recommended contact time; however, it showed increased (2.3 times greater efficacy) when used in the Spray and Wipe method compared to Spray Only. The only products to achieve a 3-log10 reduction on fabric were Vital Oxide and Clorox Total 360; however, the efficacy of Vital Oxide against MHV on fabric was reduced to below 3-log10 when applied by an electrostatic sprayer compared to a trigger-pull sprayer. This study highlights the importance of considering the material, product, and application method when developing a disinfection strategy for coronaviruses on high-touch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Barriga
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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