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Pu J, Zhang Y, Zhong D, Chen Q. Detection and genetic characterization of circulating canine parvovirus from stray dogs in Shanghai, China. Virology 2024; 595:110041. [PMID: 38555807 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the main cause of viral diarrhea in dogs. CPV became a global disease in 1978 and was endemic all over the world. CPV-2 was the first strain to be identified, but with genetic mutations, new genotypes such as CPV-2a/2b/2c/new-2a/new-2b have emerged. In this study, 128 fecal samples of stray dogs suspected of CPV-2 infection were collected from January to March 2021 in Shanghai, China. All samples were screened by PCR and further analyzed by VP2 gene. The positive rate of CPV-2 was 9.4% (12/128), of which 6 CPV-2 isolates were successfully isolated. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 4 isolates were CPV-2c genotype and 2 were new-CPV-2b genotype. VP-2 is a key protein that determines the antigenic properties, host range and receptor binding of cpv-2. The results of VP2 amino acid sequence analysis in this study showed that the CPV-2c isolated strain was the same as the previous strains reported in China, including F267Y, Y324I, Q370R and A5G mutations in addition to the typical N426E mutations. Similarly, in addition to the conventional N426D, S297A, F267Y and Y324I mutations, the new CPV-2b isolate also had a new mutation of T440A. This study further confirmed the prevalence of CPV-2c and new-CPV-2b in Shanghai, and also found a new mutation site of new-CPV-2c, which provided a theoretical basis for further enriching the epidemiological data of CPV-2 in Shanghai, as well as the development of vaccines and the prevention and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; SNLG Precision Medtech (Shanghai) Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Dengke Zhong
- Shanghai Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, 201600, PR China.
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Chen S, Shang K, Chen J, Yu Z, Wei Y, He L, Ding K. Global distribution, cross-species transmission, and receptor binding of canine parvovirus-2: Risks and implications for humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172307. [PMID: 38599392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
For canine parvovirus -2 (CPV-2), a zoonotic virus capable of cross-species transmission in animals, the amino acid changes of capsid protein VP2 are key factors when binding to other species' transferrin receptors (TfR). CPV-2 variants can spread from felines and canines, for example, to Carnivora, Artiodactyla, and Pholidota species, and CPV-2c variants are essential to spread from Carnivora to Artiodactyla and Pholidota species in particular. In our study, a CPV-2a variant maintained a relatively stable trend, and the proportion of CPV-2c gradually rose from 1980 to 2021. The VP2 amino acid sequence analysis showed that five amino acid mutations at 426E/D, 305H/D, and 297S may be necessary for the virus to bind to different host receptors. Meanwhile, receptor-binding loop regions and amino acid sites 87 L, 93 N, 232I, and 305Y were associated with CPV-2 cross-species transmission. The homology of TfRs in different hosts infected with CPV-2 ranged from 77.2 % to 99.0 %, and from pig to feline, canine, and humans was 80.7 %, 80.4 %, and 77.2 %, respectively. The amino acid residues of TfRs involved in the viral binding in those hosts are highly conserved, which suggests that CPV-2 may be capable of pig-to-human transmission. Our analysis of the origin, evolutionary trend, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 when binding to host receptors provides a theoretical basis for further research on CPV-2's mechanism of cross-species transmission and for establishing an early warning and monitoring mechanism for the possible threat of CPV-2 to animal-human public security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Ke Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China.
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Leng C, Tian X, Zhai H, Ji J, Yao L. Molecular epidemiological investigation and recombination analysis of Cachavirus prevalent in China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1375948. [PMID: 38751804 PMCID: PMC11094709 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1375948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chaphamaparvovirus carnivoran1 (canine Chaphamaparvovirus, also known as Cachavirus [CachaV]) is a novel parvovirus first reported in dog feces collected from the United States in 2017 and China in 2019. To continuously track its infection and evolution status, 276 canine anal swabs were obtained from pet hospitals in central, northern, and eastern China between 2021 and 2023 and screened via polymerase chain reaction; subsequently, a systematic study was conducted. Of these samples, nine (3.3%) were positive for CachaV. Using polymerase chain reaction, whole genome sequences of the nine CachaV-positive strains were amplified. The NS1 amino acid sequence identity between CachaV strains from China and other countries was 96.23-99.85%, whereas the VP1 protein sequence identity was 95.83-100%. CHN230521 demonstrated the highest identity for NS1 amino acids (99.85%) and VP1 amino acids (100%) with NWT-W88 and CP-T015. According to the model prediction of CHN220916-VP1 protein, Met64Thr, Thr107Ala, and Phe131Ser mutations may cause tertiary structural changes in VP1 protein. Interestingly, each of the nine CachaV strains harbored the same site mutations in NS1 (Ser252Cys, Gly253Leu, and Gly254Thr). Although no explicit recombination events were predicted, the clustering and branching of the phylogenetic tree were complicated. Based on the evolution trees for VP1 and NS1, the nine CachaV strains identified from 2021 to 2023 were closely related to those identified in gray wolves and cats. This study may be beneficial for evaluating the prevalence of CachaVs in China, thereby understanding the evolution trend of CachaVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
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Chukwudozie KI, Wang H, Wang X, Lu C, Xue J, Zhang W, Shan T. Viral metagenomic analysis reveals diverse viruses and a novel bocaparvovirus in the enteric virome of snow leopard ( Panthera uncia). Heliyon 2024; 10:e29799. [PMID: 38681641 PMCID: PMC11053277 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The enteric virome, comprising a complex community of viruses inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, plays a significant role in health and disease dynamics. In this study, the fecal sample of a wild snow leopard was subjected to viral metagenomic analysis using a double barcode Illumina MiSeq platform. The resulting reads were de novo assembled into contigs with SOAPdenovo2 version r240. Additional bioinformatic analysis of the assembled genome and genome annotation was done using the Geneious prime software (version 2022.0.2). Following viral metagenomic analysis and bioinformatic analysis, a total of 7 viral families and a novel specie of bocaparvovirus tentatively named Panthera uncia bocaparvovirus (PuBOV) with GenBank accession number OQ627713 were identified. The complete genome of PuBOV was predicted to contain 3 open reading frames (ORFs), contains 5433 nucleotides and has a G + C content of 47.40 %. BLASTx analysis and pairwise sequence comparison indicated the novel virus genome was a new species in the genus Bocaparvovirus based on the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. This study provides valuable insights into the diversity and composition of the enteric virome in wild endangered snow leopards. The identification and characterization of viruses in wildlife is crucial for developing effective strategies to manage and mitigate potential zoonotic and other viral disease threats to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ikechukwu Chukwudozie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang. Zip code: 212300, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Zip code: 410001, PR China
| | - Haoning Wang
- Heilongjiang cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research key laboratory, school of geography and tourism, Harbin university, 109 zhongxing Road, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang province, PR China
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang province, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province. Zip code: 154100, PR China
| | - Chunying Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang. Zip code: 212300, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang. Zip code: 212300, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang. Zip code: 212300, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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Condon E, Grecco S, Marandino A, Aldaz J, Enciso J, Alfaro L, Bucafusco D, Pérez R, Panzera Y. Development of an accurate and rapid method for whole genome characterization of canine parvovirus. J Virol Methods 2024; 325:114870. [PMID: 38086433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious pathogen affecting domestic dogs and other carnivores globally. Monitoring CPV through continuous genomic surveillance is crucial for mapping variability and developing effective control measures. Here, we developed a method using multiplex-PCR-next-generation sequencing to obtain full-length CPV genomes directly from clinical samples. This approach utilizes tiling and tailed amplicons to amplify overlapping fragments of roughly 250 base pairs. This enables the creation of Illumina libraries by conducting two PCR reaction runs. We tested the assay in 10 fecal samples from dogs diagnosed with CPV and one CPV-2 vaccine strain. Furthermore, we applied it to a feline sample previously diagnosed with the feline panleukopenia virus. The assay provided 100 % genome coverage and high sequencing depth across all 12 samples. It successfully provided the sequence of the coding regions and the left and right non-translated regions, including tandem and terminal repeats. The assay effectively amplified viral variants from divergent evolutionary groups, including the antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) and the ancestral CPV-2 strain included in vaccine formulations. Moreover, it successfully amplified the entire genome of the feline panleukopenia virus found in cat feces. This method is cost-effective, time-efficient, and does not require lab expertise in Illumina library preparation. The multiplex-PCR-next-generation methodology facilitates large-scale genomic sequencing, expanding the limited number of complete genomes currently available in databases and enabling real-time genomic surveillance. Furthermore, the method helps identify and track emerging CPV viral variants, facilitating molecular epidemiology and control. Adopting this approach can enhance our understanding of the evolution and genetic diversity of Protoparvovirus carnivoran1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Condon
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Aldaz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Av. Ernesto Che Guevara s/n, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - Javier Enciso
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú and Clínica Veterinaria Enciso, Peru
| | - Luis Alfaro
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú and Clínica Veterinaria Enciso, Peru
| | - Danilo Bucafusco
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Domingues CF, de Castro TX, do Lago BV, Garcia RDCNC. Genetic characterization of the parvovirus full-length VP2 gene in domestic cats in Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2024; 170:105186. [PMID: 38368749 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Feline parvovirus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) are over 98% identical in their DNA sequences, and the new variants of CPV (2a/2b/2c) have gained the ability to infect and replicate in cats. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity in the VP2 gene of parvovirus strains circulating in domestic cats in Brazil during a 10-year period (2008-2017). For parvovirus screening, specific PCR was performed, and 25 (34.7%) of 72 cats tested positive. The PCR-positive samples were further subjected to full-length VP2 sequencing (1755 bp), and eight sequences (36%) were characterized as FPV, seven (28%) as CPV-2a and (32%) nine (36%) as CPV-2b. One sequence (RJ1085/11) showing typical CPV amino acid (aa) at residues 80 R, 93 N, 103 A, 232 I, and 323 N could not be characterized at this time. The sequences in this study displayed aa changes previously described for FPV (A14T, A91S, I101T, N564S, and A568G) from cats and CPV-2a/2b (S297N and Y324L) from dogs. However, the Y324L mutation has not yet been reported in any CPV-2a/2b strains from cats. Phylogenetic analysis supported the division of these sequences into two well-defined clades, clade 1 for FPV and clade 2 for CPV2a/2b. Unusually, the sequence RJ1085/11 was grouped separately. Two recombination breakpoints were detected by Bootscan and 3Seq methods implemented in the RDP4. This study is the first report of CPV-2a/2b in cats in Brazil. The detection of FPV strains with mutations characteristic of CPV indicates that Brazilian FPV strains have undergone genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Fonseca Domingues
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Alameda Barros Terra S/N, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Xavier de Castro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Alameda Barros Terra S/N, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Vieira do Lago
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 210360-040, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Nasser Cubel Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Alameda Barros Terra S/N, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.
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Milićević V, Glišić D, Veljović L, Vasić A, Milovanović B, Kureljušić B, Paunović M. Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 infection of golden jackals Canis aureus in Serbia. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1203-1209. [PMID: 37932576 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvoviruses are among the major animal pathogens that can cause considerable health disorders ranging from subclinical to lethal in domestic and wild animals. Golden jackal (Canis aureus), an expanding European species, is a reservoir of many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases and zoonoses. Given the importance of parvovirus infections in dogs and cats, this study aimed to unfold the virus prevalence and molecular characterisation in the golden jackal population in Serbia. The spleen samples from 68 hunted jackals during 2022/2023 were tested for the VP2-specific genome region of Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 by PCR. BLAST analysis of partial VP2 sequences obtained from three animals (4.4%) revealed the highest similarity to Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1, genogroup Feline panleukopenia virus, which is the second report on FPV infection in jackals. Based on specific amino acid residues within partial VP2, the jackals' Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 was also classified as FPV. One jackal's strain showed two synonymous mutations at positions 699 and 1167. Although species cross-transmission could not be established, jackals' health should be maintained by preventing the transmission of viruses to native species and vice versa. Although jackals are considered pests, their role as natural cleaners is of greater importance. Therefore, further monitoring of their health is needed to understand the influence of infectious diseases on population dynamics and to determine the relationship between domestic predators and jackals and the direction of cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milićević
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Dimitrije Glišić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Ljubiša Veljović
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Ana Vasić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Bojan Milovanović
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Branislav Kureljušić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, Belgrade, 11000, Republic of Serbia
| | - Milan Paunović
- Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, Belgrade, 11111, Republic of Serbia
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Oluwayelu DO, Desario C, Babalola ET, Pratelli A, Daodu OB, Elia G, Odemuyiwa SO, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Diakoudi G. Genetic characterization of parvoviruses identified in stray cats in Nigeria. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107108. [PMID: 38145830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Parvoviruses are a major cause of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, leukopenia and high mortality in cats and dogs. In this study, the presence and genetic characteristics of parvoviruses circulating among cats in Nigeria are reported. Faecal samples of stray cats from live animal markets in southwestern (Oyo and Osun States) and north-central (Kwara State) Nigeria were screened for the presence of parvoviral DNA using a qPCR. Positive samples were further characterized using a qPCR based on minor groove binder probes. Overall, 85/102 (83.3 %) stray cats tested positive for feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) DNA and one cat was co-infected with canine parvovirus-2 type a. Sequence analysis of the complete capsid region of 15 Nigerian FPV strains revealed that they were up to 99.9 % similar to the American reference strain FPV-b at the nucleotide level, and three of them presented amino acid mutations in key capsid residues. This is the first report of identification and molecular characterization of FPV strains in cats in Nigeria. The high prevalence of the virus emphasizes the need for constant surveillance of the circulation of parvoviruses in Nigeria and underscores the need to deploy an effective vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oladimeji Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Eunice Temilade Babalola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluwafemi Babatunde Daodu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Solomon Olawole Odemuyiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Lavorente FLP, Spera CG, Miyabe FM, Lorenzetti E, Fritzen JTT, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Serological Survey for Three Canine Viruses in Brazilian Wild Carnivores : Antibodies Against Canine Viruses in Wild Carnivores. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:349-354. [PMID: 38110612 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of antibodies against CaHV-1, CDV, and CPV-2 in serum samples from Brazilian wild carnivore species. Nine maned wolves and six crab-eating foxes were tested for CaHV-1 and CDV by virus neutralization test and CPV-2 by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Antibodies to CaHV-1, CDV, and CPV-2 were detected in serum samples of 1 (6.7%), 5 (33.3%), and 10 (66.7%) wild carnivores, respectively. Two maned wolves and one crab-eating fox were seropositive simultaneously for CDV and CPV-2. Antibodies against all viruses were detected in one crab-eating fox. This is the first report of CaHV-1 antibody detection in crab-eating foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Louise Pereira Lavorente
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Caroline Giuseppa Spera
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Flavia Megumi Miyabe
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
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10
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Früh SP, Adu OF, López-Astacio RA, Weichert WS, Wasik BR, Parrish CR. Isolation, cloning and analysis of parvovirus-specific canine antibodies from peripheral blood B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104894. [PMID: 37467826 PMCID: PMC10542859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites (epitopes), and details of protective immunity against pathogens. Here, we describe improved methods for isolation of canine peripheral blood B cells producing antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) capsids by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by cell cloning. We cultured sorted B cells from an immunized dog in vitro and screened for CPV-specific antibody production. Updated canine-specific primer sets were used to amplify and clone the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences directly from the B cells by reverse transcription and PCR. Monoclonal canine IgGs were produced by cloning heavy and light chain sequences into antibody expression vectors, which were screened for CPV binding. Three different canine monoclonal antibodies were analyzed, including two that shared the same heavy chain, and one that had distinct heavy and light chains. The antibodies showed broad binding to CPV variants, and epitopes were mapped to antigenic sites on the capsid. The methods described here are applicable for the isolation of canine B cells and monoclonal antibodies against many antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oluwafemi F Adu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A López-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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11
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de Araújo dos Santos SF, de Souza UJB, Oliveira MT, Jaime J, Spilki FR, Franco AC, Roehe PM, Campos FS. Recovery of complete genomes of canine parvovirus from clinical samples. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548703. [PMID: 37502963 PMCID: PMC10369981 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly pathogenic virus that affects dogs, especially puppies. CPV is believed to have evolved from feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), eventually giving rise to three antigenic types, CPV-2a, 2b, and 2c. CPV-2 is recognized for its resilience in contaminated environments, ease of transmission among dogs, and pathogenicity for puppies. Despite the relevance of the virus, complete genome sequences of CPV available at GenBank, to date, are scarce. In the current study, we have developed a methodology to allow the recovery of complete CPV-2 genomes directly from clinical samples. For this, seven fecal samples from Gurupi, Tocantins, North Brazil, were collected from puppies with clinical signals of viral enteritis, and submitted to viral DNA isolation and amplification. Two multiplex PCR strategies were designed including primers targeting fragments of 400 base pairs (bp) and 1,000 bp along the complete genome. Sequencing was performed with the Nanopore® technology and results obtained with the two approaches were compared. Genome assembly revealed that the 400 bp amplicons generated larger numbers of reads, allowing a more reliable coverage of the whole genome than those attained with primers targeting the larger (1000 bp) amplicons. Nevertheless, both enrichment methodologies were efficient in amplification and sequencing. Viral genome sequences were of high quality and allowed more precise typing and subtyping of viral genomes compared to the commonly employed strategy relying solely on the analysis of the VP2 region, which is limited in scope. The CPV-2 genomes recovered in this study belong to the CPV2a and CPV-2c subtypes, closely related to isolates from the neighboring Amazonian region. In conclusion, the technique reported here may contribute to increase the number of full CPV genomes available, which is essential for understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution and spread of CPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ueric José Borges de Souza
- Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Campus of Gurupi, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77410-570, Brazil
| | - Martha Trindade Oliveira
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal. Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V). Carrera 30 # 45-03, Bogotá D.C. CP 11132. Colombia
| | | | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Souza Campos
- Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Campus of Gurupi, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77410-570, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
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12
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Tegegne D, Tsegaye G, Faustini G, Franzo G. First genetic detection and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2 (Carnivore protoparvovirus 1) in southwestern Ethiopia. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:975-980. [PMID: 36322244 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The species Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes viruses, e.g. canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), which are among the most relevant for pets, causing extremely severe clinical signs and high fatality rate in dogs and cats. Moreover, a broad range of wild hosts, including endangered ones, were proven to be susceptible. Currently, no data on CPV-2 molecular epidemiology and strain characterization are available in Ethiopia, also considering the frequent contacts between domestic and wild populations. In the present study, a molecular epidemiology survey was performed on 92 fecal samples collected from domestic (n = 84) and stray (n = 8) dogs in southwestern Ethiopia in 2021. Approximately, 10% of the samples tested positive and the complete VP2 sequences of 5 strains were obtained, classified within the CPV-2a (n = 1) and CPV-2c (n = 4) antigenic variants. In most instances, the closest genetic relatives were strains of Chinese origin, which is fully compatible with the intense relationships that have been developing between the two countries, involving human being travels and their pets as well. Considering the clinical relevance of this infection and the risk it poses to local domestic and wild carnivore populations, especially endangered ones, much stronger monitoring and surveillance activity on foreign incoming animals should be performed. More strict constraints on animal introduction, e.g. compulsory vaccination, should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechassa Tegegne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Tsegaye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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13
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Capozza P, Buonavoglia A, Pratelli A, Martella V, Decaro N. Old and Novel Enteric Parvoviruses of Dogs. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050722. [PMID: 37242392 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus infections have been well known for around 100 years in domestic carnivores. However, the use of molecular assays and metagenomic approaches for virus discovery and characterization has led to the detection of novel parvovirus species and/or variants in dogs. Although some evidence suggests that these emerging canine parvoviruses may act as primary causative agents or as synergistic pathogens in the diseases of domestic carnivores, several aspects regarding epidemiology and virus-host interaction remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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14
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Rehme T, Hartmann K, Bergmann M. [Parvovirus infections in cats in animal shelters]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:107-115. [PMID: 37230115 DOI: 10.1055/a-2065-8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to widespread vaccination programs against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), the disease associated with this virus infection, feline panleukopenia, is rarely seen in privately owned cats in Germany. In contrast, the situation in animal shelters differs due to the constant intake of new cats that are often unprotected. In such facilities, panleukopenia outbreaks are common and often accompanied by a high number of fatalities. Due to the high contagiosity of the virus, some shelters do not accept cats with clinical signs suspicious for panleukopenia, since these animals can pose a risk to the shelter population. However, not only cats with panleukopenia shed parvovirus, but also healthy, asymptomatic cats can and thus contribute to risk of infection. Nevertheless, the risk for panleukopenia outbreaks in animal shelters can be reduced by rigorous outbreak management. This includes hygiene measures using correctly applied cleaning and disinfection protocols, quarantine measures, separate isolation units, as well as specific prophylactic measures, such as identification of infected animals and immunization of susceptible groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rehme
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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15
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Reinhardt NP, Köster J, Thomas A, Arnold J, Fux R, Straubinger RK. Bacterial and Viral Pathogens with One Health Relevance in Invasive Raccoons ( Procyon lotor, Linné 1758) in Southwest Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:389. [PMID: 36986312 PMCID: PMC10054312 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, raccoons are invasive neozoons with their largest population in Germany. Globally, this mesocarnivore acts as a wildlife reservoir for many (non-)zoonotic (re-)emerging pathogens, but very little epidemiological data is available for southwest Germany. This exploratory study aimed to screen free-ranging raccoons in Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW, Germany) for the occurrence of selected pathogens with One Health relevance. Organ tissue and blood samples collected from 102 animals, obtained by hunters in 2019 and 2020, were subsequently analysed for two bacterial and four viral pathogens using a qPCR approach. Single samples were positive for the carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (7.8%, n = 8), canine distemper virus (6.9%, n = 7), pathogenic Leptospira spp. (3.9%, n = 4) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (15.7%, n = 16). West Nile virus and influenza A virus were not detected. Due to their invasive behaviour and synanthropic habit, raccoons may increase the risk of infections for wildlife, domestic animals, zoo animals and humans by acting as a link between them. Therefore, further studies should be initiated to evaluate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico P. Reinhardt
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Köster
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre (STUA), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Janosch Arnold
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Wuerttemberg (LAZBW), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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16
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Hasırcıoglu S, Aslım HP, Kale M, Bulut O, Koçlu O, Orta YS. Molecular characterization of carnivore protoparvovirus strains circulating in cats in Turkey. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Cats are susceptible to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). Therefore, coinfection and superinfection with multiple parvovirus strains may occur, resulting in high heterogeneity and recombination. Considering the importance of cats as a potential source of genetic diversity for parvoviruses, we investigated the frequency of parvovirus infection in cats using their blood and fecal samples and performed molecular characterization of parvovirus strains circulating in cat populations. Accordingly, the fecal and blood samples of 60 cats with gastroenteritis symptoms were collected from Turkey’s Burdur, Isparta, and Izmit provinces. Of these 15 fecal samples tested as parvovirus-positive by PCR, 14 were confirmed to have been infected with true FPV strains by sequencing analysis. Through the phylogeny analysis, those were located in the FPV cluster, closely related to CPV-2, and one was discriminated in the CPV-2b cluster. Additionally, sequence analysis of the VP2 gene of CPV and FPV revealed that the FPV strains detected in Turkey and the vaccine strains were highly related to each other, with a nucleotide identity of 97.7- 100%. Furthermore, 13 variable positions were detected in VP2 of the field and reference FPV strains. Three synonymous mutations were determined in the VP2 gene. Some amino acid mutations in the VP2 protein-affected sites were considered responsible for the virus’s biological and antigenic properties. The partial sequence analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that four FPV strains detected in Turkey have a single nucleotide change from T to G at the amino acid position 384 between the nucleotides 3939-3941, which was reported for the first time. Therefore, these four isolates formed a different branch in the phylogenetic tree. The results suggest that both FPV and CPV-2b strains are circulating in domestic cats in Turkey and cats should be considered as potential sources of new parvovirus variants for cats, dogs and other animals.
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17
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Lina Z, Kai W, Fuyu A, Dongliang Z, Hailing Z, Xuelin X, Ce G, Hongmei Y, Yingjie K, Zhidong Z, Rongguang L, Yan H. Fatal canine parvovirus type 2a and 2c infections in wild Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) in southern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4002-4008. [PMID: 36070349 PMCID: PMC10087772 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a critically endangered scale-covered mammal belonging to the order Pholidota. Wild pangolins are notably susceptible to pathogen infection and are typically characterized by impoverished health. However, little is currently known regarding the viruses prevalent among pangolins. In this study, we report the detection of two subtypes of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), namely CPV-2a and CPV-2c, both of which caused severe diarrheal disease in two post-rescue pangolins with fatal consequences. As in CPV-2-infected dogs, intensive lesion of the mucosal layer of the small intestines is a prominent feature in infected pangolins. Moreover, the immunochemistry results demonstrated that CPV-2 antigens were distributed in the crypts of small intestine. Additionally, typical parvovirus-associated CPV-2 were detected after four passages in F81 cells, and typical parvovirus-like particles, approximately 20 nm in diameter, were observed in the cell supernatants. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VP2 viral protein sequences (GenBank accession number OP208805) isolated from one pangolin (termed P1) were classified as CPV-2c, with 99.8% identity to a CPV-2c strain (MN832850) isolated from a Taiwanese pangolin found in Taiwan Province. In contrast, VP2 sequences (#OP208806) obtained from the second pangolin (P2) were classified as CPV-2a, with 99.8% identity to a CPV-2a strain (KY386858) isolated from southern China. In this study, we thus confirmed the infection of pangolins with CPV-2c in mainland China and demonstrated that CPV-2a also can infect pangolins. Based on these findings, we recommend that further investigations should be conducted to establish the interspecies transmission of these viruses among wild pangolins, wild carnivores, and stray dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Lina
- Eco-Engineering Department, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Kai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - An Fuyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Dongliang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Special Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Hailing
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Special Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Xuelin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Ce
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Hongmei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuang Yingjie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Zhidong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Rongguang
- School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hongkong Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Zarea AAK, Desario C, Odigie EA, Ehab FA, Capozza P, Greco G, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Molecular characterization of carnivore protoparvovirus 1 circulating in domestic carnivores in Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932247. [PMID: 35937285 PMCID: PMC9354892 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), now included in the unique species Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV1), have been circulating in dogs and cats for several decades and are considered the causes of clinically important diseases, especially in young animals. While genetic evidence of the circulation of parvoviruses in Egyptian domestic carnivores has been provided since 2016, to date, all available data are based on partial fragments of the VP2 gene. This study reports the molecular characterization of CPPV strains from Egypt based on the full VP2 gene. Overall, 196 blood samples were collected from dogs and cats presented at veterinary clinics for routine medical assessment in 2019 in Egypt. DNA extracts were screened and characterized by real-time PCR. Positive samples were amplified by conventional PCR and then were sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid changes in the sequences were investigated and phylogeny was inferred. Carnivore protoparvovirus DNA was detected in 18 out of 96 dogs (18.8%) and 7 of 100 cats (7%). Phylogenetic analyses based on the full VP2 gene revealed that 9 sequenced strains clustered with different CPV clades (5 with 2c, 2 with 2a, 1 with 2b, and 1 with 2) and 1 strain with the FPV clade. All three CPV variants were detected in dog and cat populations with a predominance of CPV-2c strains (7 of 18, 38.9%) in dog samples, thus mirroring the circulation of this variant in African, European, and Asian countries. Deduced amino acid sequence alignment revealed the presence of the previously unreported unique mutations S542L, H543Q, Q549H, and N557T in the Egyptian CPV-2c strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianvito Lanave
| | - Aya A. K. Zarea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Veterinary Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Eugene A. Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fouad A. Ehab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Veterinary Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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19
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Survey for Select Pathogens in the Desert Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) in California, USA. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:631-635. [PMID: 35442445 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Following a canine distemper virus (CDV) epizootic in 2011, serum samples of 45 live-trapped desert kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) from the Upper Chuckwalla Valley, California, US, were tested for the presence of antibodies against CDV, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine herpes virus (CHV), canine adenovirus (CAV-2), and Toxoplasma gondii. Fecal swabs were tested by PCR for CPV genomic material, and ocular and nasal swabs were assessed for genomic material of CDV, CHV, CAV-2, influenza virus (H3N8), parainfluenza, canine respiratory coronavirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Fourteen foxes (31.1%) were positive in at least one test, with exposure and/or infection confirmed for CDV (6/45, 13.3%), CPV (4/45, 8.9%), S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (4/45, 8.9%), and T. gondii (2/45, 4.4%). Study results were similar to results reported for kit foxes in other portions of their distribution. Further research with long-term regular testing is needed to understand disease dynamics in kit fox populations better.
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20
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Chen X, Wang J, Zhou Y, Yue H, Zhou N, Tang C. Circulation of heterogeneous Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 in diarrheal cats and prevalence of an A91S feline panleukopenia virus variant in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2913-e2925. [PMID: 35737580 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection. FPV has been recognized as relatively conservative in genetic evolution compared to CPV-2, but information regarding FPV variations in cats are still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular prevalence of FPV and CPV-2 variants among cats in China. From April 2019 to December 2021, 193 diarrheal fecal samples of cats were collected from Southwest China and 127 (65.80 %) samples tested positive to Carnivore protoparvovirus 1. FPV, CPV-2 and some their genomic variants were identified from positive samples, indicating a heterogeneous Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 circulation in the cat population in China. Among FPV strains, an A91S FPV mutant reached the detection rate of 39.37 %, which showed that this FPV genomic variant has been prevalent in the tested cats. Moreover, 7 strains of A91S FPV variants were isolated and purified successfully using F81 cells, and the genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic trees based on the nearly complete genomic sequences, VP2 and NS1 nucleotide sequences showed that the A91S FPV variants were located in the FPV clade, but all clustered into a separate branch. Structural prediction showed that A91S mutation in VP2 protein extended the random coil of aa residues from 92-95 to 91-95. Moreover, the analysis of all complete VP2 sequences of FPV and CPV-2 available in the GenBank database revealed that the A91S FPV variant has been prevalent in China since 2017 and has reported in four other countries in cats. Thus, our study revealed that heterogeneous Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 are circulating in the cat population in China, and first reported the prevalence and genomic characteristics of the A91S FPV variant, which contributed to a better understanding of the molecular prevalence and genetic evolution of FPV in cats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxing Zhou
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Abayli H, Aslan O, Tumer KC, Can-Sahna K, Tonbak S. Predominance and first complete genomic characterization of canine parvovirus 2b in Turkey. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1831-1840. [PMID: 35716267 PMCID: PMC9206223 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral enteritis is a significant threat to domestic dogs. The two primary pathogens that cause viral enteritis in dogs are canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine parvovirus (CPV). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of CPV-2, CCoV, and canine circovirus coinfection by characterizing circulating subtypes of CPV-2 in faecal samples from symptomatic dogs admitted to veterinary clinics located in Ankara, Elazığ, Kayseri, and Kocaeli provinces of Turkey, between 2019 and 2022. Virus detection by PCR and RT-PCR revealed that CPV-2 was present in 48 (77.4%) samples, and no other agents were detected. Based on the occurrence of the codon GAT at positions 1276 to 1278 (coding for aspartate at residue 426) of VP2, all CPV-2 isolates were confirmed to be of the CPV-2b subtype. The complete genome sequences of two CPV-2b isolates showed a high degree of similarity to and phylogenetic clustering with Australian and East Asian strains/isolates. The predominant CPV strain circulating in the three different regions of Turkey was found to be a CPV-2b strain containing the amino acid substitutions at Y324I and T440A, which commonly contribute to immune escape. This is the first report of complete genomic analysis of CPV-2 isolates circulating in symptomatic domestic dogs in Turkey. The evolution of CPV-2 has raised questions about the efficacy of current vaccination regimes and highlights the importance of monitoring the emergence and spread of new CPV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Abayli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Oznur Aslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cağrı Tumer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kezban Can-Sahna
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sukru Tonbak
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110, Elazig, Turkey
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22
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhou N, Du T, Zhao Q, Zhou EM, Du Y, Sun Y. Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Parvoviruses From Dogs, Cats, Minks, and Raccoon Dogs in the Eastern Region of Shandong Province, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862352. [PMID: 35295295 PMCID: PMC8919035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern region of Shandong province, China, is an intensive economic mink and raccoon dog breeding area. To investigate the molecular variations of parvovirus in cats, dogs, minks, and raccoon dogs from this region, feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), mink enteritis virus (MEV), and raccoon dog parvovirus (RDPV) were separately isolated and characterized from the respective animals with gastroenteritis. PCR amplification showed that there were 15/18 (83.3%), 9/13 (69.2%), 8/11 (72.7%), and 3/7 (42.9%) samples from the diseased animals separately positive for FPV, CPV-2, MEV, and RDPV. Of these, a total of six FPV, six MEV, four CPV-2, and three RDPV strains were successfully isolated using F81 cells. Next, the near-complete genomes of 19 parvovirus isolates were amplified and analyzed. The viral particle 2 (VP2) sequence alignment showed that they shared 97.2–100% nucleotide similarity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the five FPV isolates were in the same branch, and an FPV isolate was closely related with MEV and RDPV isolates obtained in this study. These suggested that cross-species infection occurred in the Shandong region between the FPV, MEV, and RDPV. For the four CPV-2 isolates, three were antigenic variant strains CPV-2a, and the other was antigenic variant strain CPV-2c. Additionally, the mutations that had emerged in the VP2 amino acids of CPV-2 also occurred in the VP2 from the FPV, MEV, and RDPV isolates. This study suggested that the continuous evolution of the parvovirus may be accelerated in areas with a high density of economic animal trading/breeding, and controlling parvovirus infection in these animals remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Taofeng Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yongkun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongkun Du,
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
- Yani Sun,
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23
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Alam S, Chowdhury QMMK, Roy S, Chowdhury MSR, Hasan M, Mamun MA, Uddin MB, Hossain MM, Rahman MM, Rahman MM. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) in diarrhoeic pet dogs in Bangladesh. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Jinadasa R, Ghosh S, Hills S, Premalal T, Atapattu U, Fuward M, Kalupahana W, Dunowska M. Genomic Variability of Canine Parvoviruses from a Selected Population of Dogs and Cats in Sri Lanka. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091102. [PMID: 34578133 PMCID: PMC8466987 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) subtypes circulating among a selected population of domestic dogs and cats in Sri Lanka and to investigate the evolutionary patterns among Sri Lankan viruses in the context of contemporary global CPV-2 sequences. Altogether, 40/61 (65.6%) samples tested were positive for CPV-2 DNA, including 31/48 (64.6%) dogs and 9/13 (69%) cats. All three subtypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c) were detected, with CPV-2a being most common. International median joining haplotype network of 291 CPV-2 sequences suggested that there was little barrier for CPV-2 moving between different geographical regions worldwide, including Sri Lanka, and that there was no correlation between the genetic structure within the molecular network and the decade of sample collection. By contrast, there was correlation between CPV-2 subtype and genetic structure, both within the international network and within the network built from 31 Sri Lankan CPV-2 sequences only. The structure within the latter was not correlated with the location of the veterinary clinic where the samples were submitted, the age or species of the host. Altogether, we have shown that there is considerable variability of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Sri Lanka, which is likely driven by both local evolution and introduction from other countries. The similarity of CPV-2 obtained from cats and dogs suggests that cats may play a role in the epidemiology of CPV-2 in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Jinadasa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Simon Hills
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Thushini Premalal
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Ushani Atapattu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Manohari Fuward
- Government Veterinary Hospital, Gatambe, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Wasantha Kalupahana
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (T.P.); (U.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (M.D.)
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25
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Lin CM, Hause B, Gualtieri D, Robinson N. Parvoviral enteritis and salmonellosis in raccoons with sudden death. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1172-1175. [PMID: 34382458 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211038766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight of 9 juvenile raccoons at a rehabilitation center died without obvious prior clinical signs. Gross changes were unremarkable except for mildly distended intestines. Microscopically, crypt loss, distension, necrosis, and regeneration with intranuclear viral inclusions were observed in the small intestine, with marked lymphoid depletion and necrosis in Peyer patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry with a canine parvovirus antibody showed intensive signals of parvoviral antigens in the crypts and lymphoid germinal centers. Metagenomic sequencing allowed assembly of a complete parvoviral genome with >99% identity to canine parvovirus 2a, as well as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Also, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson with multiple antimicrobial resistance was isolated from the intestinal contents. Concurrent infection with parvovirus and Salmonella should be included as a differential diagnosis in raccoons with sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Lin
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Hause
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Deanna Gualtieri
- North East Wildlife Animal Rehabilitation Coalition, Barre, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.,Preclinical and Translational Development, bluebird bio, Cambridge, MA, USA
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26
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Goetschius DJ, Hartmann SR, Organtini LJ, Callaway H, Huang K, Bator CM, Ashley RE, Makhov AM, Conway JF, Parrish CR, Hafenstein SL. High-resolution asymmetric structure of a Fab-virus complex reveals overlap with the receptor binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025452118. [PMID: 34074770 PMCID: PMC8201801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025452118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs, including acute hemorrhagic enteritis, myocarditis, and cerebellar disease. Overlap on the surface of parvovirus capsids between the antigenic epitope and the receptor binding site has contributed to cross-species transmission, giving rise to closely related variants. It has been shown that Mab 14 strongly binds and neutralizes canine but not feline parvovirus, suggesting this antigenic site also controls species-specific receptor binding. To visualize the conformational epitope at high resolution, we solved the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Fab-virus complex. We also created custom software, Icosahedral Subparticle Extraction and Correlated Classification, to solve a Fab-virus complex with only a few Fab bound per capsid and visualize local structures of the Fab-bound and -unbound antigenic sites extracted from the same complex map. Our results identified the antigenic epitope that had significant overlap with the receptor binding site, and the structures revealed that binding of Fab induced conformational changes to the virus. We were also able to assign the order and position of attached Fabs to allow assessment of complementarity between the Fabs bound to different positions. This approach therefore provides a method for using cryo-EM to investigate complementarity of antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Samantha R Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lindsey J Organtini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Heather Callaway
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Kai Huang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Carol M Bator
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Robert E Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Alexander M Makhov
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - James F Conway
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
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27
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Emerging Parvoviruses in Domestic Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061077. [PMID: 34200079 PMCID: PMC8229815 DOI: 10.3390/v13061077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus infections in cats have been well known for around 100 years. Recently, the use of molecular assays and metagenomic approaches for virus discovery and characterization has led to the detection of novel parvovirus lineages and/or species infecting the feline host. However, the involvement of emerging parvoviruses in the onset of gastroenteritis or other feline diseases is still uncertain.
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28
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Legnardi M, Lazzaro E, Zoia A, Petini M, Furlanello T, Caldin M, Cecchinato M, Drigo M. Genetic Insights into Feline Parvovirus: Evaluation of Viral Evolutionary Patterns and Association between Phylogeny and Clinical Variables. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061033. [PMID: 34070947 PMCID: PMC8230023 DOI: 10.3390/v13061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia is a severe disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), and marginally canine parvovirus (CPV). Despite being less rapid than CPV, FPV evolution deserves attention, especially since outbreaks of particular severity are currently reported. This apparently different virulence needs monitoring from genetic and clinical points of view. This manuscript explored FPV molecular epidemiology at both Italian and international levels and the possible association between viral phylogeny and disease severity. Sequences from clinical cases of feline panleukopenia in Italy were obtained from 2011 to 2019, and the etiological agent was characterized, distinguishing FPV from CPV. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were conducted on Italian and international sequences. Moreover, the association between the viral sequence and clinical variables was evaluated on a group of highly characterized patients. After its origin in the 1920s, FPV showed a constant population size until a more recent expansion since 2000. Few long-distance introduction events characterized FPV spreading, however, most of its evolution occurred locally. Although without a strong statistical association, several clinical variables appeared influenced by viral phylogeny, suggesting a differential virulence potentially characterizing FPV strains. These results stress the importance of the continuous study of viral evolution and its repercussions on the disease clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Elena Lazzaro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Petini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostics, San Marco Veterinary Private Clinic, Via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy;
| | - Marco Caldin
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
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Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Canine Parvovirus Circulating in China from 2014 to 2019. PATHOGENS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:pathogens10050588. [PMID: 34064982 PMCID: PMC8150379 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The global distribution of canine parvovirus (CPV-2) derived from a closely related carnivore parvovirus poses a considerable threat to the dog population. The virus is continuously undergoing genetic evolution, giving rise to several variants. To investigate the prevalence of Chinese CPV-2 strains in recent years, a total of 30 CPV-2 strains were collected from 2018 to 2021 and the VP2 gene was sequenced and analyzed. Two variants, new CPV-2a (297Ala, 426Asn) and CPV-2c (426Glu), were identified. In contrast to previous reports, the CPV-2c variant has gained an epidemiological advantage over the new CPV-2a variant in China. To compensate for the relatively small sample size, 683 Chinese CPV-2 strains identified between 2014 and 2019 were retrieved from the GenBank database and previous publications, and analyses of these strains further supported our findings, which should be considered since the CPV-2c variant has been frequently associated with immune failure in adult dogs. VP2 protein sequence analysis revealed several amino acid substitutions, including Ala5Gly, Pro13Ser, Phe267Tyr, Tyr324Ile, Gln370Arg, Thr440Ala, and Lys570Arg. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length VP2 gene indicated a close relationship between Chinese strains and other Asian strains, suggesting mutual transmission between Asian countries. Furthermore, intercontinental transmission is a cause for concern. Surprisingly, two feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) strains with the Ile101Thr mutation in the VP2 protein were identified in canine fecal samples; FPV has been considered incapable of infecting dogs. This study clarified the epidemic characteristics of Chinese CPV-2 strains detected between 2014 and 2019, offering a reference for epidemic control. In addition, the detection of FPV in canine samples may provide information for future studies on the evolution of carnivore parvoviruses.
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Demographic and Pathogens of Domestic, Free-Roaming Pets and the Implications for Wild Carnivores and Human Health in the San Luis Region of Costa Rica. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040065. [PMID: 33924011 PMCID: PMC8073985 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and degradation, restricted ranges, prey exploitation, and poaching are important factors for the decline of several wild carnivore populations and additional stress from infectious agents is an increasing concern. Given the rapid growth of human populations in some regions like Costa Rica, pathogens introduced, sustained, and transmitted by domestic carnivores may be particularly important. To better understand the significance of domestic carnivore pathogens for wildlife, we determine the prevalence of infection and possible mechanisms for contact between the two groups. The demographics, role in the household, and pathogens of pet dogs and cats was studied during three annual spay/neuter clinics in San Luis, Costa Rica. Most dogs were owned primarily as pets and guard animals, but ~10% were used for hunting. Cats were owned primarily as pets and for pest control. Both roamed freely outdoors. We detected high prevalences of some pathogens (e.g., carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Toxoplasma gondii). Some pathogens are known to persist in the environment, which increases the probability of exposure to wild carnivores. This study demonstrated that domestic pets in San Luis, home to a number of protected and endangered wildlife species, are infected with pathogens to which these wild species are potentially susceptible. Additionally, results from our questionnaire support the potential for domestic and wild animal contact, which may result in disease spillover.
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31
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. [Prophylaxis of canine parvovirosis - Part 2: Vaccines]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:122-125. [PMID: 33902120 DOI: 10.1055/a-1402-9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most effective measure to prevent canine parvovirosis. Therefore, vaccines against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection are considered core vaccines. Modified life vaccines (MLV) have been proven to be very effective and safe, since they are characterized by early onset (within a few days after vaccination) and long duration of immunity (several years). MLV do not contain adjuvants; they are also advantageous in terms of possessing less allergenic and toxic properties. Therefore, MLV are widely used as first line vaccines. In Germany and in most other European countries, only MLV are available on the market. MLV contain CPV-2 or (less often) CPV-2b and offer cross-protection against the variants CPV-2a, -2b, -2c that are relevant for dogs in the field. Revaccination with MLV should be performed in 3-year-intervals or longer intervals (only in case of lacking antibodies) even if the licensed MLV is registered for re-vaccination intervals of 1 or 2 years. MLV should only be administered to healthy dogs older than 4 to 6 weeks of age. A possible disadvantage of MLV is its interference with the diagnosis of a CPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Elbaz E, El-Tholoth M, Abo Elfadl EA, Mosad SM. Molecular investigation on the presence of canine parvovirus in Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101576. [PMID: 33285387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) causes a highly contagious gastroenteritis disease of dogs and wild canids. To investigate the CPV-2 prevalence in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, a total of 50 fecal swabs were collected from suspected diseased dogs during 2016-2017. Out of 50 collected samples, 35 samples (70 %) presented positive results for CPV-2 using immuno-chromatography (IC) as a rapid test. CPV-2DNA was detected in 42 samples (84 %) by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequencies of CPV-2 were significantly higher in German shepherd breed (46 %; 23/50) and in age groups less than 6 months (76%; 38/50). We evaluated the breed, age, sex, rapid test results and clinical signs as predictors for classification of animal status into infected and not infected. The best predictors for classification process were rapid test result and clinical signs. Both CPV-2b and CPV-2c subtypes were detected by CPV2-VP2 gene sequences analysis. Deduced amino acid sequences alignment showed substitutions at 3 sites (Arg453Pro, Ala574Glu and Gln457Leu). Further investigations are needed to reveal the genetic and antigenic relation between field and vaccinal strains of CPV-2 in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzahara Elbaz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Health Sciences Division, Veterinary Sciences Program, Al Ain Men's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Eman A Abo Elfadl
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Samah M Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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33
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Desario C, Berjaoui S, Alfano F, Puglia I, Fusco G, Colaianni ML, Vincifori G, Camarda A, Parisi A, Sgroi G, Elia G, Veneziano V, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Circulation of diverse protoparvoviruses in wild carnivores, Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2489-2502. [PMID: 33176056 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protoparvovirus is a monophyletic viral genus that includes the species Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infecting domestic and wild carnivores. In this paper, the results of an epidemiological survey for Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 in wild carnivores in Italy are reported. Overall, 34 (11.4%) out of 297 tested animals were positive for Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, but the frequency of detection was much higher in intestine (54%) than in spleen samples (2.8%), thus suggesting that the intestine is the best sample to collect from wild animals for parvovirus detection. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) was detected in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (2.8%, 7/252) and Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) (10%, 1/10), whilst canine parvovirus (CPV) was found in wolves (54.3%, 19/35), Eurasian badgers (60%, 6/10) and one beech marten (Martes foina) (100%, 1/1), with more than one parvovirus type detected in some animals. Protoparvoviral DNA sequences from this study were found to be related to CPV/FPV strains detected in Asia and Europe, displaying some amino acid changes in the main capsid protein VP2 in comparison with other parvovirus strains from wildlife. In particular, the two most common mutations were Ile418Thr and Ala371Gly, which were observed in 6/12 (50%) and 5/12 (41.7%) of the CPV sequences from this study. Continuous surveillance for parvoviruses in wild carnivores and genetic analysis of the detected strains may help obtain new insight into the role of these animals in the evolution and epidemiology of carnivore parvoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Xu X, Wang X, Hu W, Wu Q, Yao L, Kan Y, Ji J, Bi Y. An Improved Polymerase Cross-Linking Spiral Reaction Assay for Rapid Diagnostic of Canine Parvovirus 2 Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:571629. [PMID: 33195564 PMCID: PMC7661784 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing complications of canine parvovirus infection cases, disease diagnosis and treatment have become more difficult. In this study, specificity primers for the conserved region of the VP2 gene of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) were synthesized and evaluated. An improved polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (PCLSR) method for early and rapid diagnosis of CPV-2 was established. The results showed that the amplification reaction was optimal when run at 62°C for 50 min and could be used to detect CPV-2 without any cross-reactions with other pathogens of canine infectious diseases. Reaction results were directly judged by the naked eyes, with the positive amplification tube shown as luminous yellow and the negative tube as bright purple. Compared with the previously reported polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) method for CPV-2 detection, this reaction was performed using improved primer pairs and a better dye identification method (using an indicator comprising phenol red and cresol red). The detection limit of PCLSR was 3.9 × 101 copies using gel electrophoresis or a visible dye. The positive rate of 132 clinical samples was 42.42%, which was identically the same as that of the PSR method and slightly higher than that of the colloidal gold strip method (39.39%). The newly developed CPV-PCLSR assay shows the advantage of rapid visualization of results and offers a convenient and rapid method for early CPV-2 diagnosis with higher sensitivity and specificity than the established methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Spera CG, Lavorente FLP, Lorenzetti E, de Calasans Marques G, de Almeida Freitas L, Martins MB, Teixeira CR, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. First detection of canine parvovirus 2b DNA in a crab-eating fox pup (Cerdocyon thous, Linnaeus, 1766). Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:449-453. [PMID: 33095410 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a small wild mammal present in all Brazilian biomes and in some countries of South America. This study aimed to verify the involvement of viral infectious agents in the death of a wild crab-eating fox pup (Cerdocyon thous) in Brazil. The Center for Medicine and Research of Wild Animals of the Universidade Estadual Paulista received a free-living crab-eating fox aged approximately 21 days and apparently healthy. After 13 days, the animal presented anorexia, diarrhea, fever, prostration, and neurological signs progressing to death with an inconclusive diagnosis. In a retrospective study, tissue fragments stored at - 80 °C were used to identify nucleic acids from major canine viruses, such as canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), canine adenovirus A types 1 and 2, canid alphaherpesvirus 1, and canine distemper virus. The amplified product with the expected length for CPV-2 was obtained from the heart fragment. After performing nucleotide (nt) sequencing of the amplicon, it was possible to demonstrate that the crab-eating fox strain exhibited high (99.8%) nt identity with the CPV-2b prototype (CPV-39 strain). Additionally, deduced amino acid (aa) sequence analysis showed the GAT codon for the aa Asp (D) at position 426 of the CPV-2 viral protein VP2, which characterizes the subtype 2b. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this report describes the first detection of CPV-2b DNA in tissue fragments from a crab-eating fox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giuseppa Spera
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Louise Pereira Lavorente
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Calasans Marques
- Center for Medicine and Research of Wild Animals, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Julio de Mesquita Filho, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Luana de Almeida Freitas
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Maíra Bonamin Martins
- Animal Pathology, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Julio de Mesquita Filho, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Teixeira
- Center for Medicine and Research of Wild Animals, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Julio de Mesquita Filho, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
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36
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Shima FK, Omobowale TO, Adesina RD, Nottidge HO, Fagbohun OA. Molecular characterisation of canine parvoviruses from clinical samples and vaccines in Nigeria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104553. [PMID: 32927118 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) the causative agent of canine parvovirus enteritis is an intractable pathogen of dogs characterised by mutations, evolutionary changes and eventual vaccine failure. The disease is a serious problem in dogs with limited studies conducted in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to characterise the subtypes of CPV isolates in six commonly used vaccines and 157 clinical samples collected from seven states in Nigeria from June 2016 to March 2018. Faecal samples collected from the clinical cases were subjected to in-clinic immunoassay to detect viral antigens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify viral VP2 gene in the samples and commonly used vaccines in Nigeria. Thereafter, PCR products were sequenced and analysed. The result showed that 93.0% of the dogs tested positive for CPV in both assays; 72.8% were puppies less than six months old, with 58.3% of them vaccinated. Partial VP2 gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 11 random clinical samples showed that CPV-2c 7(63.6%) and CPV-2a 4(36.4%) were the predominant subtypes in Nigeria; with genetic signatures that are 98.7% to 99.9% closely related to Asian and European strains, respectively. No CPV-2b was detected. Amino acid mutation analysis divulged some imperative transmutation sites: D305Y, Y324I, Q370R, N375D, T440A, Y444S, I447M and Y451C in the isolates. The viruses in the vaccines were characterised as the wild-type CPV. The genetic variability, viral population heterogeneity and phylogenetic linkage with isolates from other countries probably suggest transboundary migrations and local differentiations are contributing to continuous CPV evolution and vaccine failure in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kundu Shima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Nguyen Manh T, Piewbang C, Rungsipipat A, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Vietnamese canine parvovirus 2C originated from dogs reveals a new Asia-IV clade. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1445-1453. [PMID: 32854156 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a small, single-stranded DNA virus causing fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. Currently, CPV-2 is classified into CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c based on genetic variation in the VP2 gene. The CPV-2c variant has become ubiquitous worldwide and gained attention for monitoring parvoviral evolution. In this study, we characterized the full-length genome sequences of CPV-2c strains obtained from 59 dogs in Vietnam. Molecular analysis revealed that Vietnamese CPV-2c shared a common evolutionary pattern with the Asian CPV-2 clade, which is marked by genetic signature patterns in the structural and nonstructural proteins. In addition, these Vietnamese CPV-2c strains exhibited unique Thr112Ile and Ile447Met mutations in the VP1 and VP2 sequence, respectively. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the mutations of amino acid residues in both the structural and nonstructural genes have contributed to the emergence of a new clade, designated here as the Asia-IV clade. The substitution rates, estimated from a dataset containing 199 sequences over the last 42 years, confirmed that CPV-2 showed a high rate of nucleotide substitution, at about 2.49 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (nt/s/y), with VP1/2 and NS1/2 estimates of 3.06 × 10-4 and 3.16 × 10-4 nt/s/y, respectively. Even though no evidence of genetic recombination in these Vietnamese CPV-2c strains was established, potential positive selection sites were observed in both the structural and nonstructural genes, suggesting the viral evolutionary process has occurred in both the structural and nonstructural proteins. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of the full-length genome sequence is necessary to gain evolutionary insight of CPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong Nguyen Manh
- International Graduate Program in Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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38
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Kwan E, Carrai M, Lanave G, Hill J, Parry K, Kelman M, Meers J, Decaro N, Beatty JA, Martella V, Barrs VR. Analysis of canine parvoviruses circulating in Australia reveals predominance of variant 2b and identifies feline parvovirus-like mutations in the capsid proteins. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:656-666. [PMID: 32657506 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major enteric pathogen of dogs worldwide that emerged in the late 1970s from a feline parvovirus (FPV)-like ancestral virus. Shortly after its emergence, variant CPVs acquired amino acid (aa) mutations in key capsid residues, associated with biological and/or antigenic changes. This study aimed to identify and analyse CPV variants and their capsid mutations amongst Australian dogs, to gain insights into the evolution of CPV in Australia and to investigate relationships between the disease and vaccination status of dogs from which viruses were detected. CPV VP2 sequences were amplified from 79 faecal samples collected from dogs with parvoviral enteritis at 20 veterinary practices in five Australian states. The median age at diagnosis was 4 months (range 1-96 months). Only 3.7% of dogs with vaccination histories had completed recommended vaccination schedules, while 49% were incompletely vaccinated and 47.2% were unvaccinated. For the first time, CPV-2b has emerged as the dominant antigenic CPV variant circulating in dogs with parvoviral enteritis in Australia, comprising 54.4% of viruses, while CPV-2a and CPV-2 comprised 43.1% and 2.5%, respectively. The antigenic variant CPV-2c was not identified. Analysis of translated VP2 sequences revealed a vast repertoire of amino acid (aa) mutations. Several Australian CPV strains displayed signatures in the VP2 protein typical of Asian CPVs, suggesting possible introduction of CPV strains from Asia, and/or CPV circulation between Asia and Australia. Canine parvoviruses were identified containing aa residues typical of FPV at key capsid (VP2) positions, representing reverse mutations or residual mutations retained from CPV-2 during adaptation from an FPV-like ancestor, suggesting that evolutionary intermediates between CPV-2 and FPV are circulating in the field. Similarly, intermediates between CPV-2a-like viruses and CPV-2 were also identified. These findings help inform a better understanding of the evolution of CPV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kwan
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maura Carrai
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | | | | | - Mark Kelman
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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39
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Spera CG, Lorenzetti E, Lavorente FLP, de Calasans Marques G, Bisca JM, Teixeira CR, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Canine parvovirus 2b in fecal samples of asymptomatic free-living South American coatis (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus, 1766). Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1399-1403. [PMID: 32406051 PMCID: PMC7223230 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is classified into three subtypes (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c) and is the main cause of enteritis and myocarditis in young domestic and wild animals. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of CPV-2 in the feces of asymptomatic free-living coatis from Garden Forest Reserve, Palmital city, SP, Brazil. Fecal samples from 21 coatis (both sexes, different ages, and different aspects of feces) were collected in August 2014 and March 2015. The nucleic acid extracted was submitted to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to amplify a fragment of the VP2 gene of CPV-2. Eight (38%) fecal samples were positive in the PCR assay and were confirmed by sequencing. The 7 nucleotide (nt) sequences analyzed showed 100% nt identity with the prototype strain of CPV-2b (CPV-39 strain). The analysis of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence revealed the presence of the GAT codon (aa D-Asp) at position 426 of the VP2 viral protein (subtype 2b). This study describes for the first time the identification of CPV-2b in asymptomatic free-living coatis (Nasua nasua) and suggests that coatis are susceptible to Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 infection and are important as a reservoir and an asymptomatic carrier to other wild and domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giuseppa Spera
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Louise Pereira Lavorente
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Calasans Marques
- Center for Medicine and Research of Wild Animals, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Julio de Mesquita Filho, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Muniz Bisca
- Center for Medicine and Research of Wild Animals, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Julio de Mesquita Filho, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Teixeira
- Center for Medicine and Research of Wild Animals, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Julio de Mesquita Filho, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
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Wang J, Li N, Li Z, Liu L, He Y, Meng J, Li S, Wang J. Identification of a novel bocaparvovirus in a wild squirrel in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1469-1474. [PMID: 32388598 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In December 2017, a squirrel (Callosciurus phayrei) died 2 days after capture in Kunming, and its intestinal tract, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were subjected to metagenomics analysis. Reassembly and verification by reverse transcription PCR of contigs generated by next-generation sequencing yielded a 5176-nt sequence, which was designated "squirrel bocaparvovirus" (SQBOV). Phylogenetic trees based on the aa sequences of NS1, NP1, and VP1 showed that SQBOV formed an independent branch in the bocaparvovirus phylogenetic tree. The amino acid sequence identity of the NS1 of SQBOV to those of other bocaparvoviruses was below the threshold of 85% that is used to demarcate species within the genus, indicating that it should be considered a member of a new bocaparvovirus species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bocaparvovirus in squirrels. Our findings will enable further studies of viral diversity in rodents and of the genetic diversity and host range of bocaparvoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- Yunnan Province Hospital of Infection Disease, Kunming, 650301, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao Li
- The Agricultural Technology Service Center of Qu Shui Town, Jiangcheng County, Yunnan, 665907, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuwen He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinxin Meng
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Shunxiang Li
- Yuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yixu, 653000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
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Jenkins E, Davis C, Carrai M, Ward MP, O’Keeffe S, van Boeijen M, Beveridge L, Desario C, Buonavoglia C, Beatty JA, Decaro N, Barrs VR. Feline Parvovirus Seroprevalence Is High in Domestic Cats from Disease Outbreak and Non-Outbreak Regions in Australia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030320. [PMID: 32188115 PMCID: PMC7150783 DOI: 10.3390/v12030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple, epizootic outbreaks of feline panleukopenia (FPL) caused by feline parvovirus (FPV) occurred in eastern Australia between 2014 and 2018. Most affected cats were unvaccinated. We hypothesised that low population immunity was a major driver of re-emergent FPL. The aim of this study was to (i) determine the prevalence and predictors of seroprotective titres to FPV among shelter-housed and owned cats, and (ii) compare the prevalence of seroprotection between a region affected and unaffected by FPL outbreaks. FPV antibodies were detected by haemagglutination inhibition assay on sera from 523 cats and titres ≥1:40 were considered protective. Socioeconomic indices based on postcode and census data were included in the risk factor analysis. The prevalence of protective FPV antibody titres was high overall (94.3%), even though only 42% of cats were known to be vaccinated, and was not significantly different between outbreak and non-outbreak regions. On multivariable logistic regression analysis vaccinated cats were 29.94 times more likely to have protective FPV titres than cats not known to be vaccinated. Cats from postcodes of relatively less socioeconomic disadvantage were 5.93 times more likely to have protective FPV titres. The predictors identified for FPV seroprotective titres indicate targeted vaccination strategies in regions of socioeconomic disadvantage would be beneficial to increase population immunity. The critical level of vaccine coverage required to halt FPV transmission and prevent FPL outbreaks should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jenkins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (E.J.); (C.D.); (M.C.); (M.P.W.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Conor Davis
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (E.J.); (C.D.); (M.C.); (M.P.W.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Maura Carrai
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (E.J.); (C.D.); (M.C.); (M.P.W.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (E.J.); (C.D.); (M.C.); (M.P.W.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Susan O’Keeffe
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | | | | | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70121 Bari, Italy; (C.D.); (C.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70121 Bari, Italy; (C.D.); (C.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (E.J.); (C.D.); (M.C.); (M.P.W.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70121 Bari, Italy; (C.D.); (C.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (E.J.); (C.D.); (M.C.); (M.P.W.); (J.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9351-3437
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Qi S, Zhao J, Guo D, Sun D. A Mini-Review on the Epidemiology of Canine Parvovirus in China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:5. [PMID: 32154272 PMCID: PMC7044151 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine viral diarrhea is a severe disease in dogs worldwide. The role of canine parvovirus (CPV) in canine viral diarrhea is a common health problem in dogs, attracting major concern from veterinarians and dog owners across China. In this mini-review, we summarize the CPV epidemiology in China, including its origin, prevalence, coinfection, and the genetic evolution of the virus. The review reveals the correlation between CPV-2 infection and seasonality, a dog's age/gender/breed/vaccination; that CPV-2 is the main causative agent of canine diarrhea in Northeast China and that coinfection with other pathogens is a common occurrence; the predominant CPV epidemic strains were the new CPV-2a, and CPV-2c has shown significant growth trends since 2010. This mini-review will provide valuable information for CPV infections across China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Canuti M, Todd M, Monteiro P, Van Osch K, Weir R, Schwantje H, Britton AP, Lang AS. Ecology and Infection Dynamics of Multi-Host Amdoparvoviral and Protoparvoviral Carnivore Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020124. [PMID: 32075256 PMCID: PMC7168296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvovirus and Protoparvovirus are monophyletic viral genera that infect carnivores. We performed surveillance for and sequence analyses of parvoviruses in mustelids in insular British Columbia to investigate parvoviral maintenance and cross-species transmission among wildlife. Overall, 19.1% (49/256) of the tested animals were parvovirus-positive. Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) was more prevalent in mink (41.6%, 32/77) than martens (3.1%, 4/130), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) was more prevalent in otters (27.3%, 6/22) than mink (5.2%, 4/77) or martens (2.3%, 3/130), and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) was found in one mink, one otter, and zero ermines (N = 27). Viruses were endemic and bottleneck events, founder effects, and genetic drift generated regional lineages. We identified two local closely related AMDV lineages, one CPV-2 lineage, and five FPV lineages. Highly similar viruses were identified in different hosts, demonstrating cross-species transmission. The likelihood for cross-species transmission differed among viruses and some species likely represented dead-end spillover hosts. We suggest that there are principal maintenance hosts (otters for FPV, raccoons for CPV-2/FPV, mink for AMDV) that enable viral persistence and serve as sources for other susceptible species. In this multi-host system, viral and host factors affect viral persistence and distribution, shaping parvoviral ecology and evolution, with implications for insular carnivore conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.L.); Tel.: +1-709-864-8761 (M.C.); +1-709-864-7517 (A.S.L.)
| | - Melissa Todd
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Paige Monteiro
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Kalia Van Osch
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Richard Weir
- British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, PO Box 9338 STN Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M2, Canada;
| | - Helen Schwantje
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Wildlife Health Program, Wildlife and Habitat Branch, 2080 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6J9, Canada;
| | - Ann P. Britton
- Animal Health Center, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd., Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada;
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.L.); Tel.: +1-709-864-8761 (M.C.); +1-709-864-7517 (A.S.L.)
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Leal É, Liang R, Liu Q, Villanova F, Shi L, Liang L, Li J, Witkin SS, Cui S. Regional adaptations and parallel mutations in Feline panleukopenia virus strains from China revealed by nearly-full length genome analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227705. [PMID: 31945103 PMCID: PMC6964837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protoparvoviruses, widespread among cats and wild animals, are responsible for leukopenia. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) in domestic cats is genetically diverse and some strains may differ from those used for vaccination. The presence of FPLV in two domestic cats from Hebei Province in China was identified by polymerase chain reaction. Samples from these animals were used to isolate FPLV strains in CRFK cells for genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to compare our isolates with available sequences of FPLV, mink parvovirus (MEV) and canine parvovirus (CPV). The isolated strains were closely related to strains of FPLV/MEV isolated in the 1960s. Our analysis also revealed that the evolutionary history of FPLV and MEV is characterized by local adaptations in the Vp2 gene. Thus, it is likely that new FPLV strains are emerging to evade the anti-FPLV immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élcio Leal
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
- Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JL); (SC); (EL)
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Observation Station for Veterinary Drug and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lijun Shi
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Observation Station for Veterinary Drug and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Observation Station for Veterinary Drug and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxiang Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (SC); (EL)
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Observation Station for Veterinary Drug and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (SC); (EL)
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Gogone ICVP, de Barros FRO, Possatti F, Alfieri AA, Takiuchi E. Detection of canine parvovirus types 2b and 2c in canine faecal samples contaminating urban thoroughfares in Brazil. Can J Microbiol 2019; 66:138-143. [PMID: 31714839 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis in dogs all over the world. Because of its stability in the environment, CPV-2 can remain infective for a long time, especially if protected in organic matter. To demonstrate CPV-2's potential as an environmental hazard for nonimmunized susceptible hosts, we investigated 50 faecal samples collected from public areas in a municipality of Paraná state, Brazil. Seven samples tested positive for CPV by a PCR assay targeting the partial VP2 gene, with three strains being confirmed as CPV-2b variant and one as CPV-2c variant by sequence analysis. These findings were supported by phylogenetic analysis, and the species identity of faecal samples source was confirmed by canine mitochondrial DNA amplification and sequencing. Our results demonstrate the presence of CPV in canine faeces contaminating urban thoroughfares and reinforce the importance of environmental control to reduce the potential exposure risks to susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Flavia Possatti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Takiuchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, 85950-000, Palotina, PR, Brazil
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Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104816. [PMID: 31739219 PMCID: PMC7126844 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11 % of Australian veterinary hospitals reported >40 canine parvovirus cases in 2016. Socioeconomic disadvantage was the strongest risk factor for canine parvovirus. Euthanasia is the leading cause of fatality for canine parvovirus related disease. Hottest month of the year is associated with canine parvovirus case occurrence. Low rainfall is associated with higher canine parvovirus cases.
Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (>40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50–110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) – the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (rSP = –0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (rSP = –0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (rSP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.
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Battilani M, Modugno F, Mira F, Purpari G, Di Bella S, Guercio A, Balboni A. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in Italy from 1994 to 2017: recurrence of the CPV-2b variant. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:393. [PMID: 31684949 PMCID: PMC6829998 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is the most important enteric virus infecting canids. It is a rapidly evolving virus; after its emergence in the 1970s, new antigenic variants (called CPV-2a, 2b and 2c) emerged and replaced the original antigenic type. The three antigenic variants are globally distributed with different frequencies and levels of genetic variability. This study focused on VP2 gene sequence analysis and the phylodynamics of CPV-2 which were detected in 123 dogs showing clinical signs of gastroenteritis collected in Italy from 1994 to 2017. Results For the most part, the sick dogs were young, and a third of them (32.5%) had been vaccinated. No statistical association was found between the CPV-2 antigenic variants, and sex, age, breed and vaccination status. Sequence analysis showed that all three antigenic types circulated in Italy; the CPV-2a type was the prominent genotype, followed by CPV-2c and CPV-2b, with notable differences regarding regional bases and significant fluctuations over time. Nucleotide sequence data showed high genetic heterogeneity with 67 nucleotide sequence types (ntSTs) identified, corresponding to 21 amino acid sequence types (aaSTs). The aaSTs and ntSTs obtained were distributed differently among the three CPV-2 antigenic variants: CPV-2a grouped 12/21 (57.1%) aaSTs and 41/67 (61.2%) ntSTs; CPV-2b grouped 5/21 (23.8%) aaSTs and 6/67 (8.9%) ntSTs, and CPV-2c grouped 4/21 (19.1%) aaSTs and 20/67 (29.9%) ntSTs. Canine parvovirus 2a was characterised by the highest genetic variability while CPV-2c was characterised by notable stability with a predominant amino acid profile during the entire sampling time. Canine parvovirus 2b re-emerged in recent years, showing a new and distinctive amino acid profile of the VP2 protein. Conclusions The findings of the present study provided new insights regarding the phylodynamics and evolution of CPV-2 in Italy, pointing out notable differences at the local level in the distribution of the CPV-2 variants and the selection of genetic subtypes. The evolution of CPV-2 has raised questions regarding the efficacy of vaccination; therefore, continuous monitoring regarding the evolution and spread of new CPV-2 variants should be a key aim of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Francesco Modugno
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Canine Parvovirus-2c (CPV-2c) Infection in Wild Asian Palm Civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) in Singapore. J Wildl Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-10-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Becker DJ, Washburne AD, Faust CL, Pulliam JRC, Mordecai EA, Lloyd-Smith JO, Plowright RK. Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190014. [PMID: 31401959 PMCID: PMC6711302 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alex D. Washburne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Christina L. Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Juliet R. C. Pulliam
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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50
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First characterization of a canine parvovirus causing fatal disease in coatis (Nasua nasua). Arch Virol 2019; 164:3073-3079. [PMID: 31555902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A canine parvovirus (CPV)-like virus was detected by PCR and isolated from dead coatis in Argentina. Analysis of the full-length genome sequence revealed that it resembled CPV-but also contained a mutation in the VP2 protein (Arg377Ser) that has not been described previously. This is the first report of a CPV-like virus producing clinical disease in coatis. Genetic similarity to CPV-2c viruses detected in Brazil suggests a strong relationship between these viruses. Although the pathogenic potential of CPV- and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)-like strains in wild animals is still not completely understood, this study highlights the importance of parvoviruses as a threat to wildlife if proper conditions are present.
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