1
|
Abbas AT, El-Kafrawy SA, Tabll AA, Hashem AM, Al Subhi TL, Alsaadi M, Azhar EI. Development and characterization of three novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting spike protein S1 subunit of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus. Hum Antibodies 2024:HAB240016. [PMID: 38758996 DOI: 10.3233/hab-240016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is a highly pathogenic virus that poses a significant threat to public health. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein S1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). METHODS In this study, three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV were generated and characterized using hybridoma technology. The mAbs were evaluated for their reactivity and neutralization activity. The mAbs were generated through hybridoma technology by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells from MERS-CoV-S1 immunized mice. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS ELISA results demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited strong reactivity against the MERS-CoV S1-antigen. Similarly, dot-ELISA revealed their ability to specifically recognize viral components, indicating their potential for diagnostic applications. Under non-denaturing conditions, Western blot showed the mAbs to have robust reactivity against a specific band at 116 KDa, corresponding to a putative MERS-CoV S1-antigen. However, no reactive bands were observed under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. The neutralization assay showed no in vitro reactivity against MERS-CoV. CONCLUSION This study successfully generated three mouse monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV using hybridoma technology. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivity against MERS-CoV antigens using ELISA and dot ELISA assays. Taken together, these findings highlight the significance of these mAbs for potential use as valuable tools for MERS-CoV research and diagnosis (community and field-based surveillance and viral antigen detection).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymn T Abbas
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tagreed L Al Subhi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaadi
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Izadi S, Gumpelmair S, Coelho P, Duarte HO, Gomes J, Leitner J, Kunnummel V, Mach L, Reis CA, Steinberger P, Castilho A. Plant-derived Durvalumab variants show efficient PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and therapeutically favourable FcR binding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1224-1237. [PMID: 38050338 PMCID: PMC11022803 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blocking therapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signalling pathway has produced encouraging results in the treatment of a variety of cancers. Durvalumab (Imfinzi®) targeting PD-L1 is currently used for immunotherapy of several tumour malignancies. The Fc region of this IgG1 antibody has been engineered to reduce FcγR interactions with the aim of enhancing blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions without the depletion of PD-L1-expressing immune cells. Here, we used Nicotiana benthamiana to produce four variants of Durvalumab (DL): wild-type IgG1 and its 'Fc-effector-silent' variant (LALAPG) carrying further modifications to increase antibody half-life (YTE); IgG4S228P and its variant (PVA) with Fc mutations to decrease binding to FcγRI. In addition, DL variants were produced with two distinct glycosylation profiles: afucosylated and decorated with α1,6-core fucose. Plant-derived DL variants were compared to the therapeutic antibody regarding their ability to (i) bind to PD-L1, (ii) block PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signalling and (iii) engage with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and various Fcγ receptors. It was found that plant-derived DL variants bind to recombinant PD-L1 and to PD-L1 expressed in gastrointestinal cancer cells and are able to effectively block its interaction with PD-1 on T cells, thereby enhancing their activation. Furthermore, we show a positive impact of Fc amino acid mutations and core fucosylation on DL's therapeutic potential. Compared to Imfinzi®, DL-IgG1 (LALAPG) and DL-IgG4 (PVA)S228P show lower affinity to CD32B inhibitory receptor which can be therapeutically favourable. Importantly, DL-IgG1 (LALAPG) also shows enhanced binding to FcRn, a key determinant of serum half-life of IgGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Izadi
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Simon Gumpelmair
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell ActivationInstitute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pedro Coelho
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
| | - Henrique O. Duarte
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell ActivationInstitute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Vinny Kunnummel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Celso A. Reis
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)PortoPortugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP)University of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell ActivationInstitute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyInstitute for Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Keshvari T, Melnik S, Sun L, Niazi A, Aram F, Moghadam A, Kogelmann B, Wozniak-Knopp G, Kallolimath S, Ramezani A, Steinkellner H. Efficient Expression of Functionally Active Aflibercept with Designed N-glycans. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:29. [PMID: 38651409 PMCID: PMC11036266 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflibercept is a therapeutic recombinant fusion protein comprising extracellular domains of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and IgG1-Fc. It is a highly glycosylated protein with five N-glycosylation sites that might impact it structurally and/or functionally. Aflibercept is produced in mammalian cells and exhibits large glycan heterogeneity, which hampers glycan-associated investigations. Here, we report the expression of aflibercept in a plant-based system with targeted N-glycosylation profiles. Nicotiana benthamiana-based glycoengineering resulted in the production of aflibercept variants carrying designed carbohydrates, namely, N-glycans with terminal GlcNAc and sialic acid residues, herein referred to as AFLIGnGn and AFLISia, respectively. Both variants were transiently expressed in unusually high amounts (2 g/kg fresh leaf material) in leaves and properly assembled to dimers. Mass spectrometric site-specific glycosylation analyses of purified aflibercept showed the presence of two to four glycoforms in a consistent manner. We also demonstrate incomplete occupancy of some glycosites. Both AFLIGnGn and AFLISia displayed similar binding potency to VEGF165, with a tendency of lower binding to variants with increased sialylation. Collectively, we show the expression of functionally active aflibercept in significant amounts with controlled glycosylation. The results provide the basis for further studies in order to generate optimized products in the best-case scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Keshvari
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Farzaneh Aram
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran; (A.N.); (F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
- ACIB—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (L.S.); (B.K.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wu H, Wang X, Zheng H, Feng J, Wang J, Luo L, Xiao H, Qiao C, Li X, Zheng Y, Huang W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Shi Y, Feng J, Chen G. Functional characterization of AF-04, an afucosylated anti-MARV GP antibody. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166964. [PMID: 37995774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV), one member of the Filoviridae family, cause sporadic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates. No countermeasures are currently available for the prevention or treatment of MARV infection. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are promising candidates to display high neutralizing activity against MARV infection in vitro and in vivo. Recently, growing evidence has shown that immune effector function including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is also required for in vivo efficacy of a panel of antibodies. Glyco-engineered methods are widely utilized to augment ADCC function of mAbs. In this study, we generated a fucose-knockout MARV GP-specific mAb named AF-04 and showed that afucosylation dramatically increased its binding affinity to polymorphic FcγRIIIa (F176/V176) compared with the parental AF-03. Accordingly, AF-04-mediated NK cell activation and NFAT expression downstream of FcγRIIIa in effector cells were also augmented. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that AF-04 represents a novel avenue for the treatment of MARV-caused disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Hang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Junjuan Feng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yanchun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China.
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Guojiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100089, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, Fukuda T, Takai J, Morii S, Sun Y, Liu J, Ohno S, Isaji T, Yamaguchi Y, Nakano M, Moriguchi T, Gu J. Exogenous l-fucose attenuates neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105513. [PMID: 38042483 PMCID: PMC10772726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
α1,6-Fucosyltransferase (Fut8) catalyzes the transfer of fucose to the innermost GlcNAc residue of N-glycan to form core fucosylation. Our previous studies showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment highly induced neuroinflammation in Fut8 homozygous KO (Fut8-/-) or heterozygous KO (Fut8+/-) mice, compared with the WT (Fut8+/+) mice. To understand the underlying mechanism, we utilized a sensitive inflammation-monitoring mouse system that contains the human interleukin-6 (hIL6) bacterial artificial chromosome transgene modified with luciferase (Luc) reporter cassette. We successfully detected LPS-induced neuroinflammation in the central nervous system by exploiting this bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic monitoring system. Then we examined the effects of l-fucose on neuroinflammation in the Fut8+/- mice. The lectin blot and mass spectrometry analysis showed that l-fucose preadministration increased the core fucosylation levels in the Fut8+/- mice. Notably, exogenous l-fucose attenuated the LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA and Luc mRNA expression in the cerebral tissues, confirmed using the hIL6-Luc bioluminescence imaging system. The activation of microglial cells, which provoke neuroinflammatory responses upon LPS stimulation, was inhibited by l-fucose preadministration. l-Fucose also suppressed the downstream intracellular signaling of IL-6, such as the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), Akt (protein kinase B), and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). l-Fucose administration increased gp130 core fucosylation levels and decreased the association of gp130 with the IL-6 receptor in Fut8+/- mice, which was further confirmed in BV-2 cells. These results indicate that l-fucose administration ameliorates the LPS-induced neuroinflammation in the Fut8+/- mice, suggesting that core fucosylation plays a vital role in anti-inflammation and that l-fucose is a potential prophylactic compound against neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Takai
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Morii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohno
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Isaji
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kogelmann B, Melnik S, Bogner M, Kallolimath S, Stöger E, Sun L, Strasser R, D'Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H. A genome-edited N. benthamiana line for industrial-scale production of recombinant glycoproteins with targeted N-glycosylation. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300323. [PMID: 37804142 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Control over glycosylation is an important quality parameter in recombinant protein production. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a marker-free genome edited Nicotiana benthamiana N-glycosylation mutant (NbXF-KO) carrying inactivated β1,2-xylosyltransferase and α1,3-fucosyltransferase genes. The knockout of seven genes and their stable inheritance was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Mass spectrometric analyses showed the synthesis of N-glycans devoid of plant-specific β1,2-xylose and core α 1,3-fucose on endogenous proteins and a series of recombinantly expressed glycoproteins with different complexities. Further transient glycan engineering towards more diverse human-type N-glycans resulted in the production of recombinant proteins decorated with β1,4-galactosylated and α2,6-sialylated structures, respectively. Notably, a monoclonal antibody expressed in the NbXF-KO displayed glycosylation-dependent activities. Collectively, the engineered plants grow normally and are well suited for upscaling, thereby meeting industrial and regulatory requirements for the production of high-quality therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Bogner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Somanath Kallolimath
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abelson D, Barajas J, Stuart L, Kim D, Marimuthu A, Hu C, Yamamoto B, Ailor E, Whaley KJ, Vu H, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Woolsey C, Prasad AN, Peel JE, Lawrence WS, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Fenton KA, Zeitlin L. Long-term Prophylaxis Against Aerosolized Marburg Virus in Nonhuman Primates With an Afucosylated Monoclonal Antibody. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S701-S711. [PMID: 37474248 PMCID: PMC11009508 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) causes a hemorrhagic fever disease in human and nonhuman primates with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Concerns about weaponization of aerosolized MARV have spurred the development of nonhuman primate (NHP) models of aerosol exposure. To address the potential threat of aerosol exposure, a monoclonal antibody that binds MARV glycoprotein was tested, MR186YTE, for its efficacy as a prophylactic. MR186YTE was administered intramuscularly to NHPs at 15 or 5 mg/kg 1 month prior to MARV aerosol challenge. Seventy-five percent (3/4) of the 15 mg/kg dose group and 50% (2/4) of the 5 mg/kg dose group survived. Serum analyses showed that the NHP dosed with 15 mg/kg that succumbed to infection developed an antidrug antibody response and therefore had no detectable MR186YTE at the time of challenge. These results suggest that intramuscular dosing of mAbs may be a clinically useful prophylaxis for MARV aerosol exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Lauren Stuart
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Do Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Chris Hu
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Eric Ailor
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Hong Vu
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer E Peel
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - William S Lawrence
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kogelmann B, Palt R, Maresch D, Strasser R, Altmann F, Kallolimath S, Sun L, D'Aoust M, Lavoie P, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H. In planta expression of active bacterial GDP-6-deoxy-d-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase for glycan modulation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1929-1931. [PMID: 37553797 PMCID: PMC10502745 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- ACIB – Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Roman Palt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Core Facility Mass SpectrometryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Somanath Kallolimath
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- University of CaliforniaDivision of Infectious DiseasesIrvineCAUSA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beihammer G, König-Beihammer J, Kogelmann B, Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, D’Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania donovani increases the N-glycan occupancy on plant-produced IgG1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233666. [PMID: 37615026 PMCID: PMC10442823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) at the heavy chain Fc domain (Asn297) plays an important role for antibody structure and effector functions. While numerous recombinant IgG1 antibodies have been successfully expressed in plants, they frequently display a considerable amount (up to 50%) of unglycosylated Fc domain. To overcome this limitation, we tested a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania donovani (LdOST) for its ability to improve IgG1 Fc glycosylation. LdOST fused to a fluorescent protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy confirmed the subcellular location at the endoplasmic reticulum. Transient co-expression of LdOST with two different IgG1 antibodies resulted in a significant increase (up to 97%) of Fc glycosylation while leaving the overall N-glycan composition unmodified, as determined by different mass spectrometry approaches. While biochemical and functional features of "glycosylation improved" antibodies remained unchanged, a slight increase in FcγRIIIa binding and thermal stability was observed. Collectively, our results reveal that LdOST expression is suitable to reduce the heterogeneity of plant-produced antibodies and can contribute to improving their stability and effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König-Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kallolimath S, Palt R, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Sun L, Chen Q, Pruckner F, Eidenberger L, Strasser R, Zatloukal K, Steinkellner H. Glyco engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147960. [PMID: 37359564 PMCID: PMC10285447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest antibody isotype with unique features like extensive glycosylation and oligomerization. Major hurdles in characterizing its properties are difficulties in the production of well-defined multimers. Here we report the expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in glycoengineered plants. Isotype switch from IgG1 to IgM resulted in the production of IgMs, composed of 21 human protein subunits correctly assembled into pentamers. All four recombinant monoclonal antibodies carried a highly reproducible human-type N-glycosylation profile, with a single dominant N-glycan species at each glycosite. Both pentameric IgMs exhibited increased antigen binding and virus neutralization potency, up to 390-fold, compared to the parental IgG1. Collectively, the results may impact on the future design of vaccines, diagnostics and antibody-based therapies and emphasize the versatile use of plants for the expression of highly complex human proteins with targeted posttranslational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Palt
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diamos AG, Pardhe MD, Bergeman MH, Kamzina AS, DiPalma MP, Aman S, Chaves A, Lowe K, Kilbourne J, Hogue IB, Mason HS. A self-binding immune complex vaccine elicits strong neutralizing responses against herpes simplex virus in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085911. [PMID: 37205110 PMCID: PMC10186352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been known for over half a century that mixing an antigen with its cognate antibody in an immune complex (IC) can enhance antigen immunogenicity. However, many ICs produce inconsistent immune responses, and the use of ICs in the development new vaccines has been limited despite the otherwise widespread success of antibody-based therapeutics. To address this problem, we designed a self-binding recombinant immune complex (RIC) vaccine which mimics the larger ICs generated during natural infection. Materials and methods In this study, we created two novel vaccine candidates: 1) a traditional IC targeting herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) by mixing glycoprotein D (gD) with a neutralizing antibody (gD-IC); and 2) an RIC consisting of gD fused to an immunoglobulin heavy chain and then tagged with its own binding site, allowing self-binding (gD-RIC). We characterized the complex size and immune receptor binding characteristics in vitro for each preparation. Then, the in vivo immunogenicity and virus neutralization of each vaccine were compared in mice. Results gD-RIC formed larger complexes which enhanced C1q receptor binding 25-fold compared to gD-IC. After immunization of mice, gD-RIC elicited up to 1,000-fold higher gD-specific antibody titers compared to traditional IC, reaching endpoint titers of 1:500,000 after two doses without adjuvant. The RIC construct also elicited stronger virus-specific neutralization against HSV-2, as well as stronger cross-neutralization against HSV-1, although the proportion of neutralizing antibodies to total antibodies was somewhat reduced in the RIC group. Discussion This work demonstrates that the RIC system overcomes many of the pitfalls of traditional IC, providing potent immune responses against HSV-2 gD. Based on these findings, further improvements to the RIC system are discussed. RIC have now been shown to be capable of inducing potent immune responses to a variety of viral antigens, underscoring their broad potential as a vaccine platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Diamos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University (ASU), School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian B. Hogue
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University (ASU), School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University (ASU), School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bukreyev A, Ilinykh P, Huang K, Gunn B, Kuzmina N, Gilchuk P, Alter G, Crowe J. Antiviral protection by antibodies targeting the glycan cap of Ebola virus glycoprotein requires activation of the complement system. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2765936. [PMID: 37131834 PMCID: PMC10153373 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2765936/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) represent an important correlate of the vaccine efficiency and infection survival. Both neutralization and some of the Fc-mediated effects are known to contribute the protection conferred by antibodies of various epitope specificities. At the same time, the role of the complement system in antibody-mediated protection remains unclear. In this study, we compared complement activation by two groups of representative monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interacting with the glycan cap (GC) or the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the viral sole glycoprotein GP. Binding of GC-specific mAbs to GP induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the GP-expressing cell line via C3 deposition on GP in contrast to MPER-specific mAbs that did not. Moreover, treatment of cells with a glycosylation inhibitor increased the CDC activity, suggesting that N-linked glycans downregulate CDC. In the mouse model of EBOV infection, depletion of the complement system by cobra venom factor led to an impairment of protection exerted by GC-specific but not MPER-specific mAbs. Our data suggest that activation of the complement system is an essential component of antiviral protection by antibodies targeting GC of EBOV GP.
Collapse
|
13
|
Eidenberger L, Kogelmann B, Steinkellner H. Plant-based biopharmaceutical engineering. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:426-439. [PMID: 37317690 PMCID: PMC10030082 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be engineered to recombinantly produce high-quality proteins such as therapeutic proteins and vaccines, also known as molecular farming. Molecular farming can be established in various settings with minimal cold-chain requirements and could thus ensure rapid and global-scale deployment of biopharmaceuticals, promoting equitable access to pharmaceuticals. State of the art plant-based engineering relies on rationally assembled genetic circuits, engineered to enable the high-throughput and rapid expression of multimeric proteins with complex post-translational modifications. In this Review, we discuss the design of expression hosts and vectors, including Nicotiana benthamiana, viral elements and transient expression vectors, for the production of biopharmaceuticals in plants. We examine engineering of post-translational modifications and highlight the plant-based expression of monoclonal antibodies and nanoparticles, such as virus-like particles and protein bodies. Techno-economic analyses suggest a cost advantage of molecular farming compared with mammalian cell-based protein production systems. However, regulatory challenges remain to be addressed to enable the widespread translation of plant-based biopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eidenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib — Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Gastine S, Standing JF, Reljic R, Teh AYH, Ma JKC. Improving the efficacy of plant-made anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies for clinical use. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1126470. [PMID: 36923134 PMCID: PMC10009187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1126470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Broadly neutralising antibodies are promising candidates for preventing and treating Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), as an alternative to or in combination with antiretroviral therapy (ART). These mAbs bind to sites on the virus essential for virus attachment and entry, thereby inhibiting entry into the host cell. However, the cost and availability of monoclonal antibodies, especially combinations of antibodies, hampers implementation of anti-HIV bNAb therapies in low- to middle- income countries (LMICs) where HIV-1 prevalence is highest. Methods We have produced three HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), 10-1074, VRC01 and 3BNC117 in the Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system. The impact of specific modifications to enhance potency and efficacy were assessed. To prolong half-life and increase bioavailability, a M252Y/S254T/T256E (YTE) or M428L/N434S (LS) mutation was introduced. To increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), we expressed an afucosylated version of each antibody using a glycoengineered plant line. Results The majority of bNAbs and their variants could be expressed at yields of up to 47 mg/kg. Neither the expression system nor the modifications impacted the neutralization potential of the bNAbs. Afucosylated bNAbs exhibit enhanced ability to bind to FcγRIIIa and trigger ADCC, regardless of the presence of Fc amino acid mutations. Lastly, we demonstrated that Fc-modified variants expressed in plants show enhanced binding to FcRn, which results in a favourable in vivo pharmacokinetic profile compared to their unmodified counterparts. Conclusion Tobacco plants are suitable expression hosts for anti-HIV bNAbs with increased efficacy and an improved pharmacokinetic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Grandits
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silke Gastine
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph F. Standing
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Y-H. Teh
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peng Y, Liu Y, Hu Y, Chang F, Wu Q, Yang J, Chen J, Teng S, Zhang J, He R, Wei Y, Bostina M, Luo T, Liu W, Qu X, Li YP. Monoclonal antibodies constructed from COVID-19 convalescent memory B cells exhibit potent binding activity to MERS-CoV spike S2 subunit and other human coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056272. [PMID: 36618428 PMCID: PMC9813381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two highly contagious coronaviruses causing MERS and COVID-19, respectively, without an effective antiviral drug and a long-lasting vaccine. Approaches for diagnosis, therapeutics, prevention, etc., particularly for SARS-CoV-2 that is continually spreading and evolving, are urgently needed. Our previous study discovered that >60% of sera from convalescent COVID-19 individuals, but <8% from general population, showed binding activity against the MERS-CoV spike protein, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 infection boosted antibodies cross-reactive with MERS-CoV. Methods To generate antibodies specific to both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, here we screened 60 COVID-19 convalescent sera against MERS-CoV spike extracellular domain and S1 and S2 subunits. We constructed and characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from COVID-19 convalescent memory B cells and examined their binding and neutralizing activities against human coronaviruses. Results and Discussion Of 60 convalescent serum samples, 34 showed binding activity against MERS-CoV S2, with endpoint titers positively correlated with the titers to SARS-CoV-2 S2. By sorting single memory B cells from COVID-19 convalescents, we constructed 38 mAbs and found that 11 mAbs showed binding activity with MERS-CoV S2, of which 9 mAbs showed potent cross-reactivity with all or a proportion of spike proteins of alphacoronaviruses (229E and NL63) and betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, OC43, and HKU1). Moreover, 5 mAbs also showed weak neutralization efficiency against MERS-CoV spike pseudovirus. Epitope analysis revealed that 3 and 8 mAbs bound to linear and conformational epitopes in MERS-CoV S2, respectively. In summary, we have constructed a panel of antibodies with broad-spectrum reactivity against all seven human coronaviruses, thus facilitating the development of diagnosis methods and vaccine design for multiple coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Chang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China,Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shishan Teng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rongzhang He
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Youchuan Wei
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tingrong Luo
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenpei Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiaowang Qu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Chenzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Ping Li, ; Xiaowang Qu,
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Ping Li, ; Xiaowang Qu,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Eidenberger L, Eminger F, Castilho A, Steinkellner H. Comparative analysis of plant transient expression vectors for targeted N-glycosylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1073455. [PMID: 36619384 PMCID: PMC9812561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1073455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While plant-based transient expression systems have demonstrated their potency to rapidly express economically feasible quantities of complex human proteins, less is known about their compatibility with posttranslational modification control. Here we investigated three commonly used transient expression vectors, pEAQ, magnICON and pTra for their capability to express a multi-component protein with controlled and modified N-glycosylation. Cetuximab (Cx), a therapeutic IgG1 monoclonal antibody, which carries next to the conserved Fc an additional N-glycosylation site (GS) in the Fab-domain, was used as model. While pEAQ and pTra produce fully assembled Cx at similar levels in N. benthamiana, the yield of magnICON-Cx was twice as high. When expressed in wild type plants, both Cx-GSs exhibited typical plant N-glycans decorated with plant-specific xylose and fucose. Likewise, Cx generated in the glycoengineered ΔXTFT line carried mainly complex N-glycans lacking plant specific residues. Exposure to different engineering settings (encompassing stable lines and transient approaches) towards human galactosylation and sialylation resulted in Cx carrying targeted N-glycans at similar quantities using all three expression vectors. Collectively, our results exhibit the universal application of plant-based glycoengineering, thereby increasing the attractivity of the ambitious expression platform.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ash MK, Bhimalli PP, Cho BK, Mattamana BB, Gambut S, Tarhoni I, Fhied CL, Reyes AF, Welninski SJ, Arivalagan J, Negrão F, Goel R, Beck TL, Hope TJ, Sha BE, Goo YA, Al-Harthi L, Mamede JI, Borgia JA, Kelleher NL, Schneider JR. Bulk IgG glycosylation predicts COVID-19 severity and vaccine antibody response. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111799. [PMID: 36493786 PMCID: PMC9678812 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination efforts have expanded, there are still gaps in our understanding surrounding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Measuring IgG Fc glycosylation provides insight into an infected individual's inflammatory state, among other functions. We set out to interrogate bulk IgG glycosylation changes from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, using plasma from mild or hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and from vaccinated individuals. Inflammatory glycans are elevated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and increase over time, while mild patients have anti-inflammatory glycans that increase over time, including increased sialic acid correlating with RBD antibody levels. Vaccinated individuals with low RBD antibody levels and low neutralization have the same IgG glycan traits as hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In addition, a small vaccinated cohort reveals a decrease in inflammatory glycans associated with peak IgG concentrations and neutralization. This report characterizes the bulk IgG glycome associated with COVID-19 severity and vaccine responsiveness and can help guide future studies into SARS-CoV-2 protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Ash
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pavan P. Bhimalli
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Stéphanie Gambut
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Imad Tarhoni
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cristina L. Fhied
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anjelica F. Reyes
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Samantha J. Welninski
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Fernanda Negrão
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Renu Goel
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Todd L. Beck
- Statistics Core, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Beverly E. Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - João I. Mamede
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Borgia
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Schneider
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-null effector developed using mammalian and plant GlycoDelete platform. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19030. [PMID: 36347901 PMCID: PMC9643331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies has markedly shifted the paradigm of cancer treatment. However, methods completely eliminating the effector function of these signal-regulating antibodies is urgently required. The heterogeneity of glycan chains in antibodies limits their use as therapeutic agents due to their variability; thus, the development of uniform glycan chains is necessary. Here, we subjected the anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibody nivolumab, a representative immune checkpoint inhibitor, to GlycoDelete (GD) engineering to remove the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the antibody, leaving only one glycan in the Fc. Glyco-engineered CHO cells were prepared by overexpressing endo-β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (Endo T) in CHO cells, in which N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase I was knocked out using Cas9. GD IgG1 nivolumab and GD IgG4 nivolumab were produced using GD CHO cells, and glycan removal was confirmed using mass spectrometry. Target binding and PD-1 inhibition was not altered; however, ADCC decreased. Furthermore, the IgG4 form, determined to be the most suitable form of GD nivolumab, was produced in a plant GD system. The plant GD nivolumab also reduced ADCC without affecting PD-1 inhibitory function. Thus, CHO and plant GD platforms can be used to improve signal-regulating antibodies by reducing their effector function.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vasilev N. Medicinal Plants: Guests and Hosts in the Heterologous Expression of High-Value Products. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1175-1189. [PMID: 34521134 DOI: 10.1055/a-1576-4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants play an important dual role in the context of the heterologous expression of high-value pharmaceutical products. On the one hand, the classical biochemical and modern omics approaches allowed for the discovery of various genes encoding biosynthetic pathways in medicinal plants. Recombinant DNA technology enabled introducing these genes and regulatory elements into host organisms and enhancing the heterologous production of the corresponding secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the transient expression of foreign DNA in plants facilitated the production of numerous proteins of pharmaceutical importance. This review summarizes several success stories of the engineering of plant metabolic pathways in heterologous hosts. Likewise, a few examples of recombinant protein expression in plants for therapeutic purposes are also highlighted. Therefore, the importance of medicinal plants has grown immensely as sources for valuable products of low and high molecular weight. The next step ahead for bioengineering is to achieve more success stories of industrial-scale production of secondary plant metabolites in microbial systems and to fully exploit plant cell factories' commercial potential for recombinant proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- TU Dortmund University, Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical Biochemistry, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Göritzer K, Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Mercx S, Navarre C, Ma JKC, Teh AYH. Engineering the N-glycosylation pathway of Nicotiana tabacum for molecular pharming using CRISPR/Cas9. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1003065. [PMID: 36161010 PMCID: PMC9493077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular pharming in plants offers exciting possibilities to address global access to modern biologics. However, differences in the N-glycosylation pathway including the presence of β(1,2)-xylose and core α(1,3)-fucose can affect activity, potency and immunogenicity of plant-derived proteins. Successful glycoengineering approaches toward human-like structures with no changes in plant phenotype, growth, or recombinant protein expression levels have been reported for Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Such engineering of N-glycosylation would also be desirable for Nicotiana tabacum, which remains the crop of choice for recombinant protein pharmaceuticals required at massive scale and for manufacturing technology transfer to less developed countries. Here, we generated N. tabacum cv. SR-1 β(1,2)-xylosyltransferase (XylT) and α(1,3)-fucosyltransferase (FucT) knockout lines using CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex genome editing, targeting three conserved regions of the four FucT and two XylT genes. These two enzymes are responsible for generating non-human N-glycan structures. We confirmed full functional knockout of transformants by immunoblotting of total soluble protein by antibodies recognizing β(1,2)-xylose and core α(1,3)-fucose, mass spectrometry analysis of recombinantly produced VRC01, a broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 hIgG1 antibody, and Sanger sequencing of targeted regions of the putative transformants. These data represent an important step toward establishing Nicotiana tabacum as a biologics platform for Global Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Göritzer
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sébastien Mercx
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Catherine Navarre
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Y-H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.
Collapse
|
23
|
Potential for a Plant-Made SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody as a Synergetic Cocktail Component. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050772. [PMID: 35632528 PMCID: PMC9145534 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a public health crisis over the last two years. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics against the spike (S) protein have been shown to be effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially the original viral strain. However, the current mAbs produced in mammalian cells are expensive and might be unaffordable for many. Furthermore, the emergence of variants of concern demands the development of strategies to prevent mutant escape from mAb treatment. Using a cocktail of mAbs that bind to complementary neutralizing epitopes is one such strategy. In this study, we use Nicotiana benthamiana plants in an effort to expedite the development of efficacious and affordable antibody cocktails against SARS-CoV-2. We show that two mAbs can be highly expressed in plants and are correctly assembled into IgG molecules. Moreover, they retain target epitope recognition and, more importantly, neutralize multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also show that one plant-made mAb has neutralizing synergy with other mAbs that we developed in hybridomas. This is the first report of a plant-made mAb to be assessed as a potential component of a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing cocktail. This work may offer a strategy for using plants to quickly develop mAb cocktail-based therapeutics against emerging viral diseases with high efficacy and low costs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bartsch YC, Tong X, Kang J, Avendaño MJ, Serrano EF, García-Salum T, Pardo-Roa C, Riquelme A, Cai Y, Renzi I, Stewart-Jones G, Chen B, Medina RA, Alter G. Omicron variant Spike-specific antibody binding and Fc activity are preserved in recipients of mRNA or inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn9243. [PMID: 35289637 PMCID: PMC8995028 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn9243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to evade neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination or infection. Despite the global spread of the Omicron variant, even among highly vaccinated populations, death rates have not increased concomitantly. These data suggest that immune mechanisms beyond antibody-mediated virus neutralization may protect against severe disease. In addition to neutralizing pathogens, antibodies contribute to control and clearance of infections through Fc effector mechanisms. Here, we probed the ability of vaccine-induced antibodies to drive Fc effector activity against the Omicron variant using samples from individuals receiving one of three SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite a substantial loss of IgM, IgA, and IgG binding to the Omicron variant receptor binding domain (RBD) in samples from individuals receiving BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and CoronaVac vaccines, stable binding was maintained against the full-length Omicron Spike protein. Compromised RBD binding IgG was accompanied by a loss of RBD-specific antibody Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding in samples from individuals who received the CoronaVac vaccine, but RBD-specific FcγR2a and FcγR3a binding was preserved in recipients of mRNA vaccines. Conversely, Spike protein-specific antibodies exhibited persistent but reduced binding to FcγRs across all three vaccines, although higher binding was observed in samples from recipients of mRNA vaccines. This was associated with preservation of FcγR2a and FcγR3a binding antibodies and maintenance of Spike protein-specific antibody-dependent natural killer cell activation. Thus, despite the loss of Omicron neutralization, vaccine-induced Spike protein-specific antibodies continue to drive Fc effector functions, suggesting a capacity for extraneutralizing antibodies to contribute to disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jaewon Kang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - María José Avendaño
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Eileen F. Serrano
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Tamara García-Salum
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) – COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Catalina Pardo-Roa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) – COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Arnoldo Riquelme
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) – COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rafael A. Medina
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) – COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu CH, Hu YT, Wong SH, Lin LT. Therapeutic Strategies against Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030579. [PMID: 35336986 PMCID: PMC8954160 DOI: 10.3390/v14030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2014–2016 epidemic, Ebola virus (EBOV) has spread to several countries and has become a major threat to global health. EBOV is a risk group 4 pathogen, which imposes significant obstacles for the development of countermeasures against the virus. Efforts have been made to develop anti-EBOV immunization and therapeutics, with three vaccines and two antibody-based therapeutics approved in recent years. Nonetheless, the high fatality of Ebola virus disease highlights the need to continuously develop antiviral strategies for the future management of EBOV outbreaks in conjunction with vaccination programs. This review aims to highlight potential EBOV therapeutics and their target(s) of inhibition, serving as a summary of the literature to inform readers of the novel candidates available in the continued search for EBOV antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yee-Tung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Shu Hui Wong
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen Q. Development of plant-made monoclonal antibodies against viral infections. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:148-160. [PMID: 34933212 PMCID: PMC8844144 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Current plant-based systems offer multiple advantages for monoclonal antibody (mAb) development and production beyond the traditional benefits of low cost and high scalability. Novel expression vectors have allowed the production of mAbs at high levels with unprecedented speed to combat current and future pandemics. Host glycoengineering has enabled plants to produce mAbs that have unique mammalian glycoforms with a high degree of homogeneity. These mAb glycovariants exhibit differential binding to various Fc receptors, providing a new way to optimize antibody effector function for improving mAb potency or safety. This review will summarize the status of anti-viral mAb development with plant-based systems. The preclinical and clinical development of leading plant-made mAb candidates will be highlighted. In addition, the remaining challenges and potential applications of this technology will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
Collapse
|
28
|
Szeto TH, Drake PMW, Teh AYH, Falci Finardi N, Clegg AG, Paul MJ, Reljic R, Ma JKC. Production of Recombinant Proteins in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2480:17-48. [PMID: 35616855 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2241-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum (the tobacco plant ) has numerous advantages for molecular farming, including rapid growth, large biomass and the possibility of both cross- and self-fertilization. In addition, genetic transformation and tissue culture protocols for regeneration of transgenic plants are well-established. Here, we describe the production of transgenic tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the analysis of recombinant proteins, either in crude plant extracts or after purification, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with western blotting and surface plasmon resonance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim H Szeto
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK.
| | - Audrey Y-H Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Nicole Falci Finardi
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Ashleigh G Clegg
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Mathew J Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bartsch Y, Tong X, Kang J, José Avendaño M, Serrano EF, García-Salum T, Pardo-Roa C, Riquelme A, Medina RA, Alter G. Preserved Omicron Spike specific antibody binding and Fc-recognition across COVID-19 vaccine platforms. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.12.24.21268378. [PMID: 34981072 PMCID: PMC8722615 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.24.21268378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the dramatic spread of Omicron globally, even among highly vaccinated populations, death rates have not increased concomitantly. These data argue that alternative immune mechanisms, beyond neutralization, may continue to confer protection against severe disease. Beyond their ability to bind and block infection, antibodies contribute to control and clearance of multiple infections via their ability to direct antiviral immunity via Fc-effector mechanisms. Thus, here we probed the ability of vaccine induced antibodies, across three COVID-19 vaccines, to drive Fc-effector activity against Omicron. Despite the significant loss of IgM, IgA and IgG binding to the Omicron Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) across BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and CoronaVac vaccines, stable isotype binding was observed across all of these vaccines to the Omicron Spike. Compromised RBD binding IgG was accompanied by a significant loss of cross RBD-specific antibody Fcγ-receptor binding by the CoronaVac vaccine, but preservation of RBD-specific FcγR2a and Fcγ3a binding across the mRNA vaccines. Conversely, Spike-specific antibodies exhibited persistent binding to Fcγ-receptors, across all three vaccines, albeit higher binding was observed with the mRNA vaccines, marked by a selective preservation of FcγR2a and Fcγ3a binding antibodies. Thus, despite the significant to near complete loss of Omicron neutralization across several vaccine platforms against Omicron, vaccine induced Spike-specific antibodies continue to recognize the virus and recruit Fc-receptors pointing to a persistent capacity for extra-neutralizing antibodies to contribute Omicron disease attenuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaweon Kang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - María José Avendaño
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eileen F Serrano
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tamara García-Salum
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pardo-Roa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arnoldo Riquelme
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael A Medina
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nawab DH. Vaccinal antibodies: Fc antibody engineering to improve the antiviral antibody response and induce vaccine-like effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5532-5545. [PMID: 34844516 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1985891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent clinical need for efficient virus therapies and vaccines. Although the functional importance of antibodies is indisputable in viral infections, there are still significant unmet needs that require vast improvements in antibody-based therapeutics. The IgG Fc domain can be engineered to produce antibodies with tailored and potent responses that will meet these clinical demands. Engaging Fc receptors (FcRs) to perform effector functions as cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activation, intracellular neutralization and controlling antibody persistence. Furthermore, it produces vaccine-like effects by activating signals to stimulate T-cell responses, have proven to be required for protection, as neutralization alone does not off the full protection capacity of antibodies. This review highlights antiviral Fc functions and FcRs' contributions in linking innate and adaptive immunity against viral threats. Moreover, it provides the latest Fc engineering strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of human antiviral antibodies and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha H Nawab
- Pharmacy Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gunn BM, Bai S. Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4328-4344. [PMID: 34613865 PMCID: PMC8827636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1976580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kang CE, Lee S, Seo DH, Heo W, Kwon SH, Kim J, Lee J, Ko BJ, Koiwa H, Kim WT, Kim JY. Comparison of CD20 Binding Affinities of Rituximab Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana Callus. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1016-1029. [PMID: 34185248 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are promising drug-production platforms with high economic efficiency, stability, and convenience in mass production. However, studies comparing the equivalency between the original antibodies and those produced in plants are limited. Amino acid sequences that constitute the Fab region of an antibody are diverse, and the post-transcriptional modifications that occur according to these sequences in animals and plants are also highly variable. In this study, rituximab, a blockbuster antibody drug used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana callus, and was compared to the original rituximab produced in CHO cells. Interestingly, the epitope recognition and antigen-binding abilities of rituximab from N. benthamiana leaves were almost lost. In the case of rituximab produced in A. thaliana callus, the specific binding ability and CD20 capping activity were maintained, but the binding affinity was less than 50% of that of original rituximab from CHO cells. These results suggest that different plant species exhibit different binding affinities. Accordingly, in addition to the differences in PTMs between mammals and plants, the differences between the species must also be considered in the process of producing antibodies in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho Eun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungeun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hye Seo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hyung Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongRyeol Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- Mass Analysis Team, New Drug Development Center, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Development Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843-2133, USA
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lobato Gómez M, Huang X, Alvarez D, He W, Baysal C, Zhu C, Armario‐Najera V, Blanco Perera A, Cerda Bennasser P, Saba‐Mayoral A, Sobrino‐Mengual G, Vargheese A, Abranches R, Abreu IA, Balamurugan S, Bock R, Buyel J, da Cunha NB, Daniell H, Faller R, Folgado A, Gowtham I, Häkkinen ST, Kumar S, Ramalingam SK, Lacorte C, Lomonossoff GP, Luís IM, Ma JK, McDonald KA, Murad A, Nandi S, O’Keefe B, Oksman‐Caldentey K, Parthiban S, Paul MJ, Ponndorf D, Rech E, Rodrigues JCM, Ruf S, Schillberg S, Schwestka J, Shah PS, Singh R, Stoger E, Twyman RM, Varghese IP, Vianna GR, Webster G, Wilbers RHP, Capell T, Christou P. Contributions of the international plant science community to the fight against human infectious diseases - part 1: epidemic and pandemic diseases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1901-1920. [PMID: 34182608 PMCID: PMC8486245 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible or communicable diseases, are caused by pathogens or parasites that spread in communities by direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials, through droplets and aerosols, or via vectors such as insects. Such diseases cause ˜17% of all human deaths and their management and control places an immense burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Traditional approaches for the prevention and control of infectious diseases include vaccination programmes, hygiene measures and drugs that suppress the pathogen, treat the disease symptoms or attenuate aggressive reactions of the host immune system. The provision of vaccines and biologic drugs such as antibodies is hampered by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, particularly in developing countries where infectious diseases are prevalent and poorly controlled. Molecular farming, which uses plants for protein expression, is a promising strategy to address the drawbacks of current manufacturing platforms. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address healthcare demands for the most prevalent and important epidemic and pandemic diseases, focussing on recent outbreaks of high-mortality coronavirus infections and diseases that disproportionately affect the developing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lobato Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Derry Alvarez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Wenshu He
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Can Baysal
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Victoria Armario‐Najera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Amaya Blanco Perera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Pedro Cerda Bennasser
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Andera Saba‐Mayoral
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | | | - Ashwin Vargheese
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Rita Abranches
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Isabel Alexandra Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Shanmugaraj Balamurugan
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Johannes.F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nicolau B. da Cunha
- Centro de Análise Proteômicas e Bioquímicas de BrasíliaUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - André Folgado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Iyappan Gowtham
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Suvi T. Häkkinen
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food SolutionsVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LtdEspooFinland
| | - Shashi Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sathish Kumar Ramalingam
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Cristiano Lacorte
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | | | - Ines M. Luís
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Julian K.‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Karen. A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Andre Murad
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Barry O’Keefe
- Molecular Targets ProgramCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, and Natural Products BranchDevelopmental Therapeutics ProgramDivision of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer Institute, NIHFrederickMDUSA
| | | | - Subramanian Parthiban
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Ponndorf
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Elibio Rech
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Julio C. M. Rodrigues
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for PhytopathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Jennifer Schwestka
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Rahul Singh
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eva Stoger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Inchakalody P. Varghese
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Giovanni R. Vianna
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in BiologyParque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Gina Webster
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ruud H. P. Wilbers
- Laboratory of NematologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
- ICREACatalan Institute for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mao C, Near R, Zhong X, Gao W. Cross-species higher sensitivities of FcγRIIIA/FcγRIV to afucosylated IgG for enhanced ADCC. Antib Ther 2021; 4:159-170. [PMID: 34485821 PMCID: PMC8408537 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expressing afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells deficient of α-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) is being more and more accepted as a routine method to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of therapeutic antibodies, especially for anti-cancer regimens. However, in pre-clinical studies relying on disease models other than mice and primates, e.g., those underrepresented species for infectious diseases, it is less clear whether such afucosylated antibodies can demonstrate enhanced therapeutic index. This is because the orthologues of human FcγRIIIA or mouse FcγRIV from those species have not been well characterized. Methods We set up a luciferase-based ADCC assay with Jurkat reporter cells expressing FcγRIIIA/FcγRIV from human, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, ferret, rabbit, cat, dog, pig and monkey, and also produced human, mouse, hamster, rabbit and pig IgG from wild type and Fut8−/− CHO cells or hybridomas. Results We confirmed that enhanced stimulation through FcγRIIIA/FcγRIV by afucosylated IgG, as compared with wild type IgG, is a cross-species phenomenon. Conclusions Thus, efficacy and toxicology studies of the next generation afucosylated therapeutic IgG and Fc fusion proteins in these underrepresented animal models should be expected to generate translatable data for treating human diseases, leading to the expanded applications of this new class of glycoengineered biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Near
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Canton, MA 02021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Venkataraman S, Hefferon K, Makhzoum A, Abouhaidar M. Combating Human Viral Diseases: Will Plant-Based Vaccines Be the Answer? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070761. [PMID: 34358177 PMCID: PMC8310141 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pharming or the technology of application of plants and plant cell culture to manufacture high-value recombinant proteins has progressed a long way over the last three decades. Whether generated in transgenic plants by stable expression or in plant virus-based transient expression systems, biopharmaceuticals have been produced to combat several human viral diseases that have impacted the world in pandemic proportions. Plants have been variously employed in expressing a host of viral antigens as well as monoclonal antibodies. Many of these biopharmaceuticals have shown great promise in animal models and several of them have performed successfully in clinical trials. The current review elaborates the strategies and successes achieved in generating plant-derived vaccines to target several virus-induced health concerns including highly communicable infectious viral diseases. Importantly, plant-made biopharmaceuticals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the cancer-causing virus human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, zika virus, and the emerging respiratory virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been discussed. The use of plant virus-derived nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) in generating plant-based vaccines are extensively addressed. The review closes with a critical look at the caveats of plant-based molecular pharming and future prospects towards further advancements in this technology. The use of biopharmed viral vaccines in human medicine and as part of emergency response vaccines and therapeutics in humans looks promising for the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya Venkataraman
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Palapye, Botswana;
| | - Mounir Abouhaidar
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Moore CM, Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Kotouckova M, Teh AYH, Ma JKC. Characterisation of a highly potent and near pan-neutralising anti-HIV monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco plants. Retrovirology 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 34183026 PMCID: PMC8240387 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV remains one of the most important health issues worldwide, with almost 40 million people living with HIV. Although patients develop antibodies against the virus, its high mutation rate allows evasion of immune responses. Some patients, however, produce antibodies that are able to bind to, and neutralise different strains of HIV. One such 'broadly neutralising' antibody is 'N6'. Identified in 2016, N6 can neutralise 98% of HIV-1 isolates with a median IC50 of 0.066 µg/mL. This neutralisation breadth makes N6 a very promising therapeutic candidate. RESULTS N6 was expressed in a glycoengineered line of N. benthamiana plants (pN6) and compared to the mammalian cell-expressed equivalent (mN6). Expression at 49 mg/kg (fresh leaf tissue) was achieved in plants, although extraction and purification are more challenging than for most plant-expressed antibodies. N-glycoanalysis demonstrated the absence of xylosylation and a reduction in α(1,3)-fucosylation that are typically found in plant glycoproteins. The N6 light chain contains a potential N-glycosylation site, which was modified and displayed more α(1,3)-fucose than the heavy chain. The binding kinetics of pN6 and mN6, measured by surface plasmon resonance, were similar for HIV gp120. pN6 had a tenfold higher affinity for FcγRIIIa, which was reflected in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay, where pN6 induced a more potent response from effector cells than that of mN6. pN6 demonstrated the same potency and breadth of neutralisation as mN6, against a panel of HIV strains. CONCLUSIONS The successful expression of N6 in tobacco supports the prospect of developing a low-cost, low-tech production platform for a monoclonal antibody cocktail to control HIV in low-to middle income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Moore
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Kotouckova
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Audrey Y.-H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li C, Chong G, Zong G, Knorr DA, Bournazos S, Aytenfisu AH, Henry GK, Ravetch JV, MacKerell AD, Wang LX. Site-Selective Chemoenzymatic Modification on the Core Fucose of an Antibody Enhances Its Fcγ Receptor Affinity and ADCC Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7828-7838. [PMID: 33977722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fc glycosylation profoundly impacts the effector functions of antibodies and often dictates an antibody's pro- or anti-inflammatory activities. It is well established that core fucosylation of the Fc domain N-glycans of an antibody significantly reduces its affinity for FcγRIIIa receptors and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Previous structural studies have suggested that the presence of a core fucose remarkably decreases the unique and favorable carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions between the Fc and the receptor N-glycans, leading to reduced affinity. We report here that in contrast to natural core fucose, special site-specific modification on the core fucose could dramatically enhance the affinity of an antibody for FcγRIIIa. The site-selective modification was achieved through an enzymatic transfucosylation with a novel fucosidase mutant, which was shown to be able to use modified α-fucosyl fluoride as the donor substrate. We found that replacement of the core l-fucose with 6-azide- or 6-hydroxy-l-fucose (l-galactose) significantly enhanced the antibody's affinity for FcγRIIIa receptors and substantially increased the ADCC activity. To understand the mechanism of the modified fucose-mediated affinity enhancement, we performed molecular dynamics simulations. Our data revealed that the number of glycan contacts between the Fc and the Fc receptor was increased by the selective core-fucose modifications, showing the importance of unique carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in achieving high FcγRIIIa affinity and ADCC activity of antibodies. Thus, the direct site-selective modification turns the adverse effect of the core fucose into a favorable force to promote the carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gene Chong
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David A Knorr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Asaminew Haile Aytenfisu
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Grace K Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Therapy for Argentine hemorrhagic fever in nonhuman primates with a humanized monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023332118. [PMID: 33836604 PMCID: PMC7980402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023332118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relatively high disease burden of arenaviruses in South America and Africa, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for use in preventing or treating any arenavirus infection. Currently, the sole clinically validated treatment option for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), caused by Junin virus (JUNV), is administration of immune plasma. While the relative success associated with this treatment supports passive immunotherapy interventions, the recent expansion of mAbs used in a clinical setting for infectious diseases offer a highly specific, consistently potent, and generally safe alternative to immune plasma. Here we show that a humanized mAb is highly efficacious in guinea pig and nonhuman primate models of AHF. The COVID-19 pandemic has reemphasized the need to identify safe and scalable therapeutics to slow or reverse symptoms of disease caused by newly emerging and reemerging viral pathogens. Recent clinical successes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in therapy for viral infections demonstrate that mAbs offer a solution for these emerging biothreats. We have explored this with respect to Junin virus (JUNV), an arenavirus classified as a category A high-priority agent and the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). There are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs available for preventing or treating AHF, although immune plasma from convalescent patients is used routinely to treat active infections. However, immune plasma is severely limited in quantity, highly variable in quality, and poses significant safety risks including the transmission of transfusion-borne diseases. mAbs offer a highly specific and consistently potent alternative to immune plasma that can be manufactured at large scale. We previously described a chimeric mAb, cJ199, that provided protection in a guinea pig model of AHF. To adapt this mAb to a format more suitable for clinical use, we humanized the mAb (hu199) and evaluated it in a cynomolgus monkey model of AHF with two JUNV isolates, Romero and Espindola. While untreated control animals experienced 100% lethality, all animals treated with hu199 at 6 d postinoculation (dpi) survived, and 50% of animals treated at 8 dpi survived. mAbs like hu199 may offer a safer, scalable, and more reproducible alternative to immune plasma for rare viral diseases that have epidemic potential.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gunn BM, Lu R, Slein MD, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Atyeo C, Schendel SL, Kim J, Cain C, Roy V, Suscovich TJ, Takada A, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Pauthner MG, Momoh M, Goba A, Kanneh L, Andersen KG, Schieffelin JS, Grant D, Garry RF, Saphire EO, Bukreyev A, Alter G. A Fc engineering approach to define functional humoral correlates of immunity against Ebola virus. Immunity 2021; 54:815-828.e5. [PMID: 33852832 PMCID: PMC8111768 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protective Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies have neutralizing activity and induction of antibody constant domain (Fc)-mediated innate immune effector functions. Efforts to enhance Fc effector functionality often focus on maximizing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, yet distinct combinations of functions could be critical for antibody-mediated protection. As neutralizing antibodies have been cloned from EBOV disease survivors, we sought to identify survivor Fc effector profiles to help guide Fc optimization strategies. Survivors developed a range of functional antibody responses, and we therefore applied a rapid, high-throughput Fc engineering platform to define the most protective profiles. We generated a library of Fc variants with identical antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) from an EBOV neutralizing antibody. Fc variants with antibody-mediated complement deposition and moderate natural killer (NK) cell activity demonstrated complete protective activity in a stringent in vivo mouse model. Our findings highlight the importance of specific effector functions in antibody-mediated protection, and the experimental platform presents a generalizable resource for identifying correlates of immunity to guide therapeutic antibody design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthias G Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donald Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Convergence of a common solution for broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap-directed human antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108984. [PMID: 33852862 PMCID: PMC8133395 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization are not well understood. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of diverse glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLDs) to the glycan cap, which we call the MLD anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD cradle share common features, including use of IGHV1–69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form β-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure, and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies. A rare subset of ebolavirus antibodies targeting the glycan cap are broadly neutralizing. Murin et al. report cryo-EM structures and custom in vitro assays identifying a conserved site of vulnerability in the glycan cap and detail mechanisms of action, including structural mimicry, trimer instability, and blocking cleavage.
Collapse
|
41
|
O'Donnell KL, Marzi A. Immunotherapeutics for Ebola Virus Disease: Hope on the Horizon. Biologics 2021; 15:79-86. [PMID: 33776420 PMCID: PMC7987275 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s259069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) remains among the biggest public health threats in Africa, even though recently a vaccine was approved for human use. However, in outbreak situations treatment strategies are needed in combination with vaccination campaigns to impact and stop the spread of the disease. Here, we discuss the development of the immunotherapeutics against EDV both targeting the virus itself and bolstering the immunological environment of the host at both the pre-clinical and clinical level. The early development of antibody therapy in preclinical settings and the early pitfalls in the implementation of this therapeutic strategy are discussed. We also consider the advancement of the production, modulation, and specificity of the antibody treatment that garnered increased success in preclinical studies to the point that it was warranted to test them in a clinical setting. Initial clinical trials in an outbreak scenario proved difficult to definitively confirm the efficacy of the implemented treatment. Upon further modification and with the experiences from the challenging outbreak conditions in mind, the PALM clinical trial demonstrated efficacy of an antibody cocktail which recently received approval for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Seymour E, Ünlü NL, Carter EP, Connor JH, Ünlü MS. Configurable Digital Virus Counter on Robust Universal DNA Chips. ACS Sens 2021; 6:229-237. [PMID: 33427442 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate real-time multiplexed virus detection by applying a DNA-directed antibody immobilization technique in a single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS). In this technique, the biosensor chip surface spotted with different DNA sequences is converted to a multiplexed antibody array by flowing antibody-DNA conjugates and allowing for specific DNA-DNA hybridization. The resulting antibody array is shown to detect three different recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs), which are genetically engineered to express surface glycoproteins of Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa viruses in real time in a disposable microfluidic cartridge. We also show that this method can be modified to produce a single-step, homogeneous assay format by mixing the antibody-DNA conjugates with the virus sample in the solution phase prior to incubation in the microfluidic cartridge, eliminating the antibody immobilization step. This homogenous approach achieved detection of the model Ebola virus, rVSV-EBOV, at a concentration of 100 PFU/mL in 1 h. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of this homogeneous technique as a rapid test using a passive microfluidic cartridge. A concentration of 104 PFU/mL was detectable under 10 min for the rVSV-Ebola virus. Utilizing DNA microarrays for antibody-based diagnostics is an alternative approach to antibody microarrays and offers advantages such as configurable sensor surface, long-term storage ability, and decreased antibody use. We believe that these properties will make SP-IRIS a versatile and robust platform for point-of-care diagnostics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Seymour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nese Lortlar Ünlü
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Erik P. Carter
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02218, United States
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02218, United States
| | - M. Selim Ünlü
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Irvine EB, Alter G. Understanding the role of antibody glycosylation through the lens of severe viral and bacterial diseases. Glycobiology 2020; 30:241-253. [PMID: 32103252 PMCID: PMC7109349 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence points to a critical role for antibodies in protection and pathology across infectious diseases. While the antibody variable domain facilitates antibody binding and the blockade of infection, the constant domain (Fc) mediates cross talk with the innate immune system. The biological activity of the Fc region is controlled genetically via class switch recombination, resulting in the selection of distinct antibody isotypes and subclasses. However, a second modification is made to all antibodies, via post-translational changes in antibody glycosylation. Studies from autoimmunity and oncology have established the role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc glycosylation as a key regulator of humoral immune activity. However, a growing body of literature, exploring IgG Fc glycosylation through the lens of infectious diseases, points to the role of inflammation in shaping Fc-glycan profiles, the remarkable immune plasticity in antibody glycosylation across pathogen-exposed populations, the canonical and noncanonical functions of glycans and the existence of antigen-specific control over antibody Fc glycosylation. Ultimately, this work provides critical new insights into the functional roles for antibody glycosylation as well as lays the foundation for leveraging antibody glycosylation to drive prevention or control across diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Irvine
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Diamos AG, Pardhe MD, Sun H, Hunter JGL, Kilbourne J, Chen Q, Mason HS. A Highly Expressing, Soluble, and Stable Plant-Made IgG Fusion Vaccine Strategy Enhances Antigen Immunogenicity in Mice Without Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576012. [PMID: 33343565 PMCID: PMC7746858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics based on fusing a protein of interest to the IgG Fc domain have been enormously successful, though fewer studies have investigated the vaccine potential of IgG fusions. In this study, we systematically compared the key properties of seven different plant-made human IgG1 fusion vaccine candidates using Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope domain III (ZE3) as a model antigen. Complement protein C1q binding of the IgG fusions was enhanced by: 1) antigen fusion to the IgG N-terminus; 2) removal of the IgG light chain or Fab regions; 3) addition of hexamer-inducing mutations in the IgG Fc; 4) adding a self-binding epitope tag to create recombinant immune complexes (RIC); or 5) producing IgG fusions in plants that lack plant-specific β1,2-linked xylose and α1,3-linked fucose N-linked glycans. We also characterized the expression, solubility, and stability of the IgG fusions. By optimizing immune complex formation, a potently immunogenic vaccine candidate with improved solubility and high stability was produced at 1.5 mg IgG fusion per g leaf fresh weight. In mice, the IgG fusions elicited high titers of Zika-specific antibodies which neutralized ZIKV using only two doses without adjuvant, reaching up to 150-fold higher antibody titers than ZE3 antigen alone. We anticipate these findings will be broadly applicable to the creation of other vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- Complement C1q/metabolism
- Drug Stability
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Solubility
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/pathogenicity
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Diamos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mary D. Pardhe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph G. L. Hunter
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pecetta S, Finco O, Seubert A. Quantum leap of monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery and development in the COVID-19 era. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101427. [PMID: 33277154 PMCID: PMC7670927 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the global market for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became a multi-billion-dollar business. This success is mainly driven by treatments in the oncology and autoimmune space. Instead, development of effective mAbs against infectious diseases has been lagging behind. For years the high production cost and limited efficacy have blocked broader application of mAbs in the infectious disease space, which instead has been dominated for almost a century by effective and cheap antibiotics and vaccines. Only very few mAbs against RSV, anthrax, Clostridium difficile or rabies have reached the market. This is about to change. The development of urgently needed and highly effective mAbs as preventive and therapeutic treatments against a variety of pathogens is gaining traction. Vast advances in mAb isolation, engineering and production have entirely shifted the cost-efficacy balance. MAbs against devastating diseases like Ebola, HIV and other complex pathogens are now within reach. This trend is further accelerated by ongoing or imminent health crises like COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where antibodies could be the last resort. In this review we will retrace the history of antibodies from the times of serum therapy to modern mAbs and lay out how the current run for effective treatments against COVID-19 will lead to a quantum leap in scientific, technological and health care system innovation around mAb treatments for infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Cao J, Wang L, Yu C, Wang K, Wang W, Yan J, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Wang J. Development of an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reporter assay for measuring anti-Middle East Respiratory Syndrome antibody bioactivity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16615. [PMID: 33024203 PMCID: PMC7538987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Anti-MERS-CoV antibodies play an integral role in the prevention and treatment against MERS-CoV infections. Bioactivity is a key quality attribute of therapeutic antibodies, and high accuracy and precision are required. The major methods for evaluating the antiviral effect of antiviral antibodies include neutralization assays using live viruses or pseudoviruses are highly variable. Recent studies have demonstrated that the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of antiviral antibodies is more consistent with the virus clearance effect in vivo than neutralization activity. However, no reports evaluating the ADCC activity of anti-MERS antibodies have been published to date. Here, we describe the development of a robust and reliable cell-based reporter gene assay for the determination of ADCC activity of anti-MERS antibodies using 293T/MERS cells stably expressing the spike protein of MERS-CoV (MERS-S) as target cells and the engineered Jurkat/NFAT-luc/FcγRIIIa stably expressing FcγRIIIA and NFAT reporter gene as effector cells. According to the ICH-Q2 analytical method guidelines, we carefully optimized the experimental conditions and assessed the performance of our assay. In addition, we found that the ADCC activity of afucosylated anti-MERS antibodies is higher than their fucosylated counterparts. The establishment of this ADCC determination system provides a novel method for evaluating the bioactivity of anti-MERS antibodies and improving ADCC activity through modification of N-glycosylation of the Fc segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathopysiology, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathopysiology, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huotuo Road, Biomedical Base, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1185-1191. [PMID: 32908214 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based drugs and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are being expedited through preclinical and clinical development. Data from the study of SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Previous respiratory syncytial virus and dengue virus vaccine studies revealed human clinical safety risks related to ADE, resulting in failed vaccine trials. Here, we describe key ADE mechanisms and discuss mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies in development. We also outline recently published data to evaluate the risks and opportunities for antibody-based protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lim S, Kim DS, Ko K. Expression of a Large Single-Chain 13F6 Antibody with Binding Activity against Ebola Virus-Like Particles in a Plant System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7007. [PMID: 32977599 PMCID: PMC7582593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic animal and human viruses present a growing and persistent threat to humans worldwide. Ebola virus (EBOV) causes zoonosis in humans. Here, two structurally different anti-Ebola 13F6 antibodies, recognizing the heavily glycosylated mucin-like domain (MLD) of the glycoprotein (GP), were expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants and designed as inexpensive and effective diagnostic antibodies against Ebola virus disease (EVD). The first was anti-EBOV 13F6 full size antibody with heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) (monoclonal antibody, mAb 13F6-FULL), while the second was a large single-chain (LSC) antibody (mAb 13F6-LSC). mAb 13F6-LSC was constructed by linking the 13F6 LC variable region (VL) with the HC of mAb 13F6-FULL using a peptide linker and extended to the C-terminus using the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention motif KDEL. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation was employed to express the antibodies in N. tabacum. PCR, RT-PCR, and immunoblot analyses confirmed the gene insertion, transcription, and protein expression of these antibodies, respectively. The antibodies tagged with the KDEL motif displayed high-mannose type N-glycan structures and efficient binding to EBOV-like particles (VLPs). Thus, various forms of anti-EBOV plant-derived mAbs 13F6-FULL and LSC with efficient binding affinity to EBOV VLP can be produced in the plant system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Do-Sun Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 55365, Korea;
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Santos RI, Gilchuk P, Gunn BM, Karim MM, Liang J, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Parekh DV, Kimble JB, Pietzsch CA, Meyer M, Kuzmina NA, Zeitlin L, Saphire EO, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Non-neutralizing Antibodies from a Marburg Infection Survivor Mediate Protection by Fc-Effector Functions and by Enhancing Efficacy of Other Antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:976-991.e11. [PMID: 32320678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) belong to the family Filoviridae. MARV causes severe disease in humans with high fatality. We previously isolated a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from B cells of a human survivor with previous naturally acquired MARV infection. Here, we characterized functional properties of these mAbs and identified non-neutralizing mAbs targeting the glycoprotein (GP) 2 portion of the mucin-like domain (MLD) of MARV GP, termed the wing region. One mAb targeting the GP2 wing, MR228, showed therapeutic protection in mice and guinea pigs infected with MARV. The protection was mediated by the Fc fragment functions of MR228. Binding of another GP2 wing-specific non-neutralizing mAb, MR235, to MARV GP increased accessibility of epitopes in the receptor-binding site (RBS) for neutralizing mAbs, resulting in enhanced virus neutralization by these mAbs. These findings highlight an important role for non-neutralizing mAbs during natural human MARV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James B Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Diamos AG, Pardhe MD, Sun H, Hunter JGL, Mor T, Meador L, Kilbourne J, Chen Q, Mason HS. Codelivery of improved immune complex and virus-like particle vaccines containing Zika virus envelope domain III synergistically enhances immunogenicity. Vaccine 2020; 38:3455-3463. [PMID: 32173095 PMCID: PMC7102565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) reemergence poses a significant health threat especially due to its risks to fetal development, necessitating safe and effective vaccines that can protect pregnant women. Zika envelope domain III (ZE3) has been identified as a safe and effective vaccine candidate, however it is poorly immunogenic. We previously showed that plant-made recombinant immune complex (RIC) vaccines are a robust platform to improve the immunogenicity of weak antigens. In this study, we altered the antigen fusion site on the RIC platform to accommodate N-terminal fusion to the IgG heavy chain (N-RIC), and thus a wider range of antigens, with a resulting 40% improvement in RIC expression over the normal C-terminal fusion (C-RIC). Both types of RICs containing ZE3 were efficiently assembled in plants and purified to >95% homogeneity with a simple one-step purification. Both ZE3 RICs strongly bound complement receptor C1q and elicited strong ZE3-specific antibody titers that correlated with ZIKV neutralization. When either N-RIC or C-RIC was codelivered with plant-produced hepatitis B core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLP) displaying ZE3, the combination elicited 5-fold greater antibody titers (>1,000,000) and more strongly neutralized ZIKV than either RICs or VLPs alone, after only two doses without adjuvant. These findings demonstrate that antigens that require a free N-terminus for optimal antigen display can now be used with the RIC system, and that plant-made RICs and VLPs are highly effective vaccines targeting ZE3. Thus, the RIC platform can be more generally applied to a wider variety of antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Diamos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Mary D Pardhe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Joseph G L Hunter
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Tsafrir Mor
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Lydia Meador
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States
| | - Hugh S Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, and The School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, United States.
| |
Collapse
|