1
|
Rasmussen AL, Gronvall G, Lowen AC, Goodrum F. Reply to Ebright et al., "Implementing governmental oversight of enhanced potential pandemic pathogen research". J Virol 2024; 98:e0025624. [PMID: 38477587 PMCID: PMC11019956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00256-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gigi Gronvall
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Todesco HM, Gafuik C, John CM, Roberts EL, Borys BS, Pawluk A, Kallos MS, Potts KG, Mahoney DJ. High-titer manufacturing of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped VSV in stirred-tank bioreactors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101189. [PMID: 38327804 PMCID: PMC10847022 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlighted the importance of vaccine innovation in public health. Hundreds of vaccines built on numerous technology platforms have been rapidly developed against SARS-CoV-2 since 2020. Like all vaccine platforms, an important bottleneck to viral-vectored vaccine development is manufacturing. Here, we describe a scalable manufacturing protocol for replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (S-VSV)-vectored vaccines using Vero cells grown on microcarriers in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Using Cytodex 1 microcarriers over 6 days of fed-batch culture, Vero cells grew to a density of 3.95 ± 0.42 ×106 cells/mL in 1-L stirred-tank bioreactors. Ancestral strain S-VSV reached a peak titer of 2.05 ± 0.58 ×108 plaque-forming units (PFUs)/mL at 3 days postinfection. When compared to growth in plate-based cultures, this was a 29-fold increase in virus production, meaning a 1-L bioreactor produces the same amount of virus as 1,284 plates of 15 cm. In addition, the omicron BA.1 S-VSV reached a peak titer of 5.58 ± 0.35 × 106 PFU/mL. Quality control testing showed plate- and bioreactor-produced S-VSV had similar particle-to-PFU ratios and elicited comparable levels of neutralizing antibodies in immunized hamsters. This method should enhance preclinical and clinical development of pseudotyped VSV-vectored vaccines in future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M. Todesco
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chris Gafuik
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cini M. John
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erin L. Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Breanna S. Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexis Pawluk
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kyle G. Potts
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas J. Mahoney
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Göbel S, Pelz L, Silva CAT, Brühlmann B, Hill C, Altomonte J, Kamen A, Reichl U, Genzel Y. Production of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vectors by tangential flow depth filtration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:240. [PMID: 38413399 PMCID: PMC10899354 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture-based production of vector-based vaccines and virotherapeutics is of increasing interest. The vectors used not only retain their ability to infect cells but also induce robust immune responses. Using two recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based constructs, we performed a proof-of-concept study regarding an integrated closed single-use perfusion system that allows continuous virus harvesting and clarification. Using suspension BHK-21 cells and a fusogenic oncolytic hybrid of vesicular stomatitis virus and Newcastle disease virus (rVSV-NDV), a modified alternating tangential flow device (mATF) or tangential flow depth filtration (TFDF) systems were used for cell retention. As the hollow fibers of the former are characterized by a large internal lumen (0.75 mm; pore size 0.65 μm), membrane blocking by the multi-nucleated syncytia formed during infection could be prevented. However, virus particles were completely retained. In contrast, the TFDF filter unit (lumen 3.15 mm, pore size 2-5 μm) allowed not only to achieve high viable cell concentrations (VCC, 16.4-20.6×106 cells/mL) but also continuous vector harvesting and clarification. Compared to an optimized batch process, 11-fold higher infectious virus titers were obtained in the clarified permeate (maximum 7.5×109 TCID50/mL). Using HEK293-SF cells and a rVSV vector expressing a green fluorescent protein, perfusion cultivations resulted in a maximum VCC of 11.3×106 cells/mL and infectious virus titers up to 7.1×1010 TCID50/mL in the permeate. Not only continuous harvesting but also clarification was possible. Although the cell-specific virus yield decreased relative to a batch process established as a control, an increased space-time yield was obtained. KEY POINTS: • Viral vector production using a TFDF perfusion system resulted in a 460% increase in space-time yield • Use of a TFDF system allowed continuous virus harvesting and clarification • TFDF perfusion system has great potential towards the establishment of an intensified vector production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Göbel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lars Pelz
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cristina A T Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cohen N, Simon I, Hazan O, Tal A, Tzadok H, Levin L, Girshengorn M, Mimran LC, Natan N, Baruhi T, David AB, Rosen O, Shmaya S, Borni S, Cohen N, Lupu E, Kedmi A, Zilberman O, Jayson A, Monash A, Dor E, Diamant E, Goldvaser M, Cohen-Gihon I, Israeli O, Lazar S, Shifman O, Beth-Din A, Zvi A, Oren Z, Makovitzki A, Lerer E, Mimran A, Toister E, Zichel R, Adar Y, Epstein E. Enhanced production yields of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine using Fibra-Cel ® macrocarriers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1333548. [PMID: 38449674 PMCID: PMC10915211 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1333548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to high global demand for vaccines to safeguard public health. To that end, our institute has developed a recombinant viral vector vaccine utilizing a modified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) construct, wherein the G protein of VSV is replaced with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (rVSV-ΔG-spike). Previous studies have demonstrated the production of a VSV-based vaccine in Vero cells adsorbed on Cytodex 1 microcarriers or in suspension. However, the titers were limited by both the carrier surface area and shear forces. Here, we describe the development of a bioprocess for rVSV-ΔG-spike production in serum-free Vero cells using porous Fibra-Cel® macrocarriers in fixed-bed BioBLU®320 5p bioreactors, leading to high-end titers. We identified core factors that significantly improved virus production, such as the kinetics of virus production, the use of macrospargers for oxygen supply, and medium replenishment. Implementing these parameters, among others, in a series of GMP production processes improved the titer yields by at least two orders of magnitude (2e9 PFU/mL) over previously reported values. The developed process was highly effective, repeatable, and robust, creating potent and genetically stable vaccine viruses and introducing new opportunities for application in other viral vaccine platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Irit Simon
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ophir Hazan
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Arnon Tal
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Hanan Tzadok
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Lilach Levin
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Meni Girshengorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Lilach Cherry Mimran
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Niva Natan
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tzadok Baruhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Alon Ben David
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Osnat Rosen
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomo Shmaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sarah Borni
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Noa Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Edith Lupu
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Kedmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Orian Zilberman
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Jayson
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Arik Monash
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Eyal Dor
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Eran Diamant
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Michael Goldvaser
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Inbar Cohen-Gihon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shirley Lazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ohad Shifman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Anat Zvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ziv Oren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Arik Makovitzki
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Lerer
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Avishai Mimran
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Einat Toister
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Yaakov Adar
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Eyal Epstein
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu D, Powell AE, Utz A, Sanyal M, Do J, Patten JJ, Moliva JI, Sullivan NJ, Davey RA, Kim PS. Design of universal Ebola virus vaccine candidates via immunofocusing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316960121. [PMID: 38319964 PMCID: PMC10873634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316960121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and poses a significant threat to global public health. Although two viral vector vaccines have been approved to prevent Ebola virus disease, they are distributed in the limited ring vaccination setting and only indicated for prevention of infection from orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV)-one of three orthoebolavirus species that have caused previous outbreaks. Ebola virus glycoprotein GP mediates viral infection and serves as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe a universal Ebola virus vaccine approach using a structure-guided design of candidates with hyperglycosylation that aims to direct antibody responses away from variable regions and toward conserved epitopes of GP. We first determined the hyperglycosylation landscape on Ebola virus GP and used that to generate hyperglycosylated GP variants with two to four additional glycosylation sites to mask the highly variable glycan cap region. We then created vaccine candidates by displaying wild-type or hyperglycosylated GP variants on ferritin nanoparticles (Fer). Immunization with these antigens elicited potent neutralizing antisera against EBOV in mice. Importantly, we observed consistent cross-neutralizing activity against Bundibugyo virus and Sudan virus from hyperglycosylated GP-Fer with two or three additional glycans. In comparison, elicitation of cross-neutralizing antisera was rare in mice immunized with wild-type GP-Fer. These results demonstrate a potential strategy to develop universal Ebola virus vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity against existing and emerging filovirus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Ashley Utz
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - J. J. Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
| | - Robert A. Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA94158
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gholap AD, Gupta J, Kamandar P, Bhowmik DD, Rojekar S, Faiyazuddin M, Hatvate NT, Mohanto S, Ahmed MG, Subramaniyan V, Kumarasamy V. Harnessing Nanovaccines for Effective Immunization─A Special Concern on COVID-19: Facts, Fidelity, and Future Prospective. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:271-297. [PMID: 38096426 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative pathway in vaccine research and delivery. Nanovaccines, encompassing lipid and nonlipid formulations, exhibit considerable advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including enhanced antigen stability, heightened immunogenicity, targeted distribution, and the potential for codelivery with adjuvants or immune modulators. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and applications of lipid and non-lipid-based nanovaccines in current vaccination strategies for immunization. The review commences by outlining the fundamental concepts underlying lipid and nonlipid nanovaccine design before delving into the diverse components and production processes employed in their development. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of various nanocarriers is presented, elucidating their distinct physicochemical characteristics and impact on the immune response, along with preclinical and clinical studies. The discussion also highlights how nanotechnology enables the possibility of personalized and combined vaccination techniques, facilitating the creation of tailored nanovaccines to meet the individual patient needs. The ethical aspects concerning the use of nanovaccines, as well as potential safety concerns and public perception, are also addressed. The study underscores the gaps and challenges that must be overcome before adopting nanovaccines in clinical practice. This comprehensive analysis offers vital new insights into lipid and nonlipid nanovaccine status. It emphasizes the significance of continuous research, collaboration among interdisciplinary experts, and regulatory measures to fully unlock the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing immunization and ensuring a healthier, more resilient society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Juhi Gupta
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pallavi Kamandar
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deblina D Bhowmik
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, Bihar, India
| | - Navnath T Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Shao J, Liu W, Gao S, Peng D, Miao C, Yang S, Hou Z, Zhou G, Qi X, Chang H. A vesicular stomatitis virus-based African swine fever vaccine prototype effectively induced robust immune responses in mice following a single-dose immunization. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1310333. [PMID: 38249478 PMCID: PMC10797088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1310333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic fever disease in pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). It is very difficult to control and prevent ASF outbreaks due to the absence of safe and effective vaccines. Methods In order to develop a safe and effective ASF vaccine for the control and prevention of ASF, two ASFV recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) live vector vaccine prototypes, containing the gene of p72, and a chimera of p30 and p54, were developed based on the replication-competent VSV, and named VSV-p72 and VSV-p35. The immune potency of VSV-p72 or VSV-p35 alone and in combination was evaluated in BALB/c mice via intramuscular and intranasal vaccination. Results The results indicated that whether administered alone or in combination, the two vaccine prototypes showed acceptable safety in mice and, more importantly, induced high-level specific antibodies against p72, p30, and p54 of ASFV and a strong cellular immune response 28 days after vaccination. The sera from mice vaccinated with the vaccine prototypes significantly inhibited ASFV from infecting porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro. Most notably, the immunized sera from a mixture of VSV-p35 and VSV-p72 inhibited ASFV from infecting PAMs, with an inhibition rate of up to 78.58%. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that ASFV recombinant VSV live vector vaccine prototypes may become a promising candidate vaccine for the control and prevention of ASF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Decai Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chun Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhuo Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu J, Cai Y, Jiang N, Qian Y, Lyu R, You Q, Zhang F, Tao H, Zhu H, Nawaz W, Chen D, Wu Z. Pralatrexate inhibited the replication of varicella zoster virus and vesicular stomatitis virus: An old dog with new tricks. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105787. [PMID: 38145756 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is associated with herpes zoster (HZ) or herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). All antiviral agents currently licensed for the management of VZV replication via modulating different mechanisms, and the resistance is on the rise. There is a need to develop new antiviral agents with distinct mechanisms of action and adequate safety profiles. Pralatrexate (PDX) is a fourth-generation anti-folate agent with an inhibitory activity on folate (FA) metabolism and has been used as an anti-tumor drug. We observed that PDX possessed potent inhibitory activity against VZV infection. In this study, we reported the antiviral effects and the underlying mechanism of PDX against VZV infection. The results showed that PDX not only inhibited VZV replication in vitro and in mice corneal tissues but also reduced the inflammatory response and apoptosis induced by viral infection. Furthermore, PDX treatment showed a similar anti-VSV inhibitory effect in both in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanistically, PDX inhibited viral replication by interrupting the substrate supply for de novo purine and thymidine synthesis. In conclusion, this study discovered the potent antiviral activity of PDX with a novel mechanism and presented a new strategy for VZV treatment that targets a cellular metabolic mechanism essential for viral replication. The present study provided a new insight into the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurong Cai
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Qian
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruining Lyu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao You
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hongji Tao
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haotian Zhu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- Hȏpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, School of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Deyan Chen
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Yangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu D, Powell AE, Utz A, Sanyal M, Do J, Patten J, Moliva JI, Sullivan NJ, Davey RA, Kim PS. Design of universal Ebola virus vaccine candidates via immunofocusing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.14.562364. [PMID: 37904982 PMCID: PMC10614775 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.14.562364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and poses a significant threat to global public health. Although two viral vector vaccines have been approved to prevent Ebola virus disease, they are distributed in the limited ring vaccination setting and only indicated for prevention of infection from orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV) - one of three orthoebolavirus species that have caused previous outbreaks. Ebola virus glycoprotein GP mediates viral infection and serves as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe a universal Ebola virus vaccine approach using structure-guided design of candidates with hyperglycosylation that aims to direct antibody responses away from variable regions and toward conserved epitopes of GP. We first determined the hyperglycosylation landscape on Ebola virus GP and used that to generate hyperglycosylated GP variants with two to four additional glycosylation sites to mask the highly variable glycan cap region. We then created vaccine candidates by displaying wild-type or hyperglycosylated GP variants on ferritin nanoparticles (Fer). Immunization with these antigens elicited potent neutralizing antisera against EBOV in mice. Importantly, we observed consistent cross-neutralizing activity against Bundibugyo virus and Sudan virus from hyperglycosylated GP-Fer with two or three additional glycans. In comparison, elicitation of cross-neutralizing antisera was rare in mice immunized with wild-type GP-Fer. These results demonstrate a potential strategy to develop universal Ebola virus vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity against existing and emerging filovirus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley Utz
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J.J. Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Robert A. Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aguilar-Briseño JA, Elliff JM, Patten JJ, Wilson LR, Davey RA, Bailey AL, Maury WJ. Effect of Interferon Gamma on Ebola Virus Infection of Primary Kupffer Cells and a Kupffer Cell Line. Viruses 2023; 15:2077. [PMID: 37896854 PMCID: PMC10611415 DOI: 10.3390/v15102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) represents a global health threat. The etiological agents of EVD are six species of Orthoebolaviruses, with Orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV) having the greatest public health and medical significance. EVD pathogenesis occurs as a result of broad cellular tropism of the virus, robust viral replication and a potent and dysregulated production of cytokines. In vivo, tissue macrophages are some of the earliest cells infected and contribute significantly to virus load and cytokine production. While EBOV is known to infect macrophages and to generate high titer virus in the liver, EBOV infection of liver macrophages, Kupffer cells, has not previously been examined in tissue culture or experimentally manipulated in vivo. Here, we employed primary murine Kupffer cells (KC) and an immortalized murine Kupffer cell line (ImKC) to assess EBOV-eGFP replication in liver macrophages. KCs and ImKCs were highly permissive for EBOV infection and IFN-γ polarization of these cells suppressed their permissiveness to infection. The kinetics of IFN-γ-elicited antiviral responses were examined using a biologically contained model of EBOV infection termed EBOV ΔVP30. The antiviral activity of IFN-γ was transient, but a modest ~3-fold reduction of infection persisted for as long as 6 days post-treatment. To assess the interferon-stimulated gene products (ISGs) responsible for protection, the efficacy of secreted ISGs induced by IFN-γ was evaluated and secreted ISGs failed to block EBOV ΔVP30. Our studies define new cellular tools for the study of EBOV infection that can potentially aid the development of new antiviral therapies. Furthermore, our data underscore the importance of macrophages in EVD pathogenesis and those IFN-γ-elicited ISGs that help to control EBOV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonah M. Elliff
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Justin J. Patten
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.J.P.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Lindsay R. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (L.R.W.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.J.P.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA; (L.R.W.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Wendy J. Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sène MA, Xia Y, Kamen AA. Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of a Vero Cell Line in Suspension versus Adherent Culture Conditions. Int J Cell Biol 2023; 2023:9364689. [PMID: 37680537 PMCID: PMC10482560 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9364689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vero cell line is the most used continuous cell line for viral vaccine manufacturing. Its anchorage-dependent use renders scaling up challenging and operations very labor-intensive which affects cost effectiveness. Thus, efforts to adapt Vero cells to suspension cultures have been invested, but hurdles such as the long doubling time and low cell viability remain to be addressed. In this study, building on the recently published Vero cell line annotated genome, a functional genomics analysis of the Vero cells adapted to suspension is performed to better understand the genetic and phenotypic switches at play during the adaptation of Vero cells from anchorage-dependent to suspension cultures. Results show downregulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway, highlighting the dissociation between the adaptation to suspension process and EMT. Surprisingly, an upregulation of cell adhesion components is observed, notably the CDH18 gene, the cytoskeleton pathway, and the extracellular pathway. Moreover, a downregulation of the glycolytic pathway is balanced by an upregulation of the asparagine metabolism pathway, promoting cell adaptation to nutrient deprivation. A downregulation of the adherens junctions and the folate pathways alongside with the FYN gene are possible explanations behind the currently observed low-cell viability and long doubling time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ouyang MJ, Ao Z, Olukitibi TA, Lawrynuik P, Shieh C, Kung SKP, Fowke KR, Kobasa D, Yao X. Oral Immunization with rVSV Bivalent Vaccine Elicits Protective Immune Responses, Including ADCC, against Both SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1404. [PMID: 37766083 PMCID: PMC10534613 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and influenza both cause enormous disease burdens, and vaccines are the primary measures for their control. Since these viral diseases are transmitted through the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract, developing an effective and convenient mucosal vaccine should be a high priority. We previously reported a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based bivalent vaccine (v-EM2/SPΔC1Delta) that protects animals from both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses via intramuscular and intranasal immunization. Here, we further investigated the immune response induced by oral immunization with this vaccine and its protective efficacy in mice. The results demonstrated that the oral delivery, like the intranasal route, elicited strong and protective systemic immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. This included high levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2, as well as strong anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and anti-influenza M2 ADCC responses in mice sera. Furthermore, it provided efficient protection against challenge with influenza H1N1 virus in a mouse model, with a 100% survival rate and a significantly low lung viral load of influenza virus. All these findings provide substantial evidence for the effectiveness of oral immunization with the rVSV bivalent vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Jing Ouyang
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 508-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.J.O.); (Z.A.); (T.A.O.); (P.L.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (K.R.F.); (D.K.)
| | - Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 508-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.J.O.); (Z.A.); (T.A.O.); (P.L.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (K.R.F.); (D.K.)
| | - Titus A. Olukitibi
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 508-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.J.O.); (Z.A.); (T.A.O.); (P.L.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (K.R.F.); (D.K.)
| | - Peter Lawrynuik
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 508-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.J.O.); (Z.A.); (T.A.O.); (P.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Christopher Shieh
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 508-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.J.O.); (Z.A.); (T.A.O.); (P.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Sam K. P. Kung
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada;
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (K.R.F.); (D.K.)
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (K.R.F.); (D.K.)
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3L5, Canada
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 508-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.J.O.); (Z.A.); (T.A.O.); (P.L.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (K.R.F.); (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hotez PJ, Gilbert S, Saville M, Privor-Dumm L, Abdool-Karim S, Thompson D, Excler JL, Kim JH. COVID-19 vaccines and the pandemic: lessons learnt for other neglected diseases and future threats. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-011883. [PMID: 37277196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the experiences gained by accelerating new vaccines for both Ebola virus infection and COVID-19 in a public health emergency, vaccine development has benefited from a 'multiple shots on goal' approach to new vaccine targets. This approach embraces simultaneous development of candidates with differing technologies, including, when feasible, vesicular stomatitis virus or adenovirus vectors, messenger RNA (mRNA), whole inactivated virus, nanoparticle and recombinant protein technologies, which led to multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines. The challenge of COVID-19 vaccine inequity, as COVID-19 spread globally, created a situation where cutting-edge mRNA technologies were preferentially supplied by multinational pharmaceutical companies to high-income countries while low and middle-income countries (LMICs) were pushed to the back of the queue and relied more heavily on adenoviral vector, inactivated virus and recombinant protein vaccines. To prevent this from occurring in future pandemics, it is essential to expand the scale-up capacity for both traditional and new vaccine technologies at individual or simultaneous hubs in LMICs. In parallel, a process of tech transfer of new technologies to LMIC producers needs to be facilitated and funded, while building LMIC national regulatory capacity, with the aim of several reaching 'stringent regulator' status. Access to doses is an essential start but is not sufficient, as healthcare infrastructure for vaccination and combating dangerous antivaccine programmes both require support. Finally, there is urgency to establish an international framework through a United Nations Pandemic Treaty to promote, support and harmonise a more robust, coordinated and effective global response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lois Privor-Dumm
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salim Abdool-Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen T, Ding Z, Lan J, Wong G. Advances and perspectives in the development of vaccines against highly pathogenic bunyaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1174030. [PMID: 37274315 PMCID: PMC10234439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1174030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased human activities around the globe and the rapid development of once rural regions have increased the probability of contact between humans and wild animals. A majority of bunyaviruses are of zoonotic origin, and outbreaks may result in the substantial loss of lives, economy contraction, and social instability. Many bunyaviruses require manipulation in the highest levels of biocontainment, such as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, and the scarcity of this resource has limited the development speed of vaccines for these pathogens. Meanwhile, new technologies have been created, and used to innovate vaccines, like the mRNA vaccine platform and bioinformatics-based antigen design. Here, we summarize current vaccine developments for three different bunyaviruses requiring work in the highest levels of biocontainment: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), and Hantaan virus (HTNV), and provide perspectives and potential future directions that can be further explored to advance specific vaccines for humans and livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
LaBauve AE, Saada EA, Jones IKA, Mosesso R, Noureddine A, Techel J, Gomez A, Collette N, Sherman MB, Serda RE, Butler KS, Brinker CJ, Schoeniger JS, Sasaki D, Negrete OA. Lipid-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for anti-viral applications via delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6873. [PMID: 37105997 PMCID: PMC10133914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens present a unique challenge for anti-viral therapeutic development. Anti-viral approaches with high flexibility and rapid production times are essential for combating these high-pandemic risk viruses. CRISPR-Cas technologies have been extensively repurposed to treat a variety of diseases, with recent work expanding into potential applications against viral infections. However, delivery still presents a major challenge for these technologies. Lipid-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LCMSNs) offer an attractive delivery vehicle for a variety of cargos due to their high biocompatibility, tractable synthesis, and amenability to chemical functionalization. Here, we report the use of LCMSNs to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) that target the Niemann-Pick disease type C1 gene, an essential host factor required for entry of the high-pandemic risk pathogen Ebola virus, demonstrating an efficient reduction in viral infection. We further highlight successful in vivo delivery of the RNP-LCMSN platform to the mouse liver via systemic administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette E LaBauve
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Edwin A Saada
- Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA
| | - Iris K A Jones
- Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Richard Mosesso
- Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Achraf Noureddine
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Jessica Techel
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Andrew Gomez
- Department of Active Ceramics Value Stream, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Nicole Collette
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA
| | - Michael B Sherman
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Rita E Serda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Kimberly S Butler
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA
| | - C Jeffery Brinker
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA
| | | | - Darryl Sasaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Oscar A Negrete
- Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Z, Paes BCMF, Fulber JPC, Tran MY, Farnós O, Kamen AA. Development of an Integrated Continuous Manufacturing Process for the rVSV-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Candidate Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040841. [PMID: 37112753 PMCID: PMC10143285 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of viral vectored vaccines remains one of the most effective ways to respond to the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, pre-existing immunity to the viral vector hinders its potency, resulting in a limited choice of viral vectors. Moreover, the basic batch mode of manufacturing vectored vaccines does not allow one to cost-effectively meet the global demand for billions of doses per year. To date, the exposure of humans to VSV infection has been limited. Therefore, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV), which expresses the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, was selected as the vector. To determine the operating upstream process conditions for the most effective production of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine, a set of critical process parameters was evaluated in an Ambr 250 modular system, whereas in the downstream process, a streamlined process that included DNase treatment, clarification, and a membrane-based anion exchange chromatography was developed. The design of the experiment was performed with the aim to obtain the optimal conditions for the chromatography step. Additionally, a continuous mode manufacturing process integrating upstream and downstream steps was evaluated. rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 was continuously harvested from the perfusion bioreactor and purified by membrane chromatography in three columns that were operated sequentially under a counter-current mode. Compared with the batch mode, the continuous mode of operation had a 2.55-fold increase in space-time yield and a reduction in the processing time by half. The integrated continuous manufacturing process provides a reference for the efficient production of other viral vectored vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yang
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | | | - Julia Puppin Chaves Fulber
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Michelle Yen Tran
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Omar Farnós
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yankowski C, Kurup D, Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. Effects of adjuvants in a rabies-vectored Ebola virus vaccine on protection from surrogate challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:10. [PMID: 36754965 PMCID: PMC9906604 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is the primary contributor to the global threat of filovirus severe hemorrhagic fever, and Ebola virus disease has a case fatality rate of 50-90%. An inactivated, bivalent filovirus/rabies virus vaccine, FILORAB1, consists of recombinant rabies virus virions expressing the Ebola virus glycoprotein. FILORAB1 is immunogenic and protective from Ebola virus challenge in mice and non-human primates, and protection is enhanced when formulated with toll-like receptor 4 agonist Glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) in a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (SE). Through an adjuvant comparison in mice, we demonstrate that GLA-SE improves FILORAB1 efficacy by activating the innate immune system and shaping a Th1-biased adaptive immune response. GLA-SE adjuvanted mice and those adjuvanted with the SE component are better protected from surrogate challenge, while Th2 alum adjuvanted mice are not. Additionally, the immune response to FILORAB1 is long-lasting, as exhibited by highly-maintained serum antibody titers and long-lived cells in the spleen and bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Yankowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vijver SV, Danklmaier S, Pipperger L, Gronauer R, Floriani G, Hackl H, Das K, Wollmann G. Prediction and validation of murine MHC class I epitopes of the recombinant virus VSV-GP. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1100730. [PMID: 36741416 PMCID: PMC9893851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are currently tested as a novel platform for cancer therapy. These viruses preferentially replicate in and kill malignant cells. Due to their microbial origin, treatment with oncolytic viruses naturally results in anti-viral responses and general immune activation. Consequently, the oncolytic virus treatment also induces anti-viral T cells. Since these can constitute the dominant activated T cell pool, monitoring of the anti-viral T cell response may aid in better understanding of the immune responses post oncolytic virotherapy. This study aimed to identify the anti-viral T cells raised by VSV-GP virotherapy in C57BL/6J mice, one of the most widely used models for preclinical studies. VSV-GP is a novel oncolytic agent that recently entered a clinical phase I study. To identify the VSV-GP epitopes to which mouse anti-viral T cells react, we used a multilevel adapted bioinformatics viral epitope prediction approach based on the tools netMHCpan, MHCflurry and netMHCstabPan, which are commonly used in neoepitope identification. Predicted viral epitopes were ranked based on consensus binding strength categories, predicted stability, and dissimilarity to the mouse proteome. The top ranked epitopes were selected and included in the peptide candidate matrix in order to use a matrix deconvolution approach. Using ELISpot, we showed which viral epitopes presented on C57BL/6J mouse MHC-I alleles H2-Db and H2-Kb trigger IFN-γ secretion due to T cell activation. Furthermore, we validated these findings using an intracellular cytokine staining. Collectively, identification of the VSV-GP T cell epitopes enables monitoring of the full range of anti-viral T cell responses upon VSV-GP virotherapy in future studies with preclinical mouse models to more comprehensively delineate anti-viral from anti-tumor T cell responses. These findings also support the development of novel VSV-GP variants expressing immunomodulatory transgenes and can improve the assessment of anti-viral immunity in preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia V. Vijver
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Danklmaier
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphael Gronauer
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Floriani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ithinji DG, Buchholz DW, Ezzatpour S, Monreal IA, Cong Y, Sahler J, Bangar AS, Imbiakha B, Upadhye V, Liang J, Ma A, Bradel-Tretheway B, Kaza B, Yeo YY, Choi EJ, Johnston GP, Huzella L, Kollins E, Dixit S, Yu S, Postnikova E, Ortega V, August A, Holbrook MR, Aguilar HC. Multivalent viral particles elicit safe and efficient immunoprotection against Nipah Hendra and Ebola viruses. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:166. [PMID: 36528644 PMCID: PMC9759047 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental vaccines for the deadly zoonotic Nipah (NiV), Hendra (HeV), and Ebola (EBOV) viruses have focused on targeting individual viruses, although their geographical and bat reservoir host overlaps warrant creation of multivalent vaccines. Here we explored whether replication-incompetent pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions or NiV-based virus-like particles (VLPs) were suitable multivalent vaccine platforms by co-incorporating multiple surface glycoproteins from NiV, HeV, and EBOV onto these virions. We then enhanced the vaccines' thermotolerance using carbohydrates to enhance applicability in global regions that lack cold-chain infrastructure. Excitingly, in a Syrian hamster model of disease, the VSV multivalent vaccine elicited safe, strong, and protective neutralizing antibody responses against challenge with NiV, HeV, or EBOV. Our study provides proof-of-principle evidence that replication-incompetent multivalent viral particle vaccines are sufficient to provide protection against multiple zoonotic deadly viruses with high pandemic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan G Ithinji
- School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shahrzad Ezzatpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - I Abrrey Monreal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yu Cong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Julie Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Brian Imbiakha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Viraj Upadhye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andrew Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Kaza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yao Yu Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eun Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gunner P Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Louis Huzella
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Erin Kollins
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:338-344. [DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Sène M, Xia Y, Kamen AA. From functional genomics of vero cells to CRISPR-based genomic deletion for improved viral production rates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2794-2805. [PMID: 35869699 PMCID: PMC9540595 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their wide use in the vaccine manufacturing field for over 40 years, one of the main limitations to recent efforts to develop Vero cells as high-throughput vaccine manufacturing platforms is the lack of understanding of virus-host interactions during infection and cell-based virus production in Vero cells. To overcome this limitation, this manuscript uses the recently generated reference genome for the Vero cell line to identify the factors at play during influenza A virus (IAV) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) infection and replication in Vero host cells. The best antiviral gene candidate for gene editing was selected using Differential Gene Expression analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Network Topology-based Analysis. After selection of the ISG15 gene for targeted CRISPR genomic deletion, the ISG15 genomic sequence was isolated for CRISPR guide RNAs design and the guide RNAs with the highest knockout efficiency score were selected. The CRISPR experiment was then validated by confirmation of genomic deletion via PCR and further assessed via quantification of ISG15 protein levels by western blot. The gene deletion effect was assessed thereafter via quantification of virus production yield in the edited Vero cell line. A 70-fold and an 87-fold increase of total viral particles productions in ISG15-/- Vero cells was achieved for, respectively, IAV and rVSV while the ratio of infectious viral particles/total viral particles also significantly increased from 0.0316 to 0.653 for IAV and from 0.0542 to 0.679 for rVSV-GFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A Recombinant VSV-Based Bivalent Vaccine Effectively Protects against Both SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0133722. [PMID: 36069551 PMCID: PMC9517730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01337-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and influenza are both highly contagious respiratory diseases that have been serious threats to global public health. It is necessary to develop a bivalent vaccine to control these two infectious diseases simultaneously. In this study, we generated three attenuated replicating recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine candidates against both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. These rVSV-based vaccines coexpress SARS-CoV-2 Delta spike protein (SP) bearing the C-terminal 17 amino acid (aa) deletion (SPΔC) and I742A point mutation, or the SPΔC with a deletion of S2 domain, or the RBD domain, and a tandem repeat harboring four copies of the highly conserved influenza M2 ectodomain (M2e) that fused with the Ebola glycoprotein DC-targeting/activation domain. Animal immunization studies have shown that these rVSV bivalent vaccines induced efficient humoral and cellular immune responses against both SARS-CoV-2 SP and influenza M2 protein, including high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and other variant SP-pseudovirus infections. Importantly, immunization of the rVSV bivalent vaccines effectively protected hamsters or mice against the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and lethal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and significantly reduced respiratory viral loads. Overall, this study provides convincing evidence for the high efficacy of this bivalent vaccine platform to be used and/or easily adapted to produce new vaccines against new or reemerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza A virus infections. IMPORTANCE Given that both COVID-19 and influenza are preferably transmitted through respiratory droplets during the same seasons, it is highly advantageous to develop a bivalent vaccine that could simultaneously protect against both COVID-19 and influenza. In this study, we generated the attenuated replicating recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine candidates that target both spike protein of SARS-Cov-2 Delta variant and the conserved influenza M2 domain. Importantly, these vaccine candidates effectively protected hamsters or mice against the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and lethal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and significantly reduced respiratory viral loads.
Collapse
|
23
|
Khoshnood S, Ghanavati R, Shirani M, Ghahramanpour H, Sholeh M, Shariati A, Sadeghifard N, Heidary M. Viral vector and nucleic acid vaccines against COVID-19: A narrative review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984536. [PMID: 36118203 PMCID: PMC9470835 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After about 2 years since the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 that resulted in a worldwide pandemic, 6.2 million deaths have been recorded. As a result, there is an urgent need for the development of a safe and effective vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Endeavors for the production of effective vaccines inexhaustibly are continuing. At present according to the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape, 153 vaccine candidates are developing in the clinical phase all over the world. Some new and exciting platforms are nucleic acid-based vaccines such as Pfizer Biontech and Moderna vaccines consisting of a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a viral spike protein in host cells. Another novel vaccine platform is viral vector vaccine candidates that could be replicating or nonreplicating. These types of vaccines that have a harmless viral vector like adenovirus contain a genome encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which induces significant immune responses. This technology of vaccine manufacturing has previously been used in many human clinical trials conducted for adenoviral vector-based vaccines against different infectious agents, including Ebola virus, Zika virus, HIV, and malaria. In this paper, we have a review of nucleic acid-based vaccines that are passing their phase 3 and 4 clinical trials and discuss their efficiency and adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghahramanpour
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mohsen Heidary,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Taylor KL, Lanning L, Wolfraim L, Shrivastava Gales S, Sico C, Dowling WE, Ward LA, Florence WC, Nuzum E, Bryant PR. A U.S. Government-Coordinated Effort to Leverage Non-Human Primate Data to Facilitate Ebolavirus Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081201. [PMID: 36016089 PMCID: PMC9412622 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A United States Government (USG) interagency group, the Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group (FANG), has been established to support the development of biodefense medical countermeasures (MCMs). As both vaccines and therapeutics are licensed using “non-traditional pathways”, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Animal Rule (AR), non-human primate (NHP) models and associated assays have been developed and standardized across BSL4 testing sites to evaluate candidate products. Vaccine candidates are evaluated using these NHP models, and through this public–private partnership, a meta-analysis of NHP control data has been conducted and submitted to the FDA as a master file. This is an example of how existing NHP control data can be leveraged in lieu of conducting separate natural history studies at multiple testing facilities to demonstrate the consistency of a standardized animal model for vaccine development. As a result, animal use can be minimized and the duplication of effort avoided, thus reducing the amount of time needed to conduct additional studies, as well as the cost of vaccine candidate development. This successful strategy may be applied to other pathogens of high consequence for vaccine development, and shows how strategic preparedness for biodefense can be leveraged in response to outbreaks and public health emergencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. Taylor
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lynda Lanning
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - Lawrence Wolfraim
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
| | - Sonia Shrivastava Gales
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
| | - Colleen Sico
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
| | - William E. Dowling
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Washington, DC 20006, USA;
| | - Lucy A. Ward
- U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND), Joint Project Manager for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Medical (JPM CBRN Medical), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - William C. Florence
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
| | - Edwin Nuzum
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
| | - Paula R. Bryant
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.W.); (S.S.G.); (C.S.); (W.C.F.); (E.N.); (P.R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Travieso T, Li J, Mahesh S, Mello JDFRE, Blasi M. The use of viral vectors in vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:75. [PMID: 35787629 PMCID: PMC9253346 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent the single most cost-efficient and equitable way to combat and eradicate infectious diseases. While traditional licensed vaccines consist of either inactivated/attenuated versions of the entire pathogen or subunits of it, most novel experimental vaccines against emerging infectious diseases employ nucleic acids to produce the antigen of interest directly in vivo. These include DNA plasmid vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and recombinant viral vectors. The advantages of using nucleic acid vaccines include their ability to induce durable immune responses, high vaccine stability, and ease of large-scale manufacturing. In this review, we present an overview of pre-clinical and clinical data on recombinant viral vector vaccines and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different viral vector platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatianna Travieso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sneha Mahesh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juliana Da Fonzeca Redenze E Mello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rupani N, Ngole ME, Lee JA, Aluisio AR, Gainey M, Perera SM, Ntamwinja LK, Matafali RM, Muhayangabo RF, Makoyi FN, Laghari R, Levine AC, Kearney AS. Effect of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus–Zaire Ebola Virus Vaccination on Ebola Virus Disease Illness and Death, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1180-1188. [PMID: 35608607 PMCID: PMC9155898 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the effect vaccination with the live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus vaccine had on deaths among patients who had laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease (EVD). We included EVD-positive patients coming to an Ebola Treatment Center in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo during 2018–2020. Overall, 25% of patients vaccinated before symptom onset died compared with 63% of unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated patients reported fewer EVD-associated symptoms, had reduced time to clearance of viral load, and had reduced length of stay at the Ebola Treatment Center. After controlling for confounders, vaccination was strongly associated with decreased deaths. Reduction in deaths was not affected by timing of vaccination before or after EVD exposure. These findings support use of preexposure and postexposure recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus vaccine as an intervention associated with improved death rates, illness, and recovery time among patients with EVD.
Collapse
|
27
|
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine: repeated intramuscular (IM) toxicity, local tolerance, immunogenicity and biodistribution study in NZW rabbits. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2329-2339. [PMID: 35577986 PMCID: PMC9110212 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BriLife®, a vector-based vaccine that utilizes the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) platform to express and present the spike antigen of SARS-CoV-2, is undergoing testing in a phase 2 clinical trial in Israel. A nonclinical repeated-dose (GLP) toxicity study in New Zealand white rabbits was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity, local tolerance, immunogenicity and biodistribution of the vaccine. rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S (or vehicle) was administered intramuscularly to two groups of animals (106, 107 PFU/animal, n = 10/sex/group) on three occasions, at 2-week intervals, followed by a 3-week recovery period. Systemic clinical signs, local reactions, body weight, body temperature, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, clinical pathology, C-reactive protein, viremia and antibody levels were monitored. Gross pathology was performed, followed by organs/tissues collection for biodistribution and histopathological evaluation. Treatment-related changes were restricted to multifocal minimal myofiber necrosis at the injection sites, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the iliac and mesenteric lymph nodes and in the spleen. These changes were considered related to the inflammatory reaction elicited, and correlated with a trend for recovery. Detection of rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine RNA was noted in the regional iliac lymph node in animals assigned to the high-dose group, at both termination time points. A significant increase in binding and neutralizing antibody titers was observed following vaccination at both vaccine doses. In view of the findings, it was concluded that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lin JJ, Tien CF, Kuo YP, Lin EJ, Tsai WH, Chen MY, Tsai PJ, Su YW, Pathak N, Yang JM, Yu CY, Chuang ZS, Wu HC, Tsai WT, Dai SS, Liao HC, Chai KM, Su YS, Chuang TH, Liu SJ, Chen HW, Dou HY, Chen FJ, Chen CT, Liao CL, Yu GY. Furin and TMPRSS2 Resistant Spike Induces Robust Humoral and Cellular Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Lethal Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872047. [PMID: 35585971 PMCID: PMC9108258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective COVID-19 vaccine against broad SARS-CoV-2 variants is still an unmet need. In the study, the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vector was used to express the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to identify better vaccine designs. The replication-competent of the recombinant VSV-spike virus with C-terminal 19 amino acid truncation (SΔ19 Rep) was generated. A single dose of SΔ19 Rep intranasal vaccination is sufficient to induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. All the clones isolated from the SΔ19 Rep virus contained R682G mutation located at the Furin cleavage site. An additional S813Y mutation close to the TMPRSS2 cleavage site was identified in some clones. The enzymatic processing of S protein was blocked by these mutations. The vaccination of the R682G-S813Y virus produced a high antibody response against S protein and a robust S protein-specific CD8+ T cell response. The vaccinated animals were protected from the lethal SARS-CoV-2 (delta variant) challenge. The S antigen with resistance to enzymatic processes by Furin and TMPRSS2 will provide better immunogenicity for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhe-Jhih Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Tien
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Kuo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - En-Ju Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Tsai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Chen
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Tsai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Nikhil Pathak
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Shiuan Chuang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Tsai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Syong Dai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kit Man Chai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Siang Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jui Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Guann-Yi Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vianello E, Gonzalez-Dias P, van Veen S, Engele CG, Quinten E, Monath TP, Medaglini D, Santoro F, Huttner A, Dubey S, Eichberg M, Ndungu FM, Kremsner PG, Essone PN, Agnandji ST, Siegrist CA, Nakaya HI, Ottenhoff THM, Haks MC. Transcriptomic signatures induced by the Ebola virus vaccine rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP in adult cohorts in Europe, Africa, and North America: a molecular biomarker study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e113-e123. [PMID: 35544042 PMCID: PMC7613316 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector expressing the Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) vaccine has been reported as safe, immunogenic, and highly protective in a ring vaccination trial. We aimed to identify transcriptomic immune response biomarker signatures induced by vaccination and associated signatures with its immunogenicity and reactogenicity to better understand the potential mechanisms of action of the vaccine. METHODS 354 healthy adult volunteers were vaccinated in randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in Europe (Geneva, Switzerland [November, 2014, to January, 2015]) and North America (USA [Dec 5, 2014, to June 23, 2015]), and dose-escalation trials in Africa (Lambaréné, Gabon [November, 2014, to January, 2015], and Kilifi, Kenya [December, 2014, to January, 2015]) using different doses of the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector expressing the Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP; 3 × 105 to 1 × 108 plaque-forming units [pfu]). Longitudinal transcriptomic responses (days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28) were measured in whole blood using a targeted gene expression profiling platform (dual-colour reverse-transcriptase multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) focusing on 144 immune-related genes. The effect of time and dose on transcriptomic response was also assessed. Logistic regression with lasso regularisation was applied to identify host signatures with optimal discriminatory capability of vaccination at day 1 or day 7 versus baseline, whereas random-effects models and recursive feature elimination combined with regularised logistic regression were used to associate signatures with immunogenicity and reactogenicity. FINDINGS Our results indicated that perturbation of gene expression peaked on day 1 and returned to baseline levels between day 7 and day 28. The magnitude of the response was dose-dependent, with vaccinees receiving a high dose (≥9 × 106 pfu) of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP exhibiting the largest amplitude. The most differentially expressed genes that were significantly upregulated following vaccination consisted of type I and II interferon-related genes and myeloid cell-associated markers, whereas T cell, natural killer cell, and cytotoxicity-associated genes were downregulated. A gene signature associated with immunogenicity (common to all four cohorts) was identified correlating gene expression profiles with ZEBOV-GP antibody titres and a gene signatures associated with reactogenicity (Geneva cohort) was identified correlating gene expression profiles with an adverse event (ie, arthritis). INTERPRETATION Collectively, our results identify and cross-validate immune-related transcriptomic signatures induced by rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccination in four cohorts of adult participants from different genetic and geographical backgrounds. These signatures will aid in the rational development, testing, and evaluation of novel vaccines and will allow evaluation of the effect of host factors such as age, co-infection, and comorbidity on responses to vaccines. FUNDING Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vianello
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Patricia Gonzalez-Dias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzanne van Veen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carmen G Engele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Quinten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Sclavo Vaccines Association, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Angela Huttner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sheri Dubey
- Department of Vaccine and Biologics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael Eichberg
- Department of Vaccine and Biologics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paulin N Essone
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Madar-Balakirski N, Rosner A, Melamed S, Politi B, Steiner M, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Achdout H, Erez N, Rotem S, Lazar S, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Beth-Din A, Levy H, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H. Preliminary nonclinical safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:859-875. [PMID: 35032184 PMCID: PMC8760087 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the safety profile of the vaccine, a series of non-clinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in four animal species, using multiple doses (up to 108 Plaque Forming Units/animal) and dosing regimens. There were no treatment-related mortalities or any noticeable clinical signs in any of the studies. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings. There was no detectable viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples seven days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccination gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune responses, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph nodes. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive type I interferon knock-out mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18-human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The nonclinical data suggest that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe and immunogenic. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials, currently in Phase 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Crowe JE, Ward AB. Structural Biology Illuminates Molecular Determinants of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by Human Antibodies for Pan-Ebolavirus Therapeutic Development. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808047. [PMID: 35082794 PMCID: PMC8784787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven effective for the treatment of ebolavirus infection in humans, with two mAb-based drugs Inmazeb™ and Ebanga™ receiving FDA approval in 2020. While these drugs represent a major advance in the field of filoviral therapeutics, they are composed of antibodies with single-species specificity for Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebolavirus genus includes five additional species, two of which, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus, have caused severe disease and significant outbreaks in the past. There are several recently identified broadly neutralizing ebolavirus antibodies, including some in the clinical development pipeline, that have demonstrated broad protection in preclinical studies. In this review, we describe how structural biology has illuminated the molecular basis of broad ebolavirus neutralization, including details of common antigenic sites of vulnerability on the glycoprotein surface. We begin with a discussion outlining the history of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for ebolaviruses, with an emphasis on how structural biology has contributed to these efforts. Next, we highlight key structural studies that have advanced our understanding of ebolavirus glycoprotein structures and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we offer examples of how structural biology has contributed to advances in anti-viral medicines and discuss what opportunities the future holds, including rationally designed next-generation therapeutics with increased potency, breadth, and specificity against ebolaviruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peng KW, Carey T, Lech P, Vandergaast R, Muñoz-Alía MÁ, Packiriswamy N, Gnanadurai C, Krotova K, Tesfay M, Ziegler C, Haselton M, Sevola K, Lathrum C, Reiter S, Narjari R, Balakrishnan B, Suksanpaisan L, Sakuma T, Recker J, Zhang L, Waniger S, Russell L, Petro CD, Kyratsous CA, Baum A, Janecek JL, Lee RM, Ramachandran S, Graham ML, Russell SJ. Boosting of SARS-CoV-2 immunity in nonhuman primates using an oral rhabdoviral vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:2342-2351. [PMID: 35282925 PMCID: PMC8743387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An orally active vaccine capable of boosting SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in previously infected or vaccinated individuals would help efforts to achieve and sustain herd immunity. Unlike mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and recombinant replication-defective adenoviruses, replicating vesicular stomatitis viruses with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (VSV-SARS2) were poorly immunogenic after intramuscular administration in clinical trials. Here, by G protein trans-complementation, we generated VSV-SARS2(+G) virions with expanded target cell tropism. Compared to parental VSV-SARS2, G-supplemented viruses were orally active in virus-naive and vaccine-primed cynomolgus macaques, powerfully boosting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers. Clinical testing of this oral VSV-SARS2(+G) vaccine is planned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Whye Peng
- Vyriad Inc, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mulu Tesfay
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA
| | | | | | - Kara Sevola
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lianwen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alina Baum
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J Russell
- Vyriad Inc, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim GN, Choi JA, Wu K, Saeedian N, Yang E, Park H, Woo SJ, Lim G, Kim SG, Eo SK, Jeong HW, Kim T, Chang JH, Seo SH, Kim NH, Choi E, Choo S, Lee S, Winterborn A, Li Y, Parham K, Donovan JM, Fenton B, Dikeakos JD, Dekaban GA, Haeryfar SMM, Troyer RM, Arts EJ, Barr SD, Song M, Kang CY. A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010092. [PMID: 34914812 PMCID: PMC8675757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections remains an urgent priority worldwide. We have used a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based prime-boost immunization strategy to develop an effective COVID-19 vaccine candidate. We have constructed VSV genomes carrying exogenous genes resulting in the production of avirulent rVSV carrying the full-length spike protein (SF), the S1 subunit, or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) plus envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Adding the honeybee melittin signal peptide (msp) to the N-terminus enhanced the protein expression, and adding the VSV G protein transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail (Gtc) enhanced protein incorporation into pseudotype VSV. All rVSVs expressed three different forms of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, but chimeras with VSV-Gtc demonstrated the highest rVSV-associated expression. In immunized mice, rVSV with chimeric S protein-Gtc derivatives induced the highest level of potent neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses, and rVSV harboring the full-length msp-SF-Gtc proved to be the superior immunogen. More importantly, rVSV-msp-SF-Gtc vaccinated animals were completely protected from a subsequent SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Overall, we have developed an efficient strategy to induce a protective response in SARS-CoV-2 challenged immunized mice. Vaccination with our rVSV-based vector may be an effective solution in the global fight against COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented global health, economic and societal impact globally. Vaccinating the majority of the world’s population is the best way to help prevent new infections. Many vaccines have been developed to prevent various viral diseases that are currently in use around the world. This has generated a high demand for these vaccines, putting a strain on production capacity and delivery. With new variants of concern starting to dominate the human pandemic, new derivatives of the current vaccines may be necessary for continued protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed a vaccine that uses a safe vesicular stomatitis virus-based delivery vehicle to present a key SARS-CoV-2 protein to our immune system in order to train it to recognize and prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our vaccine completely protected vaccinated animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection and significantly reduced lung damage, a major hallmark of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Nyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jung-ah Choi
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunyu Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nasrin Saeedian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eunji Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hayan Park
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Je Woo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gippeum Lim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Kyeong Eo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoe Won Jeong
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Chang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Seo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Hyung Kim
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunsil Choi
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungho Choo
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangkyun Lee
- Sumagen, 4F Dongwon Bldg, Teheran-ro 77-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yue Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Parham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin M. Donovan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory A. Dekaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Troyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - C. Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Martinón-Torres F, García-Sastre A, Pollard AJ, Martín C, Osterhaus A, Ladhani SN, Ramilo O, Gómez Rial J, Salas A, Bosch FX, Martinón-Torres M, Mina MJ, Cherry J. TIPICO XI: report of the first series and podcast on infectious diseases and vaccines (aTIPICO). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4299-4327. [PMID: 34762551 PMCID: PMC8828069 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1953351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TIPiCO is an annual expert meeting and workshop on infectious diseases and vaccination. The edition of 2020 changed its name and format to aTIPiCO, the first series and podcasts on infectious diseases and vaccines. A total of 13 prestigious experts from different countries participated in this edition launched on the 26 November 2020. The state of the art of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the responsible pathogen, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the options to tackle the pandemic situation were discussed in light of the knowledge in November 2020. Despite COVID-19, the status of other infectious diseases, including influenza infections, respiratory syncytial virus disease, human papillomavirus infection, measles, pertussis, tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, and pneumococcal disease, were also addressed. The essential lessons that can be learned from these diseases and their vaccines to use in the COVID-19 pandemic were also commented with the experts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinón-Torres
- Department of Paediatrics Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Universidad de Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Martín
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Octavio Ramilo
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, US
| | - Jose Gómez Rial
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | | | | | - Michael J Mina
- Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - James Cherry
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, US
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pinski AN, Messaoudi I. Therapeutic vaccination strategies against EBOV by rVSV-EBOV-GP: the role of innate immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:179-189. [PMID: 34749265 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae family. Infection with EBOV causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) characterized by excessive inflammation, lymphocyte death, coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure. In 2019, the FDA-approved the first anti-EBOV vaccine, rVSV-EBOV-GP (Ervebo® by Merck). This live-recombinant vaccine confers both prophylactic and therapeutic protection to nonhuman primates and humans. While mechanisms conferring prophylactic protection are well-investigated, those underlying protection conferred shortly before and after exposure to EBOV remain poorly understood. In this review, we review data from in vitro and in vivo studies analyzing early immune responses to rVSV-EBOV-GP and discuss the role of innate immune activation in therapeutic protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Musunuri S, Sandbrink JB, Monrad JT, Palmer MJ, Koblentz GD. Rapid Proliferation of Pandemic Research: Implications for Dual-Use Risks. mBio 2021; 12:e0186421. [PMID: 34663091 PMCID: PMC8524337 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01864-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the world's vulnerability to biological catastrophe and elicited unprecedented scientific efforts. Some of this work and its derivatives, however, present dual-use risks (i.e., potential harm from misapplication of beneficial research) that have largely gone unaddressed. For instance, gain-of-function studies and reverse genetics protocols may facilitate the engineering of concerning SARS-CoV-2 variants and other pathogens. The risk of accidental or deliberate release of dangerous pathogens may be increased by large-scale collection and characterization of zoonotic viruses undertaken in an effort to understand what enables animal-to-human transmission. These concerns are exacerbated by the rise of preprint publishing that circumvents a late-stage opportunity for dual-use oversight. To prevent the next global health emergency, we must avoid inadvertently increasing the threat of future biological events. This requires a nuanced and proactive approach to dual-use evaluation throughout the research life cycle, including the conception, funding, conduct, and dissemination of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas B. Sandbrink
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Teperowski Monrad
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan J. Palmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gregory D. Koblentz
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The significant advances made by the global scientific community during the COVID-19 pandemic, exemplified by the development of multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in less than 1 y, were made possible in part because of animal research. Historically, animals have been used to study the characterization, treatment, and prevention of most of the major infectious disease outbreaks that humans have faced. From the advent of modern 'germ theory' prior to the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic through the more recent Ebola and Zika virus outbreaks, research that uses animals has revealed or supported key discoveries in disease pathogenesis and therapy development, helping to save lives during crises. Here we summarize the role of animal research in past pandemic and epidemic response efforts, as well as current and future considerations for animal research in the context of infectious disease research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Brockhurst
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jason S Villano
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kremsreiter SM, Kroell ASH, Weinberger K, Boehm H. Glycan-Lectin Interactions in Cancer and Viral Infections and How to Disrupt Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10577. [PMID: 34638920 PMCID: PMC8508825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan-lectin interactions play an essential role in different cellular processes. One of their main functions is involvement in the immune response to pathogens or inflammation. However, cancer cells and viruses have adapted to avail themselves of these interactions. By displaying specific glycosylation structures, they are able to bind to lectins, thus promoting pathogenesis. While glycan-lectin interactions promote tumor progression, metastasis, and/or chemoresistance in cancer, in viral infections they are important for viral entry, release, and/or immune escape. For several years now, a growing number of investigations have been devoted to clarifying the role of glycan-lectin interactions in cancer and viral infections. Various overviews have already summarized and highlighted their findings. In this review, we consider the interactions of the lectins MGL, DC-SIGN, selectins, and galectins in both cancer and viral infections together. A possible transfer of ways to target and disrupt them might lead to new therapeutic approaches in different pathological backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maria Kremsreiter
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Ann-Sophie Helene Kroell
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Katharina Weinberger
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Heike Boehm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lu M, Zhang Y, Dravid P, Li A, Zeng C, KC M, Trivedi S, Sharma H, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Zani A, Kenney A, Cai C, Ye C, Liang X, Qiu J, Martinez-Sobrido L, Yount JS, Boyaka PN, Liu SL, Peeples ME, Kapoor A, Li J. A Methyltransferase-Defective Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate Provides Complete Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hamsters. J Virol 2021; 95:e0059221. [PMID: 34379509 PMCID: PMC8475528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to dramatic economic and health burdens. Although the worldwide SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign has begun, exploration of other vaccine candidates is needed due to uncertainties with the current approved vaccines, such as durability of protection, cross-protection against variant strains, and costs of long-term production and storage. In this study, we developed a methyltransferase-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (mtdVSV)-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. We generated mtdVSVs expressing SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike (S) protein, S1, or its receptor-binding domain (RBD). All of these recombinant viruses grew to high titers in mammalian cells despite high attenuation in cell culture. The SARS-CoV-2 S protein and its truncations were highly expressed by the mtdVSV vector. These mtdVSV-based vaccine candidates were completely attenuated in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. Among these constructs, mtdVSV-S induced high levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and Th1-biased T-cell immune responses in mice. In Syrian golden hamsters, the serum levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs triggered by mtdVSV-S were higher than the levels of NAbs in convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients. In addition, hamsters immunized with mtdVSV-S were completely protected against SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung and nasal turbinate tissues, cytokine storm, and lung pathology. Collectively, our data demonstrate that mtdVSV expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a safe and highly efficacious vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Viral mRNA cap methyltransferase (MTase) is essential for mRNA stability, protein translation, and innate immune evasion. Thus, viral mRNA cap MTase activity is an excellent target for development of live attenuated or live vectored vaccine candidates. Here, we developed a panel of MTase-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (mtdVSV)-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates expressing full-length S, S1, or several versions of the RBD. These mtdVSV-based vaccine candidates grew to high titers in cell culture and were completely attenuated in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. Among these vaccine candidates, mtdVSV-S induces high levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) and Th1-biased immune responses in mice. Syrian golden hamsters immunized with mtdVSV-S triggered SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs at higher levels than those in convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, hamsters immunized with mtdVSV-S were completely protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Thus, mtdVSV is a safe and highly effective vector to deliver SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anzhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cong Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahesh KC
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Supranee Chaiwatpongsakorn
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hargreaves A, Brady C, Mellors J, Tipton T, Carroll MW, Longet S. Filovirus Neutralising Antibodies: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091201. [PMID: 34578233 PMCID: PMC8468515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus, cause sporadic outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever with very high case fatality rates in Africa. The 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa provided large survivor cohorts spurring a large number of human studies which showed that specific neutralising antibodies played a key role in protection following a natural Ebola virus infection, as part of the overall humoral response and in conjunction with the cellular adaptive response. This review will discuss the studies in survivors and animal models which described protective neutralising antibody response. Their mechanisms of action will be detailed. Furthermore, the importance of neutralising antibodies in antibody-based therapeutics and in vaccine-induced responses will be explained, as well as the strategies to avoid immune escape from neutralising antibodies. Understanding the neutralising antibody response in the context of filoviruses is crucial to furthering our understanding of virus structure and function, in addition to improving current vaccines & antibody-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Jack Mellors
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (T.T.); (M.W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-18-6561-7892
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ebola Virus Disease, Diagnostics and Therapeutics: Where is the Consensus in Over Three Decades of Clinical Research? SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
42
|
Yu J, Azzam EI, Jadhav AB, Wang Y. COVID-19: The Disease, the Immunological Challenges, the Treatment with Pharmaceuticals and Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation. Cells 2021; 10:2212. [PMID: 34571861 PMCID: PMC8470324 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 will be carved in the history books-with the proliferation of COVID-19 over the globe and with frontline health workers and basic scientists worldwide diligently fighting to alleviate life-threatening symptoms and curb the spread of the disease. Behind the shocking prevalence of death are countless families who lost loved ones. To these families and to humanity as a whole, the tallies are not irrelevant digits, but a motivation to develop effective strategies to save lives. However, at the onset of the pandemic, not many therapeutic choices were available besides supportive oxygen, anti-inflammatory dexamethasone, and antiviral remdesivir. Low-dose radiation (LDR), at a much lower dosage than applied in cancer treatment, re-emerged after a 75-year silence in its use in unresolved pneumonia, as a scientific interest with surprising effects in soothing the cytokine storm and other symptoms in severe COVID-19 patients. Here, we review the epidemiology, symptoms, immunological alterations, mutations, pharmaceuticals, and vaccine development of COVID-19, summarizing the history of X-ray irradiation in non-COVID diseases (especially pneumonia) and the currently registered clinical trials that apply LDR in treating COVID-19 patients. We discuss concerns, advantages, and disadvantages of LDR treatment and potential avenues that may provide empirical evidence supporting its potential use in defending against the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Yu
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Ashok B. Jadhav
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu G, Cao W, Salawudeen A, Zhu W, Emeterio K, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector. Pathogens 2021; 10:1092. [PMID: 34578125 PMCID: PMC8470541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which belongs to the Vesiculovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, is a well studied livestock pathogen and prototypic non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus. Although VSV is responsible for causing economically significant outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in cattle, horses, and swine, the virus also represents a valuable research tool for molecular biologists and virologists. Indeed, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious VSV from cDNA transformed the utility of this virus and paved the way for its use as a vaccine vector. A highly effective VSV-based vaccine against Ebola virus recently received clinical approval, and many other VSV-based vaccines have been developed, particularly for high-consequence viruses. This review seeks to provide a holistic but concise overview of VSV, covering the virus's ascension from perennial agricultural scourge to promising medical countermeasure, with a particular focus on vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sène MA, Kiesslich S, Djambazian H, Ragoussis J, Xia Y, Kamen AA. Haplotype-resolved de novo assembly of the Vero cell line genome. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:106. [PMID: 34417462 PMCID: PMC8379168 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vero cell line is the most used continuous cell line for viral vaccine manufacturing with more than 40 years of accumulated experience in the vaccine industry. Additionally, the Vero cell line has shown a high affinity for infection by MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and recently SARS-CoV-2, emerging as an important discovery and screening tool to support the global research and development efforts in this COVID-19 pandemic. However, the lack of a reference genome for the Vero cell line has limited our understanding of host–virus interactions underlying such affinity of the Vero cell towards key emerging pathogens, and more importantly our ability to redesign high-yield vaccine production processes using Vero genome editing. In this paper, we present an annotated highly contiguous 2.9 Gb assembly of the Vero cell genome. In addition, several viral genome insertions, including Adeno-associated virus serotypes 3, 4, 7, and 8, have been identified, giving valuable insights into quality control considerations for cell-based vaccine production systems. Variant calling revealed that, in addition to interferon, chemokines, and caspases-related genes lost their functions. Surprisingly, the ACE2 gene, which was previously identified as the host cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, also lost function in the Vero genome due to structural variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Kiesslich
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Yu Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tomori O, Kolawole MO. Ebola virus disease: current vaccine solutions. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:27-33. [PMID: 33873076 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is an emerging zoonotic disease with intermittent outbreaks in Central and West African countries. The unpredictable high case fatality rate has made it a disease of public health concern. Different vaccine platforms have shown prophylactic protection in human and non-human primates, with the progress towards a licensed vaccine greatly accelerated in response to the devastating outbreak of EVD in West Africa from 2013-2016. Currently, two vaccines: Ervebo (rVSV-ZEBOV) and a two-dose combination of Zabdeno (Ad26.ZEBOV) and Mvabea (MVA-BN-Filo) have been licensed and in use. The licensing of an Ebola vaccine for use is challenging for several reasons, including the sporadic and limited nature of EVD outbreaks and the enormous resources needed to bring a vaccine to licensure. While vaccine solutions remain important in reducing the fatality of EVD, other strategic interventions are necessary for the prevention and control of EVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Olatunji Kolawole
- Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group (IDEHRG), Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040627. [PMID: 33917632 PMCID: PMC8067456 DOI: 10.3390/v13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a tick-borne emerging zoonosis with a high case-fatality rate. At present, there is no approved SFTS vaccine, although the development of a vaccine would be one of the best strategies for preventing SFTS. This article focused on studies aimed at establishing small animal models of SFTS that are indispensable for evaluating vaccine candidates, developing these vaccine candidates, and establishing more practical animal models for evaluation. Innate immune-deficient mouse models, a hamster model, an immunocompetent ferret model and a cat model have been developed for SFTS. Several vaccine candidates for SFTS have been developed, and their efficacy has been confirmed using these animal models. The candidates consist of live-attenuated virus-based, viral vector-based, or DNA-based vaccines. SFTS vaccines are expected to be used for humans and companion dogs and cats. Hence for practical use, the vaccine candidates should be evaluated for efficacy using not only nonhuman primates but also dogs and cats. There is no practical nonhuman primate model of SFTS; however, the cat model is available to evaluate the efficacy of these candidate SFTS vaccines on domesticated animals.
Collapse
|
47
|
Morozov I, Monath TP, Meekins DA, Trujillo JD, Sunwoo SY, Urbaniak K, Kim IJ, Narayanan SK, Indran SV, Ma W, Wilson WC, O'Connor C, Dubey S, Troth SP, Coller BA, Nichols R, Martin BK, Feldmann H, Richt JA. High dose of vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored Ebola virus vaccine causes vesicular disease in swine without horizontal transmission. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:651-663. [PMID: 33719915 PMCID: PMC8023602 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1903343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe recent impact of Ebola virus disease (EVD) on public health in Africa clearly demonstrates the need for a safe and efficacious vaccine to control outbreaks and mitigate its threat to global health. ERVEBO® is an effective recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)-vectored Ebola virus vaccine (VSV-EBOV) that was approved by the FDA and EMA in late 2019 for use in prevention of EVD. Since the parental virus VSV, which was used to construct VSV-EBOV, is pathogenic for livestock and the vaccine virus may be shed at low levels by vaccinated humans, widespread deployment of the vaccine requires investigation into its infectivity and transmissibility in VSV-susceptible livestock species. We therefore performed a comprehensive clinical analysis of the VSV-EBOV vaccine virus in swine to determine its infectivity and potential for transmission. A high dose of VSV-EBOV resulted in VSV-like clinical signs in swine, with a proportion of pigs developing ulcerative vesicular lesions at the nasal injection site and feet. Uninoculated contact control pigs co-mingled with VSV-EBOV-inoculated pigs did not become infected or display any clinical signs of disease, indicating the vaccine is not readily transmissible to naïve pigs during prolonged close contact. In contrast, virulent wild-type VSV Indiana had a shorter incubation period and was transmitted to contact control pigs. These results indicate that the VSV-EBOV vaccine causes vesicular illness in swine when administered at a high dose. Moreover, the study demonstrates the VSV-EBOV vaccine is not readily transmitted to uninfected pigs, encouraging its safe use as an effective human vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Thomas P Monath
- Bioprotection Systems, Inc, a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David A Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - In Joong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sabarish V Indran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Nichols
- Bioprotection Systems, Inc, a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brian K Martin
- Bioprotection Systems, Inc, a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics Corp, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sandbrink JB, Koblentz GD. Biosecurity risks associated with vaccine platform technologies. Vaccine 2021; 40:2514-2523. [PMID: 33640142 PMCID: PMC7904460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine platforms have been critical for accelerating the timeline of COVID-19 vaccine development. Faster vaccine timelines demand further development of these technologies. Currently investigated platform approaches include virally vectored and RNA-based vaccines, as well as DNA vaccines and recombinant protein expression system platforms, each featuring different advantages and challenges. Viral vector-based and DNA vaccines in particular have received a large share of research funding to date. Platform vaccine technologies may feature dual-use potential through informing or enabling pathogen engineering, which may raise the risk for the occurrence of deliberate, anthropogenic biological events. Research on virally vectored vaccines exhibits relatively high dual-use potential for two reasons. First, development of virally vectored vaccines may generate insights of particular dual-use concern such as techniques for circumventing pre-existing anti-vector immunity. Second, while the amount of work on viral vectors for gene therapy exceeds that for vaccine research, work on virally vectored vaccines may increase the number of individuals capable of engineering viruses of particular concern, such as ones closely related to smallpox. Other platform vaccine approaches, such as RNA vaccines, feature relatively little dual-use potential. The biosecurity risk associated with platform advancement may be minimised by focusing preferentially on circumventing anti-vector immunity with non-genetic rather than genetic modifications, using vectors that are not based on viruses pathogenic to humans, or preferential investment into promising RNA-based vaccine approaches. To reduce the risk of anthropogenic pandemics, structures for the governance of biotechnology and life science research with dual-use potential need to be reworked. Scientists outside of the pathogen research community, for instance those who work on viral vectors or oncolytic viruses, need to become more aware of the dual-use risks associated with their research. Both public and private research-funding bodies need to prioritise the evaluation and reduction of biosecurity risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Sandbrink
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Trajan House, Mill St, Oxford, OX2 0AN, UK; Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Office, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Gregory D Koblentz
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Van Metre Hall, 678 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mucosal Delivery of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors Expressing Envelope Proteins of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Induces Protective Immunity in Cotton Rats. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02345-20. [PMID: 33408176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02345-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections, with increased severity in high-risk human populations, such as infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. Although the virus was identified more than 60 years ago, there is still no licensed vaccine available. Over the years, several vaccine delivery strategies have been evaluated. In this study, we developed two recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vector-based vaccine candidates expressing the RSV-G (attachment) protein (rVSV-G) or F (fusion) protein (rVSV-F). All vectors were evaluated in the cotton rat animal model for their in vivo immunogenicity and protective efficacy against an RSV-A2 virus challenge. Intranasal (i.n.) delivery of rVSV-G and rVSV-F together completely protected the lower respiratory tract (lungs) at doses as low as 103 PFU. In contrast, doses greater than 106 PFU were required to protect the upper respiratory tract (URT) completely. Reimmunization of RSV-immune cotton rats was most effective with rVSV-F. In immunized animals, overall antibody responses were sufficient for protection, whereas CD4 and CD8 T cells were not necessary. A prime-boost immunization regimen increased both protection and neutralizing antibody titers. Overall, mucosally delivered rVSV-vector-based RSV vaccine candidates induce protective immunity and therefore represent a promising immunization regimen against RSV infection.IMPORTANCE Even after decades of intensive research efforts, a safe and efficacious RSV vaccine remains elusive. Expression of heterologous antigens from rVSV vectors has demonstrated several practical and safety advantages over other virus vector systems and live attenuated vaccines. In this study, we developed safe and efficacious vaccine candidates by expressing the two major immunogenic RSV surface proteins in rVSV vectors and delivering them mucosally in a prime-boost regimen. The main immune parameter responsible for protection was the antibody response. These vaccine candidates induced complete protection of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Collapse
|
50
|
Longet S, Mellors J, Carroll MW, Tipton T. Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:599568. [PMID: 33679690 PMCID: PMC7935512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013–2016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology studies in animal models and survivors, as well as clinical trials have been crucial to understand Ebola virus pathogenesis and host immune responses, which has supported vaccine development. This review discusses the major findings that have emerged from animal models, studies in survivors and vaccine clinical trials and explains how these investigations have helped in the search for a correlate of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|