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Baranchyk Y, Gestels Z, Van den Bossche D, Abdellati S, Britto Xavier B, Manoharan-Basil SS, Kenyon C. Effect of erythromycin residuals in food on the development of resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an in vivo study in Galleria mellonella. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17463. [PMID: 38827315 PMCID: PMC11141549 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The use of antimicrobials to treat food animals may result in antimicrobial residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. The European Medicines Association (EMA) and World Health Organization (WHO) define safe antimicrobial concentrations in food based on acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). It is unknown if ADI doses of antimicrobials in food could influence the antimicrobial susceptibility of human-associated bacteria. Objectives This aim of this study was to evaluate if the consumption of ADI doses of erythromycin could select for erythromycin resistance in a Galleria mellonella model of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Methods A chronic model of S. pneumoniae infection in G. mellonella larvae was used for the experiment. Inoculation of larvae with S. pneumoniae was followed by injections of erythromycin ADI doses (0.0875 and 0.012 μg/ml according to EMA and WHO, respectively). Isolation of S. pneumoniae colonies was then performed on selective agar plates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of resistant colonies were measured, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed followed by variant calling to determine the genetic modifications. Results Exposure to single doses of both EMA and WHO ADI doses of erythromycin resulted in the emergence of erythromycin resistance in S. pneumoniae. Emergent resistance to erythromycin was associated with a mutation in rplA, which codes for the L1 ribosomal protein and has been linked to macrolide resistance in previous studies. Conclusion In our in vivo model, even single doses of erythromycin that are classified as acceptable by the WHO and EMA induced significant increases in erythromycin MICs in S. pneumoniae. These results suggest the need to include the induction of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a significant criterion for determining ADIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliia Baranchyk
- UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zina Gestels
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Saïd Abdellati
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Hospital Outbreak Support Team-HOST, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Kenyon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Cui L, Yang R, Huo D, Li L, Qu X, Wang J, Wang X, Liu H, Chen H, Wang X. Streptococcus pneumoniae extracellular vesicles aggravate alveolar epithelial barrier disruption via autophagic degradation of OCLN (occludin). Autophagy 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38497494 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2330043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) represents a major human bacterial pathogen leading to high morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. Recent research emphasizes the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bacterial pathogenicity. However, the contribution of S. pneumoniae EVs (pEVs) to host-microbe interactions has remained unclear. Here, we observed that S. pneumoniae infections in mice led to severe lung injuries and alveolar epithelial barrier (AEB) dysfunction. Infections of S. pneumoniae reduced the protein expression of tight junction protein OCLN (occludin) and activated macroautophagy/autophagy in lung tissues of mice and A549 cells. Mechanically, S. pneumoniae induced autophagosomal degradation of OCLN leading to AEB impairment in the A549 monolayer. S. pneumoniae released the pEVs that could be internalized by alveolar epithelial cells. Through proteomics, we profiled the cargo proteins inside pEVs and found that these pEVs contained many virulence factors, among which we identified a eukaryotic-like serine-threonine kinase protein StkP. The internalized StkP could induce the phosphorylation of BECN1 (beclin 1) at Ser93 and Ser96 sites, initiating autophagy and resulting in autophagy-dependent OCLN degradation and AEB dysfunction. Finally, the deletion of stkP in S. pneumoniae completely protected infected mice from death, significantly alleviated OCLN degradation in vivo, and largely abolished the AEB disruption caused by pEVs in vitro. Overall, our results suggested that pEVs played a crucial role in the spread of S. pneumoniae virulence factors. The cargo protein StkP in pEVs could communicate with host target proteins and even hijack the BECN1 autophagy initiation pathway, contributing to AEB disruption and bacterial pathogenicity.Abbreviations: AEB: alveolarepithelial barrier; AECs: alveolar epithelial cells; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; ATP:adenosine 5'-triphosphate; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BBB: blood-brain barrier; CFU: colony-forming unit; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ:chloroquine; CTRL: control; DiO: 3,3'-dioctadecylox-acarbocyanineperchlorate; DOX: doxycycline; DTT: dithiothreitol; ECIS: electricalcell-substrate impedance sensing; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescentprotein; ermR: erythromycin-resistance expression cassette; Ery: erythromycin; eSTKs: eukaryotic-like serine-threoninekinases; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HA: hemagglutinin; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; HsLC3B: human LC3B; hpi: hours post-infection; IP: immunoprecipitation; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LC/MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MVs: membranevesicles; NC:negative control; NETs:neutrophil extracellular traps; OD: optical density; OMVs: outer membrane vesicles; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; pEVs: S.pneumoniaeextracellular vesicles; protK: proteinase K; Rapa: rapamycin; RNAi: RNA interference; S.aureus: Staphylococcusaureus; SNF:supernatant fluid; sgRNA: single guide RNA; S.pneumoniae: Streptococcuspneumoniae; S.suis: Streptococcussuis; TEER: trans-epithelium electrical resistance; moi: multiplicity ofinfection; TEM:transmission electron microscope; TJproteins: tight junction proteins; TJP1/ZO-1: tight junction protein1; TSA: tryptic soy agar; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruicheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Huo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hulin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
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Ríos E, Pérez M, Sanz JC, Delgado-Iribarren A, Rodríguez-Avial I. Efficacy of delafloxacin alone and in combination with cefotaxime against cefotaxime non-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2024; 37:158-162. [PMID: 38226580 PMCID: PMC10945109 DOI: 10.37201/req/107.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the in vitro activity of delafloxacin and the synergy between cefotaxime and delafloxacin among cefotaxime non-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (CNSSP). METHODS A total of 30 CNSSP (cefotaxime MIC > 0.5 mg/L) were studied. Serotyping was performed by the Pneumotest-Latex and Quellung reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of delafloxacin, levofloxacin, penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and vancomycin were determined by gradient diffusion strips (GDS). Synergistic activity of delafloxacin plus cefotaxime against clinical S. pneumoniae isolates was evaluated by the GDS cross method. RESULTS Delafloxacin showed a higher pneumococcal activity than its comparator levofloxacin (MIC50, 0.004 versus 0.75 mg/L and MIC90, 0.047 versus >32 mg/L). Resistance to delafloxacin was identified in 7/30 (23.3%) isolates, belonging to serotypes 14 and 9V. Synergy between delafloxacin and cefotaxime was detected in 2 strains (serotypes 19A and 9V). Antagonism was not observed. Addition of delafloxacin increased the activity of cefotaxime in all isolates. Delafloxacin susceptibility was restored in 5/7 (71.4%) strains. CONCLUSIONS CNSSP showed a susceptibility to delafloxacin of 76.7%. Synergistic interactions between delafloxacin and cefotaxime were observed in vitro among CNSSP by GDS cross method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ríos
- Esther Ríos Dueñas, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sari RF, Fadilah F, Maladan Y, Sarassari R, Safari D. A narrative review of genomic characteristics, serotype, immunogenicity, and vaccine development of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2024; 13:91-104. [PMID: 38752009 PMCID: PMC11091432 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2024.13.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review describes genomic characteristic, serotyping, immunogenicity, and vaccine development of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS). CPS is a primary virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. The genomic characteristics of S. pneumoniae CPS, including the role of biosynthetic gene and genetic variation within cps (capsule polysaccharide) locus which may lead to serotype replacement are still being investigated. One hundred unique serotypes of S. pneumoniae have been identified through various methods of serotyping using phenotypic and genotypic approach. The advantages and limitations of each method are various, emphasizing the need for accurate and comprehensive serotyping for effective disease surveillance and vaccine targeting. In addition, we elaborate the critical role of CPS in vaccine development by providing an overview of immunogenicity, ongoing research of pneumococcal vaccines, and the impact on disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Fathma Sari
- Master’s Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Fadilah Fadilah
- Medical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yustinus Maladan
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rosantia Sarassari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
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de Felipe B, Aboza-García M, González-Galán V, Salamanca de la Cueva I, Martín-Quintero JA, Amil-Pérez B, Coronel-Rodríguez C, Palacios-Soria MÁ, García Ruiz-Santaquiteria MI, Torres-Sánchez MJ, Morón FJ, Cordero-Varela JA, Obando-Pacheco P, Obando I. Molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal carriage in children from Seville, following implementation of the PCV13 immunization program in Andalusia, Spain. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024; 42:172-178. [PMID: 37085445 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) universal vaccination programme was introduced in December 2016 in Andalusia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on the molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization. A total of 397 healthy children were recruited from primary healthcare centres in Seville for the periods 1/4/2018 to 28/2/2020 and 1/11/2021 to 28/2/2022 (PCV13 period). Data from a previous carriage study conducted among healthy and sick children from 1/01/2006 to 30/06/2008 (PCV7 period), were used for comparison of serotype/genotype distributions and antibiotic resistance rates. RESULTS Overall, 76 (19%) children were colonized with S. pneumoniae during the PCV13 period and there were information available from 154 isolates collected during the PCV7 period. Colonization with PCV13 serotypes declined significantly in the PCV13 period compared with historical controls (11% vs 38%, p = 0.0001), being serotypes 19F (8%), 3 (1%) and 6B (1%) the only circulating vaccine types. Serotypes 15B/C and 11A were the most frequently identified non-PCV13 serotypes during the PCV13 period (14% and 11%, respectively); the later one increased significantly between time periods (p = 0.04). Serotype 11A was exclusively associated in the PCV13 period with ampicillin-resistant variants of the Spain9V-ST156 clone (ST6521 and genetically related ST14698), not detected in the preceding period. CONCLUSIONS There was a residual circulation of vaccine types following PCV13 introduction, apart from serotype 19F. Serotype 11A increased between PCV13 and PCV7 periods due to emergence and clonal expansion of ampicillin-resistant genotype ST6521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Felipe
- Alteraciones Congénitas de la Inmunidad, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Universidad de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR)/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Aboza-García
- Alteraciones Congénitas de la Inmunidad, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Universidad de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR)/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Salud Polígono Norte, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Benito Amil-Pérez
- Servicio de Pediatría, Grupo Instituto Hispalense de Pediatría, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Coronel-Rodríguez
- Centro de Salud Amante Laffón, Distrito de Atención Primaria Sevilla, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Javier Morón
- Unidad de Genómica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan A Cordero-Varela
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Obando
- Alteraciones Congénitas de la Inmunidad, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Universidad de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR)/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Sección de Infectología e Inmunopatologías Pediátricas, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
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Jansson MK, Nguyen DT, Mikkat S, Warnke C, Janssen MB, Warnke P, Kreikemeyer B, Patenge N. Synthetic mRNA delivered to human cells leads to expression of Cpl-1 bacteriophage-endolysin with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102145. [PMID: 38435119 PMCID: PMC10907214 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded hydrolases that show high antibacterial activity and a narrow substrate spectrum. We hypothesize that an mRNA-based approach to endolysin therapy can overcome some challenges of conventional endolysin therapy, namely organ targeting and bioavailability. We show that synthetic mRNA applied to three human cell lines (HEK293T, A549, HepG2 cells) leads to expression and cytosolic accumulation of the Cpl-1 endolysin with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Addition of a human lysozyme signal peptide sequence translocates the Cpl-1 to the endoplasmic reticulum leading to secretion (hlySP-sCpl-1). The pneumococcal killing effect of hlySP-sCpl-1 was enhanced by introduction of a point mutation to avoid N-linked-glycosylation. hlySP-sCpl-1N215D, collected from the culture supernatant of A549 cells 6 h post-transfection showed a significant killing effect and was active against nine pneumococcal strains. mRNA-based cytosolic Cpl-1 and secretory hlySP-sCpl-1N215D show potential for innovative treatment strategies against pneumococcal disease and, to our best knowledge, represent the first approach to mRNA-based endolysin therapy. We assume that many other bacterial pathogens could be targeted with this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. Jansson
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dat Tien Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Mikkat
- Core Facility Proteome Analysis, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carolin Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marc Benjamin Janssen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadja Patenge
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Soni J, Sinha S, Pandey R. Understanding bacterial pathogenicity: a closer look at the journey of harmful microbes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370818. [PMID: 38444801 PMCID: PMC10912505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are the most prevalent form of microorganisms and are classified into two categories based on their mode of existence: intracellular and extracellular. While most bacteria are beneficial to human health, others are pathogenic and can cause mild to severe infections. These bacteria use various mechanisms to evade host immunity and cause diseases in humans. The susceptibility of a host to bacterial infection depends on the effectiveness of the immune system, overall health, and genetic factors. Malnutrition, chronic illnesses, and age-related vulnerabilities are the additional confounders to disease severity phenotypes. The impact of bacterial pathogens on public health includes the transmission of these pathogens from healthcare facilities, which contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. To identify the most significant threats to public health, it is crucial to understand the global burden of common bacterial pathogens and their pathogenicity. This knowledge is required to improve immunization rates, improve the effectiveness of vaccines, and consider the impact of antimicrobial resistance when assessing the situation. Many bacteria have developed antimicrobial resistance, which has significant implications for infectious diseases and favors the survival of resilient microorganisms. This review emphasizes the significance of understanding the bacterial pathogens that cause this health threat on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Soni
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Integrative Genomics of Host Pathogen Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sristi Sinha
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Integrative Genomics of Host Pathogen Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Integrative Genomics of Host Pathogen Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Santra S, Nayak I, Paladhi A, Das D, Banerjee A. Estimates of differential toxin expression governing heterogeneous intracellular lifespans of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260891. [PMID: 38411297 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Following invasion of the host cell, pore-forming toxins secreted by pathogens compromise vacuole integrity and expose the microbe to diverse intracellular defence mechanisms. However, the quantitative correlation between toxin expression levels and consequent pore dynamics, fostering the intracellular life of pathogens, remains largely unexplored. In this study, using Streptococcus pneumoniae and its secreted pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (Ply) as a model system, we explored various facets of host-pathogen interactions in the host cytosol. Using time-lapse fluorescence imaging, we monitored pore formation dynamics and lifespans of different pneumococcal subpopulations inside host cells. Based on experimental histograms of various event timescales such as pore formation time, vacuolar death or cytosolic escape time and total degradation time, we developed a mathematical model based on first-passage processes that could correlate the event timescales to intravacuolar toxin accumulation. This allowed us to estimate Ply production rate, burst size and threshold Ply quantities that trigger these outcomes. Collectively, we present a general method that illustrates a correlation between toxin expression levels and pore dynamics, dictating intracellular lifespans of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Santra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Indrani Nayak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankush Paladhi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
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Fol M, Karpik W, Zablotni A, Kulesza J, Kulesza E, Godkowicz M, Druszczynska M. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Their Role in the Immune Response to Infections. Cells 2024; 13:335. [PMID: 38391948 PMCID: PMC10886880 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a group of lymphocyte-like cells called innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has gained considerable attention due to their crucial role in regulating immunity and tissue homeostasis. ILCs, lacking antigen-specific receptors, are a group of functionally differentiated effector cells that act as tissue-resident sentinels against infections. Numerous studies have elucidated the characteristics of ILC subgroups, but the mechanisms controlling protective or pathological responses to pathogens still need to be better understood. This review summarizes the functions of ILCs in the immunology of infections caused by different intracellular and extracellular pathogens and discusses their possible therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Wojciech Karpik
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Zablotni
- Department of Bacterial Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jakub Kulesza
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Kulesza
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Godkowicz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Druszczynska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
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Wang L, Liu M, Qi Y, Wang J, Shi Q, Xie X, Zhou C, Ma L. hsdSA regulated extracellular vesicle-associated PLY to protect Streptococcus pneumoniae from macrophage killing via LAPosomes. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0099523. [PMID: 38018988 PMCID: PMC10783081 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00995-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE S. pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that undergoes a spontaneous and reversible phase variation that allows it to survive in different host environments. Interestingly, we found hsdSA , a gene that manipulated the phase variation, promoted the survival and replication of S. pneumoniae in macrophages by regulating EV production and EV-associated PLY. More importantly, here we provided the first evidence that higher EV-associated PLY (produced by D39) could form LAPosomes that were single membrane compartments containing S. pneumoniae, which are induced by integrin β1/NOX2/ROS pathway. At the same time, EV-associated PLY increased the permeability of lysosome membrane and induced an insufficient acidification to escape the host killing, and ultimately prolonged the survival of S. pneumoniae in macrophages. In contrast, lower EV-associated PLY (produced by D39ΔhsdSA ) activated ULK1 recruitment to form double-layered autophagosomes to eliminate bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixin Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixue Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingman Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Yang S, Chen J, Fu J, Huang J, Li T, Yao Z, Ye X. Disease-Associated Streptococcus pneumoniae Genetic Variation. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:39-49. [PMID: 38146979 PMCID: PMC10756394 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.221927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that causes substantial illness and death among children worldwide. The genetic backgrounds of pneumococci that cause infection versus asymptomatic carriage vary substantially. To determine the evolutionary mechanisms of opportunistic pathogenicity, we conducted a genomic surveillance study in China. We collected 783 S. pneumoniae isolates from infected and asymptomatic children. By using a 2-stage genomewide association study process, we compared genomic differences between infection and carriage isolates to address genomic variation associated with pathogenicity. We identified 8 consensus k-mers associated with adherence, antimicrobial resistance, and immune modulation, which were unevenly distributed in the infection isolates. Classification accuracy of the best k-mer predictor for S. pneumoniae infection was good, giving a simple target for predicting pathogenic isolates. Our findings suggest that S. pneumoniae pathogenicity is complex and multifactorial, and we provide genetic evidence for precise targeted interventions.
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12
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Yin F, Hu Y, Bu Z, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hu Y, Xue Y, Li S, Tan C, Chen X, Li L, Zhou R, Huang Q. Genome-wide identification of genes critical for in vivo fitness of multi-drug resistant porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli by transposon-directed insertion site sequencing using a mouse infection model. Virulence 2023; 14:2158708. [PMID: 36537189 PMCID: PMC9828833 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2158708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is an important zoonotic pathogen. Recently, ExPEC has been reported to be an emerging problem in pig farming. However, the mechanism of pathogenicity of porcine ExPEC remains to be revealed. In this study, we constructed a transposon (Tn) mutagenesis library covering Tn insertion in over 72% of the chromosome-encoded genes of a virulent and multi-drug resistant porcine ExPEC strain PCN033. By using a mouse infection model, a transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) assay was performed to identify in vivo fitness factors. By comparing the Tn insertion frequencies between the input Tn library and the recovered library from different organs, 64 genes were identified to be involved in fitness during systemic infection. 15 genes were selected and individual gene deletion mutants were constructed. The in vivo fitness was evaluated by using a competitive infection assay. Among them, ΔfimG was significantly outcompeted by the WT strain in vivo and showed defective adhesion to host cells. rfa which was involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis was shown to be critical for in vivo fitness which may have resulted from its role in the resistance to serum killing. In addition, several metabolic genes including fepB, sdhC, fepG, gltS, dcuA, ccmH, ddpD, narU, glpD, malM, and yabL and two regulatory genes metJ and baeS were shown as important determinants of in vivo fitness of porcine ExPEC. Collectively, this study performed a genome-wide screening for in vivo fitness factors which will be important for understanding the pathogenicity of porcine ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixuan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiabing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China,The HZAU-HVSEN Institute, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Rui Zhou
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Ministry of Science and Technology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Wuhan, China,Qi Huang
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13
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Zou Y, Wang H, Fang J, Sun H, Deng X, Wang J, Deng Y, Chi G. Isorhamnetin as a novel inhibitor of pneumolysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in vivo/in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106382. [PMID: 37839759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) infection severely threatened the global public heath, causing a significant fatality in immunocompromised hosts. Notably, pneumolysin (PLY) as a pore-forming cytolysin plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia and lung injury. In this study, a natural flavonoid isorhamnetin was identified as a PLY inhibition to suppress PLY-induced hemolysis by engaging the predicted residues and attenuate cytolysin PLY-mediated A549 cells injury. Underlying mechanisms revealed that PLY inhibitor isorhamnetin further contributed to decrease the formation of bacterial biofilms without affecting the expression of PLY. In vivo S. pneumoniae infection confirmed that the pathological injury of lung tissue evoked by S. pneumoniae was ameliorated by isorhamnetin treatment. Collectively, these results presented that isorhamnetin could inhibit the biological activity of PLY, thus reducing the pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae. In summary, our study laid a foundation for the feasible anti-virulence strategy targeting PLY, and provided a promising PLY inhibitor for the treatment of S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiting Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Juan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Gefu Chi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Nei Monggol, China.
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14
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Obolski U, Swarthout TD, Kalizang'oma A, Mwalukomo TS, Chan JM, Weight CM, Brown C, Cave R, Cornick J, Kamng'ona AW, Msefula J, Ercoli G, Brown JS, Lourenço J, Maiden MC, French N, Gupta S, Heyderman RS. The metabolic, virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of colonising Streptococcus pneumoniae shift after PCV13 introduction in urban Malawi. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7477. [PMID: 37978177 PMCID: PMC10656543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes substantial mortality among children under 5-years-old worldwide. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are highly effective at reducing vaccine serotype disease, but emergence of non-vaccine serotypes and persistent nasopharyngeal carriage threaten this success. We investigated the hypothesis that following vaccine, adapted pneumococcal genotypes emerge with the potential for vaccine escape. We genome sequenced 2804 penumococcal isolates, collected 4-8 years after introduction of PCV13 in Blantyre, Malawi. We developed a pipeline to cluster the pneumococcal population based on metabolic core genes into "Metabolic genotypes" (MTs). We show that S. pneumoniae population genetics are characterised by emergence of MTs with distinct virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. Preliminary in vitro and murine experiments revealed that representative isolates from emerging MTs differed in growth, haemolytic, epithelial infection, and murine colonisation characteristics. Our results suggest that in the context of PCV13 introduction, pneumococcal population dynamics had shifted, a phenomenon that could further undermine vaccine control and promote spread of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Obolski
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Todd D Swarthout
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Mucosal Pathogens Research Group, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Akuzike Kalizang'oma
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Mucosal Pathogens Research Group, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jia Mun Chan
- Mucosal Pathogens Research Group, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Weight
- Mucosal Pathogens Research Group, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Comfort Brown
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Rory Cave
- Mucosal Pathogens Research Group, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jen Cornick
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection Veterinary & Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Ercoli
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S Brown
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin C Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil French
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection Veterinary & Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Mucosal Pathogens Research Group, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Williams AN, Ma A, Croxen MA, Demczuk WHB, Martin I, Tyrrell GJ. Genomic analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 20 isolates in Alberta, Canada from 1993-2019. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 38015202 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the province of Alberta, Canada, invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 20 (serotypes 20A/20B) has been increasing in incidence. Here, we characterize provincial invasive serogroup 20 isolates collected from 1993 to 2019 alongside invasive and non-invasive serogroup 20 isolates from the Global Pneumococcal Sequencing (GPS) Project collected from 1998 to 2015. Trends in clinical metadata and geographic location were evaluated, and serogroup 20 isolate genomes were subjected to molecular sequence typing, virulence and antimicrobial resistance factor mining, phylogenetic analysis and pangenome calculation. Two hundred and seventy-four serogroup 20 isolates from Alberta were sequenced, and analysed along with 95 GPS Project genomes. The majority of invasive Alberta serogroup 20 isolates were identified after 2007 in primarily middle-aged adults and typed predominantly as ST235, a sequence type that was rare among GPS Project isolates. Most Alberta isolates carried a full-length whaF capsular gene, suggestive of serotype 20B. All Alberta and GPS Project genomes carried molecular resistance determinants implicated in fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance, with a few Alberta isolates exhibiting phenotypic resistance to azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, as well as non-susceptibility to tigecycline. All isolates carried multiple virulence factors including those involved in adherence, immune modulation and nutrient uptake, as well as exotoxins and exoenzymes. Phylogenetically, Alberta serogroup 20 isolates clustered with predominantly invasive GPS Project isolates from the USA, Israel, Brazil and Nepal. Overall, this study highlights the increasing incidence of invasive S. pneumoniae serogroup 20 disease in Alberta, Canada, and provides insights into the genetic and clinical characteristics of these isolates within a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 5-411 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratory - Public Health Laboratory, 8440 112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Angela Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 5-411 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Ste. #1100, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
| | - Matthew A Croxen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 5-411 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratory - Public Health Laboratory, 8440 112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7 Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Centre for Health Research, 11315 - 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
- Women & Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), University of Alberta, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), 11405 87 Avenue NW Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Walter H B Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2 Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2 Canada
| | - Gregory J Tyrrell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 5-411 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratory - Public Health Laboratory, 8440 112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7 Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Centre for Health Research, 11315 - 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
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16
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Zahari NIN, Engku Abd Rahman ENS, Irekeola AA, Ahmed N, Rabaan AA, Alotaibi J, Alqahtani SA, Halawi MY, Alamri IA, Almogbel MS, Alfaraj AH, Ibrahim FA, Almaghaslah M, Alissa M, Yean CY. A Review of the Resistance Mechanisms for β-Lactams, Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among Streptococcus pneumoniae. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1927. [PMID: 38003976 PMCID: PMC10672801 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a bacterial species often associated with the occurrence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP refers to a specific kind of pneumonia that occurs in individuals who acquire the infection outside of a healthcare setting. It represents the leading cause of both death and morbidity on a global scale. Moreover, the declaration of S. pneumoniae as one of the 12 leading pathogens was made by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. Antibiotics like β-lactams, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the primary classes of antimicrobial medicines used for the treatment of S. pneumoniae infections. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these antibiotics is diminishing as a result of the establishment of resistance in S. pneumoniae against these antimicrobial agents. In 2019, the WHO declared that antibiotic resistance was among the top 10 hazards to worldwide health. It is believed that penicillin-binding protein genetic alteration causes β-lactam antibiotic resistance. Ribosomal target site alterations and active efflux pumps cause macrolide resistance. Numerous factors, including the accumulation of mutations, enhanced efflux mechanisms, and plasmid gene acquisition, cause fluoroquinolone resistance. Furthermore, despite the advancements in pneumococcal vaccinations and artificial intelligence (AI), it is not feasible for individuals to rely on them indefinitely. The ongoing development of AI for combating antimicrobial resistance necessitates more research and development efforts. A few strategies can be performed to curb this resistance issue, including providing educational initiatives and guidelines, conducting surveillance, and establishing new antibiotics targeting another part of the bacteria. Hence, understanding the resistance mechanism of S. pneumoniae may aid researchers in developing a more efficacious antibiotic in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Izzaty Najwa Zahari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia (E.N.S.E.A.R.)
| | - Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia (E.N.S.E.A.R.)
| | - Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia (E.N.S.E.A.R.)
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa PMB 4412, Nigeria
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia (E.N.S.E.A.R.)
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Jawaher Alotaibi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Y. Halawi
- Cytogenetics Department, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Ateeq Alamri
- Blood Bank Department, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Almogbel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 4030, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H. Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Al Ibrahim
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Almaghaslah
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia (E.N.S.E.A.R.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
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17
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Lobb B, Lee MC, McElheny CL, Doi Y, Yahner K, Hoberman A, Martin JM, Hirota JA, Doxey AC, Shaikh N. Genomic classification and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza isolates associated with paediatric otitis media and upper respiratory infection. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:596. [PMID: 37700242 PMCID: PMC10498559 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common childhood bacterial infectious disease requiring antimicrobial therapy. Most cases of AOM are caused by translocation of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae from the nasopharynx to the middle ear during an upper respiratory tract infection (URI). Ongoing genomic surveillance of these pathogens is important for vaccine design and tracking of emerging variants, as well as for monitoring patterns of antibiotic resistance to inform treatment strategies and stewardship.In this work, we examined the ability of a genomics-based workflow to determine microbiological and clinically relevant information from cultured bacterial isolates obtained from patients with AOM or an URI. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) and analysis of 148 bacterial isolates cultured from the nasopharynx (N = 124, 94 AOM and 30 URI) and ear (N = 24, all AOM) of 101 children aged 6-35 months presenting with AOM or an URI. We then performed WGS-based sequence typing and antimicrobial resistance profiling of each strain and compared results to those obtained from traditional microbiological phenotyping.WGS of clinical isolates resulted in 71 S. pneumoniae genomes and 76 H. influenzae genomes. Multilocus sequencing typing (MSLT) identified 33 sequence types for S. pneumoniae and 19 predicted serotypes including the most frequent serotypes 35B and 3. Genome analysis predicted 30% of S. pneumoniae isolates to have complete or intermediate penicillin resistance. AMR predictions for S. pneumoniae isolates had strong agreement with clinical susceptibility testing results for beta-lactam and non beta-lactam antibiotics, with a mean sensitivity of 93% (86-100%) and a mean specificity of 98% (94-100%). MLST identified 29 H. influenzae sequence types. Genome analysis identified beta-lactamase genes in 30% of H. influenzae strains, which was 100% in agreement with clinical beta-lactamase testing. We also identified a divergent highly antibiotic-resistant strain of S. pneumoniae, and found its closest sequenced strains, also isolated from nasopharyngeal samples from over 15 years ago.Ultimately, our work provides the groundwork for clinical WGS-based workflows to aid in detection and analysis of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briallen Lobb
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew C Lee
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Christi L McElheny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Yahner
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Alejandro Hoberman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Judith M Martin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Nader Shaikh
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, USA.
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18
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Hernandez-Morfa M, Olivero NB, Zappia VE, Piñas GE, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Cian MB, Nuñez-Fernandez M, Cortes PR, Echenique J. The oxidative stress response of Streptococcus pneumoniae: its contribution to both extracellular and intracellular survival. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1269843. [PMID: 37789846 PMCID: PMC10543277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1269843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive, aerotolerant bacterium that naturally colonizes the human nasopharynx, but also causes invasive infections and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This pathogen produces high levels of H2O2 to eliminate other microorganisms that belong to the microbiota of the respiratory tract. However, it also induces an oxidative stress response to survive under this stressful condition. Furthermore, this self-defense mechanism is advantageous in tolerating oxidative stress imposed by the host's immune response. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies employed by the pneumococcus to survive oxidative stress. These strategies encompass the utilization of H2O2 scavengers and thioredoxins, the adaptive response to antimicrobial host oxidants, the regulation of manganese and iron homeostasis, and the intricate regulatory networks that control the stress response. Here, we have also summarized less explored aspects such as the involvement of reparation systems and polyamine metabolism. A particular emphasis is put on the role of the oxidative stress response during the transient intracellular life of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including coinfection with influenza A and the induction of antibiotic persistence in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelys Hernandez-Morfa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nadia B. Olivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria E. Zappia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - German E. Piñas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolas M. Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Melina B. Cian
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Nuñez-Fernandez
- Centro de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paulo R. Cortes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jose Echenique
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Graham AS, Ben-Azu B, Tremblay MÈ, Torre P, Senekal M, Laughton B, van der Kouwe A, Jankiewicz M, Kaba M, Holmes MJ. A review of the auditory-gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1183694. [PMID: 37600010 PMCID: PMC10435389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1183694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss places a substantial burden on medical resources across the world and impacts quality of life for those affected. Further, it can occur peripherally and/or centrally. With many possible causes of hearing loss, there is scope for investigating the underlying mechanisms involved. Various signaling pathways connecting gut microbes and the brain (the gut-brain axis) have been identified and well established in a variety of diseases and disorders. However, the role of these pathways in providing links to other parts of the body has not been explored in much depth. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore potential underlying mechanisms that connect the auditory system to the gut-brain axis. Using select keywords in PubMed, and additional hand-searching in google scholar, relevant studies were identified. In this review we summarize the key players in the auditory-gut-brain axis under four subheadings: anatomical, extracellular, immune and dietary. Firstly, we identify important anatomical structures in the auditory-gut-brain axis, particularly highlighting a direct connection provided by the vagus nerve. Leading on from this we discuss several extracellular signaling pathways which might connect the ear, gut and brain. A link is established between inflammatory responses in the ear and gut microbiome-altering interventions, highlighting a contribution of the immune system. Finally, we discuss the contribution of diet to the auditory-gut-brain axis. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose numerous possible key players connecting the auditory system to the gut-brain axis. In the future, a more thorough investigation of these key players in animal models and human research may provide insight and assist in developing effective interventions for treating hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Graham
- Imaging Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute for Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Torre
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Marjanne Senekal
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Physiological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcin Jankiewicz
- Imaging Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mamadou Kaba
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martha J. Holmes
- Imaging Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- ImageTech, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
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20
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Ong HH, Toh WK, Thong LY, Phoon LQ, Clarke SC, Cheah ESG. Investigation of Upper Respiratory Carriage of Bacterial Pathogens among University Students in Kampar, Malaysia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050269. [PMID: 37235317 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The carriage of bacterial pathogens in the human upper respiratory tract (URT) is associated with a risk of invasive respiratory tract infections, but the related epidemiological information on this at the population level is scarce in Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the URT carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among 100 university students by nasal and oropharyngeal swabbing. The presence of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa was assessed via swab culture on selective media and PCR on the resulting isolates. For S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis, their presence was assessed via multiplex PCR on the total DNA extracts from chocolate agar cultures. The carriage prevalence of H. influenzae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and P. aeruginosa among the subjects was 36%, 27%, 15%, 11%, 5% and 1%, respectively, by these approaches. Their carriage was significantly higher in males compared to females overall. The S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolates were also screened by the Kirby-Bauer assay, in which 51.6% of S. aureus were penicillin-resistant. The outcomes from carriage studies are expected to contribute to informing infectious disease control policies and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hing Huat Ong
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Wai Keat Toh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Li Ying Thong
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Lee Quen Phoon
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Stuart C Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Centre for Translational Research, Institute for Research, Development, and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Eddy Seong Guan Cheah
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Kampar Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
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21
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Han X, Meng X, Wang X, Leng S, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li P, Zhang Q, Hu HY. Analyte-Triggered Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer- Delayed Fluorescence: A General Approach for Time-Resolved Turn-On Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7715-7722. [PMID: 37125992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The research of delayed fluorescence (DF) has been a hot topic in biological imaging. However, the development of analyte-triggered small molecule DF probes remains a considerable challenge. Herein a novel excited-state intramolecular proton transfer-delayed fluorescence (ESIPT-DF) approach to construct analyte-stimulated DF probes was reported. These new classes of ESIPT-DF luminophores were strategically designed and synthesized by incorporating 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT), a known ESIPT-based fluorophore, as acceptor with a series of classic donor moieties, which formed a correspondingly twisted donor-acceptor pair within each molecule. Thereinto, HBT-PXZ and HBT-PTZ exhibited significant ESIPT and DF characters with lifetimes of 5.37 and 3.65 μs in the solid state, respectively. Furthermore, a caged probe HBT-PXZ-Ga was developed by introducing a hydrophilic d-galactose group as the recognition unit specific for β-galactosidase (β-gal) and ESIPT-DF blocking agent and applied to investigate the influence of metal ions on β-gal activity on the surface of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a convenient tool. This ESIPT-DF "turn-on" approach is easily adaptable for the measurement of many different analytes using only a predictable modification on the caged group without modification of the core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangchuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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22
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Leal JT, Primon-Barros M, de Carvalho Robaina A, Pizzutti K, Mott MP, Trentin DS, Dias CAG. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A from carriers and invasive disease: virulence gene profile and pathogenicity in a Galleria mellonella model. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:399-411. [PMID: 36790530 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate and compare the presence of genes related to surface proteins between isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from healthy carriers (HC) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) with a particular focus on serotype 19A. METHODS The presence of these genes was identified by real-time PCR. Subsequently, we employed the Galleria mellonella larval infection model to study their effect on pathogenicity in vivo. RESULTS The percentage of selected virulence genes was similar between the HC and IPD groups (p > 0.05), and the genes lytA, nanB, pavA, pcpA, phtA, phtB, phtE, rrgA, and sipA were all present in both groups. However, the virulence profile of the isolates differed individually between HC and IPD groups. The highest lethality in G. mellonella was for IPD isolates (p < 0.01), even when the virulence profile was the same as compared to the HC isolates or when the nanA, pspA, pspA-fam1, and pspC genes were not present. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of the investigated virulence genes was similar between HC and IPD S. pneumoniae serotype 19A groups. However, the IPD isolates showed a higher lethality in the alternative G. mellonella model than the HC isolates, regardless of the virulence gene composition, indicating that other virulence factors may play a decisive role in virulence. Currently, this is the first report using the in vivo G. mellonella model to study the virulence of clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Trevisol Leal
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia & Modelos Experimentais Alternativos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências (PPGBIO), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Muriel Primon-Barros
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
| | - Amanda de Carvalho Robaina
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
| | - Kauana Pizzutti
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
| | - Mariana Preussler Mott
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia & Modelos Experimentais Alternativos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências (PPGBIO), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Cícero Armídio Gomes Dias
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
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23
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Chun YY, Tan KS, Yu L, Pang M, Wong MHM, Nakamoto R, Chua WZ, Huee-Ping Wong A, Lew ZZR, Ong HH, Chow VT, Tran T, Yun Wang D, Sham LT. Influence of glycan structure on the colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae on human respiratory epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213584120. [PMID: 36943879 PMCID: PMC10068763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213584120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually all living cells are encased in glycans. They perform key cellular functions such as immunomodulation and cell-cell recognition. Yet, how their composition and configuration affect their functions remains enigmatic. Here, we constructed isogenic capsule-switch mutants harboring 84 types of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) in Streptococcus pneumoniae. This collection enables us to systematically measure the affinity of structurally related CPSs to primary human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells. Contrary to the paradigm, the surface charge does not appreciably affect epithelial cell binding. Factors that affect adhesion to respiratory cells include the number of rhamnose residues and the presence of human-like glycomotifs in CPS. Besides, pneumococcal colonization stimulated the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and monocyte chemoattractantprotein-1 (MCP-1) in nasal epithelial cells, which also appears to be dependent on the serotype. Together, our results reveal glycomotifs of surface polysaccharides that are likely to be important for colonization and survival in the human airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Yu Chun
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117597
| | - Lisa Yu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- College of Art and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Michelle Pang
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Ming Hui Millie Wong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Rei Nakamoto
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Wan-Zhen Chua
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Amanda Huee-Ping Wong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117593
| | - Zhe Zhang Ryan Lew
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Vincent T. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Thai Tran
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117593
| | - De Yun Wang
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545
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CALABRÒ GIOVANNAELISA, VITALE FRANCESCO, RIZZO CATERINA, PUGLIESE ANDREA, BOCCALINI SARA, BECHINI ANGELA, PANATTO DONATELLA, AMICIZIA DANIELA, DOMNICH ALEXANDER, AMODIO EMANUELE, COSTANTINO CLAUDIO, DI PIETRO MARIALUISA, SALVATI CRISTINA, D’AMBROSIO FLORIANA, ORSINI FRANCESCA, MAIDA ADA, DOMINICI ANNA, CLEMENTE DANIA, CECCI MARINA, PELLACCHIA ANDREA, DI SERAFINO FRANCESCA, BAKKER KEVIN, MALIK TUFAILMOHAMMAD, SHAROMI OLUWASEUN, BELLUZZO MIRIAM, LEONFORTE FRANCESCO, ZAGRA LUIGI, LA GATTA EMANUELE, PETRELLA LUIGI, BONANNI PAOLO, DE WAURE CHIARA. [The new 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections in pediatric age: a Health Technology Assessment]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2023; 64:E1-E160. [PMID: 37655211 PMCID: PMC10468156 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.1s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- GIOVANNA ELISA CALABRÒ
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
- VIHTALI (Value In Health Technology and Academy for Leadership & Innovation), Spin-off dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - FRANCESCO VITALE
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - CATERINA RIZZO
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italia
| | - ANDREA PUGLIESE
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Trento, Trento, Italia
| | - SARA BOCCALINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - ANGELA BECHINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - DONATELLA PANATTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sull’Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili (CIRI-IT), Genova, Italia
| | - DANIELA AMICIZIA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sull’Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili (CIRI-IT), Genova, Italia
| | | | - EMANUELE AMODIO
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - CLAUDIO COSTANTINO
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - MARIA LUISA DI PIETRO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - CRISTINA SALVATI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - FLORIANA D’AMBROSIO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - FRANCESCA ORSINI
- Alta Scuola di Economia e Management dei Sistemi Sanitari (ALTEMS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - ADA MAIDA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - ANNA DOMINICI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - DANIA CLEMENTE
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - MARINA CECCI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - ANDREA PELLACCHIA
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - FRANCESCA DI SERAFINO
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italia
| | - KEVIN BAKKER
- Health Economic and Decision Sciences (HEDS), Biostatistics & Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - TUFAIL MOHAMMAD MALIK
- Health Economic and Decision Sciences (HEDS), Biostatistics & Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - OLUWASEUN SHAROMI
- Health Economic and Decision Sciences (HEDS), Biostatistics & Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - MIRIAM BELLUZZO
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - FRANCESCO LEONFORTE
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - LUIGI ZAGRA
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - EMANUELE LA GATTA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - LUIGI PETRELLA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - PAOLO BONANNI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - CHIARA DE WAURE
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
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25
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Fritsch VN, Linzner N, Busche T, Said N, Weise C, Kalinowski J, Wahl MC, Antelmann H. The MerR-family regulator NmlR is involved in the defense against oxidative stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:191-207. [PMID: 36349475 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae has to cope with the strong oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), during host-pathogen interactions. Thus, we analyzed the global gene expression profile of S. pneumoniae D39 towards HOCl stress. In the RNA-seq transcriptome, the NmlR, SifR, CtsR, HrcA, SczA and CopY regulons and the etrx1-ccdA1-msrAB2 operon were most strongly induced under HOCl stress, which participate in the oxidative, electrophile and metal stress response in S. pneumoniae. The MerR-family regulator NmlR harbors a conserved Cys52 and controls the alcohol dehydrogenase-encoding adhC gene under carbonyl and NO stress. We demonstrated that NmlR senses also HOCl stress to activate transcription of the nmlR-adhC operon. HOCl-induced transcription of adhC required Cys52 of NmlR in vivo. Using mass spectrometry, NmlR was shown to be oxidized to intersubunit disulfides or S-glutathionylated under oxidative stress in vitro. A broccoli-FLAP-based assay further showed that both NmlR disulfides significantly increased transcription initiation at the nmlR promoter by RNAP in vitro, which depends on Cys52. Phenotype analyses revealed that NmlR functions in the defense against oxidative stress and promotes survival of S. pneumoniae during macrophage infections. In conclusion, NmlR was characterized as HOCl-sensing transcriptional regulator, which activates transcription of adhC under oxidative stress by thiol switches in S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Linzner
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,NGS Core Facility, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nelly Said
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Minhas V, Domenech A, Synefiaridou D, Straume D, Brendel M, Cebrero G, Liu X, Costa C, Baldry M, Sirard JC, Perez C, Gisch N, Hammerschmidt S, Håvarstein LS, Veening JW. Competence remodels the pneumococcal cell wall exposing key surface virulence factors that mediate increased host adherence. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001990. [PMID: 36716340 PMCID: PMC9910801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Competence development in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae controls several features such as genetic transformation, biofilm formation, and virulence. Competent bacteria produce so-called "fratricins" such as CbpD that kill noncompetent siblings by cleaving peptidoglycan (PGN). CbpD is a choline-binding protein (CBP) that binds to phosphorylcholine residues found on wall and lipoteichoic acids (WTA and LTA) that together with PGN are major constituents of the pneumococcal cell wall. Competent pneumococci are protected against fratricide by producing the immunity protein ComM. How competence and fratricide contribute to virulence is unknown. Here, using a genome-wide CRISPRi-seq screen, we show that genes involved in teichoic acid (TA) biosynthesis are essential during competence. We demonstrate that LytR is the major enzyme mediating the final step in WTA formation, and that, together with ComM, is essential for immunity against CbpD. Importantly, we show that key virulence factors PspA and PspC become more surface-exposed at midcell during competence, in a CbpD-dependent manner. Together, our work supports a model in which activation of competence is crucial for host adherence by increased surface exposure of its various CBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Minhas
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnau Domenech
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Synefiaridou
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Straume
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Max Brendel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Xue Liu
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, Switzerland,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Pharmacology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Charlotte Costa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mara Baldry
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camilo Perez
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leiv Sigve Håvarstein
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,* E-mail: (LSH); (J-WV)
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, Switzerland,* E-mail: (LSH); (J-WV)
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27
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Wang C, Yang Y, Cao Y, Liu K, Shi H, Guo X, Liu W, Hao R, Song H, Zhao R. Nanocarriers for the delivery of antibiotics into cells against intracellular bacterial infection. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:432-444. [PMID: 36503914 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01489k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The barrier function of host cells enables intracellular bacteria to evade the lethality of the host immune system and antibiotics, thereby causing chronic and recurrent infections that seriously threaten human health. Currently, the main clinical strategy for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections involves the use of long-term and high-dose antibiotics. However, insufficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics along with various resistance mechanisms not only weakens the efficacy of current therapies but also causes serious adverse drug reactions, further increasing the disease and economic burden. Improving the delivery efficiency, intracellular accumulation, and action time of antibiotics remains the most economical and effective way to treat intracellular bacterial infections. The rapid development of nanotechnology provides a strategy to efficiently deliver antibiotics against intracellular bacterial infections into cells. In this review, we summarize the types of common intracellular pathogens, the difficulties faced by antibiotics in the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections, and the research progress of several types of representative nanocarriers for the delivery of antibiotics against intracellular bacterial infections that have emerged in recent years. This review is expected to provide a reference for further elucidating the intracellular transport mechanism of nanocarrier-drug complexes, designing safer and more effective nanocarriers and establishing new strategies against intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Kaixin Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Hua Shi
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Xudong Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Wanying Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hongbin Song
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Rongtao Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100071, China.
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28
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de Felipe B, Aboza-García M, González-Galán V, Salamanca de la Cueva I, Martín-Quintero JA, Amil-Pérez B, Coronel-Rodríguez C, Palacios-Soria MÁ, García Ruiz-Santaquiteria MI, Torres-Sánchez MJ, Morón FJ, Cordero-Varela JA, Obando-Pacheco P, Obando I. Epidemiología molecular de la colonización nasofaríngea neumocócica en niños de Sevilla, tras la implementación del programa de vacunación con VNC13 en Andalucía (España). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Suo W, Guo X, Zhang X, Xiao S, Wang S, Yin Y, Zheng Y. Glucose levels affect MgaSpn regulation on the virulence and adaptability of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105896. [PMID: 36460142 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae can regulate virulence gene expression by sensing environmental changes, which is key to its pathogenicity. The global transcription regulator MgaSpn of Streptococcus pneumoniae regulates virulence genes expression by directly binding to the promoter regions, but its role in response to different environments remains unclear. In this study, we found that glucose levels could affect phosphocholine content, which was mediated by MgaSpn. MgaSpn can also alter its anti-phagocytosis ability, depending on the availability of glucose. In addition, transcriptome analysis of wild-type D39s in low and high glucose concentrations revealed that MgaSpn was also involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism inhibition (carbon catabolite repression; CCR) and translation processes, which made S. pneumoniae highly competitive in fluctuating environments. In conclusion, MgaSpn is closely related to the virulence and environmental adaptability of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicai Suo
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xinlin Guo
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shengnan Xiao
- Precision Medicine Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Zheng
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, PR China.
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30
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Therapeutic potential of kaempferol on Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105058. [PMID: 36216303 PMCID: PMC9540706 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Co-infections with pathogens and secondary bacterial infections play significant roles during the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenetic process, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Notably, co-infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), as a major Gram-positive pathogen causing pneumonia or meningitis, severely threaten the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of COVID-19 worldwide. Accumulating evidences have emerged indicating that S. pneumoniae evolves multiple virulence factors, including pneumolysin (PLY) and sortase A (SrtA), which have been extensively explored as alternative anti-infection targets. In our study, natural flavonoid kaempferol was identified as a potential candidate drug for infection therapeutics via anti-virulence mechanisms. We found that kaempferol could interfere with the pore-forming activity of PLY by engaging with catalytic active sites and consequently inhibit PLY-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, exposed to kaempferol significantly reduced the SrtA peptidase activity by occupying the active sites of SrtA. Further, the biofilms formation and bacterial adhesion to the host cells could be significantly thwarted by kaempferol incubation. In vivo infection model by S. pneumoniae highlighted that kaempferol oral administration exhibited notable treatment benefits, as evidenced by decreased bacterial burden, suggesting that kaempferol has tremendous potential to attenuate S. pneumoniae pathogenicity. Scientifically, our study implies that kaempferol is a promising therapeutic option by targeting bacterial virulence factors.
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31
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Geerts N, De Vooght L, Passaris I, Delputte P, Van den Bergh B, Cos P. Antibiotic Tolerance Indicative of Persistence Is Pervasive among Clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates and Shows Strong Condition Dependence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0270122. [PMID: 36374111 PMCID: PMC9769776 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02701-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen, being one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia and otitis media. Antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae is an emerging problem, as it depletes our arsenal of effective drugs. In addition, persistence also contributes to the antibiotic crisis in many other pathogens, yet for S. pneumoniae, little is known about antibiotic-tolerant persisters and robust experimental means are lacking. Persister cells are phenotypic variants that exist as a subpopulation within a clonal culture. Being tolerant to lethal antibiotics, they underly the chronic nature of a variety of infections and even help in acquiring genetic resistance. In this study, we set out to identify and characterize persistence in S. pneumoniae. Specifically, we followed different strategies to overcome the self-limiting nature of S. pneumoniae as a confounding factor in the prolonged monitoring of antibiotic survival needed to study persistence. Under optimized conditions, we identified genuine persisters in various growth phases and for four relevant antibiotics through biphasic survival dynamics and heritability assays. Finally, we detected a high variety in antibiotic survival levels across a diverse collection of S. pneumoniae clinical isolates, which assumes that a high natural diversity in persistence is widely present in S. pneumoniae. Collectively, this proof of concept significantly progresses the understanding of the importance of antibiotic persistence in S. pneumoniae infections, which will set the stage for characterizing its relevance to clinical outcomes and advocates for increased attention to the phenotype in both fundamental and clinical research. IMPORTANCE S. pneumoniae is considered a serious threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because of rising antibiotic resistance. In addition to resistance, bacteria can also survive lethal antibiotic treatment by developing antibiotic tolerance, more specifically, antibiotic tolerance through persistence. This phenotypic variation seems omnipresent among bacterial life, is linked to therapy failure, and acts as a catalyst for resistance development. This study gives the first proof of the presence of persister cells in S. pneumoniae and shows a high variety in persistence levels among diverse strains, suggesting that persistence is a general trait in S. pneumoniae cultures. Our work advocates for higher interest for persistence in S. pneumoniae as a contributing factor for therapy failure and resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Geerts
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Van den Bergh
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Wilrijk, Belgium
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32
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Airway Epithelial Cell Junctions as Targets for Pathogens and Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122619. [PMID: 36559113 PMCID: PMC9786141 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular contacts between epithelial cells are established and maintained by the apical junctional complexes (AJCs). AJCs conserve cell polarity and build epithelial barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and environmental particles in the respiratory tract. AJCs consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the airway barrier. Emerging evidence has shown that different microorganisms cause airway barrier dysfunction by targeting TJ and AJ proteins. This review discusses the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which several microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) lead to the disruption of AJCs in airway epithelial cells. We present recent progress in understanding signaling pathways involved in the formation and regulation of cell junctions. We also summarize the potential chemical inhibitors and pharmacological approaches to restore the integrity of the airway epithelial barrier. Understanding the AJCs-pathogen interactions and mechanisms by which microorganisms target the AJC and impair barrier function may further help design therapeutic innovations to treat these infections.
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33
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Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Macrolide Resistance and Its Mechanism in Northeast China over a 20-Year Period. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0054622. [PMID: 35938873 PMCID: PMC9602527 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00546-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to β-lactams, macrolides, and tetracyclines, treatment alternatives have become increasingly limited worldwide. We aim to describe the characterization of erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae (ERSP) strains in northeastern China over a period of 20 years. A total of 1,240 ERSP strains were collected and classified into five groups based on the ages of the patients. Etest strips and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion were performed for drug susceptibility testing. The capsule swelling test was used for capsule typing. The phenotype of drug resistance was detected by the erythromycin and clindamycin double-disk method. The ermB, ermTR, mefA, and tetM genes were detected by PCR. Among the 1,240 ERSP strains, 510 were invasive isolates, and 730 were noninvasive isolates. The results of drug susceptibility testing showed that the rates of resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol varied among the different age groups. 19F, 19A, 23F, 14, and 6B were the serotypes that were commonly found among ERSP strains. Among all strains, 99.03% (1,228/1,240) exhibited an MLSB (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B) resistance phenotype, of which 1,221 strains displayed a constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) phenotype and 7 strains showed an inducible MLSB (iMLSB) phenotype. All of these strains carried the ermB gene. In contrast, only 0.97% of strains of M phenotypes were found to carry the mefA gene. Both the ermB and mefA genes were detected in 704 strains that exhibited multidrug resistance, whereas the ermTR gene was not detected. Furthermore, 1,185 tetracycline-resistant strains were found to carry the tetM gene. Macrolide antimicrobial drugs should be used cautiously for the empirical treatment of S. pneumoniae infections. IMPORTANCE This study presents a retrospective analysis using 1,240 clinical erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (ERSP) isolates collected in northeastern China between January 2000 and December 2019. The serotype distribution, corresponding vaccine coverage, as well as resistance phenotypes, genes, and mechanisms to macrolide and tetracycline of these isolates were systematically described, analyzed, and discussed. We hope that this study will inform clinicians in their respective regions when selecting antimicrobial agents. We also hope that this study is useful for researchers in related fields. Finally, we emphasize in this study that vaccination is the best preventive measure for S. pneumoniae infection considering its resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The determination of the S. pneumoniae serotype distribution also provides valuable empirical evidence for local health authorities when introducing appropriate vaccines in a specific area.
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34
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Alexandrova AS, Pencheva DR, Setchanova LP, Gergova RT. Association of pili with widespread multidrug-resistant genetic lineages of non-invasive pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2022; 69:177-184. [PMID: 36094859 DOI: 10.1556/030.2022.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the presence of pili in non-invasive pediatric pneumococcal isolates and to elucidate possible links with genetic lineages, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance. We examined 147 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children with respiratory tract infections and acute otitis media. Serotyping was performed by latex agglutination and capsule swelling reaction. Serogroup 6 was subjected to PCR-serotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined according to EUCAST breakpoints. PCRs for rlrA and pitB genes were performed to detect a presence of type 1 and type 2 pili. MLST was conducted to define the clonal structure of the piliated strains. Almost all children (96.5%) were vaccinated with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV10. We detected 76.8% non-PCV10 - serotypes (NVTs) and 14.3% PCV10 serotypes. The predominant serotypes were NVTs: 19A (14.3%), 6C (12.2%), 3 (9.5%), 15A (7.5%) and 6A (6.8%). PI-1 was detected among 10.9% non-PCV10 serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A and 6.1% PCV10 serotypes 19F and 23F. Type 2 pili were not found in the studied population. High levels of antimicrobial nonsusceptibility to erythromycin (58.5%), oral penicillin (55.8%), clindamycin (46.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (45.6%), tetracycline (39.5%) and ceftriaxone (16.3%) were revealed. The multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) were 55.1%. MLST represented 18 STs and three CCs among the piliated pneumococci: CC386, CC320, and CC81. More than half of the piliated strains (56.0%) belonged to successfully circulating international clones. PI-1 was associated mainly with MDR 6A, 6C, 19A, 19F, and 23F isolates from the widespread CC386, CC320, and CC81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sashova Alexandrova
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1, G.Sofiiski Boul., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Rosenova Pencheva
- 2 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 2, Zdrave str., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lena Petrova Setchanova
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1, G.Sofiiski Boul., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Raina Tsvetanova Gergova
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 1, G.Sofiiski Boul., 1431-Sofia, Bulgaria
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Safdarpour S, Eftekhari Z, Eidi A, Doroud D. Encapsulated saponin by ferritin nanoparticles attenuates the murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105731. [PMID: 36041710 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumonia is classified as a gram-positive bacterial pathogen that causes asymptomatic or symptomatic respiratory infections. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of designed encapsulated saponin by ferritin nanoparticles in the healing progression of experimental bacterial pneumonia. The saponin encapsulated by ferritin followed the disassembly-reassembly process. Pneumonia was induced by the preparation of Streptococcus pneumonia. A total of 50 NMRI mice were divided into control, pneumonia, pneumonia + ferritin, pneumonia + saponin, and pneumonia + encapsulated saponin by ferritin nanoparticles (Nano Saponin) groups. ELISA, Real-time PCR, and Western blotting were used to measure sera IL-4 level, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-α), and protein cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression, respectively. COX-2 protein expression, Tnf-α gene expression, and serum levels of IL-4 reduced compared to the pneumonia group. The histopathology results revealed that the rates of inflammation, mucus secretion, pulmonary hemorrhage, thickening of the alveoli wall, and secretion of inflammatory cells were lower in the Nano Saponin group than in the other groups. This study suggests that Glycyrrhiza glabra saponin and encapsulated saponin by ferritin nanoparticles oral consumption with anti-Tnf-α effect besides decreasing protein expression of COX-2 allows mice with pneumonia to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Safdarpour
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Eftekhari
- Quality Control Department, Research & Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delaram Doroud
- Research & Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Alborz, Iran
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Abstract
Hypothiocyanite and hypothiocyanous acid (OSCN-/HOSCN) are pseudohypohalous acids released by the innate immune system which are capable of rapidly oxidizing sulfur-containing amino acids, causing significant protein aggregation and damage to invading bacteria. HOSCN is abundant in saliva and airway secretions and has long been considered a highly specific antimicrobial that is nearly harmless to mammalian cells. However, certain bacteria, commensal and pathogenic, are able to escape damage by HOSCN and other harmful antimicrobials during inflammation, which allows them to continue to grow and, in some cases, cause severe disease. The exact genes or mechanisms by which bacteria respond to HOSCN have not yet been elucidated. We have found, in Escherichia coli, that the flavoprotein RclA, previously implicated in reactive chlorine resistance, reduces HOSCN to thiocyanate with near-perfect catalytic efficiency and strongly protects E. coli against HOSCN toxicity. This is notable in E. coli because this species thrives in the chronically inflamed environment found in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and is able to compete with and outgrow other important commensal organisms, suggesting that HOSCN may be a relevant antimicrobial in the gut, which has not previously been explored. RclA is conserved in a variety of epithelium-colonizing bacteria, implicating its HOSCN reductase activity in a variety of host-microbe interactions. We show that an rclA mutant of the probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri is sensitive to HOSCN and that RclA homologs from Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron all have potent protective activity against HOSCN when expressed in E. coli.
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Huang LD, Yang MJ, Huang YY, Jiang KY, Yan J, Sun AH. Molecular Characterization of Predominant Serotypes, Drug Resistance, and Virulence Genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates From East China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892364. [PMID: 35722327 PMCID: PMC9198556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common diplococcus pathogen found worldwide. The characterization of predominant serotypes, drug resistance, and virulence genes of S. pneumoniae isolates prevailing in different areas and countries is clinically important for choice of antibiotics and improvement of vaccines. In this study, pneumonia (78.7%) and meningitis (37.0%) were the predominant diseases observed in the 282 (children) and 27 (adults) S. pneumoniae-infected patients (p < 0.05) from seven hospitals in different areas of East China. Of the 309 pneumococcal isolates, 90.3% were classified by PCR into 15 serotypes, with serotypes 19F (27.2%) and the 6A/B (19.1%) being most predominant (p < 0.05). Importantly, serotypes 15A and 15B/C combined for a total of 10.4% of the isolates, but these serotypes are not included in the 13-valent pneumococcal capsule conjugate vaccine used in China. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis by the E-test showed that >95% of the 309 pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, as well as 18.4, 85.8, and 81.6% of the isolates displayed susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, and imipenem, respectively. A significant correlation between the prevalence of predominant serotypes and their penicillin resistance was observed (p < 0.05). In particular, >95% of all the pneumococcal isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin. Of the nine detected virulence genes, the lytA, ply, hysA, and nanA were the most common with 95–100% positive rates in the 309 pneumococcal isolates, while the pavA and psaA genes displayed a significant correlation with pneumococcal bacteremia and meningitis (p < 0.05). Overall, our data suggested that the predominant serotypes, drug resistance, and virulence genes of the S. pneumoniae isolates prevailing in East China are distinct from those observed in other areas of China and adjacent countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Dan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Juan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ying Huang
- Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Yi Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Hua Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Membrane particles evoke a serotype-independent cross-protection against pneumococcal infection that is dependent on the conserved lipoproteins MalX and PrsA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122386119. [PMID: 35648835 PMCID: PMC9191655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122386119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificancePneumococcal infections are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Introduction of pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) into the childhood vaccination program has led to a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in vaccinated children but concurrently to an increase of nonvaccine-type IPD, also in nonvaccinated age groups such as the elderly. Thus, novel vaccine approaches are urgently needed, especially for the elderly, targeting all pneumococci causing IPD. Here, we show that pneumococcal membrane particles (MPs) evoke a serotype-independent cross-protection against IPD. This protection is dependent on the presence of the two conserved lipoproteins MalX and PrsA. We suggest that MPs can be used for pneumococcal vaccine development.
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Han L, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yu J, Zhang Q, Ye X, Song H, Zheng C, Han B. Uterus globulin associated protein 1 (UGRP1) binds podoplanin (PDPN) to promote a novel inflammation pathway during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e850. [PMID: 35652821 PMCID: PMC9161880 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major cause of life‐threatening infections. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) could recognise S. pneumoniae and regulate the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. UGRP1, highly expressed in lung, is predominantly secreted in airways. However, the function of UGRP1 in pneumonia is mainly unknown. Methods and results We showed that upon TLR2/TLR4/NOD2 agonists stimulation or S. pneumoniae infection, treatment with UGRP1 could promote phosphorylation of p65 and enhance IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNFα production in macrophages. We further elucidated that after binding with cell‐surface receptor PDPN, UGRP1 could activate RhoA to enhance interaction of IKKγ and IKKβ, which slightly activated NF‐κB to improve expression of TLR2, MyD88, NOD2 and NLRP3. Deletion of UGRP1 or blocking UGRP1 interaction with PDPN protected mice against S. pneumoniae‐induced severe pneumococcal pneumonia, and activating RhoA with agonist in UGRP1‐deficient mice restored the reduced IL‐6 production. Conclusion We demonstrated that UGRP1–PDPN–RhoA signaling could activate NF‐κB to promote expression of TLR2, MyD88, NOD2 and NLRP3, which enhanced inflammatory cytokines secretion during S. pneumoniae infection. Antibodies, which could interrupt interaction of UGRP1 and PDPN, are potential therapeutics against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Respiration, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yu
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyue Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Ye
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuixia Zheng
- Department of Respiration, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pereira JM, Xu S, Leong JM, Sousa S. The Yin and Yang of Pneumolysin During Pneumococcal Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878244. [PMID: 35529870 PMCID: PMC9074694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin produced by the human pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of pneumonia worldwide. PLY, a key pneumococcal virulence factor, can form transmembrane pores in host cells, disrupting plasma membrane integrity and deregulating cellular homeostasis. At lytic concentrations, PLY causes cell death. At sub-lytic concentrations, PLY triggers host cell survival pathways that cooperate to reseal the damaged plasma membrane and restore cell homeostasis. While PLY is generally considered a pivotal factor promoting S. pneumoniae colonization and survival, it is also a powerful trigger of the innate and adaptive host immune response against bacterial infection. The dichotomy of PLY as both a key bacterial virulence factor and a trigger for host immune modulation allows the toxin to display both "Yin" and "Yang" properties during infection, promoting disease by membrane perforation and activating inflammatory pathways, while also mitigating damage by triggering host cell repair and initiating anti-inflammatory responses. Due to its cytolytic activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties, PLY is integral to every stage of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis and may tip the balance towards either the pathogen or the host depending on the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Molecular and Cellular (MC) Biology PhD Program, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shuying Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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RNase R, a New Virulence Determinant of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020317. [PMID: 35208772 PMCID: PMC8875335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections have increasingly high mortality rates despite the availability of vaccines and antibiotics. Therefore, the identification of new virulence determinants and the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind pathogenesis have become of paramount importance in the search of new targets for drug development. The exoribonuclease RNase R has been involved in virulence in a growing number of pathogens. In this work, we used Galleria mellonella as an infection model to demonstrate that the presence of RNase R increases the pneumococcus virulence. Larvae infected with the RNase R mutant show an increased expression level of antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, they have a lower bacterial load in the hemolymph in the later stages of infection, leading to a higher survival rate of the larvae. Interestingly, pneumococci expressing RNase R show a sudden drop in bacterial numbers immediately after infection, resembling the eclipse phase observed after intravenous inoculation in mice. Concomitantly, we observed a lower number of mutant bacteria inside larval hemocytes and a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress when compared to the wild type. Together, our results indicate that RNase R is involved in the ability of pneumococci to evade the host immune response, probably by interfering with internalization and/or replication inside the larval hemocytes.
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Frequencies and characteristics of genome-wide recombination in Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus suis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1515. [PMID: 35087075 PMCID: PMC8795270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus consists of ecologically diverse species, some of which are important pathogens of humans and animals. We sought to quantify and compare the frequencies and characteristics of within-species recombination in the pan-genomes of Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus suis. We used 1081, 1813 and 1204 publicly available genome sequences of each species, respectively. Based on their core genomes, S. agalactiae had the highest relative rate of recombination to mutation (11.5743) compared to S. pyogenes (1.03) and S. suis (0.57). The proportion of the species pan-genome that have had a history of recombination was 12.85%, 24.18% and 20.50% of the pan-genomes of each species, respectively. The composition of recombining genes varied among the three species, and some of the most frequently recombining genes are implicated in adhesion, colonization, oxidative stress response and biofilm formation. For each species, a total of 22.75%, 29.28% and 18.75% of the recombining genes were associated with prophages. The cargo genes of integrative conjugative elements and integrative and mobilizable elements contained genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Homologous recombination and mobilizable pan-genomes enable the creation of novel combinations of genes and sequence variants, and the potential for high-risk clones to emerge.
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Okahashi N, Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Kawabata S. Secondary streptococcal infection following influenza. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:253-263. [PMID: 35088451 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infection following influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. Streptococcus pneumoniae has been identified as a predominant pathogen in secondary pneumonia cases that develop following influenza. Although IAV has been shown to enhance susceptibility to the secondary bacterial infection, the underlying mechanism of the viral-bacterial synergy leading to disease progression is complex and remains elusive. In this review, cooperative interactions of viruses and streptococci during co- or secondary infection with IAV are described. IAV infects the upper respiratory tract, therefore, streptococci that inhabit or infect the respiratory tract are of special interest. Since many excellent reviews on the co-infection of IAV and S. pneumoniae have already been published, this review is intended to describe the unique interactions between other streptococci and IAV. Both streptococcal and IAV infections modulate the host epithelial barrier of the respiratory tract in various ways. IAV infection directly disrupts epithelial barriers, though at the same time the virus modifies the properties of infected cells to enhance streptococcal adherence and invasion. Mitis group streptococci produce neuraminidases, which promote IAV infection in a unique manner. The studies reviewed here have revealed intriguing mechanisms underlying secondary streptococcal infection following influenza. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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Giliazeva AG, Misheeva PS, Sharipova MR, Mardanova AM. Bioinformatic Analysis of a Grimelysin-like Protease in the Klebsiella oxytoca Strain NK-1. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-021-00924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Serotypes and Clonal Composition of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Causing IPD in Children and Adults in Catalonia before 2013 to 2015 and after 2017 to 2019 Systematic Introduction of PCV13. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0115021. [PMID: 34878302 PMCID: PMC8653838 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01150-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the distribution of serotypes and clonal composition of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Catalonia, before and after systematic introduction of PCV13. Pneumococcal strains isolated from normally sterile sites obtained from patients of all ages with IPD received between 2013 and 2019 from 25 health centers of Catalonia were included. Two study periods were defined: presystematic vaccination period (2013 and 2015) and systematic vaccination period (SVP) (2017 to 2019). A total of 2,303 isolates were analyzed. In the SVP, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of IPD cases in children 5 to 17 years old (relative risk [RR] 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38 to 0.99), while there was a significant increase in the incidence of IPD cases in 18- to 64-year-old adults (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.52) and adults over 65 years old (RR 1.23; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.38). Serotype 8 was the major emerging serotype in all age groups except in 5- to 17-year-old children. In children younger than 5 years old, the main serotypes in SVP were 24F, 15A, and 3, while in adults older than 65 years they were serotypes 3, 8, and 12F. A significant decrease in the proportions of clonal complexes CC156, CC191, and ST306 and an increase in those of CC180, CC53, and CC404 were observed. A steady decrease in the incidence of IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes indicates the importance and impact of systematic vaccination. The increase of non-PCV13 serotypes highlights the need to expand serotype coverage in future vaccines and rethink vaccination programs for older adults. IMPORTANCE We found that with the incorporation of the PCV13 vaccine, the numbers of IPD cases caused by serotypes included in this vaccine decreased in all of the age groups. Still, there was an unforeseen increase of the serotypes not included in this vaccine causing IPD, especially in the >65-year-old group. Moreover, a significant increase of serotype 3 included in the vaccine has been observed; this event has been reported by other researchers. These facts call for the incorporation of more serotypes in future vaccines and a more thorough surveillance of the dynamics of this microorganism.
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Guo F, Kang L, Xu M. The application value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in children with invasive pneumococcal disease. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:3282-3290. [PMID: 35070842 PMCID: PMC8753463 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective analysis was conducted to explore the sensitivity and specificity of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural effusion samples in children with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), and the impact of detection timing on prognosis and cost. METHODS Children with IPD admitted to Hebei Children's Hospital from 1 January 2017 to 1 March 2021 were allocated to 1 of 3 groups according to the clinical symptoms and lesions (Group 1: bacteremia; Group 2: meningitis; Group 3: pleurisy). Taking Alere BinaxNow® Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) antigen detection and blood culture as the gold standard, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to establish the diagnostic value of mNGS. RESULTS A total of 96 cases were enrolled in the study, comprising Group 1 (n=65), Group 2 (n=17), and Group 3 (n=14). The positive rate of mNGS test was 62.5% (n=60), and the total coincidence rate was 75.0%. Delayed mNGS was found to have no significant effect on the 30-day survival rate; however, the species-specific read number (SSRN) of S. pneumoniae detected by mNGS in the early stage of the disease was higher, and it could significantly reduce the hospitalization days and costs (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity and specificity of mNGS are high in the identification of S. pneumoniae in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural effusion samples, and the SSRN of S. pneumoniae is related to the interval from onset to sample collection. Early mNGS detection has no significant effect on the 30-day survival rate among children with IPD, but it can reduce hospitalization costs and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- Department of Infection, Hebei Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meixian Xu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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A Novel Aquaporin Subfamily Imports Oxygen and Contributes to Pneumococcal Virulence by Controlling the Production and Release of Virulence Factors. mBio 2021; 12:e0130921. [PMID: 34399618 PMCID: PMC8406300 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01309-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins, integral membrane proteins widely distributed in organisms, facilitate the transport of water, glycerol, and other small uncharged solutes across cellular membranes and play important physiological roles in eukaryotes. However, characterizations and physiological functions of the prokaryotic aquaporins remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) AqpC (Pn-AqpC), representing a new aquaporin subfamily possessing a distinct substrate-selective channel, functions as an oxygen porin by facilitating oxygen movement across the cell membrane and contributes significantly to pneumococcal virulence. The use of a phosphorescent oxygen probe showed that Pn-AqpC facilitates oxygen permeation into pneumococcal and Pn-AqpC-expressing yeast cells. Reconstituting Pn-AqpC into liposomes prepared with pneumococcal and Escherichia coli cellular membranes further verified that Pn-AqpC transports O2 but not water or glycerol. Alanine substitution showed that Pro232 in the substrate channel is key for Pn-AqpC in O2 transport. The deletion of Pn-aqpC significantly reduced H2O2 production and resistance to H2O2 and NO of pneumococci, whereas low-H2O2 treatment helped the ΔPn-aqpC mutant resist higher levels of H2O2 and even NO, indicating that Pn-AqpC-facilitated O2 permeation contributes to pneumococcal resistance to H2O2 and NO. Remarkably, the lack of Pn-aqpC alleviated cell autolysis, thus reducing pneumolysin (Ply) release and decreasing the hemolysis of pneumococci. Accordingly, the ΔPn-aqpC mutant markedly reduced survival in macrophages, decreased damage to macrophages, and significantly reduced lethality in mice. Therefore, the oxygen porin Pn-AqpC, through modulating H2O2 production and pneumolysin release, the two major pneumococcal virulence factors, controls the virulence of pneumococcus. Pn-AqpC orthologs are widely distributed in various pneumococcal serotypes, highlighting that the oxygen porin is important for pneumococcal pathogenicity.
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Pathogen spectrum changes of respiratory tract infections in children in Chaoshan area under the influence of COVID-19. Epidemiol Infect 2021. [PMCID: PMC8365104 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From 24 January 2020 to 18 May 2020, Chaoshan took measures to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), such as restricting public gatherings, wearing masks and suspending classes. We explored the effects of these measures on the pathogen spectrum of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Chaoshan. Pharyngeal swab samples were collected from 4075 children hospitalised for respiratory tract infection before (May–December 2019) and after (January–August 2020) the COVID-19 outbreak. We used liquid chip technology to analyse 14 respiratory pathogens. The data were used to explore between-group differences, age-related differences and seasonal variations in respiratory pathogens. The number of cases in the outbreak group (1222) was 42.8% of that in the pre-outbreak group (2853). Virus-detection rates were similar in the outbreak (48.3%, 590/1222) and pre-outbreak groups (51.5%, 1468/2853; χ2 = 3.446, P = 0.065), while the bacteria-detection rate was significantly lower in the outbreak group (26.2%, 320/1222) than in the pre-outbreak group (44.1%, 1258/2853; χ2 = 115.621, P < 0.05). With increasing age, the proportions of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections decreased, while those of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and adenovirus infections increased. Streptococcus pneumoniae, CMV and rhinovirus infections peaked in autumn and winter, while RSV infections peaked in summer and winter. We found that the proportion of virus-only detection decreased with age, while the proportion of bacteria-only detection increased with age (Table 2). Anti-COVID-19 measures significantly reduced the number of paediatric hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections, significantly altered the pathogen spectrum of such infections and decreased the overall detection rates of 14 common respiratory pathogens. The proportion of bacterial, but not viral, infections decreased.
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Mraheil MA, Toque HA, La Pietra L, Hamacher J, Phanthok T, Verin A, Gonzales J, Su Y, Fulton D, Eaton DC, Chakraborty T, Lucas R. Dual Role of Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:962-978. [PMID: 32283950 PMCID: PMC8035917 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance:Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive human pathogen with increasing rates of penicillin and macrolide resistance, is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Pneumococci are a primary agent of severe pneumonia in children younger than 5 years and of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. A major defense mechanism toward Spn is the generation of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), during the oxidative burst of neutrophils and macrophages. Paradoxically, Spn produces high endogenous levels of H2O2 as a strategy to promote colonization. Recent Advances: Pneumococci, which express neither catalase nor common regulators of peroxide stress resistance, have developed unique mechanisms to protect themselves from H2O2. Spn generates high levels of H2O2 as a strategy to promote colonization. Production of H2O2 moreover constitutes an important virulence phenotype and its cellular activities overlap and complement those of other virulence factors, such as pneumolysin, in modulating host immune responses and promoting organ injury. Critical Issues: This review examines the dual role of H2O2 in pneumococcal pneumonia, from the viewpoint of both the pathogen (defense mechanisms, lytic activity toward competing pathogens, and virulence) and the resulting host-response (inflammasome activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier in the lungs). Future Directions: An understanding of the complexity of H2O2-mediated host-pathogen interactions is necessary to develop novel strategies that target these processes to enhance lung function during severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luigi La Pietra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juerg Hamacher
- Internal Medicine and Pneumology, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Lungen- und Atmungsstiftung Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Internal Medicine V-Pneumology, Allergology, Respiratory and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tenzing Phanthok
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joyce Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas C Eaton
- Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Ignacio BJ, Bakkum T, Bonger KM, Martin NI, van Kasteren SI. Metabolic labeling probes for interrogation of the host-pathogen interaction. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2856-2870. [PMID: 33725048 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are still one of the leading causes of death worldwide; despite the near-ubiquitous availability of antibiotics. With antibiotic resistance on the rise, there is an urgent need for novel classes of antibiotic drugs. One particularly troublesome class of bacteria are those that have evolved highly efficacious mechanisms for surviving inside the host. These contribute to their virulence by immune evasion, and make them harder to treat with antibiotics due to their residence inside intracellular membrane-limited compartments. This has sparked the development of new chemical reporter molecules and bioorthogonal probes that can be metabolically incorporated into bacteria to provide insights into their activity status. In this review, we provide an overview of several classes of metabolic labeling probes capable of targeting either the peptidoglycan cell wall, the mycomembrane of mycobacteria and corynebacteria, or specific bacterial proteins. In addition, we highlight several important insights that have been made using these metabolic labeling probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J Ignacio
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radbout Universiteit, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
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