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Yata VK. Ex vivo and miniaturized in vitro models to study microbiota-gut-brain axis. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:280. [PMID: 39464520 PMCID: PMC11502650 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis involves complex bidirectional communication through neural, immune, and endocrine pathways. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, influence gut motility and brain function by interacting with gut receptors and modulating hormone release. Additionally, microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides and cytokines can cross the gut epithelium and the blood-brain barrier, impacting immune responses and cognitive function. Ex vivo models, which preserve gut tissue and neural segments, offer insight into localized gut-brain communication by allowing for detailed study of nerve excitability in response to microbial signals, but they are limited in systemic complexity. Miniaturized in vitro models, including organ-on-chip platforms, enable precise control of the cellular environment and simulate complex microbiota-host interactions. These systems allow for the study of microbial metabolites, immune responses, and neuronal activity, providing valuable insights into gut-brain communication. Despite challenges such as replicating long-term biological processes and integrating immune and hormonal systems, advancements in bioengineered platforms are enhancing the physiological relevance of these models, offering new opportunities for understanding the mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review aims to describe the ex vivo and miniaturized in vitro models which are used to mimic the in vivo conditions and facilitate more precise studies of gut brain communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Yata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central University of Andhrapradesh, Ananthapuramu - 515701, Andhrapradesh, India
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2
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Liu H, Song J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Tian Z, Yan F. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Biomarker Detections. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305347. [PMID: 38263718 PMCID: PMC11251571 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The improvement of living standards and the advancement of medical technology have led to an increased focus on health among individuals. Detections of biomarkers are feasible approaches to obtaining information about health status, disease progression, and response to treatment of an individual. In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated high electrical performances and effectiveness in detecting various types of biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the working principles of OECTs and their performance in detecting multiple types of biomarkers, with a focus on the recent advances and representative applications of OECTs in wearable and implantable biomarker detections, and provides a perspective for the future development of OECT-based biomarker sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Sanqing Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable SystemsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
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3
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Nasser RA, Arya SS, Alshehhi KH, Teo JCM, Pitsalidis C. Conducting polymer scaffolds: a new frontier in bioelectronics and bioengineering. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:760-779. [PMID: 38184439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Conducting polymer (CP) scaffolds have emerged as a transformative tool in bioelectronics and bioengineering, advancing the ability to interface with biological systems. Their unique combination of electrical conductivity, tailorability, and biocompatibility surpasses the capabilities of traditional nonconducting scaffolds while granting them access to the realm of bioelectronics. This review examines recent developments in CP scaffolds, focusing on material and device advancements, as well as their interplay with biological systems. We highlight applications for monitoring, tissue stimulation, and drug delivery and discuss perspectives and challenges currently faced for their ultimate translation and clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Nasser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sagar S Arya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Khulood H Alshehhi
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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4
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Nguyen TTH, Nguyen CM, Huynh MA, Vu HH, Nguyen TK, Nguyen NT. Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:411. [PMID: 37936115 PMCID: PMC10629051 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of wearable biosensors has revolutionized healthcare monitoring by screening in a non-invasive and continuous manner. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistor (FET)-based wearable biosensors attract increasing attention due to their advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. This review explores the innovative developments and applications of FET-based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of wearable biosensors, the paper gives an overview of structural and operational principles of FETs, providing insights into their diverse classifications. Next, the paper discusses the fabrication methods, semiconductor surface modification techniques and gate surface functionalization strategies. This background lays the foundation for exploring specific FET-based biosensor designs, including enzyme, antibody and nanobody, aptamer, as well as ion-sensitive membrane sensors. Subsequently, the paper investigates the incorporation of FET-based biosensors in monitoring biomarkers present in physiological fluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and skin interstitial fluid (ISF). Finally, we address challenges, technical issues, and opportunities related to FET-based biosensor applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of FET-based wearable biosensors in healthcare monitoring. By offering a multidimensional perspective on device design, fabrication, functionalization and applications, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of biosensing technology and personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh-Ha Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cong Minh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Minh Anh Huynh
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang Huy Vu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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6
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Liu H, Yao Y, Samorì P. Taming Multiscale Structural Complexity in Porous Skeletons: From Open Framework Materials to Micro/Nanoscaffold Architectures. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300468. [PMID: 37431215 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the design and synthesis of more and more sophisticated organic building blocks with controlled structures and physical properties, combined with the emergence of novel assembly modes and nanofabrication methods, make it possible to tailor unprecedented structurally complex porous systems with precise multiscale control over their architectures and functions. By tuning their porosity from the nanoscale to microscale, a wide range of functional materials can be assembled, including open frameworks and micro/nanoscaffold architectures. During the last two decades, significant progress is made on the generation and optimization of advanced porous systems, resulting in high-performance multifunctional scaffold materials and novel device configurations. In this perspective, a critical analysis is provided of the most effective methods for imparting controlled physical and chemical properties to multifunctional porous skeletons. The future research directions that underscore the role of skeleton structures with varying physical dimensions, from molecular-level open frameworks (<10 nm) to supramolecular scaffolds (10-100 nm) and micro/nano scaffolds (>100 nm), are discussed. The limitations, challenges, and opportunities for potential applications of these multifunctional and multidimensional material systems are also evaluated in particular by addressing the greatest challenges that the society has to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yifan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Savva A, Saez J, Withers A, Barberio C, Stoeger V, Elias-Kirma S, Lu Z, Moysidou CM, Kallitsis K, Pitsalidis C, Owens RM. 3D organic bioelectronics for electrical monitoring of human adult stem cells. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3589-3600. [PMID: 37318042 PMCID: PMC10464098 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00785e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional in vitro stem cell models have enabled a fundamental understanding of cues that direct stem cell fate. While sophisticated 3D tissues can be generated, technology that can accurately monitor these complex models in a high-throughput and non-invasive manner is not well adapted. Here we show the development of 3D bioelectronic devices based on the electroactive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)-(PEDOT:PSS) and their use for non-invasive, electrical monitoring of stem cell growth. We show that the electrical, mechanical and wetting properties as well as the pore size/architecture of 3D PEDOT:PSS scaffolds can be fine-tuned simply by changing the processing crosslinker additive. We present a comprehensive characterization of both 2D PEDOT:PSS thin films of controlled thicknesses, and 3D porous PEDOT:PSS structures made by the freeze-drying technique. By slicing the bulky scaffolds we generate homogeneous, porous 250 μm thick PEDOT:PSS slices, constituting biocompatible 3D constructs able to support stem cell cultures. These multifunctional slices are attached on indium-tin oxide substrates (ITO) with the help of an electrically active adhesion layer, enabling 3D bioelectronic devices with a characteristic and reproducible, frequency dependent impedance response. This response changes drastically when human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) grow within the porous PEDOT:PSS network as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. The increase of cell population within the PEDOT:PSS porous network impedes the charge flow at the interface between PEDOT:PSS and ITO, enabling the interface resistance (R1) to be used as a figure of merit to monitor the proliferation of stem cells. The non-invasive monitoring of stem cell growth allows for the subsequent differentiation 3D stem cell cultures into neuron like cells, as verified by immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR measurements. The strategy of controlling important properties of 3D PEDOT:PSS structures simply by altering processing parameters can be applied for development of a number of stem cell in vitro models as well as stem cell differentiation pathways. We believe the results presented here will advance 3D bioelectronic technology for both fundamental understanding of in vitro stem cell cultures as well as the development of personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Aimee Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Chiara Barberio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Verena Stoeger
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Shani Elias-Kirma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Zixuan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Konstantinos Kallitsis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
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Biosensor integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Progress and prospects in clinical translation. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115100. [PMID: 36709589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of the brain's complexity, developing effective treatments for neurological disorders is a formidable challenge. Research efforts to this end are advancing as in vitro systems have reached the point that they can imitate critical components of the brain's structure and function. Brain-on-a-chip (BoC) was first used for microfluidics-based systems with small synthetic tissues but has expanded recently to include in vitro simulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Defining the system's qualifying parameters may improve the BoC for the next generation of in vitro platforms. These parameters show how well a given platform solves the problems unique to in vitro CNS modeling (like recreating the brain's microenvironment and including essential parts like the blood-brain barrier (BBB)) and how much more value it offers than traditional cell culture systems. This review provides an overview of the practical concerns of creating and deploying BoC systems and elaborates on how these technologies might be used. Not only how advanced biosensing technologies could be integrated with BoC system but also how novel approaches will automate assays and improve point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics and accurate quantitative analyses are discussed. Key challenges providing opportunities for clinical translation of BoC in neurodegenerative disorders are also addressed.
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Barberio C, Saez J, Withers A, Nair M, Tamagnini F, Owens RM. Conducting Polymer-ECM Scaffolds for Human Neuronal Cell Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200941. [PMID: 35904257 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture formats more closely resemble tissue architecture complexity than 2D systems, which are lacking most of the cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions of the in vivo milieu. Scaffold-based systems integrating natural biomaterials are extensively employed in tissue engineering to improve cell survival and outgrowth, by providing the chemical and physical cues of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Using the freeze-drying technique, porous 3D composite scaffolds consisting of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), containing ECM components (i.e., collagen, hyaluronic acid, and laminin) are engineered for hosting neuronal cells. The resulting scaffolds exhibit a highly porous microstructure and good conductivity, determined by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. These supports boast excellent mechanical stability and water uptake capacity, making them ideal candidates for cell infiltration. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells show enhanced cell survival and proliferation in the presence of ECM compared to PEDOT:PSS alone. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings acquired from differentiated SHSY5Y cells in the scaffolds demonstrate that ECM constituents promote neuronal differentiation in situ. These findings reinforce the usability of 3D conducting supports as engineered highly biomimetic and functional in vitro tissue-like platforms for drug or disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barberio
- Bioelectronic Systems and Technology group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Janire Saez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, E-48011, Spain
| | - Aimee Withers
- Bioelectronic Systems and Technology group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Malavika Nair
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Francesco Tamagnini
- University of Reading, School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Building, Reading, RG6 6LA, UK
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Bioelectronic Systems and Technology group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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Pitsalidis C, van Niekerk D, Moysidou CM, Boys AJ, Withers A, Vallet R, Owens RM. Organic electronic transmembrane device for hosting and monitoring 3D cell cultures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4761. [PMID: 36112689 PMCID: PMC9481123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3D cell models have made strides in the past decades in response to failures of 2D cultures to translate targets during the drug discovery process. Here, we report on a novel multiwell plate bioelectronic platform, namely, the e-transmembrane, capable of supporting and monitoring complex 3D cell architectures. Scaffolds made of PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate] are microengineered to function as separating membranes for compartmentalized cell cultures, as well as electronic components for real-time in situ recordings of cell growth and function. Owing to the high surface area-to-volume ratio, the e-transmembrane allows generation of deep, stratified tissues within the porous bulk and cell polarization at the apico-basal domains. Impedance spectroscopy measurements carried out throughout the tissue growth identified signatures from different cellular systems and allowed extraction of critical functional parameters. This platform has the potential to become a universal tool for biologists for the next generation of high-throughput drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Alexander J. Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Aimee Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | | | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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Tan E, Kim J, Stewart K, Pitsalidis C, Kwon S, Siemons N, Kim J, Jiang Y, Frost JM, Pearce D, Tyrrell JE, Nelson J, Owens RM, Kim YH, Kim JS. The Role of Long-Alkyl-Group Spacers in Glycolated Copolymers for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202574. [PMID: 35474344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers with oligoethylene glycol (OEG) sidechains have attracted strong research interest for organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) applications. However, key molecular design rules for high-performance OECTs via efficient mixed electronic/ionic charge transport are still unclear. In this work, new glycolated copolymers (gDPP-TTT and gDPP-TTVTT) with diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) acceptor and thiophene (T) and vinylene (V) thiophene-based donor units are synthesized and characterized for accumulation mode OECTs, where a long-alkyl-group (C12 ) attached to the DPP unit acts as a spacer distancing the OEG groups from the polymer backbone. gDPP-TTVTT shows the highest OECT transconductance (61.9 S cm-1 ) and high operational stability, compared to gDPP-TTT and their alkylated counterparts. Surprisingly, gDPP-TTVTT also shows high electronic charge mobility in a field-effect transistor, suggesting efficient ion injection/diffusion without hindering its efficient electronic charge transport. The elongated donor unit (TTVTT) facilitates hole polaron formation to be more localized to the donor unit, leading to faster and easier polaron formation with less impact on polymer structure during OECT operation, as opposed to the TTT unit. This is supported by molecular dynamics simulation. These simultaneously high electronic and ionic charge-transport properties are achieved due to the long-alkyl-group spacer in amphipathic sidechains, providing an important molecular design rule for glycolated copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellasia Tan
- Department of Physics and the Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jingwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Katherine Stewart
- Department of Physics and the Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 127788, UAE
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Sooncheol Kwon
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas Siemons
- Department of Physics and the Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jehan Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Physics and the Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Drew Pearce
- Experimental Solid State Physics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James E Tyrrell
- Experimental Solid State Physics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and the Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and the Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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13
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Kavand H, Nasiri R, Herland A. Advanced Materials and Sensors for Microphysiological Systems: Focus on Electronic and Electrooptical Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107876. [PMID: 34913206 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro cell culture systems or microphysiological systems (MPSs), including microfluidic organ-on-a-chip (OoC), are breakthrough technologies in biomedicine. These systems recapitulate features of human tissues outside of the body. They are increasingly being used to study the functionality of different organs for applications such as drug evolutions, disease modeling, and precision medicine. Currently, developers and endpoint users of these in vitro models promote how they can replace animal models or even be a better ethically neutral and humanized alternative to study pathology, physiology, and pharmacology. Although reported models show a remarkable physiological structure and function compared to the conventional 2D cell culture, they are almost exclusively based on standard passive polymers or glass with none or minimal real-time stimuli and readout capacity. The next technology leap in reproducing in vivo-like functionality and real-time monitoring of tissue function could be realized with advanced functional materials and devices. This review describes the currently reported electronic and optical advanced materials for sensing and stimulation of MPS models. In addition, an overview of multi-sensing for Body-on-Chip platforms is given. Finally, one gives the perspective on how advanced functional materials could be integrated into in vitro systems to precisely mimic human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Kavand
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 pl 5, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9/B8, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 pl 5, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 9/B8, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
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14
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Mariano A, Lubrano C, Bruno U, Ausilio C, Dinger NB, Santoro F. Advances in Cell-Conductive Polymer Biointerfaces and Role of the Plasma Membrane. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4552-4580. [PMID: 34582168 PMCID: PMC8874911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is often described as a wall, a physical barrier separating the cell cytoplasm from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Yet, this wall is a highly dynamic structure that can stretch, bend, and bud, allowing cells to respond and adapt to their surrounding environment. Inspired by shapes and geometries found in the biological world and exploiting the intrinsic properties of conductive polymers (CPs), several biomimetic strategies based on substrate dimensionality have been tailored in order to optimize the cell-chip coupling. Furthermore, device biofunctionalization through the use of ECM proteins or lipid bilayers have proven successful approaches to further maximize interfacial interactions. As the bio-electronic field aims at narrowing the gap between the electronic and the biological world, the possibility of effectively disguising conductive materials to "trick" cells to recognize artificial devices as part of their biological environment is a promising approach on the road to the seamless platform integration with cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mariano
- Tissue
Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Lubrano
- Tissue
Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Bruno
- Tissue
Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Ausilio
- Tissue
Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Nikita Bhupesh Dinger
- Tissue
Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue
Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
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15
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Kim Y, Kim G, Ding B, Jeong D, Lee I, Park S, Kim BJ, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Yoon MH. High-Current-Density Organic Electrochemical Diodes Enabled by Asymmetric Active Layer Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107355. [PMID: 34852181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their outstanding electrical/electrochemical performance, operational stability, mechanical flexibility, and decent biocompatibility, organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors have shown great potential as implantable electrodes for neural recording/stimulation and as active channels for signal switching/amplifying transistors. Nonetheless, no studies exist on a general design rule for high-performance electrochemical diodes, which are essential for highly functional circuit architectures. In this work, generalizable electrochemical diodes with a very high current density over 30 kA cm-2 are designed by introducing an asymmetric active layer based on organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. The underlying mechanism on polarity-sensitive balanced ionic doping/dedoping is elucidated by numerical device analysis and in operando spectroelectrochemical potential mapping, while the general material requirements for electrochemical diode operation are deduced using various types of conjugated polymers. In parallel, analog signal rectification and digital logic processing circuits are successfully demonstrated to show the broad impact of circuits incorporating organic electrochemical diodes. It is expected that organic electrochemical diodes will play vital roles in realizing multifunctional soft bioelectronic circuitry in combination with organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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16
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Holloway PM. Novel, Emerging Chip Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Future Directions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:193-224. [PMID: 35733046 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of microfluidic chips is now allowing for more advanced modelling of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, recapitulating heterotypic interactions, 3D architecture, and physiological flow. This chapter will give an introduction to these new technologies and how they are being applied to model the BBB and neurovascular unit (NVU). A foundational understanding of the fluid dynamics germane to the effective use of these chips will be set and an overview of how physical phenomena at the microscale can be exploited to enable new possibilities to control the cell culture environment. The four main approaches to construct microfluidic blood vessel mimetics will be discussed with examples of how these techniques are being applied to model the BBB and more recently to study specific neurovascular disease processes. Finally, practical guidance will be given for researchers wishing to adopt these new techniques along with a summary of the challenges, limitations faced, and new opportunities opened up by these advanced cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Holloway
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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18
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Chortos A. Extrusion
3D
printing of conjugated polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chortos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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19
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Rashid RB, Ji X, Rivnay J. Organic electrochemical transistors in bioelectronic circuits. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113461. [PMID: 34197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) represents a versatile and impactful electronic building block in the areas of printed electronics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. Significant efforts in OECTs have focused on device physics, new active material design and synthesis, and on preliminary implementation of individual transistors as proof-of-concept components for sensing and computation. However, as most of the current studies are based on single devices, the integration of OECTs into circuits or high-level systems has lagged. In this review, we focus on recent efforts to incorporate individual OECTs into digital, analog, and neuromorphic circuits, and lay out important considerations relevant for (hybrid) systems integration. We summarize the operation principles and the functions of OECT-based circuits and discuss the approaches for wireless power and data transmission for practicality in biological and bio-inspired applications. Finally, we comment on the future directions and challenges facing OECT circuits from both a fundamental and applied perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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20
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Torricelli F, Adrahtas DZ, Bao Z, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Bonfiglio A, Bortolotti CA, Frisbie CD, Macchia E, Malliaras GG, McCulloch I, Moser M, Nguyen TQ, Owens RM, Salleo A, Spanu A, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:66. [PMID: 35475166 PMCID: PMC9037952 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Demetra Z. Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo A. Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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21
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Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Sántha M. Biologia futura: animal testing in drug development-the past, the present and the future. Biol Futur 2021; 71:443-452. [PMID: 34554463 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal experiments have served to improve our knowledge on diseases and treatment approaches since ancient times. Today, animal experiments are widely used in medical, biomedical and veterinary research, and are essential means of drug development and preclinical testing, including toxicology and safety studies. Recently, great efforts have been made to replace animal experiments with in vitro organoid culture methods and in silico predictions, in agreement with the 3R strategy to "reduce, refine and replace" animals in experimental testing, as outlined by the European Commission. Here we present a mini-review on the development of animal testing, as well as on alternative in vitro and in silico methods, that may at least partly replace animal experiments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, ELKH Biological Research Centre, 62. Temesvári Ave, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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23
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Zhong Y, Saleh A, Inal S. Decoding Electrophysiological Signals with Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100187. [PMID: 34463019 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other transistors and make it a promising electronic transducer of biological events. High transconductance, flexibility, and biocompatibility render OECTs ideal for detecting electrophysiological signals. Device properties such as transconductance, response time, and noise level should, however, be optimized to adapt to the needs of various application environments including in vitro cell culture, human skin, and inside of a living system. This review includes an overview of the origin of electrophysiological signals, the working principles of OECTs, and methods for performance optimization. While covering recent research examples of the use of OECTs in electrophysiology, a perspective is provided for next-generation bioelectric sensors and amplifiers for electrophysiology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhong
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Giridharagopal R, Guo J, Kong J, Ginger DS. Nanowire Architectures Improve Ion Uptake Kinetics in Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34616-34624. [PMID: 34270213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors are believed to face an inherent material design tension between optimizing for ion mobility and for electronic mobility. These devices transduce ion uptake into electrical current, thereby requiring high ion mobility for efficient electrochemical doping and rapid turn-on kinetics and high electronic mobility for the maximum transconductance. Here, we explore a facile route to improve operational kinetics and volumetric capacitance in a high-mobility conjugated polymer (poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)], DPP-DTT) by employing a nanowire morphology. For equivalent thicknesses, the DPP-DTT nanowire films exhibit consistently faster kinetics (∼6-10× faster) compared to a neat DPP-DTT film. The nanowire architectures show ∼4× higher volumetric capacitance, increasing from 7.1 to 27.7 F/cm3, consistent with the porous structure better enabling ion uptake throughout the film. The nanowires also exhibit a small but energetically favorable shift in a threshold voltage of ∼17 mV, making the nanostructured system both faster and energetically easier to electrochemically dope compared to neat films. We explain the variation using two atomic force microscopy methods: in situ electrochemical strain microscopy and nanoinfrared imaging via photoinduced force microscopy. These data show that the nanowire film's structure allows greater swelling and ion uptake throughout the active layer, indicating that the nanowire architecture exhibits volumetric operation, whereas the neat film is largely operating via the field effect. We propose that for higher-mobility materials, casting the active layer in a nanowire form may offer faster kinetics, enhanced volumetric capacitance, and possibly lower threshold voltage while maintaining desirable device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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25
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Ferro LMM, Merces L, de Camargo DHS, Bof Bufon CC. Ultrahigh-Gain Organic Electrochemical Transistor Chemosensors Based on Self-Curled Nanomembranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101518. [PMID: 34061409 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are technologically relevant devices presenting high susceptibility to physical stimulus, chemical functionalization, and shape changes-jointly to versatility and low production costs. The OECT capability of liquid-gating addresses both electrochemical sensing and signal amplification within a single integrated device unit. However, given the organic semiconductor time-consuming doping process and their usual low field-effect mobility, OECTs are frequently considered low-end category devices. Toward high-performance OECTs, microtubular electrochemical devices based on strain-engineering are presented here by taking advantage of the exclusive shape features of self-curled nanomembranes. Such novel OECTs outperform the state-of-the-art organic liquid-gated transistors, reaching lower operating voltage, improved ion doping, and a signal amplification with a >104 intrinsic gain. The multipurpose OECT concept is validated with different electrolytes and distinct nanometer-thick molecular films, namely, phthalocyanine and thiophene derivatives. The OECTs are also applied as transducers to detect a biomarker related to neurological diseases, the neurotransmitter dopamine. The self-curled OECTs update the premises of electrochemical energy conversion in liquid-gated transistors, yielding a substantial performance improvement and new chemical sensing capabilities within picoliter sampling volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M M Ferro
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Davi H S de Camargo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
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26
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Barron SL, Saez J, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000624. [PMID: 33943040 PMCID: PMC8212094 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections are among the leading cause of death worldwide and, especially given the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, are of high and prevalent socio-economic importance. In vitro models, which accurately represent the lung microenvironment, are of increasing significance given the ethical concerns around animal work and the lack of translation to human disease, as well as the lengthy time to market and the attrition rates associated with clinical trials. This review gives an overview of the biological and immunological components involved in regulating the respiratory epithelium system in health, disease, and infection. The evolution from 2D to 3D cell biology and to more advanced technological integrated models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions are reviewed and provide a reference point for understanding the in vitro modeling requirements. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives for advancing this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barron
- Bioassay Impurities and QualityBiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GPUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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27
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Ahmad W, Gong Y, Abbas G, Khan K, Khan M, Ali G, Shuja A, Tareen AK, Khan Q, Li D. Evolution of low-dimensional material-based field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5162-5186. [PMID: 33666628 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07548e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) have tremendous applications in the electronics industry due to their outstanding features such as small size, easy fabrication, compatibility with integrated electronics, high sensitivity, rapid detection and easy measuring procedures. However, to meet the increasing demand of the electronics industry, efficient FETs with controlled short channel effects, enhanced surface stability, reduced size, and superior performances based on low-dimensional materials are desirable. In this review, we present the developmental roadmap of FETs from conventional to miniaturized devices and highlight their prospective applications in the field of optoelectronic devices. Initially, a detailed study of the general importance of bulk and low-dimensional materials is presented. Then, recent advances in low-dimensional material heterostructures, classification of FETs, and the applications of low-dimensional materials in field-effect transistors and photodetectors are presented in detail. In addition, we also describe current issues in low-dimensional material-based FETs and propose potential approaches to address these issues, which are crucial for developing electronic and optoelectronic devices. This review will provide guidelines for low-dimensional material-based FETs with high performance and advanced applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Youning Gong
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Karim Khan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Maaz Khan
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Nilore 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghafar Ali
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Nilore 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Shuja
- Centre for Advanced Electronics & Photovoltaic Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Khan Tareen
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Qasim Khan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Delong Li
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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28
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Spanu A, Martines L, Bonfiglio A. Interfacing cells with organic transistors: a review of in vitro and in vivo applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:795-820. [PMID: 33565540 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic bioelectronics has attracted considerable interest in the scientific community. The impressive growth that it has undergone in the last 10 years has allowed the rise of the completely new field of cellular organic bioelectronics, which has now the chance to compete with consolidated approaches based on devices such as micro-electrode arrays and ISFET-based transducers both in in vitro and in vivo experimental practice. This review focuses on cellular interfaces based on organic active devices and has the intent of highlighting the recent advances and the most innovative approaches to the ongoing and everlasting challenge of interfacing living matter to the "external world" in order to unveil the hidden mechanisms governing its behavior. Device-wise, three different organic structures will be considered in this work, namely the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), the solution-gated organic transistor (SGOFET - which is presented here in two possible different versions according to the employed active material, namely: the electrolyte-gated organic transistor - EGOFET, and the solution gated graphene transistor - gSGFET), and the organic charge modulated field effect transistor (OCMFET). Application-wise, this work will mainly focus on cellular-based biosensors employed in in vitro and in vivo cellular interfaces, with the aim of offering the reader a comprehensive retrospective of the recent past, an overview of the latest innovations, and a glance at the future prospects of this challenging, yet exciting and still mostly unexplored scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy.
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29
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Kim Y, Noh H, Paulsen BD, Kim J, Jo IY, Ahn H, Rivnay J, Yoon MH. Strain-Engineering Induced Anisotropic Crystallite Orientation and Maximized Carrier Mobility for High-Performance Microfiber-Based Organic Bioelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007550. [PMID: 33538016 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of carrier mobility, recent research efforts have been mainly focused on the improvement of volumetric capacitance in order to maximize the figure-of-merit, μC* (product of carrier mobility and volumetric capacitance), for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. Herein, high-performance microfiber-based organic electrochemical transistors with unprecedentedly large μC* using highly ordered crystalline poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) microfibers with very high carrier mobilities are reported. The strain engineering via uniaxial tension is employed in combination with solvent-mediated crystallization in the course of drying coagulated fibers, resulting in the permanent preferential alignment of crystalline PEDOT:PSS domains along the fiber direction, which is verified by atomic force microscopy and transmission wide-angle X-ray scattering. The resultant strain-engineered microfibers exhibit very high carrier mobility (12.9 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) without the trade-off in volumetric capacitance (122 F cm-3 ) and hole density (5.8 × 1020 cm-3 ). Such advantageous electrical and electrochemical characteristics offer the benchmark parameter of μC* over ≈1500 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest metric ever reported in the literature and can be beneficial for realizing a new class of substrate-free fibrillar and/or textile bioelectronics in the configuration of electrochemical transistors and/or electrochemical ion pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Noh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJu Ahn
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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30
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Holloway PM, Willaime-Morawek S, Siow R, Barber M, Owens RM, Sharma AD, Rowan W, Hill E, Zagnoni M. Advances in microfluidic in vitro systems for neurological disease modeling. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1276-1307. [PMID: 33583054 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second largest cause of death worldwide. Despite significant research efforts, neurology remains one of the most failure-prone areas of drug development. The complexity of the human brain, boundaries to examining the brain directly in vivo, and the significant evolutionary gap between animal models and humans, all serve to hamper translational success. Recent advances in microfluidic in vitro models have provided new opportunities to study human cells with enhanced physiological relevance. The ability to precisely micro-engineer cell-scale architecture, tailoring form and function, has allowed for detailed dissection of cell biology using microphysiological systems (MPS) of varying complexities from single cell systems to "Organ-on-chip" models. Simplified neuronal networks have allowed for unique insights into neuronal transport and neurogenesis, while more complex 3D heterotypic cellular models such as neurovascular unit mimetics and "Organ-on-chip" systems have enabled new understanding of metabolic coupling and blood-brain barrier transport. These systems are now being developed beyond MPS toward disease specific micro-pathophysiological systems, moving from "Organ-on-chip" to "Disease-on-chip." This review gives an outline of current state of the art in microfluidic technologies for neurological disease research, discussing the challenges and limitations while highlighting the benefits and potential of integrating technologies. We provide examples of where such toolsets have enabled novel insights and how these technologies may empower future investigation into neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Holloway
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Richard Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Barber
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anup D Sharma
- New Orleans BioInnovation Center, AxoSim Inc., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wendy Rowan
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GSK R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Eric Hill
- School of Life and Health sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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31
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Advances in modelling the human microbiome-gut-brain axis in vitro. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:187-201. [PMID: 33544117 PMCID: PMC7924999 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has emerged as a key player in the bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis, affecting various aspects of homeostasis and pathophysiology. Until recently, the majority of studies that seek to explore the mechanisms underlying the microbiome–gut–brain axis cross-talk, relied almost exclusively on animal models, and particularly gnotobiotic mice. Despite the great progress made with these models, various limitations, including ethical considerations and interspecies differences that limit the translatability of data to human systems, pushed researchers to seek for alternatives. Over the past decades, the field of in vitro modelling of tissues has experienced tremendous growth, thanks to advances in 3D cell biology, materials, science and bioengineering, pushing further the borders of our ability to more faithfully emulate the in vivo situation. The discovery of stem cells has offered a new source of cells, while their use in generating gastrointestinal and brain organoids, among other tissues, has enabled the development of novel 3D tissues that better mimic the native tissue structure and function, compared with traditional assays. In parallel, organs-on-chips technology and bioengineered tissues have emerged as highly promising alternatives to animal models for a wide range of applications. Here, we discuss how recent advances and trends in this area can be applied in host–microbe and host–pathogen interaction studies. In addition, we highlight paradigm shifts in engineering more robust human microbiome-gut-brain axis models and their potential to expand our understanding of this complex system and hence explore novel, microbiome-based therapeutic approaches.
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32
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Moysidou CM, Barberio C, Owens RM. Advances in Engineering Human Tissue Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:620962. [PMID: 33585419 PMCID: PMC7877542 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.620962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in cell biology greatly relies on cell-based in vitro assays and models that facilitate the investigation and understanding of specific biological events and processes under different conditions. The quality of such experimental models and particularly the level at which they represent cell behavior in the native tissue, is of critical importance for our understanding of cell interactions within tissues and organs. Conventionally, in vitro models are based on experimental manipulation of mammalian cells, grown as monolayers on flat, two-dimensional (2D) substrates. Despite the amazing progress and discoveries achieved with flat biology models, our ability to translate biological insights has been limited, since the 2D environment does not reflect the physiological behavior of cells in real tissues. Advances in 3D cell biology and engineering have led to the development of a new generation of cell culture formats that can better recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment, allowing us to examine cells and their interactions in a more biomimetic context. Modern biomedical research has at its disposal novel technological approaches that promote development of more sophisticated and robust tissue engineering in vitro models, including scaffold- or hydrogel-based formats, organotypic cultures, and organs-on-chips. Even though such systems are necessarily simplified to capture a particular range of physiology, their ability to model specific processes of human biology is greatly valued for their potential to close the gap between conventional animal studies and human (patho-) physiology. Here, we review recent advances in 3D biomimetic cultures, focusing on the technological bricks available to develop more physiologically relevant in vitro models of human tissues. By highlighting applications and examples of several physiological and disease models, we identify the limitations and challenges which the field needs to address in order to more effectively incorporate synthetic biomimetic culture platforms into biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Róisín Meabh Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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33
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Moysidou C, Pitsalidis C, Al‐Sharabi M, Withers AM, Zeitler JA, Owens RM. 3D Bioelectronic Model of the Human Intestine. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi‐Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Mohammed Al‐Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Aimee M. Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
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34
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Boys AJ, Barron SL, Tilev D, Owens RM. Building Scaffolds for Tubular Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:589960. [PMID: 33363127 PMCID: PMC7758256 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.589960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow organs and tissue systems drive various functions in the body. Many of these hollow or tubular systems, such as vasculature, the intestines, and the trachea, are common targets for tissue engineering, given their relevance to numerous diseases and body functions. As the field of tissue engineering has developed, numerous benchtop models have been produced as platforms for basic science and drug testing. Production of tubular scaffolds for different tissue engineering applications possesses many commonalities, such as the necessity for producing an intact tubular opening and for formation of semi-permeable epithelia or endothelia. As such, the field has converged on a series of manufacturing techniques for producing these structures. In this review, we discuss some of the most common tissue engineered applications within the context of tubular tissues and the methods by which these structures can be produced. We provide an overview of the general structure and anatomy for these tissue systems along with a series of general design criteria for tubular tissue engineering. We categorize methods for manufacturing tubular scaffolds as follows: casting, electrospinning, rolling, 3D printing, and decellularization. We discuss state-of-the-art models within the context of vascular, intestinal, and tracheal tissue engineering. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the future for these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roisin M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Saffioti NA, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Pallarola D. Biosensors for Studies on Adhesion-Mediated Cellular Responses to Their Microenvironment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:597950. [PMID: 33262979 PMCID: PMC7685988 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.597950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells interact with their microenvironment by constantly sensing mechanical and chemical cues converting them into biochemical signals. These processes allow cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environment, and are crucial for most cellular functions. Understanding the mechanism underlying this complex interplay at the cell-matrix interface is of fundamental value to decipher key biochemical and mechanical factors regulating cell fate. The combination of material science and surface chemistry aided in the creation of controllable environments to study cell mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. Biologically inspired materials tailored with specific bioactive molecules, desired physical properties and tunable topography have emerged as suitable tools to study cell behavior. Among these materials, synthetic cell interfaces with built-in sensing capabilities are highly advantageous to measure biophysical and biochemical interaction between cells and their environment. In this review, we discuss the design of micro and nanostructured biomaterials engineered not only to mimic the structure, properties, and function of the cellular microenvironment, but also to obtain quantitative information on how cells sense and probe specific adhesive cues from the extracellular domain. This type of responsive biointerfaces provides a readout of mechanics, biochemistry, and electrical activity in real time allowing observation of cellular processes with molecular specificity. Specifically designed sensors based on advanced optical and electrochemical readout are discussed. We further provide an insight into the emerging role of multifunctional micro and nanosensors to control and monitor cell functions by means of material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Andrés Saffioti
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, San Martín, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Pallarola
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, San Martín, Argentina
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36
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Velidakis E, Liebscher M, Tzounis L. Three-Dimensional Printed Antimicrobial Objects of Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposite Filaments Produced by an In-Situ Reduction Reactive Melt Mixing Process. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:biomimetics5030042. [PMID: 32887263 PMCID: PMC7559372 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an industrially scalable method is reported for the fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA)/silver nanoparticle (AgNP) nanocomposite filaments by an in-situ reduction reactive melt mixing method. The PLA/AgNP nanocomposite filaments have been produced initially reducing silver ions (Ag+) arising from silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor mixed in the polymer melt to elemental silver (Ag0) nanoparticles, utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), respectively, as macromolecular blend compound reducing agents. PEG and PVP were added at various concentrations, to the PLA matrix. The PLA/AgNP filaments have been used to manufacture 3D printed antimicrobial (AM) parts by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The 3D printed PLA/AgNP parts exhibited significant AM properties examined by the reduction in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria viability (%) experiments at 30, 60, and 120 min duration of contact (p < 0.05; p-value (p): probability). It could be envisaged that the 3D printed parts manufactured and tested herein mimic nature’s mechanism against bacteria and in terms of antimicrobial properties, contact angle for their anti-adhesive behavior and mechanical properties could create new avenues for the next generation of low-cost and on-demand additive manufacturing produced personal protective equipment (PPE) as well as healthcare and nosocomial antimicrobial equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-37-9227
| | - Emmanouel Velidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Marco Liebscher
- Institute of Construction Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lazaros Tzounis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
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37
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Pradhan S, Brooks A, Yadavalli V. Nature-derived materials for the fabrication of functional biodevices. Mater Today Bio 2020; 7:100065. [PMID: 32613186 PMCID: PMC7317235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature provides an incredible source of inspiration, structural concepts, and materials toward applications to improve the lives of people around the world, while preserving ecosystems, and addressing environmental sustainability. In particular, materials derived from animal and plant sources can provide low-cost, renewable building blocks for such applications. Nature-derived materials are of interest for their properties of biodegradability, bioconformability, biorecognition, self-repair, and stimuli response. While long used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, their use in functional devices such as (bio)electronics, sensors, and optical systems for healthcare and biomonitoring is finding increasing attention. The objective of this review is to cover the varied nature derived and sourced materials currently used in active biodevices and components that possess electrical or electronic behavior. We discuss materials ranging from proteins and polypeptides such as silk and collagen, polysaccharides including chitin and cellulose, to seaweed derived biomaterials, and DNA. These materials may be used as passive substrates or support architectures and often, as the functional elements either by themselves or as biocomposites. We further discuss natural pigments such as melanin and indigo that serve as active elements in devices. Increasingly, combinations of different biomaterials are being used to address the challenges of fabrication and performance in human monitoring or medicine. Finally, this review gives perspectives on the sourcing, processing, degradation, and biocompatibility of these materials. This rapidly growing multidisciplinary area of research will be advanced by a systematic understanding of nature-inspired materials and design concepts in (bio)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pradhan
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - A.K. Brooks
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - V.K. Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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Tzounis L, Bangeas PI, Exadaktylos A, Petousis M, Vidakis N. Three-Dimensional Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Surgical Retractors with Sonochemically Immobilized Silver Nanoparticles: The Next Generation of Low-Cost Antimicrobial Surgery Equipment. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050985. [PMID: 32455641 PMCID: PMC7279541 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method is reported for the manufacturing of antimicrobial (AM) surgery equipment utilising fused deposition modelling (FDM), three-dimensional (3D) printing and sonochemistry thin-film deposition technology. A surgical retractor was replicated from a commercial polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic filament, while a thin layer of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) was developed via a simple and scalable sonochemical deposition method. The PLA retractor covered with Ag NPs (PLA@Ag) exhibited vigorous AM properties examined by a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria viability (%) experiments at 30, 60 and 120 min duration of contact (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the surface morphology of bare PLA and PLA@Ag retractor, revealing a homogeneous and full surface coverage of Ag NPs. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the crystallinity of Ag nanocoating. Ultraviolent-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) highlighted the AgNP plasmonic optical responses and average particle size of 31.08 ± 6.68 nm. TEM images of the PLA@Ag crossection demonstrated the thickness of the deposited Ag nanolayer, as well as an observed tendency of AgNPs to penetrate though the outer surface of PLA. The combination of 3D printing and sonochemistry technology could open new avenues in the manufacturing of low-cost and on-demand antimicrobial surgery equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros Tzounis
- Composite and Smart Materials Laboratory (CSML), Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (N.V.); Tel.: +30-26510-09024 (L.T.); +30-2810-379833 (N.V.)
| | - Petros I. Bangeas
- Department of emergency medicine, INSELSPITAL, Universitätsspital Bern, 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (P.I.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Aristomenis Exadaktylos
- Department of emergency medicine, INSELSPITAL, Universitätsspital Bern, 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (P.I.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Correspondence: (L.T.); (N.V.); Tel.: +30-26510-09024 (L.T.); +30-2810-379833 (N.V.)
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Mandal S, Mandal A, Jana G, Mallik S, Roy S, Ghosh A, Chattaraj PK, Goswami DK. Low Operating Voltage Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Gelatin as a Moisture-Induced Ionic Dielectric Layer: The Issues of High Carrier Mobility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19727-19736. [PMID: 32233358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed low-voltage (<2 V) flexible organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with high carrier mobility using gelatin as a moisture-induced ionic gate dielectric system. Ionic concentration in the gelatin layer depends on the relative humidity condition during the measurement. The capacitance of the dielectric layer used for the calculation of field-effect carrier mobility for the OFETs crucially depends on the frequency at which the capacitance was measured. The results of frequency-dependent gate capacitance together with the anomalous bias-stress effect have been used to determine the exact frequency at which the carrier mobility should be calculated. The observed carrier mobility of the devices is 0.33 cm2/Vs with the capacitance measured at frequency 20 mHz. It can be overestimated to 14 cm2/Vs with the capacitance measured at 100 kHz. The devices can be used as highly sensitive humidity sensors. About three orders of magnitude variation in device current have been observed on the changes in relative humidity (RH) levels from 10 to 80%. The devices show a fast response with a response and recovery times of ∼100 and ∼110 ms, respectively. The devices are flexible up to a 5 mm bending radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mandal
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ajoy Mandal
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Gourhari Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Samik Mallik
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharapur 721302, India
| | - Satyajit Roy
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dipak K Goswami
- Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharapur 721302, India
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40
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Ferro MP, Heilshorn SC, Owens RM. Materials for blood brain barrier modeling in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2020; 140:100522. [PMID: 33551572 PMCID: PMC7864217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2019.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain homeostasis relies on the selective permeability property of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by a continuous endothelium that regulates exchange between the blood stream and the brain. This physiological barrier also creates a challenge for the treatment of neurological diseases as it prevents most blood circulating drugs from entering into the brain. In vitro cell models aim to reproduce BBB functionality and predict the passage of active compounds through the barrier. In such systems, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are cultured in contact with various biomaterial substrates. However, BMEC interactions with these biomaterials and their impact on BBB functions are poorly described in the literature. Here we review the most common materials used to culture BMECs and discuss their potential impact on BBB integrity in vitro. We investigate the biophysical properties of these biomaterials including stiffness, porosity and material degradability. We highlight a range of synthetic and natural materials and present three categories of cell culture dimensions: cell monolayers covering non-degradable materials (2D), cell monolayers covering degradable materials (2.5D) and vascularized systems developing into degradable materials (3D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali P. Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Mines Saint-Étienne, 880 route de Mimet, F-13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Roisin M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS, Cambridge, UK
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41
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Ramos T, Moroni L. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2019: The Role of Biofabrication-A Year in Review. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:91-106. [PMID: 31856696 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its relative youth, biofabrication is unceasingly expanding by assimilating the contributions from various disciplinary areas and their technological advances. Those developments have spawned the range of available options to produce structures with complex geometries while accurately manipulating and controlling cell behavior. As it evolves, biofabrication impacts other research fields, allowing the fabrication of tissue models of increased complexity that more closely resemble the dynamics of living tissue. The recent blooming and evolutions in biofabrication have opened new windows and perspectives that could aid the translational struggle in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. Based on similar methodologies applied in past years' reviews, we identified the most high-impact publications and reviewed the major concepts, findings, and research outcomes in the context of advancement beyond the state-of-the-art in the field. We first aim to clarify the confusion in terminology and concepts in biofabrication to therefore introduce the striking evolutions in three-dimensional and four-dimensional bioprinting of tissues. We conclude with a short discussion on the future outlooks for innovation that biofabrication could bring to TERM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ramos
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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42
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Levin M, Selberg J, Rolandi M. Endogenous Bioelectrics in Development, Cancer, and Regeneration: Drugs and Bioelectronic Devices as Electroceuticals for Regenerative Medicine. iScience 2019; 22:519-533. [PMID: 31837520 PMCID: PMC6920204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major frontier in the post-genomic era is the investigation of the control of coordinated growth and three-dimensional form. Dynamic remodeling of complex organs in regulative embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer reveals that cells and tissues make decisions that implement complex anatomical outcomes. It is now essential to understand not only the genetics that specifies cellular hardware but also the physiological software that implements tissue-level plasticity and robust morphogenesis. Here, we review recent discoveries about the endogenous mechanisms of bioelectrical communication among non-neural cells that enables them to cooperate in vivo. We discuss important advances in bioelectronics, as well as computational and pharmacological tools that are enabling the taming of biophysical controls toward applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - John Selberg
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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43
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Tan E, Pappa A, Pitsalidis C, Nightingale J, Wood S, Castro FA, Owens RM, Kim J. A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:291-299. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellasia Tan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London London United Kingdom
| | - Anna‐Maria Pappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - James Nightingale
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London London United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett Drive Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Ji‐Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London London United Kingdom
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44
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Scuratti F, Bonacchini GE, Bossio C, Salazar-Rios JM, Talsma W, Loi MA, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Real-Time Monitoring of Cellular Cultures with Electrolyte-Gated Carbon Nanotube Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37966-37972. [PMID: 31532607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors constitute a fundamental tool in biotechnology, and their relevance has greatly increased in recent years as a result of a surging demand for reduced animal testing and for high-throughput and cost-effective in vitro screening platforms dedicated to environmental and biomedical diagnostics, drug development, and toxicology. In this context, electrochemical/electronic cell-based biosensors represent a promising class of devices that enable long-term and real-time monitoring of cell physiology in a noninvasive and label-free fashion, with a remarkable potential for process automation and parallelization. Common limitations of this class of devices at large include the need for substrate surface modification strategies to ensure cell adhesion and immobilization, limited compatibility with complementary optical cell-probing techniques, and the need for frequency-dependent measurements, which rely on elaborated equivalent electrical circuit models for data analysis and interpretation. We hereby demonstrate the monitoring of cell adhesion and detachment through the time-dependent variations in the quasi-static characteristic current curves of a highly stable electrolyte-gated transistor, based on an optically transparent network of printable polymer-wrapped semiconducting carbon-nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scuratti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Giorgio E Bonacchini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Jorge M Salazar-Rios
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wytse Talsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
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45
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Mariani F, Conzuelo F, Cramer T, Gualandi I, Possanzini L, Tessarolo M, Fraboni B, Schuhmann W, Scavetta E. Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902534. [PMID: 31448569 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of electrochemical and physical phenomena originating the response of electrolyte-gated transistors is crucial for improved handling and design of these devices. However, the lack of suitable tools for direct investigation of microscale effects has hindered the possibility to bridge the gap between experiments and theoretical models. In this contribution, a scanning probe setup is used to explore the operation mechanisms of organic electrochemical transistors by probing the local electrochemical potential of the organic film composing the device channel. Moreover, an interpretative model is developed in order to highlight the meaning of electrochemical doping and to show how the experimental data can give direct access to fundamental device parameters, such as local charge carrier concentration and mobility. This approach is versatile and provides insight into the organic semiconductor/electrolyte interface and useful information for materials characterization, device scaling, and sensing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Possanzini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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46
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Kratz SRA, Höll G, Schuller P, Ertl P, Rothbauer M. Latest Trends in Biosensing for Microphysiological Organs-on-a-Chip and Body-on-a-Chip Systems. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E110. [PMID: 31546916 PMCID: PMC6784383 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are considered next generation in vitro tools capable of recreating in vivo like, physiological-relevant microenvironments needed to cultivate 3D tissue-engineered constructs (e.g., hydrogel-based organoids and spheroids) as well as tissue barriers. These microphysiological systems are ideally suited to (a) reduce animal testing by generating human organ models, (b) facilitate drug development and (c) perform personalized medicine by integrating patient-derived cells and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into microfluidic devices. An important aspect of any diagnostic device and cell analysis platform, however, is the integration and application of a variety of sensing strategies to provide reliable, high-content information on the health status of the in vitro model of choice. To overcome the analytical limitations of organs-on-a-chip systems a variety of biosensors have been integrated to provide continuous data on organ-specific reactions and dynamic tissue responses. Here, we review the latest trends in biosensors fit for monitoring human physiology in organs-on-a-chip systems including optical and electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rudi Adam Kratz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gregor Höll
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Schuller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Kalmykov A, Huang C, Bliley J, Shiwarski D, Tashman J, Abdullah A, Rastogi SK, Shukla S, Mataev E, Feinberg AW, Hsia KJ, Cohen-Karni T. Organ-on-e-chip: Three-dimensional self-rolled biosensor array for electrical interrogations of human electrogenic spheroids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0729. [PMID: 31467978 PMCID: PMC6707782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication plays a pivotal role in coordination and function of biological systems. Three-dimensional (3D) spheroids provide venues to explore cellular communication for tissue development and drug discovery, as their 3D architecture mimics native in vivo microenvironments. Cellular electrophysiology is a prevalent signaling paradigm for studying electroactive cells. Currently, electrophysiological studies do not provide direct, multisite, simultaneous investigation of tissues in 3D. In this study, 3D self-rolled biosensor arrays (3D-SR-BAs) of either active field-effect transistors or passive microelectrodes were implemented to interface human cardiac spheroids in 3D. The arrays provided continuous and stable multiplexed recordings of field potentials with high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, supported with simultaneous calcium imaging. Our approach enables electrophysiological investigation and monitoring of the complex signal transduction in 3D cellular assemblies toward an organ-on-an-electronic-chip (organ-on-e-chip) platform for tissue maturation investigations and development of drugs for disease treatment, such as arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kalmykov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Bliley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Tashman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arif Abdullah
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sahil K. Rastogi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shivani Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Elnatan Mataev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adam W. Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - K. Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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48
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Fischer CL, Bates AM, Lanzel EA, Guthmiller JM, Johnson GK, Singh NK, Kumar A, Vidva R, Abbasi T, Vali S, Xie XJ, Zeng E, Brogden KA. Computational Models Accurately Predict Multi-Cell Biomarker Profiles in Inflammation and Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10877. [PMID: 31350446 PMCID: PMC6659691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual computational models of single myeloid, lymphoid, epithelial, and cancer cells were created and combined into multi-cell computational models and used to predict the collective chemokine, cytokine, and cellular biomarker profiles often seen in inflamed or cancerous tissues. Predicted chemokine and cytokine output profiles from multi-cell computational models of gingival epithelial keratinocytes (GE KER), dendritic cells (DC), and helper T lymphocytes (HTL) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or synthetic triacylated lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4) as well as multi-cell computational models of multiple myeloma (MM) and DC were validated using the observed chemokine and cytokine responses from the same cell type combinations grown in laboratory multi-cell cultures with accuracy. Predicted and observed chemokine and cytokine responses of GE KER + DC + HTL exposed to LPS and Pam3CSK4 matched 75% (15/20, p = 0.02069) and 80% (16/20, P = 0.005909), respectively. Multi-cell computational models became ‘personalized’ when cell line-specific genomic data were included into simulations, again validated with the same cell lines grown in laboratory multi-cell cultures. Here, predicted and observed chemokine and cytokine responses of MM cells lines MM.1S and U266B1 matched 75% (3/4) and MM.1S and U266B1 inhibition of DC marker expression in co-culture matched 100% (6/6). Multi-cell computational models have the potential to identify approaches altering the predicted disease-associated output profiles, particularly as high throughput screening tools for anti-inflammatory or immuno-oncology treatments of inflamed multi-cellular tissues and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Fischer
- Department of Biology, Waldorf University, Forest City, IA, 50436, USA
| | - Amber M Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emily A Lanzel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Janet M Guthmiller
- College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Georgia K Johnson
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Neeraj Kumar Singh
- Cellworks Group Inc., San Jose, CA, 95110, USA.,Cellworks Research India Pvt. Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary of Cellworks Group Inc.), Bangalore, India
| | - Ansu Kumar
- Cellworks Group Inc., San Jose, CA, 95110, USA.,Cellworks Research India Pvt. Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary of Cellworks Group Inc.), Bangalore, India
| | - Robinson Vidva
- Cellworks Group Inc., San Jose, CA, 95110, USA.,Cellworks Research India Pvt. Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary of Cellworks Group Inc.), Bangalore, India
| | - Taher Abbasi
- Cellworks Group Inc., San Jose, CA, 95110, USA.,Cellworks Research India Pvt. Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary of Cellworks Group Inc.), Bangalore, India
| | - Shireen Vali
- Cellworks Group Inc., San Jose, CA, 95110, USA.,Cellworks Research India Pvt. Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary of Cellworks Group Inc.), Bangalore, India
| | - Xian Jin Xie
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Erliang Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kim A Brogden
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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49
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Jayaram AK, Pitsalidis C, Tan E, Moysidou CM, De Volder MFL, Kim JS, Owens RM. 3D Hybrid Scaffolds Based on PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT Composites. Front Chem 2019; 7:363. [PMID: 31165066 PMCID: PMC6536663 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymer scaffolds combine the soft-porous structures of scaffolds with the electrical properties of conducting polymers. In most cases, such functional systems are developed by combining an insulating scaffold matrix with electrically conducting materials in a 3D hybrid network. However, issues arising from the poor electronic properties of such hybrid systems, hinder their application in many areas. This work reports on the design of a 3D electroactive scaffold, which is free of an insulating matrix. These 3D polymer constructs comprise of a water soluble conducting polymer (PEDOT:PSS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The insertion of the MWCNTs in the 3D polymer matrix directly contributes to the electron transport efficiency, resulting in a 7-fold decrease in resistivity values. The distribution of CNTs, as characterized by SEM and Raman spectroscopy, further define the micro- and nano-structural topography while providing active sites for protein attachment, thereby rendering the system suitable for biological/sensing applications. The resulting scaffolds, combine high porosity, mechanical stability and excellent conducting properties, thus can be suitable for a variety of applications ranging from tissue engineering and biomedical devices to (bio-) energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila K Jayaram
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellasia Tan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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