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Liu Z, Hu X, Bo R, Yang Y, Cheng X, Pang W, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Xu S, Shen Z, Zhang Y. A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation. Science 2024; 384:987-994. [PMID: 38815009 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human skin sensing of mechanical stimuli originates from transduction of mechanoreceptors that converts external forces into electrical signals. Although imitating the spatial distribution of those mechanoreceptors can enable developments of electronic skins capable of decoupled sensing of normal/shear forces and strains, it remains elusive. We report a three-dimensionally (3D) architected electronic skin (denoted as 3DAE-Skin) with force and strain sensing components arranged in a 3D layout that mimics that of Merkel cells and Ruffini endings in human skin. This 3DAE-Skin shows excellent decoupled sensing performances of normal force, shear force, and strain and enables development of a tactile system for simultaneous modulus/curvature measurements of an object through touch. Demonstrations include rapid modulus measurements of fruits, bread, and cake with various shapes and degrees of freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shuheng Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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2
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Hong S, Zhang H, Lee J, Yu T, Cho S, Park T, Walsh J, Ji Y, Kim JJ, Lee H, Kim DR, Xu B, Lee CH. Spongy Ag Foam for Soft and Stretchable Strain Gauges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26613-26623. [PMID: 38728055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Strain gauges, particularly for wearable sensing applications, require a high degree of stretchability, softness, sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity. They must also steer clear of challenges such as mechanical and electrical hysteresis, overshoot behavior, and slow response/recovery times. However, current strain gauges face challenges in satisfying all of these requirements at once due to the inevitable trade-offs between these properties. Here, we present an innovative method for creating strain gauges from spongy Ag foam through a steam-etching process. This method simplifies the traditional, more complex, and costly manufacturing techniques, presenting an eco-friendly alternative. Uniquely, the strain gauges crafted from this method achieve an unparalleled gauge factor greater than 8 × 103 at strains exceeding 100%, successfully meeting all required attributes without notable trade-offs. Our work includes systematic investigations that reveal the intricate structure-property-performance relationship of the spongy Ag foam with practical demonstrations in areas such as human motion monitoring and human-robot interaction. These breakthroughs pave the way for highly sensitive and selective strain gauges, showing immediate applicability across a wide range of wearable sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokkyoon Hong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1738, United States
| | - Junsang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianhao Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Seungse Cho
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Taewoong Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Walsh
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuhyun Ji
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joshua Jeremiah Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1738, United States
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Han SI, Sunwoo SH, Park CS, Lee SP, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Next-Generation Cardiac Interfacing Technologies Using Nanomaterial-Based Soft Bioelectronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12025-12048. [PMID: 38706306 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac interfacing devices are essential components for the management of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in terms of electrophysiological monitoring and implementation of therapies. However, conventional cardiac devices are typically composed of rigid and bulky materials and thus pose significant challenges for effective long-term interfacing with the curvilinear surface of a dynamically beating heart. In this regard, the recent development of intrinsically soft bioelectronic devices using nanocomposites, which are fabricated by blending conductive nanofillers in polymeric and elastomeric matrices, has shown great promise. The intrinsically soft bioelectronics not only endure the dynamic beating motion of the heart and maintain stable performance but also enable conformal, reliable, and large-area interfacing with the target cardiac tissue, allowing for high-quality electrophysiological mapping, feedback electrical stimulations, and even mechanical assistance. Here, we explore next-generation cardiac interfacing strategies based on soft bioelectronic devices that utilize elastic conductive nanocomposites. We first discuss the conventional cardiac devices used to manage cardiovascular diseases and explain their undesired limitations. Then, we introduce intrinsically soft polymeric materials and mechanical restraint devices utilizing soft polymeric materials. After the discussion of the fabrication and functionalization of conductive nanomaterials, the introduction of intrinsically soft bioelectronics using nanocomposites and their application to cardiac monitoring and feedback therapy follow. Finally, comments on the future prospects of soft bioelectronics for cardiac interfacing technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ihn Han
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Soon Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Chen C, Xu JL, Wang Q, Li XL, Xu FQ, Gao YC, Zhu YB, Wu HA, Liu JW. Biomimetic Multimodal Receptors for Comprehensive Artificial Human Somatosensory System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313228. [PMID: 38330391 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) capable of acquiring environmental and physiological information has attracted interest for healthcare, robotics, and human-machine interaction. However, traditional 2D e-skin only allows for in-plane force sensing, which limits access to comprehensive stimulus feedback due to the lack of out-of-plane signal detection caused by its 3D structure. Here, a dimension-switchable bioinspired receptor is reported to achieve multimodal perception by exploiting film kirigami. It offers the detection of in-plane (pressure and bending) and out-of-plane (force and airflow) signals by dynamically inducing the opening and reclosing of sensing unit. The receptor's hygroscopic and thermoelectric properties enable the sensing of humidity and temperature. Meanwhile, the thermoelectric receptor can differentiate mechanical stimuli from temperature by the voltage. The development enables a wide range of sensory capabilities of traditional e-skin and expands the applications in real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jie-Long Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xin-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Feng-Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yin-Bo Zhu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Heng-An Wu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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5
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Yang G, Hu Y, Guo W, Lei W, Liu W, Guo G, Geng C, Liu Y, Wu H. Tunable Hydrogel Electronics for Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308831. [PMID: 37906182 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy characterized by rapidly increasing numbers of patients is commonly diagnosed via analyzing electromyography signals obtained from stimulation-recording devices. However, existing commercial electrodes have difficulty in implementing conformal contact with skin and gentle detachment, dramatically impairing stimulation/recording performances. Here, this work develops on-skin patches with polyaspartic acid-modified dopamine/ethyl-based ionic liquid hydrogel (PDEH) as stimulation/recording devices to capture electromyography signals for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Triggered by a one-step electric field treatment, the hydrogel achieves rapid and wide-range regulation of adhesion and substantially strengthened mechanical performances. Moreover, hydrogel patches assembled with a silver-liquid metal (SLM) layer exhibit superior charge injection and low contact impedance, capable of capturing high-fidelity electromyography. This work further verifies the feasibility of hydrogel devices for accurate diagnoses of peripheral neuropathy in sensory, motor, and mixed nerves. For various body parts, such as fingers, the elderly's loose skin, hairy skin, and children's fragile skin, this work regulates the adhesion of PDEH-SLM devices to establish intimate device/skin interfaces or ensure benign removal. Noticeably, hydrogel patches achieve precise diagnoses of nerve injuries in these clinical cases while providing extra advantages of more effective stimulation/recording performances. These patches offer a promising alternative for the diagnosis and rehabilitation of neuropathy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yijia Hu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guojun Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - ChaoFan Geng
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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6
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Xu Y, Ye Z, Zhao G, Fei Q, Chen Z, Li J, Yang M, Ren Y, Berigan B, Ling Y, Qian X, Shi L, Ozden I, Xie J, Gao W, Chen PY, Yan Z. Phase-separated porous nanocomposite with ultralow percolation threshold for wireless bioelectronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01658-6. [PMID: 38684805 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Realizing the full potential of stretchable bioelectronics in wearables, biomedical implants and soft robotics necessitates conductive elastic composites that are intrinsically soft, highly conductive and strain resilient. However, existing composites usually compromise electrical durability and performance due to disrupted conductive paths under strain and rely heavily on a high content of conductive filler. Here we present an in situ phase-separation method that facilitates microscale silver nanowire assembly and creates self-organized percolation networks on pore surfaces. The resultant nanocomposites are highly conductive, strain insensitive and fatigue tolerant, while minimizing filler usage. Their resilience is rooted in multiscale porous polymer matrices that dissipate stress and rigid conductive fillers adapting to strain-induced geometry changes. Notably, the presence of porous microstructures reduces the percolation threshold (Vc = 0.00062) by 48-fold and suppresses electrical degradation even under strains exceeding 600%. Theoretical calculations yield results that are quantitatively consistent with experimental findings. By pairing these nanocomposites with near-field communication technologies, we have demonstrated stretchable wireless power and data transmission solutions that are ideal for both skin-interfaced and implanted bioelectronics. The systems enable battery-free wireless powering and sensing of a range of sweat biomarkers-with less than 10% performance variation even at 50% strain. Ultimately, our strategy offers expansive material options for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhilu Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Qihui Fei
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zehua Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jiahong Li
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Minye Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yichong Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benton Berigan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ilker Ozden
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Pai-Yen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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7
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Ye Y, Hong Y, Liang Q, Wang Y, Wang P, Luo J, Yin A, Ren Z, Liu H, Qi X, He S, Yu S, Wei J. Bioinspired electrically stable, optically tunable thermal management electronic skin via interfacial self-assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:608-616. [PMID: 38266342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves vital functions such as sensation, thermal management, and protection. While electronic skin (E-skin) has made significant progress in sensory functions, achieving adaptive thermal management akin to human skin has remained a challenge. Drawing inspiration from squid skin, we have developed a hybrid electronic-photonic skin (hEP-skin) using an elastomer semi-embedded with aligned silver nanowires through interfacial self-assembly. With mechanically adjustable optical properties, the hEP-skin demonstrates adaptive thermal management abilities, warming in the range of +3.5°C for heat preservation and cooling in the range of -4.2°C for passive cooling. Furthermore, it exhibits an ultra-stable high electrical conductivity of ∼4.5×104 S/cm, even under stretching, bending or torsional deformations over 10,000 cycles. As a proof of demonstration, the hEP-skin successfully integrates stretchable light-emitting electronic skin with adaptive thermal management photonic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Hong
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qimin Liang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peike Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ao Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongqi Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sisi He
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Suzhu Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jun Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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8
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Zhang H, Shao Y, Xia R, Chen G, Xiang X, Yu Y. Stretchable Electrodes with Interfacial Percolation Network. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401550. [PMID: 38591837 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes are an essential component that determines the functionality and reliability of stretchable electronics, but face the challenge of balancing conductivity and stretchability. This work proposes a new conducting concept called the interfacial percolation network (PN) that results in stretchable electrodes with high conductivity, large stretchability, and high stability. The interfacial PN is composed of a 2D silver nanowires (AgNWs) PN and a protruding 3D AgNWs PN embedded on the surface and in the near-surface region of an elastic polymer matrix, respectively. The protruded PN is obtained by changing the arrangements of AgNWs from horizontal to quasi-vertical through introducing foreign polymer domains in the near-surface region of the polymer matrix. The resulting electrode achieves a conductivity of 13 500 S cm-1 and a stretchability of 660%. Its resistance changes under stretched conditions are orders of magnitude lower than those of conventional 2D PN and 2D + 3D PN. An interfacial PN electrode made from liquid metal remained its conductivity at 46 750 S cm-1 after the electrode underwent multiple stretch-release cycles with a deformation of >600%. The concept of interfacial PN provides fruitful implications for the design of stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinyue Xiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanhao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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9
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Ahmed S, Momin M, Ren J, Lee H, Zhou T. Self-Assembly Enabled Printable Asymmetric Self-Insulated Stretchable Conductor for Human Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400082. [PMID: 38563579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable conductors with high electrical conductivity and tissue-like mechanical properties are crucial for both on-skin and implantable electronic devices. Liquid metal-based conductors hold great promise due to their metallic conductivity and minimal stiffness. However, the surface oxidation of liquid metal particles in polymeric matrices poses a challenge in forming a continuous pathway for highly conductive elastic composites. Here, it is reported a printable composite material based on liquid metal and conducting polymer that undergoes a self-assembly process, achieving high conductivity (2089 S cm-1) in the bottom surface while maintaining an insulated top surface, high stretchability (>800%), and a modulus akin to human skin tissue. This material is further applied to fabricate skin-interfaced strain sensors and electromyogram sensors through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Marzia Momin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jiashu Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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10
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Xiang Z, Wang H, Zhao P, Fa X, Wan J, Wang Y, Xu C, Yao S, Zhao W, Zhang H, Han M. Hard Magnetic Graphene Nanocomposite for Multimodal, Reconfigurable Soft Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308575. [PMID: 38153331 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft electronics provide effective means for continuous monitoring of a diverse set of biophysical and biochemical signals from the human body. However, the sensitivities, functions, spatial distributions, and many other features of such sensors remain fixed after deployment and cannot be adjusted on demand. Here, laser-induced porous graphene is exploited as the sensing material, and dope it with permanent magnetic particles to create hard magnetic graphene nanocomposite (HMGN) that can self-assemble onto a flexible carrying substrate through magnetic force, in a reversible and reconfigurable manner. A set of soft electronics in HMGN exhibits enhanced performances in the measurements of electrophysiological signals, temperature, and concentrations of metabolites. All these flexible HMGN sensors can adhere to a carrying substrate at any position and in any spatial arrangement, to allow for wearable sensing with customizable sensitivity, modality, and spatial coverage. The HMGN represents a promising material for constructing soft electronics that can be reconfigured for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinying Fa
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ji Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaozheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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11
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Kang SH, Jo JW, Lee JM, Moon S, Shin SB, Choi SB, Byeon D, Kim J, Kim MG, Kim YH, Kim JW, Park SK. Full integration of highly stretchable inorganic transistors and circuits within molecular-tailored elastic substrates on a large scale. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2814. [PMID: 38561403 PMCID: PMC10985077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of high-form-factor electronics has led to a demand for high-density integration of inorganic thin-film devices and circuits with full stretchability. However, the intrinsic stiffness and brittleness of inorganic materials have impeded their utilization in free-form electronics. Here, we demonstrate highly integrated strain-insensitive stretchable metal-oxide transistors and circuitry (442 transistors/cm2) via a photolithography-based bottom-up approach, where transistors with fluidic liquid metal interconnection are embedded in large-area molecular-tailored heterogeneous elastic substrates (5 × 5 cm2). Amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide transistor arrays (7 × 7), various logic gates, and ring-oscillator circuits exhibited strain-resilient properties with performance variation less than 20% when stretched up to 50% and 30% strain (10,000 cycles) for unit transistor and circuits, respectively. The transistors operate with an average mobility of 12.7 ( ± 1.7) cm2 V-1s-1, on/off current ratio of > 107, and the inverter, NAND, NOR circuits operate quite logically. Moreover, a ring oscillator comprising 14 cross-wired transistors validated the cascading of the multiple stages and device uniformity, indicating an oscillation frequency of ~70 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Han Kang
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Jeong-Wan Jo
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Sanghee Moon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Shin
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab. Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Donghwan Byeon
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gil Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab. Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Semiconductor Convergence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea.
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12
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Zhang B, Li J, Zhou J, Chow L, Zhao G, Huang Y, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Yiu CK, Li J, Chun F, Huang X, Gao Y, Wu P, Jia S, Li H, Li D, Liu Y, Yao K, Shi R, Chen Z, Khoo BL, Yang W, Wang F, Zheng Z, Wang Z, Yu X. A three-dimensional liquid diode for soft, integrated permeable electronics. Nature 2024; 628:84-92. [PMID: 38538792 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wearable electronics with great breathability enable a comfortable wearing experience and facilitate continuous biosignal monitoring over extended periods1-3. However, current research on permeable electronics is predominantly at the stage of electrode and substrate development, which is far behind practical applications with comprehensive integration with diverse electronic components (for example, circuitry, electronics, encapsulation)4-8. Achieving permeability and multifunctionality in a singular, integrated wearable electronic system remains a formidable challenge. Here we present a general strategy for integrated moisture-permeable wearable electronics based on three-dimensional liquid diode (3D LD) configurations. By constructing spatially heterogeneous wettability, the 3D LD unidirectionally self-pumps the sweat from the skin to the outlet at a maximum flow rate of 11.6 ml cm-2 min-1, 4,000 times greater than the physiological sweat rate during exercise, presenting exceptional skin-friendliness, user comfort and stable signal-reading behaviour even under sweating conditions. A detachable design incorporating a replaceable vapour/sweat-discharging substrate enables the reuse of soft circuitry/electronics, increasing its sustainability and cost-effectiveness. We demonstrated this fundamental technology in both advanced skin-integrated electronics and textile-integrated electronics, highlighting its potential for scalable, user-friendly wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingkun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lung Chow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yawen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fengjun Chun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengxin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenlin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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14
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Shin Y, Lee HS, Hong YJ, Sunwoo SH, Park OK, Choi SH, Kim DH, Lee S. Low-impedance tissue-device interface using homogeneously conductive hydrogels chemically bonded to stretchable bioelectronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7724. [PMID: 38507496 PMCID: PMC10954228 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable bioelectronics has notably contributed to the advancement of continuous health monitoring and point-of-care type health care. However, microscale nonconformal contact and locally dehydrated interface limit performance, especially in dynamic environments. Therefore, hydrogels can be a promising interfacial material for the stretchable bioelectronics due to their unique advantages including tissue-like softness, water-rich property, and biocompatibility. However, there are still practical challenges in terms of their electrical performance, material homogeneity, and monolithic integration with stretchable devices. Here, we report the synthesis of a homogeneously conductive polyacrylamide hydrogel with an exceptionally low impedance (~21 ohms) and a reasonably high conductivity (~24 S/cm) by incorporating polyaniline-decorated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene). We also establish robust adhesion (interfacial toughness: ~296.7 J/m2) and reliable integration between the conductive hydrogel and the stretchable device through on-device polymerization as well as covalent and hydrogen bonding. These strategies enable the fabrication of a stretchable multichannel sensor array for the high-quality on-skin impedance and pH measurements under in vitro and in vivo circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Su Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyu Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueng Hong Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Liu R, Wang S, Zhou Z, Zhang K, Wang G, Chen C, Long Y. Materials in Radiative Cooling Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401577. [PMID: 38497602 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Radiative cooling (RC) is a carbon-neutral cooling technology that utilizes thermal radiation to dissipate heat from the Earth's surface to the cold outer space. Research in the field of RC has garnered increasing interest from both academia and industry due to its potential to drive sustainable economic and environmental benefits to human society by reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from conventional cooling systems. Materials innovation is the key to fully exploit the potential of RC. This review aims to elucidate the materials development with a focus on the design strategy including their intrinsic properties, structural formations, and performance improvement. The main types of RC materials, i.e., static-homogeneous, static-composite, dynamic, and multifunctional materials, are systematically overviewed. Future trends, possible challenges, and potential solutions are presented with perspectives in the concluding part, aiming to provide a roadmap for the future development of advanced RC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shancheng Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhengui Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Guanya Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Changyuan Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi Long
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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16
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Xu M, Zhu J, Xie J, Mao Y, Hu W. Dynamically Cross-Linked, Self-Healable, and Stretchable All-Hydrogel Supercapacitor with Extraordinary Energy Density and Real-Time Pressure Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305448. [PMID: 37880904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics with flexible, integrated, and self-powered multi-functions are becoming increasingly attractive, but their basic energy storage units are challenged in simultaneously high energy density, self-healing, and real-time sensing capability. To achieve this, a fully flexible and omni-healable all-hydrogel, that is dynamically crosslinked PVA@PANI hydrogel, is rationally designed and constructed via aniline/DMSO-emulsion-templated in situ freezing-polymerization strategy. The PVA@PANI sheet, not only possesses a honeycombed porous conductive mesh configuration with superior flexibility that provides numerous channels for unimpeded ions/electron transport and maximizes the utilization efficiency of pseudocapacitive PANI, but also can conform to complicated body surface, enabling effective detection and discrimination of body movements. As a consequence, the fabricated flexible PVA@PANI sheet electrode demonstrates an unprecedented specific capacitance (936.8 F g-1 ) and the assembled symmetric flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor delivers an extraordinary energy density of 40.98 Wh kg-1 , outperforming the previously highest-reported values of stretchable PVA@PANI hydrogel-based supercapacitors. What is more, such a flexible supercapacitor electrode enables precisely monitoring the full-range human activities in real-time, and fulfilling a quick response and excellent self-recovery. These outstanding flexible sensing and energy storage performances render this emerging PVA@PANI hydrogel highly promising for the next-generation wearable self-powered sensing electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchun Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Materials and Devices, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Materials and Devices, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jiyang Xie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Materials and Devices, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
- Electron Microscopy Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yongyun Mao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Materials and Devices, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
- Electron Microscopy Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wanbiao Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Materials and Devices, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
- Electron Microscopy Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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17
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Wang L, Gao L, Li B, Hu B, Xu T, Lin H, Zhu R, Hu BL, Li RW. High-Curie-Temperature Elastic Polymer Ferroelectric by Carbene Cross-Linking. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5614-5621. [PMID: 38354217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
With the emergence of wearable electronics, ferroelectrics are poised to serve as key components for numerous potential applications. Currently, intrinsically elastic ferroelectrics featuring a network structure through a precise "slight cross-linking" approach have been realized. The resulting elastic ferroelectrics demonstrate a combination of stable ferroelectric properties and remarkable resilience under various strains. However, challenges arose as the cross-linking temperature was too high when integrating ferroelectrics with other functional materials, and the Curie temperature of this elastic ferroelectric was comparatively low. Addressing these challenges, we strategically chose a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based copolymer with high vinylidene fluoride content to obtain a high Curie temperature while synthesizing a cross-linker with carbene intermediate for high reactivity to reduce the cross-linking temperature. At a relatively low temperature, we successfully fabricated elastic ferroelectrics through carbene cross-linking. The resulting elastic polymer ferroelectrics exhibit a higher Curie temperature and show a stable ferroelectric response under strains up to 50%. These materials hold significant potential for integration into wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bowen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bing Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ren Zhu
- Oxford Instruments Asylum Research, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ben-Lin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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19
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Jia J, Peng Y, Ke K, Liu ZY, Yang W. Achieving a Wide-Range Linear Piezoresistive Response in Electrowritten Soft-Hard Polymer Blends via Salami-Inspired Heterostructure Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7939-7949. [PMID: 38300761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics capable of acquiring high-precision signals are in great demand for the development of the internet of things and intelligent artificial. However, it is currently a challenge to simultaneously achieve high signal linearity and sensitivity for stretchable resistive sensors over a wide strain range toward advanced application scenarios requiring high signal accuracy, e.g., sophisticated physiological signal discrimination and displacement measurement. Herein, a film strain sensor, which has an electrical and mechanical dual heterostructure, was fabricated via a direct near-field electrowriting and molecule-guided in situ growth of silver nanoparticles with different concentrations on high-modulus polystyrene domains and low-modulus styrene-butadiene copolymers with a salami-like morphology. Mechanism analyses from both theoretical and experimental investigations reveal that the salami-like heteromodulus microstructure regulates microcrack propagation routes, while the heteroconductivity changes the electron transport paths and amplifies the resistance increase during crack propagation. Therefore, the as-designed strain sensor shows a linear resistive response within ca. 70% strain with a gauge factor of 25, unveiling a simple and scalable strategy for trading off signal linearity and sensitivity over a wide strain range for the fabrication of high-performance linear strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Basalt Fiber and Composites of Sichuan Province, Dazhou, Sichuan 635756, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Basalt Fiber and Composites of Sichuan Province, Dazhou, Sichuan 635756, China
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20
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Wang Z, Xiao M, Li Z, Wang X, Li F, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhu Z. Microneedle Patches-Integrated Transdermal Bioelectronics for Minimally Invasive Disease Theranostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303921. [PMID: 38341619 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wearable epidermal electronics with non- or minimally-invasive characteristics can collect, transduce, communicate, and interact with accessible physicochemical health indicators on the skin. However, due to the stratum corneum layer, rich information about body health is buried under the skin stratum corneum layer, for example, in the skin interstitial fluid. Microneedle patches are typically designed with arrays of special microsized needles of length within 1000 µm. Such characteristics potentially enable the access and sample of biomolecules under the skin or give therapeutical treatment painlessly and transdermally. Integrating microneedle patches with various electronics allows highly efficient transdermal bioelectronics, showing their great promise for biomedical and healthcare applications. This comprehensive review summarizes and highlights the recent progress on integrated transdermal bioelectronics based on microneedle patches. The design criteria and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for such devices are initially discussed. Next, devices with different functions, including but not limited to health monitoring, drug delivery, and therapeutical treatment, are highlighted in detail. Finally, key issues associated with current technologies and future opportunities are elaborated to sort out the state of recent research, point out potential bottlenecks, and provide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huayuan Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Health Industry Innovation Center, Xin-Huangpu Joint Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine, 81 Xiangxue Middle Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510799, China
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21
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Sha B, Du Z. Neural repair and regeneration interfaces: a comprehensive review. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:022002. [PMID: 38232383 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1f78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neural interfaces play a pivotal role in neuromodulation, as they enable precise intervention into aberrant neural activity and facilitate recovery from neural injuries and resultant functional impairments by modulating local immune responses and neural circuits. This review outlines the development and applications of these interfaces and highlights the advantages of employing neural interfaces for neural stimulation and repair, including accurate targeting of specific neural populations, real-time monitoring and control of neural activity, reduced invasiveness, and personalized treatment strategies. Ongoing research aims to enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and functionality of these interfaces, ultimately augmenting their therapeutic potential for various neurological disorders. The review focuses on electrophysiological and optophysiology neural interfaces, discussing functionalization and power supply approaches. By summarizing the techniques, materials, and methods employed in this field, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications and future directions for neural repair and regeneration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Sha
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zhanhong Du
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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22
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Pan D, Hu J, Wang B, Xia X, Cheng Y, Wang C, Lu Y. Biomimetic Wearable Sensors: Emerging Combination of Intelligence and Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303264. [PMID: 38044298 PMCID: PMC10837381 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the advancement of interdisciplinary concepts, for example, wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and intelligent sensing, during the microelectronics industrial revolution, nowadays, extensively mature wearable sensing devices have become new favorites in the noninvasive human healthcare industry. The combination of wearable sensing devices with bionics is driving frontier developments in various fields, such as personalized medical monitoring and flexible electronics, due to the superior biocompatibilities and diverse sensing mechanisms. It is noticed that the integration of desired functions into wearable device materials can be realized by grafting biomimetic intelligence. Therefore, herein, the mechanism by which biomimetic materials satisfy and further enhance system functionality is reviewed. Next, wearable artificial sensory systems that integrate biomimetic sensing into portable sensing devices are introduced, which have received significant attention from the industry owing to their novel sensing approaches and portabilities. To address the limitations encountered by important signal and data units in biomimetic wearable sensing systems, two paths forward are identified and current challenges and opportunities are presented in this field. In summary, this review provides a further comprehensive understanding of the development of biomimetic wearable sensing devices from both breadth and depth perspectives, offering valuable guidance for future research and application expansion of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Pan
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxi530004China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jiawang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xuanjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Cheng‐Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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23
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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24
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Lee H, Kim HJ, Shin Y, Kim DH. Phase-separated stretchable conductive nanocomposite to reduce contact resistance of skin electronics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1393. [PMID: 38228674 PMCID: PMC10791646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin electronics, facilitating a high-quality interface between external devices and human skin for recording physiological and/or electrophysiological signals as well as delivering external electrical and/or mechanical energy into the human body, has shown significant progress. However, achieving mechanically conformal contact and electrically low contact resistance at the device-skin interface remains challenging. Here, we propose a material strategy to potentially address such an issue by using phase separation of silver nanowires and silver nanoparticles (Ag NWs and Ag NPs) within a stretchable conductive nanocomposite (NC). This phase-separated NC ensures low contact resistance and high conductivity, which are key requirements in skin electronics, while maintaining excellent mechanical contact with the skin. To achieve phase separation, we hydrophobically treated the surfaces of Ag NWs and Ag NPs. Then, as the NC solidified, the solvent contained in the NC was slowly evaporated to sufficiently precipitate Ag NPs within the NC. As a result, the phase-separated NC exhibited high conductivity (~ 18,535 S cm-1), excellent stretchability (~ 80%), and low contact resistance on both the top and bottom NC surfaces (average ~ 0.132 Ω). The phase-separated NC has enabled implementation of high performance skin-mounted devices, including strain sensors, electrophysiological sensors, and a wearable heater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Wang Q, Li Y, Lin Y, Sun Y, Bai C, Guo H, Fang T, Hu G, Lu Y, Kong D. A Generic Strategy to Create Mechanically Interlocked Nanocomposite/Hydrogel Hybrid Electrodes for Epidermal Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:87. [PMID: 38214840 PMCID: PMC10786775 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body. As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices, metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin. Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces. However, chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding, which can alter their original properties. To overcome this limitation, this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes. In this physical process, soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface, which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel. The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers. The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids. These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels. They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing muscle contractions. Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Bai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haorun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Park H, Kim DC. Structural and Material-Based Approaches for the Fabrication of Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 38258185 PMCID: PMC10821428 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable displays, capable of freely transforming their shapes, have received significant attention as alternatives to conventional rigid displays, and they are anticipated to provide new opportunities in various human-friendly electronics applications. As a core component of stretchable displays, high-performance stretchable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently emerged. The approaches to fabricate stretchable LEDs are broadly categorized into two groups, namely "structural" and "material-based" approaches, based on the mechanisms to tolerate strain. While structural approaches rely on specially designed geometries to dissipate applied strain, material-based approaches mainly focus on replacing conventional rigid components of LEDs to soft and stretchable materials. Here, we review the latest studies on the fabrication of stretchable LEDs, which is accomplished through these distinctive strategies. First, we introduce representative device designs for efficient strain distribution, encompassing island-bridge structures, wavy buckling, and kirigami-/origami-based structures. For the material-based approaches, we discuss the latest studies for intrinsically stretchable (is-) electronic/optoelectronic materials, including the formation of conductive nanocomposite and polymeric blending with various additives. The review also provides examples of is-LEDs, focusing on their luminous performance and stretchability. We conclude this review with a brief outlook on future technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamin Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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27
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Gong T, Guo JX, Shao HQ, Jia J, Ke K, Bao RY, Yang W. Linear Strain Sensors via a Spatial Heteromodulus Tricontinuous Structure Design for High-Resolution Recording of Snoring Breath. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56337-56346. [PMID: 37975857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous conductive elastomer composites are very attractive for designing flexible and air-permeable mechanical sensors for healthcare, while it is challenging to achieve a linear and sensitive electromechanical response over a wide strain range for high-resolution recording of physiological activities and body motions. Here, a scalable strategy is developed to construct porous elastomer composites with a bamboo-shaped heteromodulus microstructure in the pores for the fabrication of linear stretchable strain sensors. Such a spatial heteromodulus microstructure is fabricated via phase separation and selective location of high-modulus phase during melt compounding of elastomers and thermoplastics, together with green etching of the water-soluble plastic in the tricontinuous elastomer composites. The bamboo-shaped heteromodulus microstructure is constructed on the pore struts via the fracture of a high-modulus polymer self-assembled on the pore surface and relaxation recovery of the elastomer matrix after prestretching, which blocks the propagation of cut-through microcracks upon stretching. The composites with super low resistance after in situ growth of silver nanoparticles sustain up to 110% tensile strain with a linear and sensitive electromechanical response, demonstrating potential applications in discriminating respiration status and monitoring snoring breath. This work unveils a new approach to fabricate high-performance air-permeable strain sensors in a simple and scalable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Xing Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - He-Qing Shao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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28
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Lee WH, Yoon CK, Park H, Park GH, Jeong JH, Cha GD, Lee BH, Lee J, Lee CW, Bootharaju MS, Sunwoo SH, Ryu J, Lee C, Cho YJ, Nam TW, Ahn KH, Hyeon T, Seok YJ, Kim DH. Highly Efficient Nitrogen-Fixing Microbial Hydrogel Device for Sustainable Solar Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306092. [PMID: 37739451 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of sunlight and organic carbon substrates to sustainable energy sources through microbial metabolism has great potential for the renewable energy industry. Despite recent progress in microbial photosynthesis, the development of microbial platforms that warrant efficient and scalable fuel production remains in its infancy. Efficient transfer and retrieval of gaseous reactants and products to and from microbes are particular hurdles. Here, inspired by water lily leaves floating on water, a microbial device designed to operate at the air-water interface and facilitate concomitant supply of gaseous reactants, smooth capture of gaseous products, and efficient sunlight delivery is presented. The floatable device carrying Rhodopseudomonas parapalustris, of which nitrogen fixation activity is first determined through this study, exhibits a hydrogen production rate of 104 mmol h-1 m-2 , which is 53 times higher than that of a conventional device placed at a depth of 2 cm in the medium. Furthermore, a scaled-up device with an area of 144 cm2 generates hydrogen at a high rate of 1.52 L h-1 m-2 . Efficient nitrogen fixation and hydrogen generation, low fabrication cost, and mechanical durability corroborate the potential of the floatable microbial device toward practical and sustainable solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Hee Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseo Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juri Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyune Ryu
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Cho
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Multidimensional Genomics Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Nam
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- MightyBugs, Inc., Busan, 46918, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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29
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Song S, Hong H, Kim KY, Kim KK, Kim J, Won D, Yun S, Choi J, Ryu YI, Lee K, Park J, Kang J, Bang J, Seo H, Kim YC, Lee D, Lee H, Lee J, Hwang SW, Ko SH, Jeon H, Lee W. Photothermal Lithography for Realizing a Stretchable Multilayer Electronic Circuit Using a Laser. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21443-21454. [PMID: 37857269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Photolithography is a well-established fabrication method for realizing multilayer electronic circuits. However, it is challenging to adopt photolithography to fabricate intrinsically stretchable multilayer electronic circuits fully composed of an elastomeric matrix, due to the opacity of thick stretchable nanocomposite conductors. Here, we present photothermal lithography that can pattern elastomeric conductors and via holes using pulsed lasers. The photothermal-patterned stretchable nanocomposite conductor exhibits 3 times higher conductivity (5940 S cm-1) and 5 orders of magnitude lower resistance change (R/R0 = 40) under a 30% strained 5000th cyclic stretch, compared to those of a screen-printed conductor, based on the percolation network formed by spatial heating of the laser. In addition, a 50 μm sized stretchable via holes can be patterned on the passivation without material ablation and electrical degradation of the bottom conductor. By repeatedly patterning the conductor and via holes, highly conductive and durable multilayer circuits can be stacked with layer-by-layer material integration. Finally, a stretchable wireless pressure sensor and passive matrix LED array are demonstrated, thus showing the potential for a stretchable multilayer electronic circuit with durability, high density, and multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Song
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Hong
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yeun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Yun
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Ryu
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyuk Kang
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseon Seo
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Haechang Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics, and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonryung Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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30
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Bu F, Sun Z, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ma B, Liu X, Liang P, Zhong C, Zhao R, Li H, Wang L, Zhang T, Wang B, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li W, Ibrahim YS, Hassan Y, Elzatahry A, Chao D, Zhao D. Reviving Zn 0 Dendrites to Electroactive Zn 2+ by Mesoporous MXene with Active Edge Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24284-24293. [PMID: 37888942 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinc metal-based aqueous batteries (ZABs) offer a sustainable, affordable, and safe energy storage alternative to lithium, yet inevitable dendrite formation impedes their wide use, especially under long-term and high-rate cycles. How the battery can survive after dendrite formation remains an open question. Here, we pivot from conventional Zn dendrite growth suppression strategies, introducing proactive dendrite-digesting chemistry via a mesoporous Ti3C2 MXene (MesoTi3C2)-wrapped polypropylene separator. Spectroscopic characterizations and electrochemical evaluation demonstrate that MesoTi3C2, acting as an oxidant, can revive the formed dead Zn0 dendrites into electroactive Zn2+ ions through a spontaneous redox process. Density functional theory reveals that the abundant edge-Ti-O sites in our MesoTi3C2 facilitate high oxidizability and electron transfer from Zn0 dendrites compared to their in-plane counterparts. The resultant asymmetrical cell demonstrates remarkable ultralong cycle life of 2200 h at a practical current of 5 mA cm-2 with a low overpotential (<50 mV). The study reveals the unexpected edge effect of mesoporous MXenes and uncovers a new proactive dendrite-digesting chemistry to survive ZABs, albeit with inevitable dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Bu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Silicate Cultural Relics Conservation, School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanhai Zhou
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Ma
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengsheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Boya Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiwang Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasseen S Ibrahim
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Yasser Hassan
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Dongliang Chao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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31
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Jung D, Kim Y, Lee H, Jung S, Park C, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Metal-Like Stretchable Nanocomposite Using Locally-Bundled Nanowires for Skin-Mountable Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303458. [PMID: 37591512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductive nanocomposites have been intensively studied for wearable bioelectronics. However, development of nanocomposites that simultaneously feature metal-like conductivity(> 100 000 S cm-1 ) and high stretchability (> 100%) for high-performance skin-mountable devices is still extremely challenging. Here a material strategy for such a nanocomposite is presented by using local bundling of silver nanowires stabilized with dual ligands (i.e., 1-propanethiols and 1-decanethiols). When the nanocomposite is solidified via solvent evaporation under a highly humid condition, the nanowires in the organic solution are bundled and stabilized. The resulting locally-bundled nanowires lower contact resistance while maintain their percolation network, leading to high conductivity. Dual ligands of 1-propanethiol and 1-decanethiol further boost up the conductivity. As a result, a nanocomposite with both high conductivity of ≈122,120 S cm-1 and high stretchability of ≈200% is obtained. Such superb electrical and mechanical properties are critical for various applications in skin-like electronics, and herein, a wearable thermo-stimulation device is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonwoo Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansul Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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32
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Xu X, Xue P, Gao M, Li Y, Xu Z, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu H, Cheng B. Assembled one-dimensional nanowires for flexible electronic devices via printing and coating: Techniques, applications, and perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:102987. [PMID: 37852138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in flexible electronic devices has necessitated continual research into nanomaterials, structural design, and fabrication processes. One-dimensional nanowires, characterized by their distinct structures and exceptional properties, are considered essential components for various flexible electronic devices. Considerable attention has been directed toward the assembly of nanowires, which presents significant advantages. Printing and coating techniques can be used to assemble nanowires in a relatively simple, efficient, and cost-competitive manner and exhibit potential for scale-up production in the foreseeable future. This review aims to provide an overview of nanowire assembly using printing and coating techniques, such as bar coating, spray coating, dip coating, blade coating, 3D printing, and so forth. The application of assembled nanowires in flexible electronic devices is subsequently discussed. Finally, further discussion is presented on the potential and challenges of flexible electronic devices based on assembled nanowires via printing and coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Pan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhengjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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33
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Kim TY, Hong SH, Jeong SH, Bae H, Cheong S, Choi H, Hahn SK. Multifunctional Intelligent Wearable Devices Using Logical Circuits of Monolithic Gold Nanowires. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303401. [PMID: 37499253 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Although multifunctional wearable devices have been widely investigated for healthcare systems, augmented/virtual realities, and telemedicines, there are few reports on multiple signal monitoring and logical signal processing by using one single nanomaterial without additional algorithms or rigid application-specific integrated circuit chips. Here, multifunctional intelligent wearable devices are developed using monolithically patterned gold nanowires for both signal monitoring and processing. Gold bulk and hollow nanowires show distinctive electrical properties with high chemical stability and high stretchability. In accordance, the monolithically patterned gold nanowires can be used to fabricate the robust interfaces, programmable sensors, on-demand heating systems, and strain-gated logical circuits. The stretchable sensors show high sensitivity for strain and temperature changes on the skin. Furthermore, the micro-wrinkle structures of gold nanowires exhibit the negative gauge factor, which can be used for strain-gated logical circuits. Taken together, this multifunctional intelligent wearable device would be harnessed as a promising platform for futuristic electronic and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hanseo Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sunah Cheong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyunsik Choi
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
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34
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Sun J, Liu X, Tong Y, Zhao G, Ni Y, Zhao X, Wang B, Wang X, Zhang M, Guo S, Han X, Tang Q, Liu Y. Air/Liquid Interfacial Self-Assembled Intrinsically Stretchable IDT-BT Film Combining a Deliberate Transfer Adherence Strategy for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46108-46118. [PMID: 37740925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Indacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole (IDT-BT) has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for stretchable electronics due to its good stretchability and high mobility. Here, we present an air/liquid interface self-assembly method for the stretchable IDT-BT films and design an air-side transfer adherence strategy for improving the carrier mobility of IDT-BT. By controlling the cosolvent ratio in solution and the solvent evaporation rate, the large-scale intrinsically stretchable IDT-BT film with the diameter as high as ∼3 cm was self-assembled at the air/liquid interface. The resulting stretchable film with lightweight and good uniformity could be easily transferred to curved objects such as flexible 3 M tape, glass ball, and seashell. It is found that the transfer adherence strategy of the semiconductor film significantly affects the carrier transport. The transfer adherence from air-side can effectively decrease the number of the adsorbed water molecules at semiconductor/dielectric interface, which presents the mobility as high as 2.98 cm2 V-1 s-1. Based on the air/liquid interface self-assembled IDT-BT film, the peeling process of the film for preparation of full stretchable transistors could be eliminated. The resulting intrinsically stretchable transistor exhibits mobility higher than that of the transistor with a conventional spin-coated film. Our research provides new pathways for preparing the stretchable films and intrinsically stretchable organic field-effect transistors and shows the promising potential of the air/liquid interface self-assembly strategy for stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanping Ni
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shanlei Guo
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xu Han
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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35
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Wei J, Xiao P, Chen T. Water-Resistant Conductive Gels toward Underwater Wearable Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211758. [PMID: 36857417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conductive gels are developing vigorously as superior wearable sensing materials due to their intrinsic conductivity, softness, stretchability, and biocompatibility, showing a great potential in many aspects of lives. However, compared to their wide application on land, it is significant yet rather challenging for traditional conductive gels to realize sensing application under water. The swelling of gels and the loss of conductive components in the aqueous environment, resulted from the diffusion across the interface, lead to structural instability and sensing performance decline. Fortunately, great efforts are devoted to improving the water resistance of conductive gels and employing them in the field of underwater wearable sensing in recent years, and some exciting achievements are obtained, which are of great significance for promoting the safety and efficiency of underwater activities. However, there is no review to thoroughly summarize the underwater sensing application of conductive gels. This review presents a brief overview of the representative design strategies for developing water-resistant conductive gels and their diversified applications in the underwater sensing field as wearable sensors. Finally, the ongoing challenges for further developing water-resistant conductive gels for underwater wearable sensing are also discussed along with recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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36
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Huang W, Ding Q, Wang H, Wu Z, Luo Y, Shi W, Yang L, Liang Y, Liu C, Wu J. Design of stretchable and self-powered sensing device for portable and remote trace biomarkers detection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5221. [PMID: 37633989 PMCID: PMC10460451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely and remote biomarker detection is highly desired in personalized medicine and health protection but presents great challenges in the devices reported so far. Here, we present a cost-effective, flexible and self-powered sensing device for H2S biomarker analysis in various application scenarios based on the structure of galvanic cells. The sensing mechanism is attributed to the change in electrode potential resulting from the chemical adsorption of gas molecules on the electrode surfaces. Intrinsically stretchable organohydrogels are used as solid-state electrolytes to enable stable and long-term operation of devices under stretching deformation or in various environments. The resulting open-circuit sensing device exhibits high sensitivity, low detection limit, and excellent selectivity for H2S. Its application in the non-invasive halitosis diagnosis and identification of meat spoilage is demonstrated, emerging great commercial value in portable medical electronics and food security. A wireless sensory system has also been developed for remote H2S monitoring with the participation of Bluetooth and cloud technologies. This work breaks through the shortcomings in the traditional chemiresistive sensors, offering a direction and theoretical foundation for designing wearable sensors catering to other stimulus detection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Shi
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 300384, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56th Lingyuanxi Road, 510055, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 74, 2nd Zhongshan Road, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56th Lingyuanxi Road, 510055, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 74, 2nd Zhongshan Road, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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38
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Gao L, Hu BL, Wang L, Cao J, He R, Zhang F, Wang Z, Xue W, Yang H, Li RW. Intrinsically elastic polymer ferroelectric by precise slight cross-linking. Science 2023; 381:540-544. [PMID: 37535722 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectrics are an integral component of the modern world and are of importance in electrics, electronics, and biomedicine. However, their usage in emerging wearable electronics is limited by inelastic deformation. We developed intrinsically elastic ferroelectrics by combining ferroelectric response and elastic resilience into one material by slight cross-linking of plastic ferroelectric polymers. The precise slight cross-linking can realize the complex balance between crystallinity and resilience. Thus, we obtained an elastic ferroelectric with a stable ferroelectric response under mechanical deformation up to 70% strain. This elastic ferroelectric exerts potentials in applications related to wearable electronics, such as elastic ferroelectric sensors, information storage, and energy transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ben-Lin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Linping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jinwei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ri He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wuhong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Huali Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Chen J, Zhou Z, Kim BJ, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wan T, Yan J, Kang J, Ahn JH, Chai Y. Optoelectronic graded neurons for bioinspired in-sensor motion perception. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:882-888. [PMID: 37081081 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Motion processing has proven to be a computational challenge and demands considerable computational resources. Contrast this with the fact that flying insects can agilely perceive real-world motion with their tiny vision system. Here we show that phototransistor arrays can directly perceive different types of motion at sensory terminals, emulating the non-spiking graded neurons of insect vision systems. The charge dynamics of the shallow trapping centres in MoS2 phototransistors mimic the characteristics of graded neurons, showing an information transmission rate of 1,200 bit s-1 and effectively encoding temporal light information. We used a 20 × 20 photosensor array to detect trajectories in the visual field, allowing the efficient perception of the direction and vision saliency of moving objects and achieving 99.2% recognition accuracy with a four-layer neural network. By modulating the charge dynamics of the shallow trapping centres of MoS2, the sensor array can recognize motion with a temporal resolution ranging from 101 to 106 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianqing Wan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianmin Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinfeng Kang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yang Chai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China.
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40
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Nan Z, Wei W, Lin Z, Chang J, Hao Y. Flexible Nanocomposite Conductors for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:172. [PMID: 37420119 PMCID: PMC10328908 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Convincing candidates of flexible (stretchable/compressible) electromagnetic interference shielding nanocomposites are discussed in detail from the views of fabrication, mechanical elasticity and shielding performance. Detailed summary of the relationship between deformation of materials and electromagnetic shielding performance. The future directions and challenges in developing flexible (particularly elastic) shielding nanocomposites are highlighted. With the extensive use of electronic communication technology in integrated circuit systems and wearable devices, electromagnetic interference (EMI) has increased dramatically. The shortcomings of conventional rigid EMI shielding materials include high brittleness, poor comfort, and unsuitability for conforming and deformable applications. Hitherto, flexible (particularly elastic) nanocomposites have attracted enormous interest due to their excellent deformability. However, the current flexible shielding nanocomposites present low mechanical stability and resilience, relatively poor EMI shielding performance, and limited multifunctionality. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional EMI shielding nanomaterials-based elastomers are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. And the corresponding modification strategies and deformability performance are summarized. Finally, expectations for this quickly increasing sector are discussed, as well as future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Nan
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
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41
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Ouyang X, Huang C, Cheng S, Zhang P, Chen W. Microfluidic-Based Continuous Fabrication of Ultrathin Hydrogel Films with Controllable Thickness. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2905. [PMID: 37447551 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin hydrogel films composed of cross-linked polymer networks swollen by water, with soft and moisturized features similar to biological tissue, play a vital role in flexible biosensors and wearable electronics. However, achieving efficient and continuous fabrication of such films remains a challenge. Here, we present a microfluidic-based strategy for the continuous fabrication of free-standing ultrathin hydrogel films by using laminar flow, which can be precisely controlled in the micrometer scale. Compared with conventional methods, the microfluidic-based method shows advantages in producing hydrogel films with a high homogeneity as well as maintaining the structural integrity, without the need of supporting substrates and sophisticated equipment. This strategy allows the precise control over the thickness of the hydrogel films ranging from 15 ± 0.2 to 39 ± 0.5 μm, by adjusting the height of the microfluidic channels, with predictable opportunities for scaling up. Therefore, our strategy provides a facile route to produce advanced thin polymer films in a universal, steerable, and scalable manner and will promote the applications of thin polymer films in biosensors and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sha Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Xiangyang 441000, China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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42
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Liu W, Zhang C, Alessandri R, Diroll BT, Li Y, Liang H, Fan X, Wang K, Cho H, Liu Y, Dai Y, Su Q, Li N, Li S, Wai S, Li Q, Shao S, Wang L, Xu J, Zhang X, Talapin DV, de Pablo JJ, Wang S. High-efficiency stretchable light-emitting polymers from thermally activated delayed fluorescence. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:737-745. [PMID: 37024592 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable light-emitting materials are the key components for realizing skin-like displays and optical biostimulation. All the stretchable emitters reported to date, to the best of our knowledge, have been based on electroluminescent polymers that only harness singlet excitons, limiting their theoretical quantum yield to 25%. Here we present a design concept for imparting stretchability onto electroluminescent polymers that can harness all the excitons through thermally activated delayed fluorescence, thereby reaching a near-unity theoretical quantum yield. We show that our design strategy of inserting flexible, linear units into a polymer backbone can substantially increase the mechanical stretchability without affecting the underlying electroluminescent processes. As a result, our synthesized polymer achieves a stretchability of 125%, with an external quantum efficiency of 10%. Furthermore, we demonstrate a fully stretchable organic light-emitting diode, confirming that the proposed stretchable thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers provide a path towards simultaneously achieving desirable electroluminescent and mechanical characteristics, including high efficiency, brightness, switching speed and stretchability as well as low driving voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heyi Liang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaochun Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Himchan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youdi Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yahao Dai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qi Su
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Songsong Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shinya Wai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
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43
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Wan C, Wu Z, Ren M, Tang M, Gao Y, Shang X, Li T, Xia Z, Yang Z, Mao S, Zhou M, Ling W, Li J, Huo W, Huang X. In Situ Formation of Conductive Epidermal Electrodes Using a Fully Integrated Flexible System and Injectable Photocurable Ink. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37191638 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ fabrication of wearable devices through coating approaches is a promising solution for the fast deployment of wearable devices and more adaptable devices for different sensing demands. However, heat, solvent, and mechanical sensitivity of biological tissues, along with personal compliance, pose strict requirements for coating materials and methods. To address this, a biocompatible and biodegradable light-curable conductive ink and an all-in-one flexible system that conducts in situ injection and photonic curing of the ink as well as monitoring of biophysiological information have been developed. The ink can be solidified through spontaneous phase changes and photonic cured to achieve a high mechanical strength of 7.48 MPa and an excellent electrical conductivity of 3.57 × 105 S/m. The flexible system contains elastic injection chambers embedded with specially designed optical waveguides to uniformly dissipate visible LED light throughout the chambers and rapidly cure the ink in 5 min. The resulting conductive electrodes offer intimate skin contact even with the existence of hair and work stably even under an acceleration of 8 g, leading to a robust wearable system capable of working under intense motion, heavy sweating, and varied surface morphology. Similar concepts may lead to various rapidly deployable wearable systems that offer excellent adaptability to different monitoring demands for the health tracking of large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ziyue Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Miaoning Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mingchao Tang
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314033, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314033, China
| | - Xue Shang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sui Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mingxing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenxing Huo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314033, China
- Institute of Wearable Technology and Bioelectronics, Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, 1002 23rd Street, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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44
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Lee WH, Lee CW, Cha GD, Lee BH, Jeong JH, Park H, Heo J, Bootharaju MS, Sunwoo SH, Kim JH, Ahn KH, Kim DH, Hyeon T. Floatable photocatalytic hydrogel nanocomposites for large-scale solar hydrogen production. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01385-4. [PMID: 37106047 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Storing solar energy in chemical bonds aided by heterogeneous photocatalysis is desirable for sustainable energy conversion. Despite recent progress in designing highly active photocatalysts, inefficient solar energy and mass transfer, the instability of catalysts and reverse reactions impede their practical large-scale applications. Here we tackle these challenges by designing a floatable photocatalytic platform constructed from porous elastomer-hydrogel nanocomposites. The nanocomposites at the air-water interface feature efficient light delivery, facile supply of water and instantaneous gas separation. Consequently, a high hydrogen evolution rate of 163 mmol h-1 m-2 can be achieved using Pt/TiO2 cryoaerogel, even without forced convection. When fabricated in an area of 1 m2 and incorporated with economically feasible single-atom Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts, the nanocomposites produce 79.2 ml of hydrogen per day under natural sunlight. Furthermore, long-term stable hydrogen production in seawater and highly turbid water and photoreforming of polyethylene terephthalate demonstrate the potential of the nanocomposites as a commercially viable photocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Hee Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseo Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Heo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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46
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Sunwoo SH, Han SI, Jung D, Kim M, Nam S, Lee H, Choi S, Kang H, Cho YS, Yeom DH, Cha MJ, Lee S, Lee SP, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Stretchable Low-Impedance Conductor with Ag-Au-Pt Core-Shell-Shell Nanowires and in Situ Formed Pt Nanoparticles for Wearable and Implantable Device. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7550-7561. [PMID: 37039606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically soft metallic nanocomposites have gained much attention as a key material for intrinsically stretchable biointegrated devices. However, it has been challenging to develop a stretchable conductive nanocomposite with all the desired material characteristics including high conductivity, high stretchability, low cytotoxicity, and low impedance. Here, we present a material strategy for the stretchable conductive nanocomposite, particularly emphasizing low impedance, by combining silver-gold-platinum core-shell-shell nanowires and homogeneously dispersed in situ synthesized platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). The highly embossed structure of the outermost Pt shell, together with the intrinsic electrical property of Pt, contributes to minimizing the impedance. The gold-platinum double-layer sheath prevents leaching of cytotoxic Ag ions, thus improving biocompatibility. Homogeneously dispersed Pt NPs, synthesized in situ during fabrication of the nanocomposite, simultaneously enhance conductivity, reduce impedance, and improve stretchability by supporting the percolation network formation. This intrinsically stretchable nanocomposite conductor can be applied to wearable and implantable bioelectronics for recording biosignals and delivering electrical stimulations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ihn Han
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Nam
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Hyejeong Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hae Yeom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Cha
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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47
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Luo Y, Abidian MR, Ahn JH, Akinwande D, Andrews AM, Antonietti M, Bao Z, Berggren M, Berkey CA, Bettinger CJ, Chen J, Chen P, Cheng W, Cheng X, Choi SJ, Chortos A, Dagdeviren C, Dauskardt RH, Di CA, Dickey MD, Duan X, Facchetti A, Fan Z, Fang Y, Feng J, Feng X, Gao H, Gao W, Gong X, Guo CF, Guo X, Hartel MC, He Z, Ho JS, Hu Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Huo F, Hussain MM, Javey A, Jeong U, Jiang C, Jiang X, Kang J, Karnaushenko D, Khademhosseini A, Kim DH, Kim ID, Kireev D, Kong L, Lee C, Lee NE, Lee PS, Lee TW, Li F, Li J, Liang C, Lim CT, Lin Y, Lipomi DJ, Liu J, Liu K, Liu N, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Lu N, Lv Z, Magdassi S, Malliaras GG, Matsuhisa N, Nathan A, Niu S, Pan J, Pang C, Pei Q, Peng H, Qi D, Ren H, Rogers JA, Rowe A, Schmidt OG, Sekitani T, Seo DG, Shen G, Sheng X, Shi Q, Someya T, Song Y, Stavrinidou E, Su M, Sun X, Takei K, Tao XM, Tee BCK, Thean AVY, Trung TQ, Wan C, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Wang T, Wang ZL, Weiss PS, Wen H, Xu S, Xu T, Yan H, Yan X, Yang H, Yang L, Yang S, Yin L, Yu C, Yu G, Yu J, Yu SH, Yu X, Zamburg E, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Zheng Z, Zhou T, Zhu B, Zhu M, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Zou G, Chen X. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5211-5295. [PMID: 36892156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Nanobionics Group, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 3800
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia3800
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Applied Physics Program, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 United States
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Engineering (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Korea
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Soft Foundry, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, BioMolecular Science Program, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ren Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge CB3 0FA, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EU, United Kingdom
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Chemistry, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron Rowe
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1268 N. Lakeview Avenue, Anaheim, California 92807, United States
- Ready, Set, Food! 15821 Ventura Blvd #450, Encino, California 91436, United States
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 5670047
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, School of Fashion and Textiles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chip and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, 41th Floor, AI Tower, No.701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314000
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evgeny Zamburg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Guijin Zou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Zhang H, Chen H, Lee JH, Kim E, Chan KY, Venkatesan H, Shen X, Yang J, Kim JK. Mechanochromic Optical/Electrical Skin for Ultrasensitive Dual-Signal Sensing. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5921-5934. [PMID: 36920071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Following earlier research efforts dedicated to the realization of multifunctional sensing, recent developments of artificial skins endeavor to go beyond human sensory functions by integrating interactive visualization of strain and pressure stimuli. Inspired by the microcracked structure of spider slit organs and the mechanochromic mechanism of chameleons, this work aims to design a flexible optical/electrical skin (OE-skin) capable of responding to complex stimuli with interactive feedback of human-readable structural colors. The OE-skin consists of an ionic electrode combined with an elastomer dielectric layer, a chromotropic layer containing photonic crystals and a conductive carbon nanotube/MXene layer. The electrode/dielectric layers function as a capacitive pressure sensor. The mechanochromic photonic crystals of ferroferric oxide-carbon magnetic arrays embedded in the gelatin/polyacrylamide stretchable hydrogel film perceive strain and pressure stimuli with bright color switching outputs in the full visible spectrum. The underlying microcracked conductive layer is devoted to ultrasensitive strain sensing with a gauge factor of 191.8. The multilayered OE-skin delivers an ultrafast, accurate response for capacitive pressure sensing with a detection limit of 75 Pa and long-term stability of 5000 cycles, while visualizing complex deformations in the form of high-resolution spatial colors. These findings offer deep insights into the rational design of OE-skins as multifunctional sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kit-Ying Chan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Harun Venkatesan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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49
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Zhou B, Liu J, Huang X, Qiu X, Yang X, Shao H, Tang C, Zhang X. Mechanoluminescent-Triboelectric Bimodal Sensors for Self-Powered Sensing and Intelligent Control. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:72. [PMID: 36964430 PMCID: PMC10039194 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered flexible devices with skin-like multiple sensing ability have attracted great attentions due to their broad applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). Various methods have been proposed to enhance mechano-optic or electric performance of the flexible devices; however, it remains challenging to realize the display and accurate recognition of motion trajectories for intelligent control. Here, we present a fully self-powered mechanoluminescent-triboelectric bimodal sensor based on micro-nanostructured mechanoluminescent elastomer, which can patterned-display the force trajectories. The deformable liquid metals used as stretchable electrode make the stress transfer stable through overall device to achieve outstanding mechanoluminescence (with a gray value of 107 under a stimulus force as low as 0.3 N and more than 2000 cycles reproducibility). Moreover, a microstructured surface is constructed which endows the resulted composite with significantly improved triboelectric performances (voltage increases from 8 to 24 V). Based on the excellent bimodal sensing performances and durability of the obtained composite, a highly reliable intelligent control system by machine learning has been developed for controlling trolley, providing an approach for advanced visual interaction devices and smart wearable electronics in the future IoT era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jize Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shao
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyu Tang
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Qiao Y, Luo J, Cui T, Liu H, Tang H, Zeng Y, Liu C, Li Y, Jian J, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36918452 PMCID: PMC10014415 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinan Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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