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Langenmayer MC, Luelf-Averhoff AT, Marr L, Jany S, Freudenstein A, Adam-Neumair S, Tscherne A, Fux R, Rojas JJ, Blutke A, Sutter G, Volz A. Newly Designed Poxviral Promoters to Improve Immunogenicity and Efficacy of MVA-NP Candidate Vaccines against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:867. [PMID: 37513714 PMCID: PMC10383309 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a respiratory disease mainly caused by influenza A and B, viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, is still a burden on our society's health and economic system. Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in mammalian and avian populations, causing seasonal outbreaks with high numbers of cases. Due to the high variability in seasonal IAV triggered by antigenic drift, annual vaccination is necessary, highlighting the need for a more broadly protective vaccine against IAV. The safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as a third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for the development of new candidate vaccines against different pathogens. Here, we generated and characterized recombinant MVA candidate vaccines that deliver the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV under the transcriptional control of five newly designed chimeric poxviral promoters to further increase the immunogenic properties of the recombinant viruses (MVA-NP). Infections of avian cell cultures with the recombinant MVA-NPs demonstrated efficient synthesis of the IAV-NP which was expressed under the control of the five new promoters. Prime-boost or single shot immunizations in C57BL/6 mice readily induced circulating serum antibodies' binding to recombinant IAV-NP and the robust activation of IAV-NP-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, the MVA-NP candidate vaccines protected C57BL/6 mice against lethal respiratory infection with mouse-adapted IAV (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934/H1N1). Thus, further studies are warranted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of these recombinant MVA-NP vaccines in other IAV challenge models in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Marr
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Adam-Neumair
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Xu S, Zhang B, Yao J, Ruan W. A new H9 influenza virus mRNA vaccine elicits robust protective immunity against infection. Vaccine 2023; 41:2905-2913. [PMID: 37005103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a great threat to the poultry industry and public health. However commercial vaccines only provide limited immunity due to rapid virus mutation and rearrangement. Here, we developed an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccine expressing AIV immunogenic protein hemagglutinin (HA) and also assessed its safety and immune-protection efficacy in vivo. Specifically, its safety was tested by inoculation of SPF chicken embryos and chicks, and there showed no clinical manifestations and pathological changes in both. As for the immune efficacy, the antibody titers, IFN-γ production levels, and viral loads in various organs were analyzed. The results showed that chickens in the mRNA-LNP-inoculated groups produced higher specific antibody titers compared with that in the control group by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Meanwhile, the ELISpot assay demonstrated that the expression of IFN-γ was markedly induced in the mRNA-LNP group, and the viral loads in multiple organs were decreased. In addition, HE shows no obvious pathomorphological changes in the lungs of the mRNA-LNP-inoculated group. While, there was severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the DMEM-treated group instead. Taken together, the vaccine prepared in this study was safe and could trigger potent cellular and humoral immune response to defend against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkui Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jielin Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenke Ruan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Flagellin-Fused Protein Targeting M2e and HA2 Induces Innate and T-Cell Responses in Mice of Different Genetic Lines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122098. [PMID: 36560509 PMCID: PMC9786633 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient control of influenza A infection can potentially be achieved through the development of broad-spectrum vaccines. Recombinant proteins incorporating conserved influenza A virus peptides are one of the platforms for the development of cross-protective influenza vaccines. We constructed a recombinant protein Flg-HA2-2-4M2ehs, in which the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) and the sequence (aa76-130) of the second subunit of HA (HA2) were used as target antigens. In this study, we investigated the ability of the Flg-HA2-2-4M2ehs protein to activate innate immunity and stimulate the formation of T-cell response in mice of different genetic lines after intranasal immunization. Our studies showed that the Flg-HA2-2-4M2ehs protein was manifested in an increase in the relative content of neutrophils, monocytes, and interstitial macrophages, against the backdrop of a decrease in the level of dendritic cells and increased expression in the CD86 marker. In the lungs of BALB/c mice, immunization with the Flg-HA2-2-4M2ehs protein induced the formation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells, producing TNF-α. In mice C57Bl/6, the formation of antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells, predominantly producing IFN-γ+, was demonstrated. The data obtained showed the formation of CD8+ and CD4+ effector memory T cells expressing the CD107a.
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Vanni T, Thomé BC, Sparrow E, Friede M, Fox CB, Beckmann AM, Huynh C, Mondini G, Silveira DH, Viscondi JYK, Braga PE, da Silva A, Salomão MDG, Piorelli RO, Santos JP, Gattás VL, Lucchesi MBB, de Oliveira MMM, Koike ME, Kallas EG, Campos LMA, Coelho EB, Siqueira MAM, Garcia CC, Miranda MD, Paiva TM, Timenetsky MDCST, Adami EA, Akamatsu MA, Ho PL, Precioso AR. Dose-sparing effect of two adjuvant formulations with a pandemic influenza A/H7N9 vaccine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274943. [PMID: 36256646 PMCID: PMC9578608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of potentially pandemic viruses has resulted in preparedness efforts to develop candidate vaccines and adjuvant formulations. We evaluated the dose-sparing effect and safety of two distinct squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion formulations (IB160 and SE) with influenza A/H7N9 antigen. This phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial (NCT03330899), enrolled 432 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 59. Participants were randomly allocated to 8 groups: 1A) IB160 + 15μg H7N9, 1B) IB160 + 7.5μg H7N9, 1C) IB160 + 3.75μg H7N9, 2A) SE + 15μg H7N9, 2B) SE + 7.5μg H7N9, 2C) SE + 3.75μg H7N9, 3) unadjuvanted vaccine 15μg H7N9 and 4) placebo. Immunogenicity was evaluated through haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) tests. Safety was evaluated by monitoring local and systemic, solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AE) and reactions (AR) 7 and 28 days after each study injection, respectively, whereas serious adverse events (SAE) were monitored up to 194 days post-second dose. A greater increase in antibody geometric mean titers (GMT) was observed in groups receiving adjuvanted vaccines. Vaccinees receiving IB160-adjuvanted formulations showed the greatest response in group 1B, which induced an HI GMT increase of 4.7 times, HI titers ≥40 in 45.2% of participants (MN titers ≥40 in 80.8%). Vaccinees receiving SE-adjuvanted vaccines showed the greatest response in group 2A, with an HI GMT increase of 2.5 times, HI titers ≥40 in 22.9% of participants (MN titers ≥40 in 65.7%). Frequencies of AE and AR were similar among groups. Pain at the administration site and headache were the most frequent local and systemic solicited ARs. The vaccine candidates were safe and the adjuvanted formulations have a potential dose-sparing effect on immunogenicity against influenza A/H7N9. The magnitude of this effect could be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Anna Marie Beckmann
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chuong Huynh
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esper G. Kallas
- Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia M. A. Campos
- Child Institute of the Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Coelho
- Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander R. Precioso
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Child Institute of the Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Rupil LL, Del Carmen Serradell M, Luján HD. Production of Oral Vaccines Based on Virus-Like Particles Pseudotyped with Protozoan-Surface Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2410:503-537. [PMID: 34914065 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is the only known parasite that can inhabit the harsh upper gastrointestinal tract, where most of the digestive proteases are secreted. Intestinal and free-living protozoa express surface proteins containing an extraordinarily high percentage of cysteine. These cysteine-rich variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) form a dense coat on the entire surface of Giardia trophozoites, that coat protects the parasite inside the host intestine. VSPs not only are resistant to proteolytic digestion, extreme pH and temperatures, but also stimulate host immune responses. These properties can be used to protect as well as to increase the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens for oral administration. The incorporation of VSPs onto virus-like particles bearing viral antigens allows oral administration of these vaccines, protecting the antigens from degradation and generating robust and protective immune responses. In this chapter we describe the development of this versatile vaccine platform for the generation of safe, stable, and efficient oral vaccines, including their production and validation, as well as the characterization of immune response to oral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Lara Rupil
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marianela Del Carmen Serradell
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo Daniel Luján
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina.
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Bioinformatics analysis of rhinovirus capsid proteins VP1-4 sequences for cross-serotype vaccine development. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1603-1611. [PMID: 34624714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinoviruses (RV) are associated with the development and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They've also been linked to more severe diseases like pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, croup, and otitis media. Because of the hypervariable sequences in the same serotypes, no effective vaccine against rhinoviruses has been developed to date. With the availability of new full-length genome sequences for all RV-A and RV-B serotyped strains, this study used bioinformatics to find a suitable RV strain with the highest similarity matrices to the other strains. METHODS The full genomic sequences of all known different RV-A and -B prototypes were downloaded from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and divided into minor low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and major intercellular adhesion molecule groups (ICAM). The sequences were edited using Biological Sequence Alignment Editor, v 7.2.0 (BioEdit software) to study each capsid protein (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and analyzed using the EMBL-EBI ClustalW server and the more current Clustal Omega tool for the calculation of the identities and similarities. RESULTS We analyzed and predicted immunogenic motifs from capsid proteins that are conserved across distinct RV serotypes using a bioinformatics technique. The amino acid sequences of VP3 were found to be the most varied, while VP4 was the most conserved protein among all RV-A and RV-B strains. Among all strains studied, RV-74 demonstrated the highest degree of homology to other strains and could be a potential genetic source for recombinant protein production. Nine highly conserved regions with a minimum length of 9-mers were identified, which could serve as potential immune targets against rhinoviruses. CONCLUSION Therefore, bioinformatics analysis conducted in the current study has paved the way for the selection of immunogenic targets. Bioinformatically, the ideal strain's capsid protein is suggested to contain the most common RVs immunogenic sites.
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Chung H, Kim EA, Chang J. A "Prime and Deploy" Strategy for Universal Influenza Vaccine Targeting Nucleoprotein Induces Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T cells. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e28. [PMID: 34522441 PMCID: PMC8410988 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident memory T cells (TRM) play an essential role in protecting against pulmonary virus infection. Parenteral administration of DNA vaccine is generally not sufficient to induce lung CD8 TRM cells. This study investigates whether intramuscularly administered DNA vaccine expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) induces lung TRM cells and protects against the influenza B virus. The results show that DNA vaccination poorly generates lung TRM cells and massive secondary effector CD8 T cells entering the lungs after challenge infection do not offer sufficient protection. Nonetheless, intranasal administration of non-replicating adenovirus vector expressing no Ag following priming DNA vaccination deploys NP-specific CD8 TRM cells in the lungs, which subsequently offers complete protection. This novel 'prime and deploy' strategy could be a promising regimen for a universal influenza vaccine targeting the conserved NP Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerynn Chung
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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8
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dos Santos Dias L, Dobson HE, Bakke BK, Kujoth GC, Huang J, Kohn EM, Taira CL, Wang H, Supekar NT, Fites JS, Gates D, Gomez CL, Specht CA, Levitz SM, Azadi P, Li L, Suresh M, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. Structural basis of Blastomyces Endoglucanase-2 adjuvancy in anti-fungal and -viral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009324. [PMID: 33735218 PMCID: PMC8009368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe subunit vaccines requires adjuvants that augment immunogenicity of non-replicating protein-based antigens. Current vaccines against infectious diseases preferentially induce protective antibodies driven by adjuvants such as alum. However, the contribution of antibody to host defense is limited for certain classes of infectious diseases such as fungi, whereas animal studies and clinical observations implicate cellular immunity as an essential component of the resolution of fungal pathogens. Here, we decipher the structural bases of a newly identified glycoprotein ligand of Dectin-2 with potent adjuvancy, Blastomyces endoglucanase-2 (Bl-Eng2). We also pinpoint the developmental steps of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T responses augmented by Bl-Eng2 including expansion, differentiation and tissue residency. Dectin-2 ligation led to successful systemic and mucosal vaccination against invasive fungal infection and Influenza A infection, respectively. O-linked glycans on Bl-Eng2 applied at the skin and respiratory mucosa greatly augment vaccine subunit- induced protective immunity against lethal influenza and fungal pulmonary challenge. Fungal disease remains a challenging clinical and public health problem in part because there is no commercial vaccine available. The lack of suitable adjuvants is a critical barrier to developing safe and effective vaccines against fungal pathogens. Current adjuvants such as alum preferentially induce antibody responses which may be limited in mediating protection against fungi. Clinical observations and animal studies implicate cellular immunity as the essential component for the resolution of fungal infections. We have recently discovered an adjuvant that augments cell mediated immune responses and vaccine induced protection against fungi. Here, we identified the structural and mechanistic requirements by which this newly discovered adjuvant induces cell mediated immunity against fungi. As a proof of principle we also demonstrate that the adjuvant drives cellular immune responses against viruses such as influenza. We anticipate that our adjuvant can be used for vaccination with safe subunit vaccines against many microbial pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, fungi and parasites that require cell mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas dos Santos Dias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Kujoth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cleison Ledesma Taira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nitin T. Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daisy Gates
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Deparment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Sharma S, Kumari V, Kumbhar BV, Mukherjee A, Pandey R, Kondabagil K. Immunoinformatics approach for a novel multi-epitope subunit vaccine design against various subtypes of Influenza A virus. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152053. [PMID: 33517154 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the best strategy for the control and prevention of contagious diseases caused by Influenza A viruses. Extraordinary genetic variability and continual evolvability are responsible for the virus having survival and adaptation to host cell immune response, thus rendering the current influenza vaccines with suboptimal effectiveness.Therefore, in the present study, using a novel immunoinformatics approach, we have designed a universal influenza subunit vaccine based on the highly conserved epitopic sequences of rapidly evolving (HA), a moderately evolving (NP) and slow evolving (M1) proteins of the virus. The vaccine design includes 2 peptide adjuvants, 26 CTL epitopes, 9 HTL epitopes, and 7 linear BCL epitopes to induce innate, cellular, and humoral immune responses against Influenza A viruses. We also analyzed the physicochemical properties of the designed construct to validate its thermodynamic stability, hydrophilicity, PI, antigenicity, and allergenicity. Furthermore, we predicted a highly stable tertiary model of the designed subunit vaccine, wherein additional disulfide bonds were incorporated to enhance its stability. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of the refined vaccine model with TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, MHC-I and MHC-II showed stable vaccine and receptors complexes, thus confirming the immunogenicity of the designed vaccine. Collectively, these findings suggest that our multi-epitope vaccine construct may confer protection against various strains of influenza A virus subtypes, which could prevent the need for annual reformulation of vaccine and alleviate disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Vibha Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- HaystackAnalytics Private Limited, Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Ruchika Pandey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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Bazhan SI, Antonets DV, Starostina EV, Ilyicheva TN, Kaplina ON, Marchenko VY, Volkova OY, Bakulina AY, Karpenko LI. In silico design of influenza a virus artificial epitope-based T-cell antigens and the evaluation of their immunogenicity in mice. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3196-3212. [PMID: 33222632 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1845978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The polyepitope strategy is promising approach for successfully creating a broadly protective flu vaccine, which targets T-lymphocytes (both CD4+ and CD8+) to recognise the most conserved epitopes of viral proteins. In this study, we employed a computer-aided approach to develop several artificial antigens potentially capable of evoking immune responses to different virus subtypes. These antigens included conservative T-cell epitopes of different influenza A virus proteins. To design epitope-based antigens we used experimentally verified information regarding influenza virus T-cell epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) (http://www.iedb.org). We constructed two "human" and two "murine" variants of polyepitope antigens. Amino acid sequences of target polyepitope antigens were designed using our original TEpredict/PolyCTLDesigner software. Immunogenic and protective features of DNA constructs encoding "murine" target T-cell immunogens were studied in BALB/c mice. We showed that mice groups immunised with a combination of computer-generated "murine" DNA immunogens had a 37.5% survival rate after receiving a lethal dose of either A/California/4/2009 (H1N1) virus or A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus, while immunisation with live flu H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains provided protection against homologous viruses and failed to protect against heterologous viruses. These results demonstrate that mechanisms of cross-protective immunity may be associated with the stimulation of specific T-cell responses. This study demonstrates that our computer-aided approach may be successfully used for rational designing artificial polyepitope antigens capable of inducing virus-specific T-lymphocyte responses and providing partial protection against two different influenza virus subtypes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei I Bazhan
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Denis V Antonets
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Starostina
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Tatyana N Ilyicheva
- Department of zoonotic infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Olga N Kaplina
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Yu Marchenko
- Department of zoonotic infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Volkova
- Immunogenetics laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Yu Bakulina
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia.,Laboratory of structural bioinformatics and molecular modeling, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Larisa I Karpenko
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
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11
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Bazhan S, Antonets D, Starostina E, Ilyicheva T, Kaplina O, Marchenko V, Durymanov A, Oreshkova S, Karpenko L. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Influenza A DNA Vaccines Encoding Artificial Antigens Based on Conservative Hemagglutinin Stem Region and M2 Protein in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030448. [PMID: 32784907 PMCID: PMC7565880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of a universal vaccine capable to induce antibody responses against a broad range of influenza virus strains attracts growing attention. Hemagglutinin stem and the exposed fragment of influenza virus M2 protein are promising targets for induction of cross-protective humoral and cell-mediated response, since they contain conservative epitopes capable to induce antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to a wide range of influenza virus subtypes. Methods: In this study, we generated DNA vaccine constructs encoding artificial antigens AgH1, AgH3, and AgM2 designed on the basis of conservative hemagglutinin stem fragments of two influenza A virus subtypes, H1N1 and H3N2, and conservative M2 protein, and evaluate their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. To obtain DNA vaccine constructs, genes encoding the designed antigens were cloned into a pcDNA3.1 vector. Expression of the target genes in 293T cells transfected with DNA vaccine constructs has been confirmed by synthesis of specific mRNA. Results: Immunization of BALB/c mice with DNA vaccines encoding these antigens was shown to evoke humoral and T-cell immune responses as well as a moderated statistically significant cross-protective effect against two heterologous viruses A/California/4/2009 (H1N1pdm09) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2). Conclusions: The results demonstrate a potential approach to creating a universal influenza vaccine based on artificial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Bazhan
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-47-00 (ext. 2001)
| | - Denis Antonets
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Starostina
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
| | - Tatyana Ilyicheva
- Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (T.I.); (V.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Kaplina
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
| | - Vasiliy Marchenko
- Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (T.I.); (V.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexander Durymanov
- Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (T.I.); (V.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Svetlana Oreshkova
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
| | - Larisa Karpenko
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
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12
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Boravleva EY, Lunitsin AV, Kaplun AP, Bykova NV, Krasilnikov IV, Gambaryan AS. Immune Response and Protective Efficacy of Inactivated and Live Influenza Vaccines Against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Challenge. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:553-566. [PMID: 32571185 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated (whole-virion, split, subunit, and adjuvanted) vaccines and live attenuated vaccine were tested in parallel to compare their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Homologous and heterosubtypic protection against the challenge with influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses in a mouse model were studied. Single immunization with live or inactivated whole-virion H5N1 vaccine elicited a high level of serum antibodies and provided complete protection against the challenge with the lethal A/Chicken/Kurgan/3/05 (H5N1) virus, whereas application of a single dose of the split vaccine was much less effective. Adjuvants increased the antibody levels. Addition of the Iso-SANP adjuvant to the split vaccine led to a paradoxical outcome: it increased the antibody levels but reduced the protective effect of the vaccine. All tested adjuvants shifted the ratio between IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Immunization with any of the tested heterosubtypic live viruses provided partial protection against the H5N1 challenge and significantly reduced mouse mortality, while inactivated H1N1 vaccine offered no protection at all. More severe course of illness and earlier death were observed in mice after immunization with adjuvanted subunit vaccines followed by the challenge with the heterosubtypic virus compared to challenged unvaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Boravleva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia
| | - A V Lunitsin
- FSBSI Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Volginsky, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - A P Kaplun
- Lomonosov Moscow University of Fine Chemical Technology, Moscow, 119571, Russia
| | - N V Bykova
- Lomonosov Moscow University of Fine Chemical Technology, Moscow, 119571, Russia
| | - I V Krasilnikov
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Vaccines and Sera, FMBA, St.-Petersburg, 198320, Russia
| | - A S Gambaryan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia.
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13
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Del Campo J, Pizzorno A, Djebali S, Bouley J, Haller M, Pérez-Vargas J, Lina B, Boivin G, Hamelin ME, Nicolas F, Le Vert A, Leverrier Y, Rosa-Calatrava M, Marvel J, Hill F. OVX836 a recombinant nucleoprotein vaccine inducing cellular responses and protective efficacy against multiple influenza A subtypes. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:4. [PMID: 30701093 PMCID: PMC6344521 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) lack broad efficacy. Cellular immunity to a conserved internal antigen, the nucleoprotein (NP), has been correlated to protection against pandemic and seasonal influenza and thus could have the potential to broaden vaccine efficacy. We developed OVX836, a recombinant protein vaccine based on an oligomerized NP, which shows increased uptake by dendritic cells and immunogenicity compared with NP. Intramuscular immunization in mice with OVX836 induced strong NP-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell systemic responses and established CD8+ tissue memory T cells in the lung parenchyma. Strikingly, OVX836 protected mice against viral challenge with three different influenza A subtypes, isolated several decades apart and induced a reduction in viral load. When co-administered with IIV, OVX836 was even more effective in reducing lung viral load. Circulating influenza A virus (IAV) strains differ in their surface proteins each year, and vaccines eliciting an immune response to these proteins are often only partially protective. Internal viral proteins, such as the nucleoprotein (NP), are highly conserved, and cellular immunity to NP has been correlated with protection from diverse strains. However, current IAV vaccines induce a poor immune response to NP. In this study, led by Fergal Hill from Osivax, researchers develop an oligomeric version of NP with improved immunogenicity. Vaccination of mice with oligomeric NP results in an improved NP-specific T-cell response, including CD8+ tissue memory T cells in the lung, and protects mice against three different IAV subtypes. Co-administration with the currently used inactivated influenza vaccine further improves protection against virus infection in mice. These results encourage further pre-clinical and clinical development for this vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres Pizzorno
- 2Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. Université de Lyon, Lyon, F- 69008 France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- 3Immunity and Cytotoxic Lymphocytes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon. Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jimena Pérez-Vargas
- Osivax, 99, rue de Gerland, 69007 Lyon, France.,6Present Address: Enveloped Viruses, Vectors and Immunotherapy Team, Centre International de Recherché en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- 2Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. Université de Lyon, Lyon, F- 69008 France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenza France Sud, Laboratoire de Virologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- 5Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- 5Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Yann Leverrier
- 3Immunity and Cytotoxic Lymphocytes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon. Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- 2Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. Université de Lyon, Lyon, F- 69008 France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- 3Immunity and Cytotoxic Lymphocytes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon. Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Fergal Hill
- Osivax, 99, rue de Gerland, 69007 Lyon, France
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14
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Mouse Models Reveal Role of T-Cytotoxic and T-Reg Cells in Immune Response to Influenza: Implications for Vaccine Design. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010052. [PMID: 30641955 PMCID: PMC6356589 DOI: 10.3390/v11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunopathologic examination of the lungs of mouse models of experimental influenza virus infection provides new insights into the immune response in this disease. First, there is rapidly developing perivascular and peribronchial infiltration of the lung with T-cells. This is followed by invasion of T-cells into the bronchiolar epithelium, and separation of epithelial cells from each other and from the basement membrane leading to defoliation of the bronchial epithelium. The intraepithelial reaction may involve either CD8 or CD4 T-cytotoxic cells and is analogous to a viral exanthema of the skin, such as measles and smallpox, which occur when the immune response against these infections is activated and the infected cells are attacked by T-cytotoxic cells. Then there is formation of B-cell follicles adjacent to bronchi, i.e., induced bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). iBALT reacts like the cortex of a lymph node and is a site for a local immune response not only to the original viral infection, but also related viral infections (heterologous immunity). Proliferation of Type II pneumocytes and/or terminal bronchial epithelial cells may extend into the adjacent lung leading to large zones filled with tumor-like epithelial cells. The effective killing of influenza virus infected epithelial cells by T-cytotoxic cells and induction of iBALT suggests that adding the induction of these components might greatly increase the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
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15
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Kim MH, Kang JO, Kim JY, Jung HE, Lee HK, Chang J. Single mucosal vaccination targeting nucleoprotein provides broad protection against two lineages of influenza B virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:19-28. [PMID: 30639307 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein is highly conserved among each type of influenza viruses (A and B) and has received significant attention as a good target for universal influenza vaccine. In this study, we determined whether a recombinant adenovirus encoding nucleoprotein of type B influenza virus (rAd/B-NP) confers protection against influenza virus infection in mice. We also identified a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in the nucleoprotein to determine B-NP-specific CD8 T-cell responses. We found that B-NP-specific CD8 T cells induced by rAd/B-NP immunization played a major role in protection following influenza B virus infection using CD8 knockout mice. To assess the effects of the administration routes on protective immunity, we immunized mice with rAd/B-NP via intranasal or intramuscular routes. Both groups showed strong NP-specific humoral and CD8 T-cell responses, but only intranasal immunization provided complete protection against both lineages of influenza B virus challenge. Intranasal but not intramuscular administration established resident memory CD8 T cells in the airway and lung parenchyma, which were required for efficient protection. Furthermore, rAd/B-NP in combination with rAd/A-NP protected mice against lethal infection with both influenza A and B viruses. These findings demonstrate that rAd/B-NP could be further developed as a universal vaccine against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ok Kang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi Eun Jung
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Donaldson B, Lateef Z, Walker GF, Young SL, Ward VK. Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:833-849. [PMID: 30173619 PMCID: PMC7103734 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines face significant challenges in their translation from laboratory models, to routine clinical administration. While some VLP vaccines thrive and are readily adopted into the vaccination schedule, others are restrained by regulatory obstacles, proprietary limitations, or finding their niche amongst the crowded vaccine market. Often the necessity to supplant an existing vaccination regimen possesses an immediate obstacle for the development of a VLP vaccine, despite any preclinical advantages identified over the competition. Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines. EXPERT COMMENTARY The role of formation science, with an emphasis on the diversity of immune responses induced by VLP, is underrepresented amongst clinical trials for VLP vaccines. Harnessing such diversity, particularly through the use of combinations of select excipients and adjuvants, will be paramount in the development of VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Donaldson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Greg F Walker
- d School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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17
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Stepanova LA, Mardanova ES, Shuklina MA, Blokhina EA, Kotlyarov RY, Potapchuk MV, Kovaleva AA, Vidyaeva IG, Korotkov AV, Eletskaya EI, Ravin NV, Tsybalova LM. Flagellin-fused protein targeting M2e and HA2 induces potent humoral and T-cell responses and protects mice against various influenza viruses a subtypes. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:33. [PMID: 29631629 PMCID: PMC5891888 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines are mainly strain-specific and have limited efficacy in preventing new, potentially pandemic, influenza strains. Efficient control of influenza A infection can potentially be achieved through the development of broad-spectrum vaccines based on conserved antigens. A current trend in the design of universal flu vaccines is the construction of recombinant proteins based on combinations of various conserved epitopes of viral proteins (M1, M2, HA2, NP). In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protective action of two recombinant proteins which feature different designs and which target different antigens. RESULTS Balb/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with Flg-HA2-2-4M2ehs or FlgSh-HA2-2-4M2ehs; these constructs differ in the location of hemagglutinin's HA2-2(76-130) insertion into flagellin (FliC). The humoral and T-cell immune responses to these constructs were evaluated. The simultaneous expression of different M2e and HA2-2(76-130) in recombinant protein form induces a strong M2e-specific IgG response and CD4+/ CD8+ T-cell response. The insertion of HA2-2(76-130) into the hypervariable domain of flagellin greatly increases antigen-specific T-cell response, as evidenced by the formation of multi-cytokine-secreting CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, Tem, and Tcm. Both proteins provide full protection from lethal challenge with A/H3N2 and A/H7N9. CONCLUSION Our results show that highly conserved M2e and HA2-2(76-130) can be used as important targets for the development of universal flu vaccines. The location of the HA2-2(76-130) peptide's insertion into the hypervariable domain of flagellin had a significant effect on the T-cell response to influenza antigens, as seen by forming of multi-cytokine-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila A Stepanova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Eugenia S Mardanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina A Shuklina
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A Blokhina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Y Kotlyarov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Potapchuk
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Kovaleva
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Inna G Vidyaeva
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Korotkov
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta I Eletskaya
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila M Tsybalova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
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18
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M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective against influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:273-289. [PMID: 28295019 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is considered an attractive component of a broadly protective, universal influenza A vaccine. Here we challenge the canonical view that antibodies against M2e are the prime effectors of protection. Intranasal immunizations of Balb/c mice with CTA1-3M2e-DD-generated M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells that were I-Ad restricted and critically protected against infection, even in the complete absence of antibodies, as observed in JhD mice. Whereas some M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells resided in spleen and lymph nodes, the majority were lung-resident Th17 cells, that rapidly expanded upon a viral challenge infection. Indeed, immunized IL-17A-/- mice were significantly less well protected compared with wild-type mice despite exhibiting comparable antibody levels. Similarly, poor protection was also observed in congenic Balb/B (H-2b) mice, which failed to develop M2e-specific CD4 T cells, but exhibited comparable antibody levels. Lung-resident CD69+ CD103low M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells were αβ TCR+ and 50% were Th17 cells that were associated with an early influx of neutrophils after virus challenge. Adoptively transferred M2e memory CD4 T cells were strong helper T cells, which accelerated M2e- but more importantly also hemagglutinin-specific IgG production. Thus, for the first time we demonstrate that M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective.
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19
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Herrera-Rodriguez J, Meijerhof T, Niesters HG, Stjernholm G, Hovden AO, Sørensen B, Ökvist M, Sommerfelt MA, Huckriede A. A novel peptide-based vaccine candidate with protective efficacy against influenza A in a mouse model. Virology 2017; 515:21-28. [PMID: 29223787 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines mainly induce antibody responses to the variable hemagglutinin proteins of the virus strains included in the vaccine. Instead, a broadly protective influenza vaccine should aim at inducing antibody- and/or cell-mediated immunity against conserved viral proteins. Vacc-FLU is a peptide based vaccine combining conserved B and T cell epitopes. Peptide selection was done using a proprietary peptide design platform technology focusing on responses to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted epitopes. Immunization of wild-type mice and mice transgenic for HLA-A2.1 with the peptide mix successfully induced both humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Partial protection from severe weight loss upon challenge was observed in both mouse strains but was stronger and observed at lower vaccine doses in transgenic mice. Our results show that the Vacc-FLU peptide mix is capable of inducing IFNγ-producing T cells and antibody-producing B cells which can protect from severe disease symptoms upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Herrera-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert G Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Birger Sørensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Bionor Pharma AS, P.O. Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Ökvist
- Bionor Pharma AS, P.O. Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Stobart CC, Nosek JM, Moore ML. Rhinovirus Biology, Antigenic Diversity, and Advancements in the Design of a Human Rhinovirus Vaccine. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2412. [PMID: 29259600 PMCID: PMC5723287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) remains a leading cause of several human diseases including the common cold. Despite considerable research over the last 60 years, development of an effective vaccine to HRV has been viewed by many as unfeasible due, in part, to the antigenic diversity of circulating HRVs in nature. Over 150 antigenically distinct types of HRV are currently known which span three species: HRV A, HRV B, and HRV C. Early attempts to develop a rhinovirus vaccine have shown that inactivated HRV is capable of serving as a strong immunogen and inducing neutralizing antibodies. Yet, limitations to virus preparation and recovery, continued identification of antigenic variants of HRV, and logistical challenges pertaining to preparing a polyvalent preparation of the magnitude required for true efficacy against circulating rhinoviruses continue to prove a daunting challenge. In this review, we describe HRV biology, antigenic diversity, and past and present advances in HRV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Stobart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jenna M Nosek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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21
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Ricklin ME, Python S, Vielle NJ, Brechbühl D, Zumkehr B, Posthaus H, Zimmer G, Ruggli N, Summerfield A. Virus replicon particle vaccines expressing nucleoprotein of influenza A virus mediate enhanced inflammatory responses in pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16379. [PMID: 29180817 PMCID: PMC5703990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the mouse model indicate that the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus represents an interesting vaccine antigen being well conserved across subtypes of influenza virus but still able to induce protective immune responses. Here we show that immunizations of pigs with vesicular stomatitis virus- and classical swine fever virus-derived replicon (VRP) particles expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) of H1N1 A/swine/Belzig/2/01 induced potent antibody and T-cell responses against influenza A virus. In contrast to a conventional whole inactivated virus vaccine, the VRP vaccines induced both NP-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells responses, including interferon-γ and tumor-necrosis-factor dual-secreting cell. Although T-cells and antibody responses were cross-reactive with the heterologous H1N2 A/swine/Bakum/R757/2010 challenge virus, they did not provide protection against infection. Surprisingly, vaccinated pigs showed enhanced virus shedding, lung inflammation and increased levels of systemic and lung interferon-α as well as elevated lung interleukin-6. In conclusion, our study shows that NP, although efficacious in the mouse model, appears not to be a promising stand-alone vaccine antigen for pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brechbühl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Gong YF, Zhou QB, Liao YD, Mai C, Chen TJ, Tang YQ, Chen RF. Optimized construction of MUC1-VNTR n DNA vaccine and its anti-pancreatic cancer efficacy. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2198-2206. [PMID: 28454381 PMCID: PMC5403551 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering mucin 1-variable number tandem repeat (MUC1-VNTRn) as a novel target for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy, the present study aimed to screen and identify the pVAX1-MUC1-VNTRn DNA vaccine with the strongest immunogenicity. Following construction of a pVAX1-MUC1-VNTRn plasmid, immature dendritic cells (DCs) were subjected to transfection, and mature DCs were then co-cultured with autologous T-cells. The numbers of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) secreting interferon (IFN)-γ were determined using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and CytoTox® was also used to examine the MUC1-VNTRn-specific Lethal effect of CTLs on Capan2 cells. Additional in vivo experiments in mice were performed to confirm the antitumor effect of the DNA vaccine candidate. The present study successfully constructed the pVAX1-MUC1-VNTRn plasmid, which expresses the target protein in eukaryotic cells. Additionally, upon uptake of the pVAX1-MUC1-VNTRn plasmid, the immature DCs differentiated into mature DCs. The levels of the DC surface molecules cluster of differentiation (CD) 80, CD86, human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ were significantly higher, while the levels of IL-10 and IL-14 were lower, in mature DCs of the stimulated groups compared with the immature DCs of the non-stimulated groups (all P<0.01). In addition, the MUC1-VNTR6 and MUC1-VNTR9 groups, in which DCs were capable of activating autologous T-cells, showed increased IFN-γ-producing T-cells compared with the other groups (strong MUC1-VNTR1, weak VNTR1, VNTR3, VNTR4 and MUC1-cDNA groups; all P<0.001). In addition, the Lethal effect of CTLs on Capan2 cells in these two groups was stronger compared with the other groups (all P<0.001). Furthermore, the induced protective and therapeutic immune responses in mouse experiments showed that the pVAX1-MUC1-VNTR6DNA vaccine likely possessed the strongest immunogenicity, and its ability to inhibit panc02-MUC1 tumor growth was superior to other DNA vaccines (P<0.01). The present study provides compelling evidence that pVAX1-MUC1-VNTRn has the potential to express the target protein in eukaryotic cells, and thatpVAX1-MUC1-VNTR6 was characterized by the strongest Lethal effect in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Di Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Cong Mai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Tie-Jun Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qiang Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Fu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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23
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Ingle NB, Virkar RG, Arankalle VA. Inter-Clade Protection Offered by Mw-Adjuvanted Recombinant HA, NP Proteins, and M2e Peptide Combination Vaccine in Mice Correlates with Cellular Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 7:674. [PMID: 28119689 PMCID: PMC5220098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We documented earlier that Mw (heat-killed suspension of Mycobacterium indicus pranii) adjuvant when used with conserved antigens, nucleoprotein (NP), and ectodomain of matrix (M2) protein (M2e) provided complete protection against homologous (clade 2.2) virus challenge in mice. The present study extends these observations to inter-clade challenge (clade 2.3.2.1) H5N1 virus and attempts to understand preliminary immunologic basis for the observed protection. Female BALB/c mice immunized with a single or two doses of vaccine formulations (clade 2.2 antigens) were challenged with 100LD50 homologous or heterologous (clade 2.3.2.1) virus. To understand the preliminary immunologic mechanism, we studied proportions of selected immune cell types, immune response gene expression, and Th1/Th2 cytokines induced by antigen-stimulated splenocytes from immunized mice, at different time points. Complete protection was conferred by Mw-HA, Mw-HA + NP, and Mw-HA + NP + M2e against homologous challenge. The protection correlated with IgG2a antibody titers indicating important role of Th1 response. Despite high inter-cladal antigenic differences, complete protection against the heterologous strain was achieved with Mw-HA + NP + M2e. Of note, a single dose with higher antigen concentrations (50 µg HA + 50 μg NP + 50 μg M2e) led to 80% protection against clade 2.3.2.1 strain. The protection conferred by Mw-HNM correlated with induction of IFN-γ, CD8+ T cytotoxic cells, and CD4+ T helper cells. Mw-adjuvanted HA + NP + M2e combination represents a promising vaccine candidate deserving further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh B Ingle
- Hepatitis Division, National Institute of Virology , Pune , India
| | - Rashmi G Virkar
- Hepatitis Division, National Institute of Virology , Pune , India
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24
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Gasper DJ, Neldner B, Plisch EH, Rustom H, Carrow E, Imai H, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Effective Respiratory CD8 T-Cell Immunity to Influenza Virus Induced by Intranasal Carbomer-Lecithin-Adjuvanted Non-replicating Vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006064. [PMID: 27997610 PMCID: PMC5173246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for clearing many viral infections, and protective CTL memory can be induced by vaccination with attenuated viruses and vectors. Non-replicating vaccines are typically potentiated by the addition of adjuvants that enhance humoral responses, however few are capable of generating CTL responses. Adjuplex is a carbomer-lecithin-based adjuvant demonstrated to elicit robust humoral immunity to non-replicating antigens. We report that mice immunized with non-replicating Adjuplex-adjuvanted vaccines generated robust antigen-specific CTL responses. Vaccination by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route stimulated systemic and mucosal CTL memory respectively. However, only CTL memory induced by intranasal vaccination was protective against influenza viral challenge, and correlated with an enhancement of memory CTLs in the airways and CD103+ CD69+ CXCR3+ resident memory-like CTLs in the lungs. Mechanistically, Myd88-deficient mice mounted primary CTL responses to Adjuplex vaccines that were similar in magnitude to wild-type mice, but exhibited altered differentiation of effector cell subsets. Immune potentiating effects of Adjuplex entailed alterations in the frequency of antigen-presenting-cell subsets in vaccine draining lymph nodes, and in the lungs and airways following intranasal vaccination. Further, Adjuplex enhanced the ability of dendritic cells to promote antigen-induced proliferation of naïve CD8 T cells by modulating antigen uptake, its intracellular localization, and rate of processing. Taken together, we have identified an adjuvant that elicits both systemic and mucosal CTL memory to non-replicating antigens, and engenders protective CTL-based heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus in the respiratory tract. Further, findings presented in this manuscript have provided key insights into the mechanisms and factors that govern the induction and programming of systemic and protective memory CTLs in the respiratory tract. Current respiratory-virus vaccines typically employ non-replicating antigens and rely solely on the generation of humoral responses for protection. Viruses such as influenza can mutate and escape these responses, thereby limiting immunity and necessitating revaccination. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) could provide broader protection by targeting viral components that infrequently mutate, however non-replicating vaccines capable of inducing CMI are not available. Impediments to vaccine development include an incomplete understanding of the nature of protective respiratory CMI and a lack of vaccine adjuvants capable of eliciting CMI to non-replicating antigens. Using a mouse model, we characterized the protective immunity afforded by CMI responses to non-replicating vaccines formulated with the adjuvant Adjuplex. We found that vaccination via either the subcutaneous or intranasal route was capable of inducing potent CMI responses. However, only intranasal vaccination protected against challenge with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. This protection correlated with enhancement of T cells with a resident-memory phenotype in the lungs. Additionally, mechanistic studies showed that Adjuplex affects antigen-presenting cells via activation and alteration of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. The current studies: (1) identified an adjuvant that elicits protective CMI to respiratory viral pathogens; (2) suggested that stimulation of protective CMI in the respiratory tract requires intranasal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin H Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hani Rustom
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Carrow
- Advanced Bioadjuvants, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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25
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Duan S, Thomas PG. Balancing Immune Protection and Immune Pathology by CD8(+) T-Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:25. [PMID: 26904022 PMCID: PMC4742794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen causing annual epidemics and periodic pandemics. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity contributes to the clearance of virus-infected cells, and CTL immunity targeting the conserved internal proteins of IAVs is a key protection mechanism when neutralizing antibodies are absent during heterosubtypic IAV infection. However, CTL infiltration into the airways, its cytotoxicity, and the effects of produced proinflammatory cytokines can cause severe lung tissue injury, thereby contributing to immunopathology. Studies have discovered complicated and exquisite stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms that regulate CTL magnitude and effector activities during IAV infection. Here, we review the state of knowledge on the roles of IAV-specific CTLs in immune protection and immunopathology during IAV infection in animal models, highlighting the key findings of various requirements and constraints regulating the balance of immune protection and pathology involved in CTL immunity. We also discuss the evidence of cross-reactive CTL immunity as a positive correlate of cross-subtype protection during secondary IAV infection in both animal and human studies. We argue that the effects of CTL immunity on protection and immunopathology depend on multiple layers of host and viral factors, including complex host mechanisms to regulate CTL magnitude and effector activity, the pathogenic nature of the IAV, the innate response milieu, and the host historical immune context of influenza infection. Future efforts are needed to further understand these key host and viral factors, especially to differentiate those that constrain optimally effective CTL antiviral immunity from those necessary to restrain CTL-mediated non-specific immunopathology in the various contexts of IAV infection, in order to develop better vaccination and therapeutic strategies for modifying protective CTL immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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26
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Savic M, Dembinski JL, Kim Y, Tunheim G, Cox RJ, Oftung F, Peters B, Mjaaland S. Epitope specific T-cell responses against influenza A in a healthy population. Immunology 2015; 147:165-77. [PMID: 26489873 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity may be a useful correlate of protection against severe influenza disease. Identification and evaluation of common epitopes recognized by T cells with broad cross-reactivity is therefore important to guide universal influenza vaccine development, and to monitor immunological preparedness against pandemics. We have retrieved an optimal combination of MHC class I and class II restricted epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database (www.iedb.org), by defining a fitness score function depending on prevalence, sequence conservancy and HLA super-type coverage. Optimized libraries of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes were selected from influenza antigens commonly present in seasonal and pandemic influenza strains from 1934 to 2009. These epitope pools were used to characterize human T-cell responses in healthy donors using interferon-γ ELISPOT assays. Upon stimulation, significant CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were induced, primarily recognizing epitopes from the conserved viral core proteins. Furthermore, the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were phenotypically characterized regarding functionality, cytotoxic potential and memory phenotype using flow cytometry. Optimized sets of T-cell peptide epitopes may be a useful tool to monitor the efficacy of clinical trials, the immune status of a population to predict immunological preparedness against pandemics, as well as being candidates for universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloje Savic
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer L Dembinski
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yohan Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gro Tunheim
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Type III interferon gene expression in response to influenza virus infection in chicken and duck embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:657-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Broadly protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses by oral co-administration of Lactococcus lactis expressing nucleoprotein adjuvanted with cholera toxin B subunit in mice. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:111. [PMID: 26242406 PMCID: PMC4524015 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines need to be annually reformulated to well match the predicated circulating strains. Thus, it is critical for developing a novel universal influenza vaccine that would be able to confer cross-protection against constantly emerging divergent influenza virus strains. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein which encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, and anti-NP antibodies play role in cross-protective immunity. Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) is an ideal vaccine delivery vehicle via oral administration route. However, L. lactis vectored vaccine exhibits poor immunogenicity without the use of mucosal adjuvant. To enhance the immunogenicity of L. lactis vectored vaccine, cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit, one of mucosal adjuvants, is a safe adjuvant for oral route, when combined with L. lactis vectored vaccine. In this study, we hypothesized that pNZ8008, a L. lactis expression plasmid, encoding NP antigen, would be able to elicit cross-protection with the use of CTB via oral administration route. RESULTS To construct L. lactis vectored vaccine, nucleoprotein (NP) gene of A/California/04/2009(H1N1) was sub-cloned into a L. lactis expression plasmid, pNZ8008. The expression of recombinant L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP was confirmed by Western blot, immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometric analysis. Further, immunogenicity of L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP alone or adjuvanted with cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit was evaluated in a mouse model via oral administration route. Antibodies responses were detected by ELISA. The result indicated that oral administration of L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP adjuvanted with CTB could elicit significant humoral and mucosal immune responses, as well as cellular immune response, compared with L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP alone. To further assess the cross-protective immunity of L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP adjuvanted with CTB, we used L. lactis/pNZ8110-pgsA-HA1 alone or adjuvanted with CTB as controls. Mice that received L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP adjuvanted with CTB were completely protected from homologous H1N1 virus and showed 80% protection against heterologous H3N2 or H5N1 virus, respectively. By contrast, L. lactis/pNZ8110-pgsA-HA1 adjuvanted with CTB also conferred 100% protection against H5N1 virus infection, but indicated no cross-protection against H1N1 or H5N1 virus challenge. As controls, mice vaccinated orally with L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP alone or L. lactis/pNZ8110-pgsA-HA1 alone could not survive. CONCLUSION This study is the first to report the construction of recombinant L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP and investigate its immunogenicity with the use of CTB. Compared with L. lactis/pNZ8110-pgsA-HA1 adjuvanted with CTB, our data support 5 × 10(11) CFU of L. lactis/pNZ8008-NP adjuvanted with 1 µg of CTB is a better combination for universal influenza vaccines development that would provide cross-protective immunity against divergent influenza A viruses.
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29
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Rosendahl Huber SK, Camps MGM, Jacobi RHJ, Mouthaan J, van Dijken H, van Beek J, Ossendorp F, de Jonge J. Synthetic Long Peptide Influenza Vaccine Containing Conserved T and B Cell Epitopes Reduces Viral Load in Lungs of Mice and Ferrets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127969. [PMID: 26046664 PMCID: PMC4457525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed influenza vaccines mainly induce antibodies against highly variable epitopes. Due to antigenic drift, protection is subtype or strain-specific and regular vaccine updates are required. In case of antigenic shifts, which have caused several pandemics in the past, completely new vaccines need to be developed. We set out to develop a vaccine that provides protection against a broad range of influenza viruses. Therefore, highly conserved parts of the influenza A virus (IAV) were selected of which we constructed antibody and T cell inducing peptide-based vaccines. The B epitope vaccine consists of the highly conserved HA2 fusion peptide and M2e peptide coupled to a CD4 helper epitope. The T epitope vaccine comprises 25 overlapping synthetic long peptides of 26-34 amino acids, thereby avoiding restriction for a certain MHC haplotype. These peptides are derived from nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) and matrix protein 1 (M1). C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice, and ferrets were vaccinated with the B epitopes, 25 SLP or a combination of both. Vaccine-specific antibodies were detected in sera of mice and ferrets and vaccine-specific cellular responses were measured in mice. Following challenge, both mice and ferrets showed a reduction of virus titers in the lungs in response to vaccination. Summarizing, a peptide-based vaccine directed against conserved parts of influenza virus containing B and T cell epitopes shows promising results for further development. Such a vaccine may reduce disease burden and virus transmission during pandemic outbreaks.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Databases, Factual
- Dogs
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Ferrets
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemical synthesis
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Rosendahl Huber
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M. G. M. Camps
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R. H. J. Jacobi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - J. Mouthaan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H. van Dijken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - J. van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - F. Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J. de Jonge
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Wang J, Tang C, Wang Q, Li R, Chen Z, Han X, Wang J, Xu X. Apoptosis induction and release of inflammatory cytokines in the oviduct of egg-laying hens experimentally infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:302-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Krammer F. Emerging influenza viruses and the prospect of a universal influenza virus vaccine. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:690-701. [PMID: 25728134 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and pandemics at irregular intervals. Several cases of human infections with avian and swine influenza viruses have been detected recently, warranting enhanced surveillance and the development of more effective countermeasures to address the pandemic potential of these viruses. The most effective countermeasure against influenza virus infection is the use of prophylactic vaccines. However, vaccines that are currently in use for seasonal influenza viruses have to be re-formulated and re-administered in a cumbersome process every year due to the antigenic drift of the virus. Furthermore, current seasonal vaccines are ineffective against novel pandemic strains. This paper reviews zoonotic influenza viruses with pandemic potential and technological advances towards better vaccines that induce broad and long lasting protection from influenza virus infection. Recent efforts have focused on the development of broadly protective/universal influenza virus vaccines that can provide immunity against drifted seasonal influenza virus strains but also against potential pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Rahn J, Hoffmann D, Harder TC, Beer M. Vaccines against influenza A viruses in poultry and swine: Status and future developments. Vaccine 2015; 33:2414-24. [PMID: 25835575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are important pathogens with a very broad host spectrum including domestic poultry and swine. For preventing clinical disease and controlling the spread, vaccination is one of the most efficient tools. Classical influenza vaccines for domestic poultry and swine are conventional inactivated preparations. However, a very broad range of novel vaccine types ranging from (i) nucleic acid-based vaccines, (ii) replicon particles, (iii) subunits and virus-like particles, (iv) vectored vaccines, or (v) live-attenuated vaccines has been described, and some of them are now also used in the field. The different novel approaches for vaccines against avian and swine influenza virus infections are reviewed, and additional features like universal vaccines, novel application approaches and the "differentiating infected from vaccinated animals" (DIVA)-strategy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rahn
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - D Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Developing Universal Influenza Vaccines: Hitting the Nail, Not Just on the Head. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:239-62. [PMID: 26343187 PMCID: PMC4494343 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have a huge impact on public health. Current influenza vaccines need to be updated annually and protect poorly against antigenic drift variants or novel emerging subtypes. Vaccination against influenza can be improved in two important ways, either by inducing more broadly protective immune responses or by decreasing the time of vaccine production, which is relevant especially during a pandemic outbreak. In this review, we outline the current efforts to develop so-called “universal influenza vaccines”, describing antigens that may induce broadly protective immunity and novel vaccine production platforms that facilitate timely availability of vaccines.
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Duan S, Meliopoulos VA, McClaren JL, Guo XZJ, Sanders CJ, Smallwood HS, Webby RJ, Schultz-Cherry SL, Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Diverse heterologous primary infections radically alter immunodominance hierarchies and clinical outcomes following H7N9 influenza challenge in mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004642. [PMID: 25668410 PMCID: PMC4335497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) causing severe human infections in China raises concerns about a possible pandemic. The lack of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the broader population highlights the potential protective role of IAV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory specific for epitopes conserved between H7N9 and previously encountered IAVs. In the present study, the heterosubtypic immunity generated by prior H9N2 or H1N1 infections significantly, but variably, reduced morbidity and mortality, pulmonary virus load and time to clearance in mice challenged with the H7N9 virus. In all cases, the recall of established CTL memory was characterized by earlier, greater airway infiltration of effectors targeting the conserved or cross-reactive H7N9 IAV peptides; though, depending on the priming IAV, each case was accompanied by distinct CTL epitope immunodominance hierarchies for the prominent KbPB1703, DbPA224, and DbNP366 epitopes. While the presence of conserved, variable, or cross-reactive epitopes between the priming H9N2 and H1N1 and the challenge H7N9 IAVs clearly influenced any change in the immunodominance hierarchy, the changing patterns were not tied solely to epitope conservation. Furthermore, the total size of the IAV-specific memory CTL pool after priming was a better predictor of favorable outcomes than the extent of epitope conservation or secondary CTL expansion. Modifying the size of the memory CTL pool significantly altered its subsequent protective efficacy on disease severity or virus clearance, confirming the important role of heterologous priming. These findings establish that both the protective efficacy of heterosubtypic immunity and CTL immunodominance hierarchies are reflective of the immunological history of the host, a finding that has implications for understanding human CTL responses and the rational design of CTL-mediated vaccines. The emergence of human infections with a novel strain of avian-origin H7N9 virus in China raises a pandemic concern. The introduction of a new subtype in humans makes people at all ages susceptible due to the lack of population-wide neutralizing antibodies. However, cross-subtype protection from existing host immunity might provide important protection that can limit severe disease. Our study found that previous infection with non-H7N9 subtype viruses such as H9N2 viruses or H1N1 viruses could provide protection against lethal H7N9 challenge to varying degrees in mice. The virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells generated by the previous infection but targeting conserved or related portions of the internal proteins (epitopes) of the H7N9 viruses were selectively expanded and recruited at very early time points after H7N9 challenge, contributing to protective efficacy. The magnitude of the priming virus-generated memory CD8+ T cells was the best predictor of the protective efficacy of the heterosubtypic immunity against subsequent H7N9 challenge in these animals, when compared to the magnitude of the challenge response or the degree of epitope conservation between the priming and challenge strains. These results demonstrate the complexity of cross-reactive CD8+ T cell dynamics and suggest that significant protective immunity can be present even when few epitopes are conserved during heterosubtypic influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xi-Zhi J. Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Sanders
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roos A, Roozendaal R, Theeuwsen J, Riahi S, Vaneman J, Tolboom J, Dekking L, Koudstaal W, Goudsmit J, Radošević K. Protection against H5N1 by multiple immunizations with seasonal influenza vaccine in mice is correlated with H5 cross-reactive antibodies. Vaccine 2015; 33:1739-47. [PMID: 25659276 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current seasonal influenza vaccines are believed to confer protection against a narrow range of virus strains. However, their protective ability is commonly estimated based on an in vitro correlate of protection that only considers a subset of anti-influenza antibodies that are typically strain specific, i.e., hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. Here, we evaluate the breadth of protection induced with a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (composition H1N1 A/California/07/09, H3N2 A/Victoria/210/08, B/Brisbane/60/08) against influenza challenge in mice. METHODS Balb/c mice were immunized once, twice, or three times with seasonal influenza vaccine to assess protection against heterosubtypic H5N1 influenza challenge, or homologous H1N1 influenza virus as a control. Passive transfer of immune serum was used to determine the contribution of humoral immunity to protection. RESULTS Multiple immunizations with seasonal influenza vaccine induced up to 80% protection against heterosubtypic H5N1 influenza challenge in mice without eliciting detectable H5N1 neutralizing antibodies. Comparable levels of protection were reached by passive transfer of immune serum, and protection was correlated with the titer of vaccine-induced, H5 cross-reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies that are at least in part directed against conserved HA epitopes. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that seasonal vaccine has the ability to induce broad serum-mediated protection, and that the mechanism of this protection is different from the vaccine-induced homologous protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roos
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Roozendaal
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jessica Theeuwsen
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarra Riahi
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Vaneman
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Dekking
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Therapeutic area, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Koudstaal
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence within Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence within Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Radošević
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, Janssen Center of Excellence for Immunoprophylaxis, Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands; Sanofi, Global Biotherapeutics, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Altenburg AF, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Virus-specific T cells as correlate of (cross-)protective immunity against influenza. Vaccine 2015; 33:500-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:797-831. [PMID: 26344892 PMCID: PMC4494246 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2040797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention. Alongside quarantine procedures, vaccination is widely used to prevent or limit spread of the disease. The panel of EI vaccines commercially available is probably one of the most varied, including whole inactivated virus vaccines, Immuno-Stimulating Complex adjuvanted vaccines (ISCOM and ISCOM-Matrix), a live attenuated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a recombinant poxvirus-vectored vaccine. Several other strategies of vaccination are also evaluated. This systematic review reports the advances of EI vaccines during the last few years as well as some of the mechanisms behind the inefficient or sub-optimal response of horses to vaccination.
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38
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Landry N, Pillet S, Favre D, Poulin JF, Trépanier S, Yassine-Diab B, Ward BJ. Influenza virus-like particle vaccines made in Nicotiana benthamiana elicit durable, poly-functional and cross-reactive T cell responses to influenza HA antigens. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:164-77. [PMID: 25128897 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in long-lived, cross-reactive protection against influenza virus. We measured long-term poly-functional and cross-reactive T cell responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) elicited by a new plant-made Virus-Like Particle (VLP) vaccine targeting either H1N1 A/California/7/09 (H1) or H5N1 A/Indonesia/5/05 (H5). In two independent clinical trials, we characterized the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell homotypic and heterotypic responses 6 months after different vaccination regimens. Responses of VLP-vaccinated subjects were compared with placebo and/or a commercial trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV:Fluzone™) recipients. Both H1 and H5 VLP vaccines elicited significantly greater poly-functional CD4(+) T cell responses than placebo and TIV. Poly-functional CD8(+) T cell responses were also observed after H1 VLP vaccination. Our results show that plant-made HA VLP vaccines elicit both strong antibody responses and poly-functional, cross-reactive memory T cells that persist for at least 6 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Landry
- Medicago inc., 1020 Route de l'Église, Bureau 600, Québec, Qc G1V 3V9, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago inc., 1020 Route de l'Église, Bureau 600, Québec, Qc G1V 3V9, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - David Favre
- ImmuneCarta, 201 President-Kennedy, Suite PK-3900, Montreal, Qc H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Poulin
- ImmuneCarta, 201 President-Kennedy, Suite PK-3900, Montreal, Qc H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago inc., 1020 Route de l'Église, Bureau 600, Québec, Qc G1V 3V9, Canada.
| | - Bader Yassine-Diab
- ImmuneCarta, 201 President-Kennedy, Suite PK-3900, Montreal, Qc H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada.
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Sanchez MV, Ebensen T, Schulze K, Cargnelutti D, Blazejewska P, Scodeller EA, Guzmán CA. Intranasal delivery of influenza rNP adjuvanted with c-di-AMP induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses and provides protection against virus challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104824. [PMID: 25140692 PMCID: PMC4139298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for new influenza vaccines able to protect against constantly emerging divergent virus strains. This will be sustained by the induction of vigorous cellular responses and humoral immunity capable of acting at the portal of entry of this pathogen. In this study we evaluate the protective efficacy of intranasal vaccination with recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (rNP) co-administrated with bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) as adjuvant. Immunization of BALB/c mice with two doses of the formulation stimulates high titers of NP-specific IgG in serum and secretory IgA at mucosal sites. This formulation also promotes a strong Th1 response characterized by high secretion of INF-γ and IL-2. The immune response elicited promotes efficient protection against virus challenge. These results suggest that c-di-AMP is a potent mucosal adjuvant which may significantly contribute towards the development of innovative mucosal vaccines against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Sanchez
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU-CCT, CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diego Cargnelutti
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU-CCT, CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paulina Blazejewska
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eduardo A. Scodeller
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU-CCT, CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Altenburg AF, Kreijtz JHCM, de Vries RD, Song F, Fux R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G, Volz A. Modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA) as production platform for vaccines against influenza and other viral respiratory diseases. Viruses 2014; 6:2735-61. [PMID: 25036462 PMCID: PMC4113791 DOI: 10.3390/v6072735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infections caused by influenza viruses, human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses are an eminent threat for public health. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines available for hPIV, RSV and coronaviruses, and the available seasonal influenza vaccines have considerable limitations. With regard to pandemic preparedness, it is important that procedures are in place to respond rapidly and produce tailor made vaccines against these respiratory viruses on short notice. Moreover, especially for influenza there is great need for the development of a universal vaccine that induces broad protective immunity against influenza viruses of various subtypes. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient viral vector that holds great promise as a vaccine platform. MVA can encode one or more foreign antigens and thus functions as a multivalent vaccine. The vector can be used at biosafety level 1, has intrinsic adjuvant capacities and induces humoral and cellular immune responses. However, there are some practical and regulatory issues that need to be addressed in order to develop MVA-based vaccines on short notice at the verge of a pandemic. In this review, we discuss promising novel influenza virus vaccine targets and the use of MVA for vaccine development against various respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fei Song
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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41
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Protective immunity based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain and its prospects for universal influenza vaccine development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:546274. [PMID: 24982895 PMCID: PMC4055638 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is an excellent and chief target that elicits neutralizing antibodies during vaccination or natural infection. Its HA2 subunit (stem domain) is most conserved as compared to HA1 subunit (globular head domain). Current influenza vaccine relies on globular head domain that provides protection only against the homologous vaccine strains, rarely provides cross-protection against divergent strains, and needs to be updated annually. There is an urge for a truly universal vaccine that provides broad cross-protection against different subtype influenza A viruses along with influenza B viruses and need not be updated annually. Antibodies against the stem domain of hemagglutinin (HA) are able to neutralize a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains and subtypes. These stem-specific antibodies have great potential for the development of universal vaccine against influenza viruses. In this review, we have discussed the stem-specific cross-reactive antibodies and heterosubtypic protection provided by them. We have also discussed their epitope-based DNA vaccine and their future prospects in this scenario.
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Solid bioneedle-delivered influenza vaccines are highly thermostable and induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92806. [PMID: 24671048 PMCID: PMC3966824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of bioneedles to deliver influenza vaccines was investigated. Four influenza vaccine formulations were screened to determine the optimal formulation for use with bioneedles. The stability of the formulations after freeze-drying was checked to predict the stability of the influenza vaccines in the bioneedles. Subunit, split, virosomal and whole inactivated influenza (WIV) vaccine were formulated and lyophilized in bioneedles, and subsequently administered to C57BL/6 mice. Humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed after vaccination. The thermostability of lyophilized vaccines was determined after one-month storage at elevated temperatures. Bioneedle influenza vaccines induced HI titers that are comparable to those induced by intramuscular WIV vaccination. Delivery by bioneedles did not alter the type of immune response induced by the influenza vaccines. Stability studies showed that lyophilized influenza vaccines have superior thermostability compared to conventional liquid vaccines, and remained stable after one-month storage at 60°C. Influenza vaccines delivered by bioneedles are a viable alternative to conventional liquid influenza vaccines. WIV was determined to be the most potent vaccine formulation for administration by bioneedles. Lyophilized influenza vaccines in bioneedles are independent of a cold-chain, due to their increased thermostability, which makes distribution and stockpiling easier.
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43
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Li J, Arévalo MT, Chen Y, Posadas O, Smith JA, Zeng M. Intranasal immunization with influenza antigens conjugated with cholera toxin subunit B stimulates broad spectrum immunity against influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1211-20. [PMID: 24632749 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent mutation of influenza viruses keep vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations vulnerable to new infections, causing serious burdens to public health and the economy. Vaccination with universal influenza vaccines would be the best way to effectively protect people from infection caused by mismatched or unforeseen influenza viruses. Presently, there is no FDA approved universal influenza vaccine. In this study, we expressed and purified a fusion protein comprising of influenza matrix 2 protein ectodomain peptides, a centralized influenza hemagglutinin stem region, and cholera toxin subunit B. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with this novel artificial antigen resulted in potent humoral immune responses, including induction of specific IgA and IgG, and broad protection against infection by multiple influenza viruses. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that when used as a mucosal antigen, cholera toxin subunit B improved antigen-stimulated T cell and memory B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Olivia Posadas
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Jacob A Smith
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
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van Els C, Mjaaland S, Næss L, Sarkadi J, Gonczol E, Smith Korsholm K, Hansen J, de Jonge J, Kersten G, Warner J, Semper A, Kruiswijk C, Oftung F. Fast vaccine design and development based on correlates of protection (COPs). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1935-48. [PMID: 25424803 PMCID: PMC4186026 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New and reemerging infectious diseases call for innovative and efficient control strategies of which fast vaccine design and development represent an important element. In emergency situations, when time is limited, identification and use of correlates of protection (COPs) may play a key role as a strategic tool for accelerated vaccine design, testing, and licensure. We propose that general rules for COP-based vaccine design can be extracted from the existing knowledge of protective immune responses against a large spectrum of relevant viral and bacterial pathogens. Herein, we focus on the applicability of this approach by reviewing the established and up-coming COPs for influenza in the context of traditional and a wide array of new vaccine concepts. The lessons learnt from this field may be applied more generally to COP-based accelerated vaccine design for emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile van Els
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lisbeth Næss
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Sarkadi
- National Center for Epidemiology (NCE); Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Gonczol
- National Center for Epidemiology (NCE); Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jon Hansen
- Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; University of Leiden; The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Corine Kruiswijk
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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45
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Kapoor S, Dhama K. Prevention and Control of Influenza Viruses. INSIGHT INTO INFLUENZA VIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2003–2004 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have proven to be disastrous to the regional poultry industry in Asia, and have raised serious worldwide public health apprehension regarding the steps that should be taken to urgently control HPAI. Control measures must be taken based on the principles of biosecurity and disease management and at the same time making public aware of the precautionary measures at the verge of outbreak. Creation of protection and surveillance zones, various vaccination strategies viz. routine, preventive, emergency, mass and targeted vaccination programmes using live, inactivated and recombinant vaccines are the common strategies adopted in different parts of the globe. The new generation vaccines include recombinant vaccines and recombinant fusion vaccine. The pro-poor disease control programmes, giving compensation and subsidies to the farmers along with effective and efficient Veterinary Services forms integral part of control of HPAI. Following biosecurity principles and vaccination forms integral part of control programme against swine and equine influenza as well. Use of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (Zanamivir and Oseltamivir) for the treatment of human influenza has been widely accepted worldwide. The threat of increasing resistance of the flu viruses to these antivirals has evoked interest in the development of novel antiviral drugs for influenza virus such as inhibitors of cellular factors and host signalling cascades, cellular miRNAs, siRNA and innate immune peptides (defensins and cathelicidins). Commercial licensed inactivated vaccines for humans against influenza A and B viruses are available consisting of three influenza viruses: influenza type A subtype H3N2, influenza type A subtype H1N1 (seasonal) virus strain and influenza type B virus strain. As per WHO, use of tetravaccine consisting of antigens of influenza virus serotypes H3N2, H1N1, B and H5 is the most promising method to control influenza pandemic. All healthy children in many countries are required to be vaccinated between 6 and 59 months of age. The seasonal vaccines currently used in humans induce strain-specific humoral immunity as the antibodies. Universal influenza virus vaccines containing the relatively conserved ectodomain of M2 (M2e), M1, HA fusion peptide and stalk domains, NA, NP alone or in combination have been developed which have been shown to induce cross-protection. The T cell-based vaccines are another recent experimental approach that has been shown to elicit broad-spectrum heterosubtypic immunity in the host. As far as HPAI is concerned, various pandemic preparedness strategies have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
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46
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Rohde J, Amann R, Rziha HJ. New Orf virus (Parapoxvirus) recombinant expressing H5 hemagglutinin protects mice against H5N1 and H1N1 influenza A virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83802. [PMID: 24376753 PMCID: PMC3869816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated the versatile utility of the Parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) as a vector platform for the development of potent recombinant vaccines. In this study we present the generation of new ORFV recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1. Correct foreign gene expression was examined in vitro by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The protective potential of both recombinants was evaluated in the mouse challenge model. Despite adequate expression of NP, the recombinant D1701-V-NPh5 completely failed to protect mice from lethal challenge. However, the H5 HA-expressing recombinant D1701-V-HAh5n mediated solid protection in a dose-dependent manner. Two intramuscular (i.m.) injections of the HA-expressing recombinant protected all animals from lethal HPAIV infection without loss of body weight. Notably, the immunized mice resisted cross-clade H5N1 and heterologous H1N1 (strain PR8) influenza virus challenge. In vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T-cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection implicated the relevance of CD4-positive T-cells for induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-HAh5n, whereas the absence of CD8-positive T-cells did not significantly influence protection. In summary, this study validates the potential of the ORFV vectored vaccines also to combat HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Rohde
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Lua LHL, Connors NK, Sainsbury F, Chuan YP, Wibowo N, Middelberg APJ. Bioengineering virus-like particles as vaccines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:425-40. [PMID: 24347238 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technology seeks to harness the optimally tuned immunostimulatory properties of natural viruses while omitting the infectious trait. VLPs that assemble from a single protein have been shown to be safe and highly efficacious in humans, and highly profitable. VLPs emerging from basic research possess varying levels of complexity and comprise single or multiple proteins, with or without a lipid membrane. Complex VLP assembly is traditionally orchestrated within cells using black-box approaches, which are appropriate when knowledge and control over assembly are limited. Recovery challenges including those of adherent and intracellular contaminants must then be addressed. Recent commercial VLPs variously incorporate steps that include VLP in vitro assembly to address these problems robustly, but at the expense of process complexity. Increasing research activity and translation opportunity necessitate bioengineering advances and new bioprocessing modalities for efficient and cost-effective production of VLPs. Emerging approaches are necessarily multi-scale and multi-disciplinary, encompassing diverse fields from computational design of molecules to new macro-scale purification materials. In this review, we highlight historical and emerging VLP vaccine approaches. We overview approaches that seek to specifically engineer a desirable immune response through modular VLP design, and those that seek to improve bioprocess efficiency through inhibition of intracellular assembly to allow optimal use of existing purification technologies prior to cell-free VLP assembly. Greater understanding of VLP assembly and increased interdisciplinary activity will see enormous progress in VLP technology over the coming decade, driven by clear translational opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H L Lua
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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48
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Klausberger M, Wilde M, Palmberger D, Hai R, Albrecht RA, Margine I, Hirsh A, García-Sastre A, Grabherr R, Krammer F. One-shot vaccination with an insect cell-derived low-dose influenza A H7 virus-like particle preparation protects mice against H7N9 challenge. Vaccine 2013; 32:355-62. [PMID: 24262313 PMCID: PMC3906608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human infections with a novel influenza A H7N9 subtype virus were reported in China recently. The virus caused severe disease with high mortality rates and it raised concerns over its pandemic potential. Here, we assessed in the mouse model protective efficacy of single immunisations with low vaccine doses of insect cell-derived H7 virus-like particles, consisting of hemagglutinin and matrix protein. Vaccinated mice were fully protected and survived a stringent lethal challenge (100 mLD50) with H7N9, even after a single, unadjuvanted, low vaccine dose (0.03 μg). Serum analysis revealed broad reactivity and hemagglutination inhibition activity across a panel of divergent H7 strains. Moreover, we detected significant levels of cross-reactivity to related group 2 hemagglutinins. These data demonstrate that virus-like particle vaccines have the potential to induce broadly protective immunity against the novel H7N9 virus and a variety of other H7 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Klausberger
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Wilde
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Palmberger
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rong Hai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Margine
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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49
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Chauvat A, Benhamouda N, Gey A, Lemoine FM, Paulie S, Carrat F, Gougeon ML, Rozenberg F, Krivine A, Cherai M, Lehmann P, Quintin-Colonna F, Launay O, Tartour E. Clinical validation of IFNγ/IL-10 and IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assays for the detection of Tr1 T cells and influenza vaccine monitoring in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:104-13. [PMID: 24084262 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of T cell polarization and simultaneous production of multiple cytokines have been correlated with vaccine efficacy. ELISpot is a T cell detection technique optimized for the measurement of a secreted cytokine at the single cell level. The FluoroSpot assay differs from ELISpot by the use of multiple fluorescent-labeled anticytokine detection antibodies, allowing optimal measurement of multiple cytokines. In the present study, we show that an IFNγ/IL-10 FluoroSpot assay is more sensitive than flow cytometry to detect Tr1 regulatory T cells, an immunosuppressive T cell population characterized by the production of IL-10 and IFNγ. As many tolerogenic vaccines are designed to induce these Tr1 cells, this FluoroSpot test could represent a standard method for the detection of these cells in the future. The use of an IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assay during influenza vaccine monitoring showed that the influenza-specific IL-2-producing T-cell response was the dominant response both before and after vaccine administration. This study therefore questions the rationale of using the single-color IFNγ ELISpot as the standard technique to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell response. Using this same test, a trend was also observed between baseline levels of IFNγ T cell response and T cell vaccine response. In addition, a lower IFNγ+IL-2+ T-cell response after vaccine was observed in the group of patients treated with TNFα inhibitors (P=0.08). This study therefore supports the use of the FluoroSpot assay due to its robustness, versatility and the complementary information that it provides compared with ELISpot or flow cytometry to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chauvat
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; CTL-Europe GmbH; Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Benhamouda
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Alain Gey
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Francois M Lemoine
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrice Carrat
- Epidemiology, Information System, Modeling; UMR-S 707; University Paris 6-UPMC; Paris, France; Inserm U707; Paris, France; Public Health Unit; Saint-Antoine Hospital; Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity; Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Anne Krivine
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Cherai
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | - Paul Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited; Shaker Heights, OH USA
| | | | - Odile Launay
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin; AP-HP CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France
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50
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Glanville N, Mclean GR, Guy B, Lecouturier V, Berry C, Girerd Y, Gregoire C, Walton RP, Pearson RM, Kebadze T, Burdin N, Bartlett NW, Almond JW, Johnston SL. Cross-serotype immunity induced by immunization with a conserved rhinovirus capsid protein. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003669. [PMID: 24086140 PMCID: PMC3784482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) infections are the principle cause of common colds and precipitate asthma and COPD exacerbations. There is currently no RV vaccine, largely due to the existence of ∼150 strains. We aimed to define highly conserved areas of the RV proteome and test their usefulness as candidate antigens for a broadly cross-reactive vaccine, using a mouse infection model. Regions of the VP0 (VP4+VP2) capsid protein were identified as having high homology across RVs. Immunization with a recombinant VP0 combined with a Th1 promoting adjuvant induced systemic, antigen specific, cross-serotype, cellular and humoral immune responses. Similar cross-reactive responses were observed in the lungs of immunized mice after infection with heterologous RV strains. Immunization enhanced the generation of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies and lung memory T cells, and caused more rapid virus clearance. Conserved domains of the RV capsid therefore induce cross-reactive immune responses and represent candidates for a subunit RV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Glanville
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary R. Mclean
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Guy
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Valerie Lecouturier
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Catherine Berry
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Yves Girerd
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Christophe Gregoire
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Ross P. Walton
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Burdin
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Nathan W. Bartlett
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W. Almond
- Discovery Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Campus Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Centre for Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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