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Campos RK, Liang Y, Azar SR, Ly J, Camargos VN, Hager-Soto EE, Eyzaguirre E, Sun J, Rossi SL. CD8 + T cell response promotes viral clearance and reduces chances of severe testicular damage in mouse models of long-term Zika virus infection of the testes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.575592. [PMID: 38328060 PMCID: PMC10849515 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.575592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes human testicular inflammation and alterations in sperm parameters and causes testicular damage in mouse models. The involvement of individual immune cells in testicular damage is not fully understood. We detected virus in the testes of the interferon (IFN) α/β receptor -/- A129 mice three weeks post-infection and found elevated chemokines in the testes, suggesting chronic inflammation and long-term infection play a role in testicular damage. In the testes, myeloid cells and CD4 + T cells were absent at 7 dpi but were present at 23 days post-infection (dpi), and CD8 + T cell infiltration started at 7 dpi. CD8 -/- mice with an antibody-depleted IFN response had a significant reduction in spermatogenesis, indicating that CD8 + T cells are essential to prevent testicular damage during long-term ZIKV infections. Our findings on the dynamics of testicular immune cells and importance of CD8 + T cells functions as a framework to understand mechanisms underlying observed inflammation and sperm alterations in humans.
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is unusual among flaviviruses in its ability to spread between humans through sexual contact, as well as by mosquitoes. Sexual transmission has the potential to change the epidemiology and geographic range of ZIKV compared to mosquito-borne transmission and potentially could produce distinct clinical manifestations, so it is important to understand the host mechanisms that control susceptibility to sexually transmitted ZIKV. ZIKV replicates poorly in wild-type mice following subcutaneous inoculation, so most ZIKV pathogenesis studies use mice lacking type I interferon (IFN-αβ) signaling (e.g., Ifnar1-/-). We found that wild-type mice support ZIKV replication following intravaginal infection, consistent with prior studies, although the infection remained localized to the lower female reproductive tract. Vaginal ZIKV infection required a high-progesterone state (pregnancy or pretreatment with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate [DMPA]) even in Ifnar1-/- mice that otherwise are highly susceptible to ZIKV infection. Progesterone-mediated susceptibility did not appear to result from a compromised epithelial barrier, blunted antiviral gene induction, or changes in vaginal leukocyte populations, leaving open the mechanism by which progesterone confers susceptibility to vaginal ZIKV infection. DMPA treatment is a key component of mouse vaginal infection models for herpes simplex virus and Chlamydia, but the mechanisms by which DMPA increases susceptibility to those pathogens also remain poorly defined. Understanding how progesterone mediates susceptibility to ZIKV vaginal infection may provide insights into host mechanisms influencing susceptibility to diverse sexually transmitted pathogens. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted by mosquitoes, similar to other flaviviruses. However, ZIKV is unusual among flaviviruses in its ability also to spread through sexual transmission. We found that ZIKV was able to replicate in the vaginas of wild-type mice, even though these mice do not support ZIKV replication by other routes, suggesting that the vagina is particularly susceptible to ZIKV infection. Vaginal susceptibility was dependent on a high-progesterone state, which is a common feature of mouse vaginal infection models for other pathogens, through mechanisms that have remained poorly defined. Understanding how progesterone mediates susceptibility to ZIKV vaginal infection may provide insights into host mechanisms that influence susceptibility to diverse sexually transmitted pathogens.
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Evidence of Spreading Zika Virus Infection Caused by Males of Different Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092047. [PMID: 36146853 PMCID: PMC9506123 DOI: 10.3390/v14092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA flavivirus and is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. This arbovirus has had a significant impact on health in recent years by causing malformations, such as microcephaly in babies and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults. Some evidence indicates that ZIKV can be sexually transmitted and may persist in the male reproductive tract for an extended period in humans. Knockout and vasectomized mice have been used as models to reveal ZIKV infection in the male reproductive tract as a virus source. ZIKV presence in male and female mosquito reproductive tracts and eggs point to venereal and vertical/transovarian transmission, again demonstrating that the reproductive tract can be involved in the spread of ZIKV. Moreover, eggs protected by eggshells have the potential to be a ZIKV reservoir. Given the +-lack of vaccines and therapies for Zika fever and the underestimated prevalence rate, an understanding of ZIKV infection and its spread from the reproductive tract, which is protected from the immune system and potentially active for virus transmission, is imperative. We must also develop cheaper, more efficient techniques for virological surveillance inside vectors and humans, control vectors with ecofriendly insecticides, and promote condom use to avoid ZIKV contamination during sexual intercourse, as recommended by the World Health Organization.
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Mungin JW, Chen X, Liu B. Interferon Epsilon Signaling Confers Attenuated Zika Replication in Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:853. [PMID: 36014974 PMCID: PMC9415962 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital birth defects and neurological compilations in the human host. Although ZIKV is primarily transmitted through infected mosquitos, recent studies reveal sexual contact as a potential transmission route. In vagina-bearing individuals, the vaginal epithelium constitutes the first line of defense against viruses. However, it is unclear how ZIKV interacts with the vaginal epithelium to initiate ZIKV transmission. In this study, we demonstrate that exposing ZIKV to human vaginal epithelial cells (hVECs) resulted in de novo viral RNA replication, increased envelope viral protein production, and a steady, extracellular release of infectious viral particles. Interestingly, our data show that, despite an increase in viral load, the hVECs did not exhibit significant cytopathology in culture as other cell types typically do. Furthermore, our data reveal that the innate antiviral state of hVECs plays a crucial role in preventing viral cytopathology. For the first time, our data show that interferon epsilon inhibits ZIKV replication. Collectively, our results in this study provide a novel perspective on the viral susceptibility and replication dynamics during ZIKV infection in the human vaginal epithelium. These findings will be instrumental towards developing therapeutic agents aimed at eliminating the pathology caused by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bindong Liu
- Centers for AIDS Health Disparity Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (J.W.M.J.); (X.C.)
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Lima MLD, Cabral ÁS, Bittar C, Falleiros Junior LR, Guerra LHA, Carneiro BM, de Souza Ferreira LC, Nogueira ML, Taboga SR, Calmon MF, Rahal P. Early infection of Zika virus in the male reproductive system of AG129 mice: molecular and immunohistochemical evaluation. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1279-1287. [PMID: 35460509 PMCID: PMC9433484 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV), an important arbovirus, and the virus persistence in semen raise several questions about how and where it circulates in the male reproductive system (MRS). Several studies reported detection of the virus in testes, epididymis, and prostate at 5 days post-infection (dpi) or more in animal models. In the present study, we investigated the interactions of ZIKV with mouse MRS using the AG129 strain, a ZIKV permissive immunodeficient mouse strain, at two dpi. Viral RNA was detected in blood, testes, epididymis, and prostatic complexes (prostate and seminal vesicles). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses, based on the envelope protein, showed an early infection in organs of MRS since ZIKV positive antigens were detected in cells within or surrounding blood vessels, Sertoli, and germ cells in testes and epithelial cells in epididymis and prostate. Positive antigens for NS5 protein, the virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, were also detected by IHC in these organs and circulating leukocytes, suggesting that the virus replicates in these sites as early as 2 days post-infection. Analysis of the early stages of ZIKV infection in MRS may improve the current knowledge about this issue and contribute to the development of therapies directed to the infection at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letícia Duarte Lima
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ágata Silva Cabral
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Roberto Falleiros Junior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Moreira Carneiro
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Exact and Natural Science, Rondonópolis Federal University (UFR), Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Department of Infectious, Dermatological and Parasitic Infections, São José Do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Freitas Calmon
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kapuganti SK, Bhardwaj A, Kumar P, Bhardwaj T, Nayak N, Uversky VN, Giri R. Role of structural disorder in the multi-functionality of flavivirus proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:183-196. [PMID: 35655146 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2085563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The life cycle of a virus involves interacting with the host cell, entry, hijacking host machinery for viral replication, evading the host's immune system, and releasing mature virions. However, viruses, being small in size, can only harbor a genome large enough to code for the minimal number of proteins required for the replication and maturation of the virions. As a result, many viral proteins are multifunctional machines that do not directly obey the classic structure-function paradigm. Often, such multifunctionality is rooted in intrinsic disorder that allows viral proteins to interact with various cellular factors and remain functional in the hostile environment of different cellular compartments. AREAS COVERED This report covers the classification of flaviviruses, their proteome organization, and the prevalence of intrinsic disorder in the proteomes of different flaviviruses. Further, we have summarized the speculations made about the apparent roles of intrinsic disorder in the observed multifunctionality of flaviviral proteins. EXPERT OPINION Small sizes of viral genomes impose multifunctionality on their proteins, which is dependent on the excessive usage of intrinsic disorder. In fact, intrinsic disorder serves as a universal functional tool, weapon, and armor of viruses and clearly plays an important role in their functionality and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aparna Bhardwaj
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Taniya Bhardwaj
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Namyashree Nayak
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
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7
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Martinez Viedma MDP, Panossian S, Gifford K, García K, Figueroa I, Parham L, de Moraes L, Nunes Gomes L, García-Salum T, Perret C, Weiskopf D, Tan GS, Augusto Silva A, Boaventura V, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Sette A, De Silva AD, Medina RA, Lorenzana I, Akrami KM, Khouri R, Olson D, Pickett BE. Evaluation of ELISA-Based Multiplex Peptides for the Detection of Human Serum Antibodies Induced by Zika Virus Infection across Various Countries. Viruses 2021; 13:1319. [PMID: 34372525 PMCID: PMC8310037 DOI: 10.3390/v13071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus with a positive-sense RNA genome, which are generally transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. ZIKV infections could be associated with neurological sequelae that, and otherwise produces similar clinical symptoms as other co-circulating pathogens. Past infection with one member of the Flavivirus genus often induces cross-reactive antibodies against other flaviruses. These attributes complicate the ability to differentially diagnose ZIKV infection from other endemic mosquito-borne viruses, making it both a public health issue as well as a diagnostic challenge. We report the results from serological analyses using arbovirus-specific peptides on 339 samples that were previously collected from 6 countries. Overall, we found that our multiplexed peptide-based ELISA was highly efficient for identifying ZIKV antibodies as early as 2 weeks post infection, and that it correlates with microneutralization, plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) and commercial tests for ZIKV in previously characterized samples. We observed that seropositivity varied by patient cohort, reflecting the sampling period in relation to the 2015-2016 ZIKV outbreak. This work evaluates the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of our peptide-based ELISA method for detecting ZIKV antibodies from geographically diverse regions. These findings can contribute to ongoing serological methods development and can be adapted for use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kennedy Gifford
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Kimberly García
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (K.G.); (I.F.); (L.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Isis Figueroa
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (K.G.); (I.F.); (L.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Leda Parham
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (K.G.); (I.F.); (L.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Laise de Moraes
- Institute Goncalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.d.M.); (L.N.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Lillian Nunes Gomes
- Institute Goncalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.d.M.); (L.N.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Tamara García-Salum
- Departmento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago H955+8Q, Chile; (T.G.-S.); (C.P.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Cecilia Perret
- Departmento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago H955+8Q, Chile; (T.G.-S.); (C.P.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.); (A.D.D.S.)
| | - Gene S. Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92137, USA; (M.d.P.M.V.); (G.S.T.)
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antônio Augusto Silva
- Hospital Universitário-Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65000-000, Brazil;
| | - Viviane Boaventura
- Institute Goncalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.d.M.); (L.N.G.); (V.B.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia-Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40000-000, Brazil; (K.M.A.); (R.K.)
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.); (A.D.D.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.); (A.D.D.S.)
- Genetech Research Institute, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - Rafael A. Medina
- Departmento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago H955+8Q, Chile; (T.G.-S.); (C.P.); (R.A.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ivette Lorenzana
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; (K.G.); (I.F.); (L.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Kevan M. Akrami
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia-Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40000-000, Brazil; (K.M.A.); (R.K.)
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia-Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40000-000, Brazil; (K.M.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Daniel Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92137, USA; (M.d.P.M.V.); (G.S.T.)
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
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8
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Newman CM, Tarantal AF, Martinez ML, Simmons HA, Morgan TK, Zeng X, Rosinski JR, Bliss MI, Bohm EK, Dudley DM, Aliota MT, Friedrich TC, Miller CJ, O’Connor DH. Early Embryonic Loss Following Intravaginal Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686437. [PMID: 34079560 PMCID: PMC8165274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and is primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes; however, ZIKV can also be sexually transmitted. During the initial epidemic and in places where ZIKV is now considered endemic, it is difficult to disentangle the risks and contributions of sexual versus vector-borne transmission to adverse pregnancy outcomes. To examine the potential impact of sexual transmission of ZIKV on pregnancy outcome, we challenged three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) three times intravaginally with 1 x 107 PFU of a low passage, African lineage ZIKV isolate (ZIKV-DAK) in the first trimester (~30 days gestational age). Samples were collected from all animals initially on days 3 through 10 post challenge, followed by twice, and then once weekly sample collection; ultrasound examinations were performed every 3-4 days then weekly as pregnancies progressed. All three dams had ZIKV RNA detectable in plasma on day 3 post-ZIKV challenge. At approximately 45 days gestation (17-18 days post-challenge), two of the three dams were found with nonviable embryos by ultrasound. Viral RNA was detected in recovered tissues and at the maternal-fetal interface (MFI) in both cases. The remaining viable pregnancy proceeded to near term (~155 days gestational age) and ZIKV RNA was detected at the MFI but not in fetal tissues. These results suggest that sexual transmission of ZIKV may represent an underappreciated risk of pregnancy loss during early gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Newman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michele L. Martinez
- Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Heather A. Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Terry K. Morgan
- Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jenna R. Rosinski
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mason I. Bliss
- Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ellie K. Bohm
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Dawn M. Dudley
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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9
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Vogt MB, Frere F, Hawks SA, Perez CE, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Duggal NK. Persistence of Zika virus RNA in the epididymis of the murine male reproductive tract. Virology 2021; 560:43-53. [PMID: 34023724 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect developing fetuses in utero and cause severe congenital defects independent of route of maternal infection. Infected men can shed ZIKV RNA in semen for over six months. Whether prolonged viral RNA shedding in semen indicates a persistent infection in the male reproductive tract is unknown. We hypothesized that if ZIKV establishes a persistent infection in the male reproductive tract (MRT), then immunosuppressant treatment should stimulate ZIKV replication and seminal shedding. Male mice were infected with ZIKV and immunosuppressed when they shed viral RNA but not infectious virus in ejaculates. Following immunosuppression, we did not detect infectious virus in ejaculates. However, we did detect ZIKV positive and negative sense RNA in the epididymal lumens of mice treated with cyclophosphamide, suggesting that ZIKV persists in the epididymis. This study provides insight into the mechanisms behind ZIKV sexual transmission, which may inform public health decisions regarding ZIKV risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Vogt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Francesca Frere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Seth A Hawks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Claudia E Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nisha K Duggal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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10
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Yang W, Wu YH, Liu SQ, Sheng ZY, Zhen ZD, Gao RQ, Cui XY, Fan DY, Qin ZH, Zheng AH, Wang PG, An J. S100A4+ macrophages facilitate zika virus invasion and persistence in the seminiferous tubules via interferon-gamma mediation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009019. [PMID: 33315931 PMCID: PMC7769614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular invasion and persistence are features of Zika virus (ZIKV), but their mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we showed that S100A4+ macrophages, a myeloid macrophage subpopulation with susceptibility to ZIKV infection, facilitated ZIKV invasion and persistence in the seminiferous tubules. In ZIKV-infected mice, S100A4+ macrophages were specifically recruited into the interstitial space of testes and differentiated into interferon-γ-expressing M1 macrophages. With interferon-γ mediation, S100A4+ macrophages down-regulated Claudin-1 expression and induced its redistribution from the cytosol to nucleus, thus increasing the permeability of the blood-testis barrier which facilitated S100A4+ macrophages invasion into the seminiferous tubules. Intraluminal S100A4+ macrophages were segregated from CD8+ T cells and consequently helped ZIKV evade cellular immunity. As a result, ZIKV continued to replicate in intraluminal S100A4+ macrophages even when the spermatogenic cells disappeared. Deficiencies in S100A4 or interferon-γ signaling both reduced ZIKV infection in the seminiferous tubules. These results demonstrated crucial roles of S100A4+ macrophages in ZIKV infection in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Da Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Qi Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Science and Technology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Qin
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zheng
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PGW); , (JA)
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PGW); , (JA)
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11
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Zika Virus Replication in Myeloid Cells during Acute Infection Is Vital to Viral Dissemination and Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00838-20. [PMID: 32847848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00838-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can establish infection in immune privileged sites such as the testes, eye, and placenta. Whether ZIKV infection of white blood cells is required for dissemination of the virus to immune privileged sites has not been definitively shown. To assess whether initial ZIKV replication in myeloid cell populations is critical for dissemination during acute infection, recombinant ZIKVs were generated that could not replicate in these specific cells. ZIKV was cell restricted by insertion of a complementary sequence to a myeloid-specific microRNA in the 3' untranslated region. Following inoculation of a highly sensitive immunodeficient mouse model, crucial immune parameters, such as quantification of leukocyte cell subsets, cytokine and chemokine secretion, and viremia, were assessed. Decreased neutrophil numbers in the spleen were observed during acute infection with myeloid-restricted ZIKV that precluded the generation of viremia and viral dissemination to peripheral organs. Mice inoculated with a nontarget microRNA control ZIKV demonstrated increased expression of key cytokines and chemokines critical for neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and increased neutrophil influx in the spleen. In addition, ZIKV-infected Ly6Chi monocytes were identified in vivo in the spleen. Mice inoculated with myeloid-restricted ZIKV had a decrease in Ly6Chi ZIKV RNA-positive monocytes and a lack of inflammatory cytokine production compared to mice inoculated with control ZIKV.IMPORTANCE Myeloid cells, including monocytes, play a crucial role in immune responses to pathogens. Monocytes have also been implicated as "Trojan horses" during viral infections, carrying infectious virus particles to immune privileged sites and/or to sites protected by physical blood-tissue barriers, such as the blood-testis barrier and the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we found that myeloid cells are crucial to Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis. By engineering ZIKV clones to encode myeloid-specific microRNA target sequences, viral replication was inhibited in myeloid cells by harnessing the RNA interference pathway. Severely immunodeficient mice inoculated with myeloid-restricted ZIKV did not demonstrate clinical signs of disease and survived infection. Furthermore, viral dissemination to peripheral organs was not observed in these mice. Lastly, we identified Ly6Cmid/hi murine monocytes as the major myeloid cell population that disseminates ZIKV.
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12
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Scroggs SLP, Andrade CC, Chinnasamy R, Azar SR, Schirtzinger EE, Garcia EI, Arterburn JB, Hanley KA, Rossi SL. Old Drugs with New Tricks: Efficacy of Fluoroquinolones to Suppress Replication of Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091022. [PMID: 32933138 PMCID: PMC7551155 DOI: 10.3390/v12091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing FDA-approved compounds could provide the fastest route to alleviate the burden of disease caused by flaviviruses. In this study, three fluoroquinolones, enoxacin, difloxacin and ciprofloxacin, curtailed replication of flaviviruses Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), Langat (LGTV) and Modoc (MODV) in HEK-293 cells at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition assays suggested that enoxacin suppressed ZIKV replication at an intermediate step in the virus life cycle, whereas ciprofloxacin and difloxacin had a wider window of efficacy. A129 mice infected with 1 × 105 plaque-forming units (pfu) ZIKV FSS13025 (n = 20) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n = 11) on day 0 and treated with enoxacin at 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg or diluent orally twice daily on days 1–5 did not differ in weight change or virus titer in serum or brain. However, mice treated with enoxacin showed a significant, five-fold decrease in ZIKV titer in testes relative to controls. Mice infected with 1 × 102 pfu ZIKV (n = 13) or PBS (n = 13) on day 0 and treated with 15 mg/kg oral enoxacin or diluent twice daily pre-treatment and days 1–5 post-treatment also did not differ in weight and viral load in the serum, brain, and liver, but mice treated with enoxacin showed a significant, 2.5-fold decrease in ZIKV titer in testes relative to controls. ZIKV can be sexually transmitted, so reduction of titer in the testes by enoxacin should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. P. Scroggs
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Christy C. Andrade
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Ramesh Chinnasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (R.C.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Sasha R. Azar
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Erin E. Schirtzinger
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erin I. Garcia
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Science News, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (R.C.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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13
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Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
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14
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Panganiban AT, Blair RV, Hattler JB, Bohannon DG, Bonaldo MC, Schouest B, Maness NJ, Kim WK. A Zika virus primary isolate induces neuroinflammation, compromises the blood-brain barrier and upregulates CXCL12 in adult macaques. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:1017-1027. [PMID: 32585067 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that can cause neuropathogenesis in adults and fetal neurologic malformation following the infection of pregnant women. We used a nonhuman primate model, the Indian-origin Rhesus macaque (IRM), to gain insight into virus-associated hallmarks of ZIKV-induced adult neuropathology. We find that the virus causes prevalent acute and chronic neuroinflammation and chronic disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in adult animals. ZIKV infection resulted in specific short- and long-term augmented expression of the chemokine CXCL12 in the central nervous system (CNS)of adult IRMs. Moreover, CXCL12 expression persists long after the initial viral infection is apparently cleared. CXCL12 plays a key role both in regulating lymphocyte trafficking through the BBB to the CNS and in mediating repair of damaged neural tissue including remyelination. Understanding how CXCL12 expression is controlled will likely be of central importance in the definition of ZIKV-associated neuropathology in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonito T Panganiban
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Julian B Hattler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Diana G Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratory of Flavivirus Molecular Biology, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Blake Schouest
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
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15
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Haddow AD, Perez-Sautu U, Wiley MR, Miller LJ, Kimmel AE, Principe LM, Wollen-Roberts SE, Shamblin JD, Valdez SM, Cazares LH, Pratt WD, Rossi FD, Lugo-Roman L, Bavari S, Palacios GF, Nalca A, Nasar F, Pitt MLM. Modeling mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus in an enzootic host, the African green monkey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008107. [PMID: 32569276 PMCID: PMC7343349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV), a TORCH pathogen, recently initiated a series of large epidemics throughout the Tropics. Animal models are necessary to determine transmission risk and study pathogenesis, as well screen antivirals and vaccine candidates. In this study, we modeled mosquito and sexual transmission of ZIKV in the African green monkey (AGM). Following subcutaneous, intravaginal or intrarectal inoculation of AGMs with ZIKV, we determined the transmission potential and infection dynamics of the virus. AGMs inoculated by all three transmission routes exhibited viremia and viral shedding followed by strong virus neutralizing antibody responses, in the absence of clinical illness. All four of the subcutaneously inoculated AGMs became infected (mean peak viremia: 2.9 log10 PFU/mL, mean duration: 4.3 days) and vRNA was detected in their oral swabs, with infectious virus being detected in a subset of these specimens. Although all four of the intravaginally inoculated AGMs developed virus neutralizing antibody responses, only three had detectable viremia (mean peak viremia: 4.0 log10 PFU/mL, mean duration: 3.0 days). These three AGMs also had vRNA and infectious virus detected in both oral and vaginal swabs. Two of the four intrarectally inoculated AGMs became infected (mean peak viremia: 3.8 log10 PFU/mL, mean duration: 3.5 days). vRNA was detected in oral swabs collected from both of these infected AGMs, and infectious virus was detected in an oral swab from one of these AGMs. Notably, vRNA and infectious virus were detected in vaginal swabs collected from the infected female AGM (peak viral load: 7.5 log10 copies/mL, peak titer: 3.8 log10 PFU/mL, range of detection: 5–21 days post infection). Abnormal clinical chemistry and hematology results were detected and acute lymphadenopathy was observed in some AGMs. Infection dynamics in all three AGM ZIKV models are similar to those reported in the majority of human ZIKV infections. Our results indicate that the AGM can be used as a surrogate to model mosquito or sexual ZIKV transmission and infection. Furthermore, our results suggest that AGMs are likely involved in the enzootic maintenance and amplification cycle of ZIKV. Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily maintained in an enzootic cycle involving nonhuman primates and mosquitoes, with epizootics and epidemics occurring when the virus is introduced into naïve populations of nonhuman primates or humans, respectively. While, the primary transmission mechanism of the virus is by the bite on an infected mosquito, ZIKV can also be sexually transmitted. In an effort to develop novel animal models to study ZIKV disease, and to better understand the role of nonhuman primates as amplification and maintenance hosts of ZIKV in nature, we modeled mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of ZIKV in the enzootic host, the African green monkey (AGM). Infection dynamics and neutralizing antibody responses in all three AGM ZIKV models (subcutaneous, intravaginal and intrarectal) in the absence of clinical illness–recapitulated reported generalized human disease course. Furthermore, we detected prolonged shedding with high viral loads and infectious virus in the vaginal swabs collected from an infected female AGM inoculated intrarectally. Notably, these results support limited human clinical evidence that ZIKV transmission can occur during female-to-male vaginal sexual acts, and furthermore indicate the existence of ZIKV super-spreaders. Finally, our results indicate sexual transmission of ZIKV could occur among infected nonhuman primates (e.g. Chlorocebus spp.) in Africa and may serve as a secondary transmission and maintenance mechanism in the absence of mosquito-to-nonhuman primate transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Haddow
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Unai Perez-Sautu
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn J. Miller
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Kimmel
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucia M. Principe
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Wollen-Roberts
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Valdez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa H. Cazares
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William D. Pratt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franco D. Rossi
- Aerobiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis Lugo-Roman
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gustavo F. Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Aerobiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Louise M. Pitt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Jaeger AS, Weiler AM, Moriarty RV, Rybarczyk S, O'Connor SL, O'Connor DH, Seelig DM, Fritsch MK, Friedrich TC, Aliota MT. Spondweni virus causes fetal harm in Ifnar1 -/- mice and is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Virology 2020; 547:35-46. [PMID: 32560903 PMCID: PMC7246013 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Spondweni virus (SPONV) is the most closely related known flavivirus to Zika virus (ZIKV). Its pathogenic potential and vector specificity have not been well defined. SPONV has been found predominantly in Africa, but was recently detected in a pool of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Haiti. Here we show that SPONV can cause significant fetal harm, including demise, comparable to ZIKV, in a mouse model of vertical transmission. Following maternal inoculation, we detected infectious SPONV in placentas and fetuses, along with significant fetal and placental histopathology, together suggesting vertical transmission. To test vector competence, we exposed Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to SPONV-infected bloodmeals. Aedes aegypti could efficiently transmit SPONV, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus could not. Our results suggest that SPONV has the same features that made ZIKV a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Jaeger
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Ryan V Moriarty
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sierra Rybarczyk
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Davis M Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States
| | - Michael K Fritsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Matthew T Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States.
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17
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Pierson TC, Diamond MS. The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:796-812. [PMID: 32367055 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are vector-borne RNA viruses that can emerge unexpectedly in human populations and cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases including hepatitis, vascular shock syndrome, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, congenital abnormalities and fetal death. This epidemiological pattern has occurred numerous times during the last 70 years, including epidemics of dengue virus and West Nile virus, and the most recent explosive epidemic of Zika virus in the Americas. Flaviviruses are now globally distributed and infect up to 400 million people annually. Of significant concern, outbreaks of other less well-characterized flaviviruses have been reported in humans and animals in different regions of the world. The potential for these viruses to sustain epidemic transmission among humans is poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the basic biology of flaviviruses, their infectious cycles, the diseases they cause and underlying host immune responses to infection. We describe flaviviruses that represent an established ongoing threat to global health and those that have recently emerged in new populations to cause significant disease. We also provide examples of lesser-known flaviviruses that circulate in restricted areas of the world but have the potential to emerge more broadly in human populations. Finally, we discuss how an understanding of the epidemiology, biology, structure and immunity of flaviviruses can inform the rapid development of countermeasures to treat or prevent human infections as they emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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18
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Martínez LE, Garcia G, Contreras D, Gong D, Sun R, Arumugaswami V. Zika Virus Mucosal Infection Provides Protective Immunity. J Virol 2020; 94:e00067-20. [PMID: 32051274 PMCID: PMC7163142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00067-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major human pathogen. ZIKV can replicate in female and male reproductive organs, thus facilitating the human-human transmission cycle. Viral shedding in the semen can increase the risk of ZIKV transmission through sexual mode. Therefore, the vaginal and anorectal mucosa are relevant sites for ZIKV infection. However, the pathobiology of ZIKV transmission through the rectal route is not well understood. Here, we utilize a mouse model system to investigate the immunopathological consequences following ZIKV infection of the rectal mucosa compared to a subcutaneous route of infection. We show that ZIKV-rectal inoculation results in viremia with subclinical infection. ZIKV infects the mucosal epithelium and submucosal dendritic cells, inducing immune and inflammatory cell infiltration. Rectal transmission of ZIKV resulted in the generation of serum-neutralizing antibody responses. Mass cytometry analyses of splenocytes showed a significantly reduced level of inflammatory monocyte and neutrophil cellular responses in the rectal route group. Furthermore, immunological priming through the rectal mucosa with an attenuated ZIKV strain resulted in significant protection from lethal subcutaneous ZIKV challenge, further eliciting robust memory CD4-positive (CD4+) and CD8+ T-cell and ZIKV-specific serum-neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, our study provides deeper immunopathobiological insights on rectal transmission and highlights a rational strategy for mucosal immunization. This model system recapitulates clinical aspects of human ZIKV disease outcome, where most infections are well controlled and result in subclinical and asymptomatic outcomes.IMPORTANCE Zika virus is a clinically significant human pathogen that is primarily transmitted and spread by Aedes species mosquitoes but is also sexually transmissible. The recent pandemic in the Americas led to an unprecedented increase of newborn babies with developmental brain and eye abnormalities. To date, there is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic intervention available for the fight against ZIKV. Understanding the sexual transmission of ZIKV through vaginal and rectal routes is necessary to restrict virus transmission and spread. This study examines the early immunological and pathological consequences of rectal and subcutaneous routes of ZIKV infection using a mouse model. We characterized the primary target cells of ZIKV infection and the subsequent mucosal immune responses to infection, and we demonstrate the protective effect of mucosal rectal immunization using an attenuated ZIKV strain. This mucosal vaccination approach can be further developed to prevent future ZIKV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deisy Contreras
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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20
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Martinez Viedma MDP, Kose N, Parham L, Balmaseda A, Kuan G, Lorenzana I, Harris E, Crowe JE, Pickett BE. Peptide arrays of three collections of human sera from patients infected with mosquito-borne viruses. F1000Res 2019; 8:1875. [PMID: 32201571 PMCID: PMC7065662.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20981.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Global outbreaks caused by emerging or re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are becoming increasingly more common. These pathogens include the mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the Flavivirus and Alphavirus genera. These viruses often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after seroconversion and convalescence due to cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. Methods: In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. Results: Here we report the results of our peptide array data analysis, which revealed sets of peptides that have diagnostic potential for detecting past exposure to a subset of the tested human pathogens including Zika virus. These peptides were then confirmed using the well-established ELISA method. Conclusions: These array data, and the resulting peptides can be useful in diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Leda Parham
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Ivette Lorenzana
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3370, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brett E Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92137, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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21
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Martinez Viedma MDP, Kose N, Parham L, Balmaseda A, Kuan G, Lorenzana I, Harris E, Crowe JE, Pickett BE. Peptide arrays of three collections of human sera from patients infected with mosquito-borne viruses. F1000Res 2019; 8:1875. [PMID: 32201571 PMCID: PMC7065662 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20981.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Global outbreaks caused by emerging or re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are becoming increasingly more common. These pathogens include the mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the Flavivirus and Alphavirus genera. These viruses often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after seroconversion and convalescence due to cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. Methods: In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. Results: Here we report the results of our peptide array data analysis, which revealed sets of peptides that have diagnostic potential for detecting past exposure to a subset of the tested human pathogens including Zika virus. These peptides were then confirmed using the well-established ELISA method. Conclusions: These array data, and the resulting peptides can be useful in diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Leda Parham
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Ivette Lorenzana
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3370, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92137, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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22
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Martinez Viedma MDP, Kose N, Parham L, Balmaseda A, Kuan G, Lorenzana I, Harris E, Crowe JE, Pickett BE. Peptide arrays incubated with three collections of human sera from patients infected with mosquito-borne viruses. F1000Res 2019; 8:1875. [PMID: 32201571 PMCID: PMC7065662 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20981.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Global outbreaks caused by emerging or re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are becoming increasingly more common. These pathogens include the mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the Flavivirus and Alphavirus genera. These viruses often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after seroconversion and convalescence due to cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. Methods: In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. Results: Here we report the results of our peptide array data analysis, which revealed sets of peptides that have diagnostic potential for detecting past exposure to a subset of the tested human pathogens including Zika virus. These peptides were then confirmed using the well-established ELISA method. Conclusions: These array data, and the resulting peptides can be useful in diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Leda Parham
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Ivette Lorenzana
- Instituto de Investigacion en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3370, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Brett E Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92137, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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23
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Evasion of Innate and Intrinsic Antiviral Pathways by the Zika Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100970. [PMID: 31652496 PMCID: PMC6833475 DOI: 10.3390/v11100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a recently emerged mosquito-borne flavivirus that, while typically asymptomatic, can cause neurological symptoms in adults and birth defects in babies born to infected mothers. The interactions of ZIKV with many different pathways in the human host ultimately determine successful virus replication and ZIKV-induced pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms of such host-ZIKV interactions have just begun to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the recent advances that defined the mechanisms by which ZIKV antagonizes antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, with a particular focus on evasion of the type I interferon response in the human host. Furthermore, we describe emerging evidence that indicated the contribution of several cell-intrinsic mechanisms to an effective restriction of ZIKV infection, such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, stress granule formation, and "reticulophagy", a type of selective autophagy. Finally, we summarize the recent work that identified strategies by which ZIKV modulated these intrinsic antiviral responses.
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24
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Li L, Collins ND, Widen SG, Davis EH, Kaiser JA, White MM, Greenberg MB, Barrett ADT, Bourne N, Sarathy VV. Attenuation of Zika Virus by Passage in Human HeLa Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030093. [PMID: 31434319 PMCID: PMC6789458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus. Previous studies have shown that mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses, including yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses, could be attenuated by serial passaging in human HeLa cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that wild-type ZIKV would also be attenuated after HeLa cell passaging. A human isolate from the recent ZIKV epidemic was subjected to serial HeLa cell passaging, resulting in attenuated in vitro replication in both Vero and A549 cells. Additionally, infection of AG129 mice with 10 plaque forming units (pfu) of wild-type ZIKV led to viremia and mortality at 12 days, whereas infection with 103 pfu of HeLa-passage 6 (P6) ZIKV led to lower viremia, significant delay in mortality (median survival: 23 days), and increased cytokine and chemokine responses. Genomic sequencing of HeLa-passaged virus identified two amino acid substitutions as early as HeLa-P3: pre-membrane E87K and nonstructural protein 1 R103K. Furthermore, both substitutions were present in virus harvested from HeLa-P6-infected animal tissue. Together, these data show that, similarly to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, ZIKV is attenuated following passaging in HeLa cells. This strategy can be used to improve understanding of substitutions that contribute to attenuation of ZIKV and be applied to vaccine development across multiple platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalie D Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Viral Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Emily H Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mellodee M White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - M Banks Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vanessa V Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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25
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Rassias G, Zogali V, Swarbrick CMD, Ki Chan KW, Chan SA, Gwee CP, Wang S, Kaplanai E, Canko A, Kiousis D, Lescar J, Luo D, Matsoukas MT, Vasudevan SG. Cell-active carbazole derivatives as inhibitors of the zika virus protease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:536-545. [PMID: 31344613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection recently resulted in an international health emergency the Americas in and despite its high profile there is currently no approved treatment for ZIKV infection with millions of people being at risk. ZIKV is a member of Flaviviridae family which includes prominent members such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). One of the best validated targets for developing anti-flaviviral treatment for DENV and WNV infection is the NS2B/NS3 protease. However the inhibitors reported to date have shown limited promise for further clinical development largely due to poor cellular activity. Prompted by the conserved nature of the viral NS2B/NS3 protease across flaviviruses, we envisaged that small molecule inhibitors of the ZIKVpro may be developed by applying rational design on previously reported scaffolds with demonstrated activity against other flaviviral proteases. Starting with an earlier WNVpro hit we performed a scaffold hopping exercise and discovered that certain carbazole derivatives bearing amidine groups possessed submicromolar potency and significant cellular activity against ZIKV. We successfully addressed various issues with the synthesis of novel N-substituted carbazole-based amidines thus permitting a targeted SAR campaign. The in vitro biochemical and cell-based inhibitory profiles exhibited by the lead molecule described in this work (ZIKVpro IC50 0.52 μM, EC50 1.25 μM), is among the best reported to date. Furthermore, these molecules possess capacity for further optimization of pharmacokinetics and may evolve to broad spectrum flaviviral protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Rassias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patra, 26504, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Zogali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patra, 26504, Greece
| | - Crystall M D Swarbrick
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road 169857, Singapore; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
| | - Kitti Wing Ki Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road 169857, Singapore
| | - Shu Ann Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road 169857, Singapore
| | - Chin Piaw Gwee
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road 169857, Singapore
| | - Sai Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road 169857, Singapore
| | - Entzy Kaplanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patra, 26504, Greece
| | - Aleksander Canko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patra, 26504, Greece
| | | | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road 169857, Singapore.
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26
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McDonald EM, Duggal NK, Delorey MJ, Oksanish J, Ritter JM, Brault AC. Duration of seminal Zika viral RNA shedding in immunocompetent mice inoculated with Asian and African genotype viruses. Virology 2019; 535:1-10. [PMID: 31254742 PMCID: PMC7931630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of Asian genotype Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Western hemisphere, sexual transmission in humans was documented. Sexual transmission by African genotype ZIKVs has not been assessed in laboratory animal models, due to rapid and high mortality rates of immunodeficient mice following inoculation. To overcome these limitations, immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice were used to longitudinally assess Asian and African genotype ZIKV sexual transmission potential. Furthermore, to determine if enhanced pathogenesis of African genotype ZIKVs is due to structural determinants, PRVABC59 prM/E was replaced with African MR766 prM/E (chimeric ZIKV). The African genotype and chimeric ZIKV elicited greater pathogenic effects in the male reproductive tract and generated higher viremias. Yet, the duration, magnitude and efficiency of seminal shedding of infectious virus and viral RNA were similar between chimeric-, African and Asian genotype ZIKV-inoculated mice. These data show that increased male reproductive tract pathology does not increase sexual transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McDonald
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nisha K Duggal
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark J Delorey
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James Oksanish
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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27
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Optimization of qRT-PCR assay for zika virus detection in human serum and urine. Virus Res 2019; 263:173-178. [PMID: 30742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global concern due to the severity of infection. This study focuses on determining the level of detection of ZIKV RNA in human serum and urine. Known amounts of Zika virus were added to uninfected human serum and urine samples. Different reverse transcriptases were compared to select the optimal enzyme for this application. Zika RNA in these samples was then quantified with qRT-PCR to determine the lower limit of detection in these fluids and to construct a standard curve. Student's t-test of paired samples was used in order to identify statistical differences. The SuperScript III enzyme was able to produce more ZIKV cDNA when compared to PrimeScript. Zika virus RNA was found to be detectable at lower levels (2.5 PFU/mL) in urine than in serum (250 PFU/mL) when using SuperScript III. This study demonstrates how the selection of both the human clinical specimen, and the reverse transcriptase enzyme involved in the molecular detection of ZIKV by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), play an important role in enabling improved detection of the virus.
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28
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Duggal NK, McDonald EM, Weger-Lucarelli J, Hawks SA, Ritter JM, Romo H, Ebel GD, Brault AC. Mutations present in a low-passage Zika virus isolate result in attenuated pathogenesis in mice. Virology 2019; 530:19-26. [PMID: 30763872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can result in neurological disorders including Congenital Zika Syndrome in infants exposed to the virus in utero. Pregnant women can be infected by mosquito bite as well as by sexual transmission from infected men. Herein, the variants of ZIKV within the male reproductive tract and ejaculates were assessed in inoculated mice. We identified two non-synonymous variants at positions E-V330L and NS1-W98G. These variants were also present in the passage three PRVABC59 isolate and infectious clone relative to the patient serum PRVABC59 sequence. In subsequent studies, ZIKV E-330L was less pathogenic in mice than ZIKV E-330V as evident by increased average survival times. In Vero cells, ZIKV E-330L/NS1-98G outcompeted ZIKV E-330V/NS1-98W within 3 passages. These results suggest that the E-330L/NS1-98G variants are attenuating in mice and were enriched during cell culture passaging. Cell culture propagation of ZIKV could significantly affect animal model development and vaccine efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K Duggal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Erin M McDonald
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Seth A Hawks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah Romo
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
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29
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Salazar V, Jagger BW, Mongkolsapaya J, Burgomaster KE, Dejnirattisai W, Winkler ES, Fernandez E, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Pierson TC, Crowe JE, Screaton GR, Diamond MS. Dengue and Zika Virus Cross-Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Protect against Spondweni Virus Infection and Pathogenesis in Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1585-1597.e4. [PMID: 30726740 PMCID: PMC6420780 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spondweni virus (SPOV) is the flavivirus that is most closely related to Zika virus (ZIKV). Although SPOV causes sporadic human infections in Africa, recently it was found in Culex mosquitoes in Haiti. To investigate the pathogenic spectrum of SPOV, we developed infection models in mice. Although two SPOV strains failed to cause disease in immunocompetent mice, each accumulated in the brain, spleen, eye, testis, and kidney when type I interferon signaling was blocked and unexpectedly caused infection, immune cell infiltration, and swelling in the ankle. In pregnant mice, SPOV replicated in the placenta and fetus but did not cause placental insufficiency or microcephaly. We identified human antibodies from ZIKV or DENV immune subjects that neutralized SPOV infection and protected against lethal challenge. Our experiments describe similarities and differences in clinical syndromes between SPOV and ZIKV and suggest that their serological relatedness has implications for antibody therapeutics and flavivirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brett W Jagger
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Siriraj Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Katherine E Burgomaster
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Estefania Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Rademan R, Markotter W, Paweska JT, Jansen van Vuren P. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR for detection and distinction of Spondweni and Zika virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 266:72-76. [PMID: 30731153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zika (ZIKV) and Spondweni viruses (SPOV) are closely related mosquito borne flaviviruses in the Spondweni serogroup. The co-circulation and similar disease presentation following ZIKV and SPOV infection necessitates the development of a diagnostic tool for their simultaneous detection and distinction. We developed a one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR (ZIKSPOV) to detect and distinguish between SPOV and ZIKV by utilizing a single primer set combined with virus specific hydrolysis probes. The ZIKSPOV assay was compared to published virus specific real-time RT-PCR assays and the limit of detection was comparable. The SPOV reference strain AR94 was detectable to 0.001 TCID50 per PCR reaction, while African lineage ZIKV (MR 766) was detectable to 0.002 TCID50 per reaction and Asian lineage ZIKV (H/PF/2013) to 0.05 TCID50 per reaction. The ZIKSPOV assay did not detect other flaviviruses, indicative of its specificity for Spondweni serogroup. The ZIKSPOV assay is a useful addition to arbovirus diagnostic and surveillance tools in areas where ZIKV and SPOV are expected to co-circulate. Further evaluation is required to demonstrate the application of the assay for detection of ZIKV and SPOV in mosquito and human clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Rademan
- Centre of Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre of Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janusz T Paweska
- Centre of Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre of Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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31
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Complete Genome Sequences of Spondweni Viruses Isolated between 1958 and 1960. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01278-18. [PMID: 30574581 PMCID: PMC6298548 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01278-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 14 Spondweni viruses isolated in South Africa and Mozambique between 1958 and 1960. The sequences comprise 13 mosquito isolates and 1 human isolate following a documented laboratory infection. This study expands the publicly available data for this neglected virus from 4 to 18 sequences.
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Azar SR, Rossi SL, Haller SH, Yun R, Huang JH, Plante JA, Zhou J, Olano JP, Roundy CM, Hanley KA, Weaver SC, Vasilakis N. ZIKV Demonstrates Minimal Pathologic Effects and Mosquito Infectivity in Viremic Cynomolgus Macaques. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110661. [PMID: 30469417 PMCID: PMC6267344 DOI: 10.3390/v10110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of ZIKV infection on non-human primates (NHPs), as well as to investigate whether these NHPs develop sufficient viremia to infect the major urban vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti, four cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were subcutaneously infected with 5.0 log10 focus-forming units (FFU) of DNA clone-derived ZIKV strain FSS13025 (Asian lineage, Cambodia, 2010). Following infection, the animals were sampled (blood, urine, tears, and saliva), underwent daily health monitoring, and were exposed to Ae. aegypti at specified time points. All four animals developed viremia, which peaked 3⁻4 days post-infection at a maximum value of 6.9 log10 genome copies/mL. No virus was detected in urine, tears, or saliva. Infection by ZIKV caused minimal overt disease: serum biochemistry and CBC values largely fell within the normal ranges, and cytokine elevations were minimal. Strikingly, the minimally colonized population of Ae. aegypti exposed to viremic animals demonstrated a maximum infection rate of 26% during peak viremia, with two of the four macaques failing to infect a single mosquito at any time point. These data indicate that cynomolgus macaques may be an effective model for ZIKV infection of humans and highlights the relative refractoriness of Ae. aegypti for ZIKV infection at the levels of viremia observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Azar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Sherry H Haller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Ruimei Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jing H Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Juan P Olano
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Martinez Viedma MDP, Pickett BE. Characterizing the Different Effects of Zika Virus Infection in Placenta and Microglia Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110649. [PMID: 30453684 PMCID: PMC6266000 DOI: 10.3390/v10110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neuropathic virus that causes serious neurological abnormalities such as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in fetuses, which makes it an important concern for global human health. A catalogue of cells that support ZIKV replication, pathogenesis, and/or the persistence of the virus still remains unknown. Here, we studied the behavior of the virus in human placenta (JEG-3) and human microglia (HMC3) cell lines in order to better understand how different host tissues respond during infection. We quantified the host transcriptional response to ZIKV infection in both types of cells at 24 and 72 h post-infection. A panel of 84 genes that are involved in the innate or adaptive immune responses was used to quantify differential expression in both cell lines. HMC3 cells showed a unique set of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with JEG-3 cells at both time points. Subsequent analysis of these data using modern pathway analysis methods revealed that the TLR7/8 pathway was strongly inhibited in HMC3 cells, while it was activated in JEG-3 cells during virus infection. The disruption of these pathways was subsequently confirmed with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments that characterize their role in the viral life cycle, and may partially explain why ZIKV infection in placental tissue contributes to extreme neurological problems in a developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett E Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Kim JA, Seong RK, Son SW, Shin OS. Insights into ZIKV-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:391-399. [PMID: 30218650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a global pathogen causing significant public health concern. ZIKV infections in humans principally occur via mosquito bites. Thus, host skin cells are permissive to ZIKV infection and are the first line of defense against the virus. Here, we examined the role and mechanisms of antiviral skin immunity against ZIKV infection. ZIKV infection (African lineage MR766) in human dermal fibroblasts, human epidermal keratinocytes, and HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in distinct expression changes in RIG-I-like receptors, such as RIG-I and MDA5. Inhibition of RIG-I using small interfering RNA resulted in increased viral gene expression and reduced induction of IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes. Furthermore, ZIKV NS1 directly interacted with RIG-I or MDA5 and down-regulated RIG-I-like receptor-mediated antiviral signaling pathways. Asian lineage ZIKV (PRVABC59) infection also showed a distinct pattern of antiviral immunity in human skin cells, compared with other ZIKV strains. Additionally, ZIKV infections in human neural progenitor cells induced the robust activation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling, followed by highly enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression. Our findings provide important insights into ZIKV tropism and subsequent antiviral signaling pathways that regulate ZIKV replication in human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rak-Kyun Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Son
- Department of Dermatology and Division of BK21 Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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McDonald EM, Duggal NK, Ritter JM, Brault AC. Infection of epididymal epithelial cells and leukocytes drives seminal shedding of Zika virus in a mouse model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006691. [PMID: 30070988 PMCID: PMC6091970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While primarily a mosquito-borne virus, Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus in the Flaviviridae family) is capable of being sexually transmitted. Thirty to fifty percent of men with confirmed ZIKV infection shed ZIKV RNA in their semen, and prolonged viral RNA shedding in semen can occur for more than 6 months. The cellular reservoir of ZIKV in semen is unknown, although spermatozoa have been shown to contain ZIKV RNA and antigen. Yet, spermatozoa are not a requisite for sexual transmission, as at least one case of ZIKV sexual transmission involved a vasectomized man. To determine the cellular reservoirs of ZIKV in semen, an established animal model of sexual transmission was used. The majority of virus detected in the seminal fluid of infected mice during the peak timing of sexual transmission was from the supernatant fraction, suggesting cell-free ZIKV may be largely responsible for sexual transmission. However, some ZIKV RNA was cell-associated. In the testes and epididymides of infected mice, intracellular staining of ZIKV RNA was more pronounced in spermatogenic precursors (spermatocytes and spermatogonia) than in spermatids. Visualization of intracellular negative strand ZIKV RNA demonstrated ZIKV replication intermediates in leukocytes, immature spermatids and epididymal epithelial cells in the male urogenital tract. Epididymal epithelial cells were the principal source of negative-strand ZIKV RNA during the peak timing of sexual transmission potential, indicating these cells may be the predominant source of infectious cell-free ZIKV in seminal fluid. These data promote a more complete understanding of sexual transmission of ZIKV and will inform further model development for future studies on persistent ZIKV RNA shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. McDonald
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nisha K. Duggal
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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36
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Counotte MJ, Kim CR, Wang J, Bernstein K, Deal CD, Broutet NJN, Low N. Sexual transmission of Zika virus and other flaviviruses: A living systematic review. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002611. [PMID: 30040845 PMCID: PMC6057622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health authorities in the United States and Europe reported an increasing number of travel-associated episodes of sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) following the 2015-2017 ZIKV outbreak. This, and other scientific evidence, suggests that ZIKV is sexually transmissible in addition to having its primary mosquito-borne route. The objective of this systematic review and evidence synthesis was to clarify the epidemiology of sexually transmitted ZIKV. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a living (i.e., continually updated) systematic review of evidence published up to 15 April 2018 about sexual transmission of ZIKV and other arthropod-borne flaviviruses in humans and other animals. We defined 7 key elements of ZIKV sexual transmission for which we extracted data: (1) rectal and vaginal susceptibility to infection, (2) incubation period following sexual transmission, (3) serial interval between the onset of symptoms in a primary and secondary infected individuals, (4) duration of infectiousness, (5) reproduction number, (6) probability of transmission per sex act, and (7) transmission rate. We identified 1,227 unique publications and included 128, of which 77 presented data on humans and 51 presented data on animals. Laboratory experiments confirm that rectal and vaginal mucosae are susceptible to infection with ZIKV and that the testis serves as a reservoir for the virus in animal models. Sexual transmission was reported in 36 human couples: 34/36 of these involved male-to-female sexual transmission. The median serial symptom onset interval in 15 couples was 12 days (interquartile range: 10-14.5); the maximum was 44 days. We found evidence from 2 prospective cohorts that ZIKV RNA is present in human semen with a median duration of 34 days (95% CI: 28-41 days) and 35 days (no CI given) (low certainty of evidence, according to GRADE). Aggregated data about detection of ZIKV RNA from 37 case reports and case series indicate a median duration of detection of ZIKV of 40 days (95% CI: 30-49 days) and maximum duration of 370 days in semen. In human vaginal fluid, median duration was 14 days (95% CI: 7-20 days) and maximum duration was 37 days (very low certainty). Infectious virus in human semen was detected for a median duration of 12 days (95% CI: 1-21 days) and maximum of 69 days. Modelling studies indicate that the reproduction number is below 1 (very low certainty). Evidence was lacking to estimate the incubation period or the transmission rate. Evidence on sexual transmission of other flaviviruses was scarce. The certainty of the evidence is limited because of uncontrolled residual bias. CONCLUSIONS The living systematic review and sexual transmission framework allowed us to assess evidence about the risk of sexual transmission of ZIKV. ZIKV is more likely transmitted from men to women than from women to men. For other flaviviruses, evidence of sexual transmissibility is still absent. Taking into account all available data about the duration of detection of ZIKV in culture and from the serial interval, our findings suggest that the infectious period for sexual transmission of ZIKV is shorter than estimates from the earliest post-outbreak studies, which were based on reverse transcription PCR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caron Rahn Kim
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jingying Wang
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Bernstein
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carolyn D. Deal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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37
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Did Zika Virus Mutate to Cause Severe Outbreaks? Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:877-885. [PMID: 29903417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has challenged the assumed knowledge regarding the pathobiology of flaviviruses. Despite causing sporadic and mild disease in the 50 years since its discovery, Zika virus has now caused multiple outbreaks in dozens of countries worldwide. Moreover, the disease severity in recent outbreaks, with neurological disease in adult and devastating congenital malformations in fetuses, was not previously seen. One hypothesis is that the virus has acquired mutations that have increased its virulence. Indeed, mutations in other arboviruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), have enhanced outbreaks. This possibility, as well as alternative hypotheses, are explored here.
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38
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Stassen L, Armitage CW, van der Heide DJ, Beagley KW, Frentiu FD. Zika Virus in the Male Reproductive Tract. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040198. [PMID: 29659541 PMCID: PMC5923492 DOI: 10.3390/v10040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are resurging across the globe. Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused significant concern in recent years because it can lead to congenital malformations in babies and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Unlike other arboviruses, ZIKV can be sexually transmitted and may persist in the male reproductive tract. There is limited information regarding the impact of ZIKV on male reproductive health and fertility. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie persistent ZIKV infections in men is critical to developing effective vaccines and therapies. Mouse and macaque models have begun to unravel the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection in the male reproductive tract, with the testes and prostate gland implicated as potential reservoirs for persistent ZIKV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the male reproductive tract, the development of animal models to study ZIKV infection at this site, and prospects for vaccines and therapeutics against persistent ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Stassen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Charles W Armitage
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - David J van der Heide
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Francesca D Frentiu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
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Duggal NK, McDonald EM, Ritter JM, Brault AC. Sexual transmission of Zika virus enhances in utero transmission in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4510. [PMID: 29540804 PMCID: PMC5852059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that can cause ZIKV congenital syndrome when a pregnant woman is infected. Sexual transmission has also been described for ZIKV, though the relationship between sexual transmission and vertical transmission has not been investigated. Here, viral dissemination to the female reproductive tract and fetuses was assessed in immunodeficient (AG129) female mice that were exposed to ZIKV by subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation, intravaginal (ivag.) inoculation, or sexual transmission from infected male AG129 mice. Pregnant females had significantly increased ZIKV dissemination to the female reproductive tract compared to non-pregnant females when exposed by s.c. or ivag. inoculation. Sexual transmission resulted in significantly greater morbidity and mortality in females and higher ZIKV titers in the female reproductive tract than s.c. or ivag. inoculation. Ovaries from females infected sexually contained ZIKV RNA within the ovarian follicles. Furthermore, ZIKV titers were significantly higher in fetuses from dams exposed sexually compared to fetuses from dams exposed by s.c. or ivag. inoculation. These results demonstrate that sexual transmission enhances dissemination of ZIKV to the female reproductive tract and developing fetuses in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K Duggal
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin M McDonald
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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40
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How Do Virus-Mosquito Interactions Lead to Viral Emergence? Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:310-321. [PMID: 29305089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses such as West Nile, Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and yellow fever viruses have become highly significant global pathogens through unexpected, explosive outbreaks. While the rapid progression and frequency of recent arbovirus outbreaks is associated with long-term changes in human behavior (globalization, urbanization, climate change), there are direct mosquito-virus interactions which drive shifts in host range and alter virus transmission. This review summarizes how virus-mosquito interactions are critical for these viruses to become global pathogens at molecular, physiological, evolutionary, and epidemiological scales. Integrated proactive approaches are required in order to effectively manage the emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses, which appears likely to continue into the indefinite future.
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