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Emamzadehashemi YR, Emamzadehashemi KR, Khanghah AG, Paryad E, Sayad Noveiri MJ. Signs and symptoms of covid - 19 in patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:241. [PMID: 38388892 PMCID: PMC10885614 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who have coronary artery disease are more likely to develop signs and symptoms of COVID-19 due to their special circumstances. Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG)does not cure the disease but reduces the signs and symptoms, therefore, there is a possibility of severe complications of Covid-19 after it. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted from June to July 2020 on 200 patients who underwent CABG from February 2018 to February 2020. The instrument consisted of socio-demographic variables and COVID's signs and symptoms checklist. Data were collected by census method by telephone. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, Mann Whitney U test, and logistic regression model. RESULTS The results showed that the majority of the samples were male (67%). The mean age of them was 62.02 ± 9.06 years and 10% of the m had signs and symptoms of Covid 19. Having the symptoms of COVID-19 is significant in terms of the variables of decreased sense of smell (p < 0.002), decreased sense of taste (p < 0.002), and home quarantine (p < 0.01). The logistic regression model showed decreased sense of taste (OR = 6.071, CI95%: 1.621-29.984, p < 0.009) and non-compliance with home quarantine (OR = 0.061, CI95%: 0.005-0.741, p < 0.028) were the related variables to signs and symptoms of Covid 19. CONCLUSION The results did not indicate the frequency of COVID signs and symptoms among people with a history of Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery more than healthy people in the Iranian community. Extensive studies are suggested in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atefeh Ghanbari Khanghah
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDHRC), Department of Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ezzat Paryad
- Department of Nursing, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jahani Sayad Noveiri
- Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Taheri Soodejani M, Tabatabaei SM, Lotfi MH, Nazemipour M, Mansournia MA. Adjustment for collider bias in the hospitalized Covid-19 setting. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 6:100120. [PMID: 38111522 PMCID: PMC10726228 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Causal directed acyclic graphs (cDAGs) are frequently used to identify confounding and collider bias. We demonstrate how to use causal directed acyclic graphs to adjust for collider bias in the hospitalized Covid-19 setting. Materials and methods According to the cDAGs, three types of modeling have been performed. In model 1, only vaccination is entered as an independent variable. In model 2, in addition to vaccination, age is entered the model to adjust for collider bias due to the conditioning of hospitalization. In model 3, comorbidities are also included for adjustment of collider bias due to the conditioning of hospitalization in different biasing paths intercepting age and comorbidities. Results There was no evidence of the effect of vaccination on preventing death due to Covid-19 in model 1. In the second model, where age was included as a covariate, a protective role for vaccination became evident. In model 3, after including chronic diseases as other covariates, the protective effect was slightly strengthened. Conclusion Studying hospitalized patients is subject to collider-stratification bias. Like confounding, this type of selection bias can be adjusted for by inclusion of the risk factors of the outcome which also affect hospitalization in the regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Taheri Soodejani
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Lotfi
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazemipour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dali-Ali A, Derkaoui DK, Zina M, Oukebdane A. Seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Oran: Cross-Sectional Study. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0087623. [PMID: 37284756 PMCID: PMC10433985 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00876-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was introduced in Algeria in March 2020. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Oran, Algeria, and to identify factors associated with seropositivity. This was a cross-sectional seroprevalence study conducted between 7 and 20 January 2021 across all 26 municipalities in the province of Oran. The study employed a random cluster sampling technique stratified by age and sex to select participants from households, who were then administered a rapid serological test. The overall seroprevalence and specific seroprevalences by municipality were calculated, and the number of COVID-19 cases in Oran was estimated. The correlation between population density and seroprevalence was also examined. Among the participants, 422 (35.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 32.9 to 38.4) had a positive serological test for SARS-CoV-2, and eight municipalities had seroprevalence rates above 73%. We found a strong positive correlation between population density and seroprevalence (r = 0.795, P < 0.001), indicating that areas with higher population density had higher numbers of positive COVID-19 cases. Our study provides evidence of a high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Oran, Algeria. The estimated number of cases based on seroprevalence is much higher than the number of cases confirmed by PCR. Our findings suggest that a large proportion of the population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and control measures to prevent further spread of the virus. IMPORTANCE This is the first and only seroprevalence study of COVID-19 conducted in the general population in Algeria prior to the national vaccination campaign against COVID-19. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to our understanding of the spread of the virus in the population before the implementation of the vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessamad Dali-Ali
- University of Oran 1: Ahmed Ben Bella, Faculty of Medicine, Oran, Algeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at EHUO, Oran, Algeria
| | | | - Mohamed Zina
- Public Establishment of Proximity Care in Boutlellis, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Boutlellis, Oran, Algeria
| | - Asmaa Oukebdane
- Canastel Specialized Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Oran, Algeria
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Manirakiza A, Malaka C, Longo JDD, Yambiyo BM, Diemer SCH, Namseneï J, Coti-Reckoundji CSG, Bouhouda M, Belizaire MRD, Roungou JB, Komas NP, Grésenguet G, Vernet G, Vernet MA, Nakoune E. Sero-prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among communities between July and August 2022 in Bangui, Central African Republic. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2315. [PMID: 37753434 PMCID: PMC10519115 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale population-based seroprevalence studies of SARS-CoV-2 are essential to characterize the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to extrapolate the prevalence of presumptive immunity at the population level. Objective. The objective of our survey was to estimate the cumulative population immunity for COVID-19 and to identify individual characteristics associated with positive serostatus. Materials and Methods This was a clustered cross-sectional study conducted from July 12 to August 20, 2021, in households in the city of Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic. Information regarding demographic characteristics (age, gender, and place of residence), and comorbidities (chronic diseases) was collected. A venous blood sample was obtained from each participant to determine the level of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA kit. Results All up, 799 participants were surveyed. The average age was 27 years, and 45.8% of the respondents were male (sex ratio: 0.8). The overall proportion of respondents with positive serostatus was 74.1%. Participants over 20 years of age were twice as likely to have positive serostatus, with an OR of 2.2 [95% CI: (1.6, 3.1)]. Conclusions The results of this survey revealed a high cumulative level of immunity in Bangui, thus indicating a significant degree of spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the population. The public health implications of this immunity to SARS-CoV-2 such as the post-vaccination total antibody kinetics remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Manirakiza
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Pasteur International Network
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université of Bangui
| | | | - Jean de Dieu Longo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université of Bangui
- Ministère de la Santé et de la Population
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Narcisse Patrice Komas
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Pasteur International Network
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université of Bangui
| | | | - Guy Vernet
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Pasteur International Network
| | | | - Emmanuel Nakoune
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Pasteur International Network
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université of Bangui
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Hossain MS, Derrow MM, Mohamed SI, Abukar HM, Qayad MG, Malik SMMR, Mengistu KF, Obsie AAA, Anwar I. Population-based sero-epidemiological investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Somalia. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:948-954. [PMID: 37094495 PMCID: PMC10105620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Somalia by measuring the seroprevalence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the general population. METHODS We recruited a convenience sample of 2751 participants from among individuals attending outpatient and inpatient departments of public health facilities, or their accompanying family members. Participants were interviewed to collect sociodemographic data and provided a blood sample. We calculated seropositivity rates overall and by sex, age group, state, residence, education and marital status. We used logistic regression analysis - odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) - to investigate sociodemographic correlates of seropositivity. RESULTS The overall seropositivity rate was 56.4% (95% CI 54.5-58.3%), while 8.8% of participants reported being previously diagnosed with COVID-19 by July 2021. In the regression analysis, after controlling for covariates, urban residence was significantly asscoiated with seropositivity: OR = 1.74 (95% CI: 1.19-2.55). CONCLUSIONS Our results show a high seroprevalence rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Somali population (56.4%), and indicate that many infections have not been captured by the country's surveillance system resulting in considerable under-reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahra Isse Mohamed
- Ministry of Health and Human Service, Federal Government of Somalia, Somalia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Iqbal Anwar
- Obstetrics and Gynaecological Society of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
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Ranjbar Kermani F, Arabkhazaeli A, Eshghi P, Maghsudlu M, Amini-Kafiabad S, Teimourpour A, Pourkarim MR. Estimate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies prevalence among Iranian population based on blood donations: A serial cross-sectional study during the third wave of the pandemic. Transfus Clin Biol 2023; 30:123-129. [PMID: 36084918 PMCID: PMC9446593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iran is one of the countries that have been confronted with the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic since February 2020. This study aimed to determine the levels of specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among healthy blood donors to estimate the burden of the epidemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS A serial cross-sectional study was conducted on blood donors who referred to 31 main blood donation centers in different provinces during the third weeks of September, October, and November 2020. A questionnaire was filled out to collect socio-demographic characteristics, history of contact with COVID-19 patients, and history of COVID-19. A blood sample was collected from each participant to assess the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using the ELISA method. The crude prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was calculated. Then it was weighted based on the gender and age groups of the general population in each province and adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS During three time points of the study, 3840, 3697, and 3152 participants enrolled. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 19.59% (17.18-22.00), 22.67% (20.70-24.65), and 32.63% (29.93-35.33) over the three rounds of the study. We found an association between the seropositivity and the highest educational level; AOR 0.76 (0.63-0.93), history of close contact with COVID-19 patients; AOR 1.69 (1.35-2.11), and history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection; AOR 8.86 (5.38-14.60). CONCLUSION This study showed that about one-third of the population had been infected with COVID-19. Furthermore, a significant upward trend in seroprevalence was observed. The predisposing factors indicate the importance of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Ranjbar Kermani
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Arabkhazaeli
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Eshghi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Maghsudlu
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sedigheh Amini-Kafiabad
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Teimourpour
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-45794, Shiraz 71348-54794, Iran; Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Lee H, Kim S, Jeong M, Choi E, Ahn H, Lee J. Mathematical Modeling of COVID-19 Transmission and Intervention in South Korea: A Review of Literature. Yonsei Med J 2023; 64:1-10. [PMID: 36579373 PMCID: PMC9826955 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
South Korea implemented interventions to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with discovery of the first case in early 2020. Mathematical modeling designed to reflect the dynamics of disease transmission has been shown to be an important tool for responding to COVID-19. This study aimed to review publications on the structure, method, and role of mathematical models focusing on COVID-19 transmission dynamics in Korea. In total, 42 papers published between August 7, 2020 and August 21, 2022 were studied and reviewed. This study highlights the construction and utilization of mathematical models to help craft strategies for predicting the course of an epidemic and evaluating the effectiveness of control strategies. Despite the limitations caused by a lack of available epidemiological and surveillance data, modeling studies could contribute to providing scientific evidence for policymaking by simulating various scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Lee
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sol Kim
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Mathematics), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jeong
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Mathematics), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunseo Choi
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeehyun Lee
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Mathematics), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Taha AE, Alduraywish AA, Almaeen AH, El-Metwally TH, Alayyaf M, Mallick A, Abouelkheir M. High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among Inhabitants of Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010026. [PMID: 36679870 PMCID: PMC9862882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Backgrounds and Objectives: The global battle to contain the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still ongoing. This cross-sectional study aimed to detect the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among previously symptomatic/asymptomatic and vaccinated/unvaccinated inhabitants of Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. (2) Methods: Blood samples of 400 participants were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG using colloidal gold immuno-chromatography lateral flow immunoassay cards. (3) Results: The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG positivity was 45.8% and 42.3%, respectively. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between the previous RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2-RNA and positivity for IgM and/or IgG. The highest seroprevalence of IgM and IgG were detected among smokers, participants aged ≥40 years, and patients with chronic diseases. Although most of the participants (58.5%) did not previously experience COVID-19 like symptoms, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG seropositivity amongst them was 49.1% and 25.6%, respectively, with higher seroprevalence among males than females. At the time of the study, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate at our locality in Saudi Arabia was 43.8% with statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) between being vaccinated and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and/or IgG positivity, with more positivity after receiving the second vaccine dose. (4) Conclusions: Public assessment reflects the real scale of the disease exposure among the community and helps in identifying the asymptomatic carriers that constitute a major problem for controlling the SARS-CoV-2. To limit the spread of the virus, rigorous implementation of large-scale SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological testing strategies should be empowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Taha
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: or or
| | | | - Abdulrahman H. Almaeen
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Division, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek H. El-Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry Division, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71517, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Alayyaf
- Consultant Histopathologist & Nephropathologist, Medical Lab Director, Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mallick
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within the community of a private tertiary university in the Philippines: A serial cross sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268145. [PMID: 36469505 PMCID: PMC9721473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a public health emergency in all sectors of society, including universities and other academic institutions. This study determined the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among administrators, faculty, staff, and students of a private tertiary academic institution in the Philippines over a 7 month period. It employed a serial cross-sectional method using qualitative and quantitative COVID-19 antibody test kits. A total of 1,318 participants were tested, showing 47.80% of the study population yielding IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus. A general increase in seroprevalence was observed from June to December 2021, which coincided with the vaccine roll-out of the country. All brands yielded positive antibody formation, with mRNA vaccines having higher levels than other types of vaccines. A decreasing trend in IgG reactivity was found in vaccinated individuals after 1 to 6 months of completion of the 2 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Where possible, IgG and T-cell reactivity and/or neutralizing capacity against SAR-CoV-2 need to be monitored regardless of vaccine brand. Together with uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and boosters, other public health interventions such as wearing of masks and regular testing need to be continued for better protection. Effective communication is also needed to inform risks associated with activities across different settings. Investments in long-term measures such as air filtration and ventilation systems, and wastewater surveillance need to be made.
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Ara J, Islam MS, Quader MTU, Das A, Hasib FMY, Islam MS, Rahman T, Das S, Chowdhury MAH, Das GB, Chowdhury S. Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11040069. [PMID: 36412835 PMCID: PMC9680400 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies of COVID-19 are used to assess the degree of undetected transmission in the community and different groups such as health care workers (HCWs) are deemed vulnerable due to their workplace hazards. The present study estimated the seroprevalence and quantified the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody (IgG) and its association with different factors. This cross-sectional study observed HCWs, in indoor and outdoor patients (non-COVID-19) and garment workers in the Chattogram metropolitan area (CMA, N = 748) from six hospitals and two garment factories. Qualitative and quantitative ELISA were used to identify and quantify antibodies (IgG) in the serum samples. Descriptive, univariable, and multivariable statistical analysis were performed. Overall seroprevalence and among HCWs, in indoor and outdoor patients, and garment workers were 66.99% (95% CI: 63.40-70.40%), 68.99% (95% CI: 63.8-73.7%), 81.37% (95% CI: 74.7-86.7%), and 50.56% (95% CI: 43.5-57.5%), respectively. Seroprevalence and mean titer was 44.47% (95% CI: 38.6-50.4%) and 53.71 DU/mL in the non-vaccinated population, respectively, while it was higher in the population who received a first dose (61.66%, 95% CI: 54.8-68.0%, 159.08 DU/mL) and both doses (100%, 95% CI: 98.4-100%, 255.46 DU/mL). This study emphasizes the role of vaccine in antibody production; the second dose of vaccine significantly increased the seroprevalence and titer and both were low in natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Ara
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sirazul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- COVID-19 Detection Laboratory, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tarek Ul Quader
- Department of Anesthesiology and ICU, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chattogram 4203, Bangladesh
| | - Anan Das
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - F. M. Yasir Hasib
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mohammad Saiful Islam
- Department of Emergency and Accident, Imperial Hospital Limited, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Tazrina Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram 4203, Bangladesh
| | - Seemanta Das
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Goutam Buddha Das
- COVID-19 Detection Laboratory, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Chowdhury
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- COVID-19 Detection Laboratory, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
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Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in High-Risk Occupational and Low-Risk Groups in Southwestern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-126975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been considered by the World Health Organization (WHO). We examined the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in southwestern Iran in spring 2020. The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 is high in the general population, especially among health care workers (HCWs) who are in close contact with patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antigen in high-risk occupational and low-risk groups to investigate risk factors for serum positivity in Shiraz, southwestern Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed on 366 participants (204 from high-risk and 162 from low-risk subjects). IgG and IgM antibodies were detected using Pishtaz Teb COVID-19 ELISA Kits to evaluate SARS-CoV-2-antigen in serum samples. After enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum prevalence, as well as IgG/IgM positive factors, was determined using logistic regression. Results: From July to September 2020 (a few months after reporting the first case of COVID-19 cases in Iran), out of 366 survived people, 72 (40.9%) were IgG positive, and 50 (27.5%) were IgM positive. The frequency of positive serology for IgG and IgM antibodies in individuals aged < 30 years was higher in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group. Multivariate logistic regression showed that headache (OR 0.312 [95% CI: 0.136 - 0.717]) and cough (OR 0.427 [95% CI: 0.182 - 1.004]) factors were associated with IgG or IgM positive serology. Conclusions: Between July and September 2020, the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antigen was high in Shiraz. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies in the high-risk group and their family as low risk was shown to increase viral infection due to close contact with COVID 19 patients than in the general population. Several factors were found to be related to the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antigen that needs to be considered by policymakers to determine what to do about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Hajissa K, Mussa A, Karobari MI, Abbas MA, Ibrahim IK, Assiry AA, Iqbal A, Alhumaid S, Mutair AA, Rabaan AA, Messina P, Scardina GA. The SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies, Their Diagnostic Utility, and Their Potential for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081346. [PMID: 36016233 PMCID: PMC9412318 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are important immune mediators and powerful diagnostic markers in a wide range of infectious diseases. Understanding the humoral immunity or the development of effective antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is a prerequisite for limiting disease burden in the community and aids in the development of new diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccination options. Accordingly, the role of antiviral antibodies in the resistance to and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was explored. Antibody testing showed the potential in adding important diagnostic value to the routine diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19. They could also play a critical role in COVID-19 surveillance, allowing for a better understanding of the full scope of the disease. The development of several vaccines and the success of passive immunotherapy suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have the potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we highlight the role of antibodies in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide an update on their protective roles in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (M.I.K.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Ali Mussa
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (M.I.K.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Adamu Abbas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 3011, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Khider Ibrahim
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Ali A Assiry
- Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Nursing Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 33048, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Pietro Messina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (M.I.K.); (G.A.S.)
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Rezaee Azhar I, Yaghoobi M, Ghalich L, Masoudian Z, Shabanzadeh Pirsaraei A, Yaghoobi P, Hamednaghsheh M, Roshanaie Zadeh AM, Ghafari P, Soltani S, Bozorgmehr S, Shafiei M, Mortazavi SE, Ghaziasadi A, Sharafkhanian B, Akhiani H, Javidnejad J, Nomanpour B, Araeynejad F, Jazayeri SM. Socio-demographical Profile of 7285 SARS-Cov-2 Positive Early Cases; Comparison with National Four Epidemic Waves. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:131. [PMID: 36475093 PMCID: PMC9718228 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objectives were to investigate aspects of the COVID-19 epidemics via testing the individuals who were referred to Aramesh Medical Laboratory in Tehran and to integrate the molecular results with epidemiological data since the beginning of the epidemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional Study 77528 outpatients were referred to Aramesh Medical laboratory by physicians for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2019 and May 2021. Viral acid nucleic extracted from nasal and throat specimens and subsequently amplified using Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR. Laboratory data including Ct values compared with epidemic peaks of COVID-19 countrywide. Statistical Analysis was done by SPSS 21 Software. Results: 14312 (18.46%) tested positive.36.5% of the positive cases were in the 30 to 39 years old age group. The positive result rate was significantly different based on months, ranging from 6% to 28%, compatible with four recognized epidemic peaks encompassing the end of March through the first week of April (first epidemic peak), from June to July 2020 (second epidemic peak), October until mid of November 2020 (third epidemic wave) followed by the end of April to May 2021 (until the end period of study, in the middle of 4th peak). In 37.8% of cases, the Ct value was between 21 and 28. Two separate trends were seen for Ct ≤ 25 and Ct ≤ 20 for the first and fourth epidemic peaks, respectively. There was an association between the number of total monthly positive results and total deaths in the country, especially with the second to third peaks (in the course of summer 2020) and fourth epidemic peak. Conclusion: It might be useful to consider laboratory admission rates as an indicator for changes in the epidemic level in the country to continue the SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in accordance with public decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Rezaee Azhar
- Aramesh Medical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leila Ghalich
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Masoudian
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Karaj,Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Parsa Ghafari
- Aramesh Medical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Motahareh Shafiei
- Aramesh Medical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Elham Mortazavi
- Aramesh Medical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Ghaziasadi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Bizhan Nomanpour
- Aramesh Medical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Aramesh Medical Laboratory, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Corresponding author:Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri,
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Sugiyama A, Okada F, Abe K, Imada H, Ouoba S, E B, Hussain MRA, Ohisa M, Ko K, Nagashima S, Akita T, Yamazaki S, Yokozaki M, Kishita E, Tanaka J. A longitudinal study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in a random sample of the general population in Hiroshima in 2020. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:30. [PMID: 35793938 PMCID: PMC9283912 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.22-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study aimed to determine chronological changes in the seroprevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, including asymptomatic infections in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. METHODS A stratified random sample of 7,500 residents from five cities of Hiroshima Prefecture was selected to participate in a three-round survey from late 2020 to early 2021, before the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine. The seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was calculated if at least two of four commercially available immunoassays were positive. Then, the ratio between seroprevalence and the prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Hiroshima was calculated and compared to the results from other prefectures where the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare conducted a survey by using the same reagents at almost the same period. RESULTS The numbers of participants in the first, second, and third rounds of the survey were 3025, 2396, and 2351, respectively and their anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalences were 0.03% (95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.10%), 0.08% (0.00-0.20%), and 0.30% (0.08-0.52%), respectively. The ratio between the seroprevalence and the prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Hiroshima was 1.2, which was smaller than that in similar studies in other prefectures. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Hiroshima increased tenfold in a half year. The difference between seroprevalence and the prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Hiroshima was smaller than that in other prefectures, suggesting that asymptomatic patients were more actively detected in Hiroshima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Sugiyama
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Fumie Okada
- Hiroshima Prefecture Health and Welfare Bureau
| | - Kanon Abe
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Hirohito Imada
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Serge Ouoba
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS)
| | - Bunthen E
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Payment Certification Agency, Ministry of Health
| | - Md Razeen Ashraf Hussain
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masayuki Ohisa
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Ko Ko
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shintaro Nagashima
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shinichi Yamazaki
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital
| | - Michiya Yokozaki
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital
| | | | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Bahlawan O, Badra R, Semaan H, Fayad N, Kamel MN, El Taweel AN, Gomaa MR, Sirawan A, Berry A, Mokhbat J, Goldstein J, Abdallah J, Kayali G. Prevalence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in Lebanon. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1509-1519. [PMID: 35597809 PMCID: PMC9123924 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
According to the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, more than 1,053,000 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been confirmed in Lebanon so far. The actual number of cases is likely to be higher. We conducted a serological study from October 2020 to April 2021 to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and identify associated factors. Serum samples as well as demographic, health, and behavioral data were collected from 2,783 subjects. Sera were tested by microneutralization assay. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 58.9% of the study population. The positivity rate increased over the study period. It was highest among the group who remained at work during the COVID-19 pandemic and in peri-urban areas with limited adherence to preventive measures. Sex and age were associated with positivity. Reported previous COVID-19, exposure to a COVID-19 patient in the family, and attending gatherings were associated with increased prevalence. Not taking any precautionary measures against COVID-19 was a risk factor, whereas precautionary measures such as working from home and washing hands were protective. The high neutralizing antibody seroprevalence rates detected in this study emphasize the high transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community. Adherence to preventive measures and non-pharmaceutical interventions imposed by the government is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Semaan
- Human Link, 0000 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nancy Fayad
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Human Link, 0000 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N. El Taweel
- Human Link, 0000 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar R. Gomaa
- Human Link, 0000 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer Sirawan
- Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture, Bir Hassan, Jnah, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Atika Berry
- Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jacques Mokhbat
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Jimi Goldstein
- Human Link, 0000 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB Hertfordshire UK
| | - Jad Abdallah
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
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Mohammadi Z, Faghih Dinevari M, Vahed N, Ebrahimi Bakhtavar H, Rahmani F. Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of COVID-19-Related In-hospital Mortality; a Cross-sectional Study of 1000 Cases. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2022; 10:e49. [PMID: 36033996 PMCID: PMC9397590 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v10i1.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying patients at risk for mortality and using appropriate treatment for each patient based on their situation could be an effective strategy in improving their outcome. This study aimed to evaluated the predictors of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all adult COVID-19 patients who were managed in Imam-Reza and Sina Hospitals, Tabriz, Iran, from November 2020 until December 2021. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients were evaluated and predictors of in-hospital mortality were identified using logistic regression model. RESULTS 1000 patients with the mean age of 56.34 ± 18.00 years were studied (65.7% male). There were significant associations between COVID-19 in-hospital mortality and hospitalization above five days (p = 0.001), white blood cell count (WBC) > 4000 Cells*103/mL (p < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) above 40 IU/L (p = 0.001), alanine transaminase (ALT) above 40 IU/L (p = 0.001), creatinine above 1.4 mg/dL (p = 0.007), urea above 100 mg/dL (p = 0.024), and SaO2 below 80% (p = 0.001). Hospital stay above five days (OR: 3.473; 95%CI: 1.272 - 9.479; p = 0.15), AST above 40 IU/L (OR: 0.269, 95%CI: 0.179 - 0.402; p = 0.001), creatinine above 1.4 mg/dL (OR: 0.529; 95%CI: 0.344 - 0.813; p = 0.004), urea above 100 mg/dL (OR: 0.327, 95%CI: 0.189 - 0.567; p = 0.001), and SaO2 below 80% (OR: 8.754, 95%CI: 5.413 - 14.156; p = 0.001) were among the independent predictors of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION The mortality rate of patients with COVID-19 in our study was 29.9%. Hospitalization of more than five days, AST above 40 IU/L, creatinine above 1.4 mg/dL, urea above 100 mg/dL and SaO2 < 80% were independent risk factors of in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mohammadi
- Emergency and Trauma Care Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Farzad Rahmani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ,Corresponding Author: Farzad Rahmani; Emam Reza Medical Research and Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tel: 00984133352078, Fax: 00984133352078, , ORCID: 0000-0001-5582-9156
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17
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Hoang VT, Pham TD, Nguyen QT, Nguyen DC, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TB, Tran TKT, Phan TL, Vo PLN, Dao TL, Fenollar F, Gautret P. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-density communities and hyper-endemicity of COVID-19 in Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:515-521. [PMID: 35303386 PMCID: PMC9115418 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the magnitude of active and recovering COVID-19 patients among at-risk communities and to identify the factors associated with positive serology. METHODS Four hundred and eighty-three close contacts of COVID-19 patients residing in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 epidemic (September and October 2021) were included. Five weeks after exposure to a COVID-19 patient, they underwent a serology test using the BIOSYNEX COVID-19 BSS kit. RESULTS The median age of participants was 37 years. A total of 34.6% individuals presented at least one clinical symptom between the time of contact with the COVID-19 patient and inclusion in study. A total of 1.7% unvaccinated individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time PCR, and 9.5% had evidence of recent infection (positive PCR and/or IgM). A further 26.7% unvaccinated individuals presented evidence of a past infection (positive IgG only). Socio-demographic characteristics, vaccination status and clinical symptoms were not associated with a positive IgM test. CONCLUSION This is the first serosurvey conducted during the fourth wave of the epidemic in Vietnam. It revealed a seropositivity rate higher than in previous studies and confirmed the hyperendemicity of SARS-CoV-2. Testing using rapid serological tests proved to be a reliable, easy-to-use method and enabled a rapid estimation of the burden of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thuan Hoang
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and PharmacyThai BinhVietnam
| | - Thi Dung Pham
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and PharmacyThai BinhVietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Trong Lan Phan
- General Department of Preventive MedicineMinistry of HealthHa NoiVietnam
| | | | - Thi Loi Dao
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and PharmacyThai BinhVietnam
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille UnivIRDAP‐HMSSA, VITROMEMarseilleFrance
- IHU‐Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille UnivIRDAP‐HMSSA, VITROMEMarseilleFrance
- IHU‐Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
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COVID-19 in Tunisia (North Africa): Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the General Population of the Capital City Tunis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040971. [PMID: 35454019 PMCID: PMC9031774 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies are essential to get an accurate estimate of the actual SARS-CoV-2 diffusion within populations. We report on the findings of the first serosurvey conducted in Tunis prior to the implementation of mass vaccination and analyzed factors associated with seropositivity. A household cross sectional survey was conducted (March–April 2021) in Tunis, spanning the end of the second wave and the beginning of the third wave of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the spike (S-RBD) or the nucleocapsid (N) proteins were detected by in-house ELISA tests. The survey included 1676 individuals from 431 households. The mean age and sex ratio were 43.3 ± 20.9 years and 0.6, respectively. The weighted seroprevalence of anti-N and/or anti-S-RBD IgG antibodies was equal to 38.0% (34.6–41.5). In multivariate analysis, age under 10, no tobacco use, previous diagnosis of COVID-19, a history of COVID-19 related symptoms and contact with a COVID-19 case within the household, were independently associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. More than one third of people living in Tunis obtained antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Further studies are needed to monitor changes in these figures as Tunisian population is confronted to the subsequent epidemic waves and to guide the vaccine strategy.
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Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth JK, Shah C, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Tiwari H. Covid-19 Serosurveillance Positivity in General Population: Comparison at Different Times. NATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.5455/njcm.20210518084014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Serological surveys estimating the cumulative incidence of the disease are powerful and effective tools for monitoring the epidemic and in determining the immunity status.
Objectives: To compare the percentage sero-positivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV2 at two different time period in the same population to understand the pandemic and predict about the immunity status of the population.
Methods: As a part of Covid19 pandemic management, two separate population based sero-survey within a gap of 1½ months were carried in Ahmedabad city to scientifically document the progress of the Covid19 pandemic. Various demographic factors and other parameters from both the survey were compared with seropositivity for valid and precise estimation of disease situation as well as immunity status of the population.
Results: The study documents an increase in seropositivity by 5.32% (from 17.92% to 23.24%). The seropositivity shows increasing trend with increase in the age group and the seropositivity is significantly higher among females. Overall higher seropositivity against the reported cases in the first sero-survey and the narrow increase in the seropositivity during the subsequent sero-survey inspite of high number of cases may indicate temporary status of the antibodies. This may also be due to the difference in the level of stigma, health care service delivery, service utilization and related field level situation affecting the asymptomatic/unreported case positivity.
Conclusion: The result of seropositivity comparison indicates the scopes for further research to confirm and generate greater evidences regarding the factors affecting seropositivity.
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Häusler M, Kleines M. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany may represent the sum of a large number of local but independent epidemics each initiated by individuals aged 10 - 19 years, middle aged males, or elderly individuals. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3087-3095. [PMID: 35229302 PMCID: PMC9088573 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemics, particularly those affecting children, are still sparsely elucidated. Data on the first pandemic phase during the year 2020 indicated that children might serve as a virus reservoir. We now analyzed data on more than 530 000 SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 12 503 anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody tests performed in the west of Germany until Week 4 of 2021. We show that children of at least 10 years of age may play a prominent role in the pandemic showing highest PCR‐positive rates in the first (Weeks 28–35), second (Weeks 42–48), and third wave (Week 50 of 2020–Week 2 2021) of the second pandemic phase, although the waves were not mainly initiated by children. The waves' kinetics differed even in nearby cities. Low PCR‐positive rates were confined to areas of lower population density. PCR‐positive rates were higher among middle‐aged males compared with women and among very old females compared with males. From Week 25, seroprevalence rates slowly increased to 50%, indicating ongoing virus activity. In conclusion, the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemics is characterized by many local but interacting epidemics, initiated and driven by different social groups. Children may not be the main initiators of virus spreading but older children may significantly affect the course of the pandemic. High population density is associated with higher SARS‐CoV‐2 incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Häusler
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Division of Neuropediatrics & Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Kleines
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Assefa Y, Gilks CF, Reid S, van de Pas R, Gete DG, Van Damme W. Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons towards a more effective response to public health emergencies. Global Health 2022; 18:10. [PMID: 35120537 PMCID: PMC8815718 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-022-00805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a timely reminder of the nature and impact of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. As of 12 January 2022, there were over 314 million cases and over 5.5 million deaths notified since the start of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic takes variable shapes and forms, in terms of cases and deaths, in different regions and countries of the world. The objective of this study is to analyse the variable expression of COVID-19 pandemic so that lessons can be learned towards an effective public health emergency response. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods study to understand the heterogeneity of cases and deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis and scatter plot were employed for the quantitative data. We used Spearman’s correlation analysis to determine relationship strength between cases and deaths and socio-economic and health systems. We organized qualitative information from the literature and conducted a thematic analysis to recognize patterns of cases and deaths and explain the findings from the quantitative data. Results We have found that regions and countries with high human development index have higher cases and deaths per million population due to COVID-19. This is due to international connectedness and mobility of their population related to trade and tourism, and their vulnerability related to older populations and higher rates of non-communicable diseases. We have also identified that the burden of the pandemic is also variable among high- and middle-income countries due to differences in the governance of the pandemic, fragmentation of health systems, and socio-economic inequities. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that every country remains vulnerable to public health emergencies. The aspiration towards a healthier and safer society requires that countries develop and implement a coherent and context-specific national strategy, improve governance of public health emergencies, build the capacity of their (public) health systems, minimize fragmentation, and tackle upstream structural issues, including socio-economic inequities. This is possible through a primary health care approach, which ensures provision of universal and equitable promotive, preventive and curative services, through whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Charles F Gilks
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Reid
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Dereje Gedle Gete
- School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 in the Republic of Srpska-Bosnia & Herzegovina: A population-based study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262738. [PMID: 35089944 PMCID: PMC8797215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to analyse the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population toward COVID-19. This population-based study was conducted in a group of 1,855 randomly selected individuals from all municipalities from 1 December 2020 to 15 January 2021. All individuals were asked to sign a consent form and to fill in a questionnaire, following which a blood samples were collected. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined in serum specimens using the total Ab ELISA assay. The overall seroprevalence rate was 40.3%. Subjects aged <65 years were 2.06 times more likely to be seropositive than those aged ≥65, and 30% of seropositive individuals presented no COVID-19 symptoms. The household members of seropositive individuals were 2.24 times more likely to develop COVID-19 symptoms than the household members of seronegative individuals. More than 95% of respondents believe that preventive measures are very important to control the infection transmission. Majority of respondents wear the masks properly, maintain the required physical distance whenever possible and wash hands with soap. Nearly 50% of individuals were of the opinion that the vaccine could prevent the infection. This study showed that an overall SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity rate by the middle of January 2021 was very high. Attitudes and practices regarding the COVID-19 indicate that additional efforts should be taken in order to improve the health education with a focus on preventive measures and vaccination.
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Ibrahimagić A, Huseinagić S, Sarajlić-Spahić S, Bašić F, Durmišević J. Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and its seroprevalence in Zavidovići municipality of Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2022; 16:3-8. [PMID: 36101851 PMCID: PMC9441649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improved serological detection of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 could help estimate the true number of infections. METHODS A total of 443 serum samples provided by unvaccinated patients of all ages with unknown COVID-19 status that were originally submitted for routine screening or clinical management from outpatient laboratory during the March-April 2021 (third wave) were collected. Seroprevalence of IgM/IgG antibodies was determined by lateral flow immunoassay (Tigsun, Beijing, China). RESULTS Among 443 serum samples, 186 (42.0%) were positive (incidence of 5.2/1000) with slight predominace of females, 104 (55.9%), highest seropositivity in 25-50 and 51-64 years age groups, 61 (32.8%) and 57 (30.6%), respectively (P < 0.05); rural population was more prevalent, 101 (54.3%) (P < 0.05) and active workers, 86 (41.1%). Almost equal number of patients was with or without symptoms, 48.4% and 51.6%, respectively. For the comparison, in the same period it was registered 296 (out of 855; 34.6%) PCR SARS-CoV-19 positive persons (incidence of 8.2/1000) with the higher gender (females) and the highest age prevalence in 51-64 years age group (36.8%). In the period March 2020-June 2021, it was registered 804 (out of 3323; 24.2%) (incidence of 22.3/1000) PCR SARS-CoV-19 positive persons with no significant gender and significant age difference (25-50 and 51-64 years group, respectively). CONCLUSION In the regions with high prevalence/incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population (Bosnia and Herzegovina is on the World top on the number of deaths) seroprevalence measuring can help tracking the spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ibrahimagić
- Department for Chemical Diagnostics, Institute for Health and Food Safety, Fra Ivana Jukića 2, 72 000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Address for correspondence: Amir Ibrahimagić, Institute for Health and Food Safety, Fra Ivana Jukića 2, 72000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Phone: 0038732/448-470. Fax: 0038732/448-000. E-mail:
| | - Senad Huseinagić
- Management of Institute for Health and Food Safety, Fra Ivana Jukića 2, 72 000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selvedina Sarajlić-Spahić
- Department for Promotion and Quality in Health, Institute for Health and Food Safety, Fra Ivana Jukića 2, 72 000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Fatima Bašić
- Department for Epidemiology and Ecology, Institute for Health and Food Safety, Fra Ivana Jukića 2, 72 000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmin Durmišević
- Section for Health Ecology and Hygiene, Institute for Health and Food Safety, Fra Ivana Jukića 2, 72 000 Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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24
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Sawitri AAS, Yuliyatni PCD, Astuti PAS, Ajis E, Prasetyowati EB, Husni, Morgan J, Mika J, Praptiningsih CY, Mangiri A, Mulyadi E, Noviyanti R, Trianty L, Hawley WA. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Bali Province: Indonesia shows underdetection of COVID-19 cases by routine surveillance. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000727. [PMID: 36962743 PMCID: PMC10021651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The international tourist destination of Bali reported its first case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 in March 2020. To better understand the extent of exposure of Bali's 4.3 million inhabitants to the COVID-19 virus, we performed two repeated cross-sectional serosurveys stratified by urban and rural areas. We used a highly specific multiplex assay that detects antibodies to three different viral antigens. We also assessed demographic and social risk factors and history of symptoms. Our results show that the virus was widespread in Bali by late 2020, with 16.73% (95% CI 12.22-21.12) of the population having been infected by that time. We saw no differences in seroprevalence between urban and rural areas, possibly due to extensive population mixing, and similar levels of seroprevalence by gender and among age groups, except for lower seroprevalence in the very young. We observed no difference in seroprevalence between our two closely spaced surveys. Individuals reporting symptoms in the past six months were about twice as likely to be seropositive as those not reporting symptoms. Based upon official statistics for laboratory diagnosed cases for the six months prior to the survey, we estimate that for every reported case an additional 52 cases, at least, were undetected. Our results support the hypothesis that by late 2020 the virus was widespread in Bali, but largely undetected by surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anak A S Sawitri
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Putu C D Yuliyatni
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Putu A S Astuti
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Emita Ajis
- Directorate of Health Survaillance and Quarantine, Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia
- Gedung Adhyatma Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endang B Prasetyowati
- Directorate of Health Survaillance and Quarantine, Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia
- Gedung Adhyatma Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Husni
- Indonesia Field Epidemiology Secretariate, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - Juliette Morgan
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jennifer Mika
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Amalya Mangiri
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ester Mulyadi
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rintis Noviyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Moleculer Biology, Kota Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Moleculer Biology, Kota Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - William A Hawley
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Herlinda O, Bella A, Kusnadi G, Swasthika Nurshadrina D, Thoriq Akbar M, Nida S, Salama N, Ariawan I, Saminarsih D. Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-Cov-2 in the high impacted sub-district in Jakarta, Indonesia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261931. [PMID: 34941968 PMCID: PMC8699601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the actual prevalence of COVID-19 transmission in the community is vital for strategic responses to the pandemic. This study aims to estimate the actual infection of COVID-19 through a seroprevalence survey and to predict infection fatality rate (IFR) in Tanjung Priok, the hardest-hit sub-district by the COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods We conducted a venous blood sampling (phlebotomy) to 3,196 individuals in Tanjung Priok between Nov 23, 2020, and Feb 19, 2021 to detect their antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Using an enumerator-administered questionnaire, we collected data on the respondents’ demographic characteristics, COVID-19 test history, COVID-19 symptoms in the last 14 days, comorbidities, and protective behaviours during the last month. We employed descriptive analysis to estimate the seroprevalence and IFR. Findings The prevalence of Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 was 28.52% (95% CI 25.44–31.81%), with the result being higher in females than males (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.02–1.42). By the end of the data collection (February 9, 2021), the cumulative cases of COVID-19 in Tanjung Priok were reported to be experienced by 9,861 people (2.4%). Those aged 45–65 were more likely to be seropositive than 15–19 years old (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.05–1.92). Nearly one third (31%) of the subjects who developed at least one COVID-19 symptom in the last 14 days of the data collection were seropositive. The estimated IFR was 0.08% (95% CI 0.07–0.09), with a higher figure recorded in males (0.09; 95% CI 0.08–0.10) than females (0.07; 95% CI 0.06–0.08), and oldest age group (45–65) (0.21; 95% CI 0.18–0.23) than other younger groups. Conclusion An under-reporting issue was found between the estimated COVID-19 seroprevalence and the reported cumulative cases in Tanjung Priok. More efforts are required to amplify epidemiological surveillance by the provincial and local governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Herlinda
- Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Adrianna Bella
- Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI), Jakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gita Kusnadi
- Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Mochamad Thoriq Akbar
- Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sofwatun Nida
- Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Iwan Ariawan
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Viana K, Zarpelon L, Leandro A, Terencio M, Lopes R, Martins C, Silva I, Sibim A, Marques F, da Silva R, Rivas A, Souza A, dos-Santos A, Torres S, Garcia M, Giunchetti R, Chiba-de-Castro W. Infection in asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 can interfere with the achievement of robust immunity on a population scale. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001684. [PMID: 34788210 PMCID: PMC8742991 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic, and a significant portion of the infected population may remain asymptomatic. Given this, five surveys were carried out between May and September 2020 with a total of 3585 volunteers in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu, State of Paraná, a triple border region between Brazil/Argentina/Paraguay. Five months after the first infection, volunteers were re-analysed for the production of IgG anti-Spike and anti-RBD-Spike, in addition to analyses of cellular immunity. Seroconversion rates ranged from 4.4 % to a peak of 37.21 % followed by a reduction in seroconversion to 21.1 % in September, indicating that 25 % of the population lost their circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 3 months after infection. Analyses after 5 months of infection showed that only 17.2 % of people still had anti-RBD-Spike antibodies, however, most volunteers had some degree of cellular immune response. The strategy of letting people become naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 to achieve herd immunity is flawed, and the first contact with the virus may not generate enough immunogenic stimulus to prevent a possible second infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvinson Viana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Luis Zarpelon
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Andre Leandro
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Maria Terencio
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Renata Lopes
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Isaak Silva
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Sibim
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Fábio Marques
- Fundação Municipal de Saúde de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Açucena Rivas
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Souza
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Angelo dos-Santos
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Sara Torres
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Maria Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
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Arman A, Tajik M, Nazemipour M, Ahmadinejad Z, Shahrestanaki SK, Hazrati E, Mansournia N, Mansournia MA. Risk factors of developing critical conditions in Iranian patients with COVID-19. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 3:100046. [PMID: 33521624 PMCID: PMC7833422 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 due to novel Coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan, China. Nowadays, the Islamic Republic of Iran stands among countries with high COVID-19 prevalence and high burden of disease. Since the medical resources are limited, we aimed to identify the risk factors for patients developing critical conditions. This can help to improve resource management and treatment outcomes. In this retrospective study, we included 12,677 patients who were from 26 hospitals, supervised by Tehran University of Medical Sciences with signs and symptoms of COVID-19, until April 12. University integrated IT system was adopted to collect the data. We performed Logistic regression to evaluate the association between death in COVID-19 positive patients and other variables. Cough, respiratory distress and fever were the most common symptoms in our patients, respectively. Cancer, chronic lung diseases and chronic neurologic diseases were the strongest risk factors for death in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Arman
- Medical-Surgical Department School of Nursing & Midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tajik
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazemipour
- Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadinejad
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki
- Nursing Care Research Center(NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Hazrati
- Department of Anesthesiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mansournia
- Department of Endocrinology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)-Specific Antibodies among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guilan, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:9081491. [PMID: 34691195 PMCID: PMC8536443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9081491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to evaluate the anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies among healthcare workers in Guilan. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 503 healthcare workers. Between April and May 2020, blood samples were collected from the healthcare workers of Razi Hospital in Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection and quantitation of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibodies by using kits made by Pishtaz Teb Company, Tehran, Iran. Results From a total of 503 participants, the result of the anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM antibody test was positive in 28 subjects (5.6%) and the anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody test was positive in171 subjects (34%). Participants in the age group of 35–54 years were significantly more likely to have a positive anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody test than the age group of 20–34 years (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.04–2.25, P=0.029). Also, physicians were significantly more likely to have a positive antibody test than office workers (odds ratio = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04–3.54, P=0.037). The wide range of symptoms was significantly associated with the positive anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody test. The most significant association was observed between fever and a positive anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody test (odds ratio = 3.03, 95% CI: 2.06–4.44, P < 0.001). Conclusion The results of the current study indicated that the seroprevalence of COVID-19 was high among healthcare workers of Guilan Province. It seems that this finding was due to the earlier exposure to COVID-19 and the lack of awareness and preparedness to deal with the pandemic in Iran, compared to other countries.
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Cai R, Novosad P, Tandel V, Asher S, Malani A. Representative estimates of COVID-19 infection fatality rates from four locations in India: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021. [PMID: 34610940 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.05.21249264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate age-specific and sex-specific mortality risk among all SARS-CoV-2 infections in four settings in India, a major lower-middle-income country and to compare age trends in mortality with similar estimates in high-income countries. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING India, multiple regions representing combined population >150 million. PARTICIPANTS Aggregate infection counts were drawn from four large population-representative prevalence/seroprevalence surveys. Data on corresponding number of deaths were drawn from official government reports of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 deaths. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was age-specific and sex-specific infection fatality rate (IFR), estimated as the number of confirmed deaths per infection. The secondary outcome was the slope of the IFR-by-age function, representing increased risk associated with age. RESULTS Among males aged 50-89, measured IFR was 0.12% in Karnataka (95% CI 0.09% to 0.15%), 0.42% in Tamil Nadu (95% CI 0.39% to 0.45%), 0.53% in Mumbai (95% CI 0.52% to 0.54%) and an imprecise 5.64% (95% CI 0% to 11.16%) among migrants returning to Bihar. Estimated IFR was approximately twice as high for males as for females, heterogeneous across contexts and rose less dramatically at older ages compared with similar studies in high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Estimated age-specific IFRs during the first wave varied substantially across India. While estimated IFRs in Mumbai, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were considerably lower than comparable estimates from high-income countries, adjustment for under-reporting based on crude estimates of excess mortality puts them almost exactly equal with higher-income country benchmarks. In a marginalised migrant population, estimated IFRs were much higher than in other contexts around the world. Estimated IFRs suggest that the elderly in India are at an advantage relative to peers in high-income countries. Our findings suggest that the standard estimation approach may substantially underestimate IFR in low-income settings due to under-reporting of COVID-19 deaths, and that COVID-19 IFRs may be similar in low-income and high-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cai
- Development Data Lab, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul Novosad
- Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Vaidehi Tandel
- Real Estate and Planning Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sam Asher
- Economics, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anup Malani
- University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Acheampong T, Akorsikumah EA, Osae-Kwapong J, Khalid M, Appiah A, Amuasi JH. Examining Vaccine Hesitancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Survey of the Knowledge and Attitudes among Adults to Receive COVID-19 Vaccines in Ghana. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:814. [PMID: 34451939 PMCID: PMC8402404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 vaccination programmes on disease transmission, morbidity and mortality relies heavily on the population's willingness to accept the vaccine. We explore Ghanaian adult citizens' vaccine hesitancy attitudes and identify the likelihood of participation or non-participation in the government's effort to get citizens vaccinated. A fully anonymised cross-sectional online survey of 2345 adult Ghanaians was conducted from 23 to 28 February 2021. Differences in intentions regarding COVID-19 vaccination were explored using Pearson Chi-square tests. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the factors associated with willingness to receive vaccines. Responses were weighted using the iterative proportional fitting technique to generate a representative sample. About half (51%) of mostly urban adult Ghanaians over 15 years are likely to take the COVID-19 vaccine if made generally available. Almost a fifth (21%) of the respondents were unlikely to take the vaccine, while another 28% were undecided. Additionally, we find differences in vaccine hesitancy among some socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and primary sources of information. Attaining the proverbial 63% to 70% herd immunity threshold in Ghana is only possible if the preventive vaccination programmes are combined with an enhanced and coordinated public education campaign. Such a campaign should focus on promoting the individual and population-level benefits of vaccination and pre-emptive efforts towards addressing misinformation about vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Acheampong
- iRIS Research Consortium, 6 Ashur Suites, North Legon, Accra, Ghana; (J.O.-K.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Eli A. Akorsikumah
- Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala-Tamale P.O. Box 1350, Ghana;
| | - John Osae-Kwapong
- iRIS Research Consortium, 6 Ashur Suites, North Legon, Accra, Ghana; (J.O.-K.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Musah Khalid
- iRIS Research Consortium, 6 Ashur Suites, North Legon, Accra, Ghana; (J.O.-K.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Alfred Appiah
- iRIS Research Consortium, 6 Ashur Suites, North Legon, Accra, Ghana; (J.O.-K.); (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - John H. Amuasi
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
- Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Keeling MJ, Tildesley MJ, Atkins BD, Penman B, Southall E, Guyver-Fletcher G, Holmes A, McKimm H, Gorsich EE, Hill EM, Dyson L. The impact of school reopening on the spread of COVID-19 in England. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200261. [PMID: 34053259 PMCID: PMC8165595 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By mid-May 2020, cases of COVID-19 in the UK had been declining for over a month; a multi-phase emergence from lockdown was planned, including a scheduled partial reopening of schools on 1 June 2020. Although evidence suggests that children generally display mild symptoms, the size of the school-age population means the total impact of reopening schools is unclear. Here, we present work from mid-May 2020 that focused on the imminent opening of schools and consider what these results imply for future policy. We compared eight strategies for reopening primary and secondary schools in England. Modifying a transmission model fitted to UK SARS-CoV-2 data, we assessed how reopening schools affects contact patterns, anticipated secondary infections and the relative change in the reproduction number, R. We determined the associated public health impact and its sensitivity to changes in social distancing within the wider community. We predicted that reopening schools with half-sized classes or focused on younger children was unlikely to push R above one. Older children generally have more social contacts, so reopening secondary schools results in more cases than reopening primary schools, while reopening both could have pushed R above one in some regions. Reductions in community social distancing were found to outweigh and exacerbate any impacts of reopening. In particular, opening schools when the reproduction number R is already above one generates the largest increase in cases. Our work indicates that while any school reopening will result in increased mixing and infection amongst children and the wider population, reopening schools alone in June 2020 was unlikely to push R above one. Ultimately, reopening decisions are a difficult trade-off between epidemiological consequences and the emotional, educational and developmental needs of children. Into the future, there are difficult questions about what controls can be instigated such that schools can remain open if cases increase. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael J. Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Benjamin D. Atkins
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bridget Penman
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Emma Southall
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics for Real World Systems Centre for Doctoral Training, Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Glen Guyver-Fletcher
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alex Holmes
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics for Real World Systems Centre for Doctoral Training, Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hector McKimm
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Erin E. Gorsich
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Edward M. Hill
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Louise Dyson
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics InstituteUniversity of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Irfan O, Li J, Tang K, Wang Z, Bhutta ZA. Risk of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents in households, communities and educational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2021; 11:05013. [PMID: 34326997 PMCID: PMC8285769 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty with respect to SARS-CoV-2 transmission in children (0-19 years) with controversy on effectiveness of school-closures in controlling the pandemic. It is of equal importance to evaluate the risk of transmission in children who are often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic carriers that may incidentally transmit SARS-CoV-2 in different settings. We conducted this review to assess transmission and risks for SARS-CoV-2 in children (by age-groups or grades) in community and educational-settings compared to adults. METHODS Data for the review were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, WHO COVID-19 Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database, WanFang Database, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Google Scholar, and preprints from medRixv and bioRixv) covering a timeline from December 1, 2019 to April 1, 2021. Population-screening, contact-tracing and cohort studies reporting prevalence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children were included. Data were extracted according to PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Ninety studies were included. Compared to adults, children showed comparable national (risk ratio (RR) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.71-1.060 and subnational (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.66-1.01) prevalence in population-screening studies, and lower odds of infection in community/household contact-tracing studies (odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.46-0.84). On disaggregation, adolescents observed comparable risk (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.74-2.04) with adults. In educational-settings, children attending daycare/preschools (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.38-0.72) were observed to be at lower-risk when compared to adults, with odds of infection among primary (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.55-1.31) and high-schoolers (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.71-2.38) comparable to adults. Overall, children and adolescents had lower odds of infection in educational-settings compared to community and household clusters. CONCLUSIONS Children (<10 years) showed lower susceptibility to COVID-19 compared to adults, whereas adolescents in communities and high-schoolers had comparable risk. Risks of infection among children in educational-settings was lower than in communities. Evidence from school-based studies demonstrate it is largely safe for children (<10 years) to be at schools, however older children (10-19 years) might facilitate transmission. Despite this evidence, studies focusing on the effectiveness of mitigation measures in educational settings are urgently needed to support both public health and educational policy-making for school reopening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Irfan
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiang Li
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kun Tang
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Global Health & Development, the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Traini MC, Caponi C, Ferrari R, De Socio GV. Modelling SARS-CoV-2 unreported cases in Italy: Analysis of serological survey and vaccination scenarios. Infect Dis Model 2021; 6:909-923. [PMID: 34278058 PMCID: PMC8276585 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of the present paper is the study of the large unreported component, characterizing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic event in Italy, taking advantage of the Istat survey. Particular attention is devoted to the sensitivity and specificity of the serological test and their effects. METHODS The model satisfactory reproduces the data of the Italian survey showing a relevant predictive power and relegating in a secondary position models which do not include, in the simulation, the presence of asymptomatic groups. The corrections due to the serological test sensitivity (in particular those ones depending on the symptoms onset) are crucial for a realistic analysis of the unreported (and asymptomatic) components. RESULTS The relevant presence of an unreported component during the second pandemic wave in Italy is confirmed and the ratio of reported to unreported cases is predicted to be roughly 1:4 in the last months of year 2020. A method to correct the serological data on the basis of the antibody sensitivity is suggested and systematically applied. The asymptomatic component is also studied in some detail and its amount quantified. A model analyses of the vaccination scenarios is performed confirming the relevance of a massive campaign (at least 80000 immunized per day) during the first six months of the year 2021, to obtain important immunization effects within August/September 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Claudio Traini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123, Trento-Povo, Italy
| | - Carla Caponi
- Clinica Geriatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrari
- Bilubah LLC, 30 N. Gould St, Suite 6739, Sheridan, WY, 82801, USA
| | - Giuseppe Vittorio De Socio
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
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Shragai T, Smith-Jeffcoat SE, Koh M, Schechter MC, Rebolledo PA, Kasinathan V, Wang Y, Hoffman A, Miller H, Tejada-Strop A, Jain S, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Wong P, Medrzycki M, Folster JM, Semenova V, Steward-Clark E, Drobenuic J, Biedron C, Stewart RJ, da Silva J, Kirking HL, Tate JE. Epidemiologic, immunologic, and virus characteristics in patients with paired SARS-CoV-2 serology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:229-237. [PMID: 34216468 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history and clinical progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can be better understood using combined serological and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs and serum were collected at a single time-point from patients at an urban, public hospital August - November 2020 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR, viral culture, and anti-Spike pan-Ig antibody testing. Participant demographics and symptoms were collected through interview. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to identify associations between RT-PCR and serology results with presence of viable virus and frequency of symptoms. RESULTS Among 592 participants, 129 (21.8%) had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR or serology. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was strongly associated with lack of viable virus (p-value=0.016). COVID-19 symptom frequency was similar for patients testing RT-PCR positive/seronegative and patients testing RT-PCR positive/seropositive. Patients testing RT-PCR positive/seronegative reported headaches, fatigue, diarrhea and vomiting at rates not statistically significantly different from those testing RT-PCR negative/seropositive. CONCLUSIONS While patients testing SARS-CoV-2 seropositive were unlikely to test positive for viable virus and were therefore low-risk for forward transmission, COVID-19 symptoms were common. Paired SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and antibody testing provides more nuanced understanding of patients' COVID-19 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shragai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | | | - Mitsuki Koh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Marcos C Schechter
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Yun Wang
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Hoffman
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Halie Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | | | | | - Phili Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | | | | | - Vera Semenova
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | | | - Jan Drobenuic
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Caitlin Biedron
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | | | - Juliana da Silva
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Hannah L Kirking
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
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35
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Martinez EZ, Passos ADC, Fabbro ALD, Silva ASD, Escarso AC, Pazin-Filho A, Fonseca BALD, Maciel BC, Araújo DCDAE, Clé DV, Gaspar GG, Santos JLFD, Ferreira JBB, Souza JP, Mello LMD, Santos LLD, Passos LMR, Siconelli MJL, Cavalli RDC, Santana RDC, Calado RDT, Scarpelini S, Bollela VR, Floriano VG, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F. Prevalence of virological and serological markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population of Ribeirão Preto, Southeast Brazil: an epidemiological survey. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e02102021. [PMID: 34231775 PMCID: PMC8253575 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0210-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This epidemiological household survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of the current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ribeirão Preto, a municipality of southeast Brazil. METHODS: The survey was conducted in two phases using a clustered sampling scheme. The first phase spanned May 1-3 and involved 709 participants. The second phase spanned June 11-14, 2020, and involved 646 participants. RESULTS: During the first phase, RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs was positive at 0.14%. The serological tests were positive in 1.27% of the patients during the first phase and 2.79% during the second phase. People living in households with more than five members had a prevalence of 10.83% (95%CI: 1.58-74.27) higher than those living alone or with someone other. Considering the proportion of the positive serological test results with sex and age adjustments, approximately 2.37% (95%CI: 1.32-3.42) of the population had been cumulatively infected by mid-June 2020, which is equivalent to 16,670 people (95%CI: 9,267-24,074). Considering that 68 deaths from the disease in the residents of the city had been confirmed as at the date of the second phase of the survey, the infection fatality rate was estimated to be 0.41% (95%CI: 0.28-0.73). Our results suggest that approximately 88% of the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of the survey were not reported to the local epidemiological surveillance service. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide in-depth knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and are helpful for the preventive and decision-making policies of public managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Zangiacomi Martinez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Afonso Dinis Costa Passos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Amaury Lelis Dal Fabbro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Anderson Soares da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Andreia Cássia Escarso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Antônio Pazin-Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisões de Imunologia Clínica, Emergência e Doenças Infecciosas, e Unidade de Emergência, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Benedito Carlos Maciel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisão de Cardiologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Diego Villa Clé
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Imagens Médicas, Hematologia e Oncologia Clínica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Gilberto Gambero Gaspar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Jair Lício Ferreira Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Janise Braga Barros Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - João Paulo Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luane Marques de Mello
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciane Loures Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Márcio Junio Lima Siconelli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo de Carvalho Cavalli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisões de Imunologia Clínica, Emergência e Doenças Infecciosas, e Unidade de Emergência, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo do Tocantins Calado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Imagens Médicas, Hematologia e Oncologia Clínica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Sandro Scarpelini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Cirurgia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.,Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdes Roberto Bollela
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisões de Imunologia Clínica, Emergência e Doenças Infecciosas, e Unidade de Emergência, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Vitor Gonçalves Floriano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernando Bellissimo-Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Kline D, Li Z, Chu Y, Wakefield J, Miller WC, Norris Turner A, Clark SJ. Estimating seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Ohio: A Bayesian multilevel poststratification approach with multiple diagnostic tests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023947118. [PMID: 34172581 PMCID: PMC8255994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023947118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 59 million people and killed more than 1.39 million. Designing and monitoring interventions to slow and stop the spread of the virus require knowledge of how many people have been and are currently infected, where they live, and how they interact. The first step is an accurate assessment of the population prevalence of past infections. There are very few population-representative prevalence studies of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and only two states in the United States-Indiana and Connecticut-have reported probability-based sample surveys that characterize statewide prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. One of the difficulties is the fact that tests to detect and characterize SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus antibodies are new, are not well characterized, and generally function poorly. During July 2020, a survey representing all adults in the state of Ohio in the United States collected serum samples and information on protective behavior related to SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several features of the survey make it difficult to estimate past prevalence: 1) a low response rate; 2) a very low number of positive cases; and 3) the fact that multiple poor-quality serological tests were used to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We describe a Bayesian approach for analyzing the biomarker data that simultaneously addresses these challenges and characterizes the potential effect of selective response. The model does not require survey sample weights; accounts for multiple imperfect antibody test results; and characterizes uncertainty related to the sample survey and the multiple imperfect, potentially correlated tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kline
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| | - Zehang Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Yue Chu
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jon Wakefield
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - William C Miller
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Abigail Norris Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samuel J Clark
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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Khalagi K, Gharibzadeh S, Khalili D, Mansournia MA, Mirab Samiee S, Aghamohamadi S, Mir-Mohammad-Ali Roodaki M, Hashemi SM, Tayeri K, Namdari Tabar H, Azadmanesh K, Tabrizi JS, Mohammad K, Hajipour F, Namaki S, Raeisi A, Ostovar A. Prevalence of COVID-19 in Iran: results of the first survey of the Iranian COVID-19 Serological Surveillance programme. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1666-1671. [PMID: 34111585 PMCID: PMC8226066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to estimate the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the general population of Iran. Methods The target population was all Iranian people aged 6 years and older in the country. A stratified random sampling design was used to select 28 314 people from among the individuals registered in the electronic health record systems used in primary health care in Iran. Venous blood was taken from each participant and tested for the IgG antibody against COVID-19. The prevalence of COVID-19 was estimated at provincial and national levels after adjusting for the measurement error of the laboratory test, non-response bias and sampling design. Results Of the 28 314 Iranians selected, 11 256 (39.75%) participated in the study. Of these, 5406 (48.0%) were male and 6851 (60.9%) lived in urban areas. The mean (standard deviation) participant age was 35.89 (18.61) years. The adjusted prevalence of COVID-19 until 20 August 2020 was estimated as 14.2% (95% uncertainty interval 13.3%–15.2%), which was equal to 11 958 346 (95% CI 11 211 011–12 746 776) individuals. The adjusted prevalences of infection were 14.6%, 13.8%, 16.6%, 11.7% and 19.4% among men, women, urban population, rural population and individuals aged 60 years or more, respectively. Ardabil, Golestan and Khuzestan provinces had the highest prevalence and Alborz, Hormozgan and Kerman provinces had the lowest. Conclusions Based on the study results, a large proportion of the Iranian population had not yet been infected by COVID-19. The observance of hygienic principles and social restrictions should therefore continue until the majority of the population has been vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Khalagi
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoora Gharibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Khalili
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Mirab Samiee
- Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeide Aghamohamadi
- Deputy of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Tayeri
- Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Namdari Tabar
- HIV/STI Control Department, Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kazem Mohammad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Hajipour
- Endocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Namaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Raeisi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nkuba AN, Makiala SM, Guichet E, Tshiminyi PM, Bazitama YM, Yambayamba MK, Kazenza BM, Kabeya TM, Matungulu EB, Baketana LK, Mitongo NM, Thaurignac G, Leendertz FH, Vanlerberghe V, Pelloquin R, Etard JF, Maman D, Mbala PK, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Muyembe JJT, Delaporte E, Ahuka SM. High prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after the first wave of COVID-19 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: results of a cross-sectional household-based survey. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:882-890. [PMID: 34089598 PMCID: PMC8244674 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In October 2020, after the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), only 8290 confirmed cases were reported in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the real prevalence remains unknown. To guide public health policies, we aimed to describe the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the general population in Kinshasa. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, household-based serosurvey between 22 October 2020 and 8 November 2020. Participants were interviewed at home and tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in a Luminex-based assay. A positive serology was defined as a sample that reacted with both SARS-CoV-2 proteins (100% sensitivity, 99.7% specificity). The overall weighted, age-standardized prevalence was estimated and the infection-to-case ratio was calculated to determine the proportion of undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Results A total of 1233 participants from 292 households were included (mean age, 32.4 years; 764 [61.2%] women). The overall weighted, age-standardized SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 16.6% (95% CI: 14.0–19.5%). The estimated infection-to-case ratio was 292:1. Prevalence was higher among participants ≥40 years than among those <18 years (21.2% vs 14.9%, respectively; P < .05). It was also higher in participants who reported hospitalization than among those who did not (29.8% vs 16.0%, respectively; P < .05). However, differences were not significant in the multivariate model (P = .1). Conclusions The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is much higher than the number of COVID-19 cases reported. These results justify the organization of a sequential series of serosurveys by public health authorities to adapt response measures to the dynamics of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine N Nkuba
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sheila M Makiala
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emilande Guichet
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul M Tshiminyi
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yannick M Bazitama
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Center for Zoonosis Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marc K Yambayamba
- Département d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université de Kinshasa
| | - Benito M Kazenza
- Département de Nutrition, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université de Kinshasa
| | - Trésor M Kabeya
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Elysee B Matungulu
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lionel K Baketana
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Naomi M Mitongo
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Project Group, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Pelloquin
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Etard
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Epigreen, Paris, France
| | | | - Placide K Mbala
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques T Muyembe
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Steve M Ahuka
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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McCulloch DJ, Jackson ML, Hughes JP, Lester S, Mills L, Freeman B, Rasheed MAU, Thornburg NJ, Chu HY. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Seattle, Washington: October 2019-April 2020. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252235. [PMID: 34043706 PMCID: PMC8158900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first US case of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected on January 20, 2020. However, some serology studies suggest SARS-CoV-2 may have been present in the United States prior to that, as early as December 2019. The extent of domestic COVID-19 detection prior to 2020 has not been well-characterized. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among healthcare users in the greater Seattle, Washington area from October 2019 through early April 2020. STUDY DESIGN We tested residual samples from 766 Seattle-area adults for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies utilizing an ELISA against prefusion-stabilized Spike (S) protein. RESULTS No antibody-positive samples were found between October 2, 2019 and March 13, 2020. Prevalence rose to 1.2% in late March and early April 2020. CONCLUSIONS The absence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive samples in October 2019 through mid-March, 2020, provides evidence against widespread circulation of COVID-19 among healthcare users in the Seattle area during that time. A small proportion of this metropolitan-area cohort had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 by spring of 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J. McCulloch
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James P. Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sandra Lester
- Synergy America, Inc., Duluth, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa Mills
- Eagle Global Scientific, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brandi Freeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Estimates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Iran - Authors' reply. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:604-605. [PMID: 33600756 PMCID: PMC7906679 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Nazemipour M, Shakiba M, Mansournia MA. Estimates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Iran. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:603-604. [PMID: 33600757 PMCID: PMC7906695 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazemipour
- Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shakiba
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center and School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghafari M, Kadivar A, Katzourakis A. Estimates of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Iran. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:602-603. [PMID: 33600759 PMCID: PMC7906708 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Ghafari
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alireza Kadivar
- Center for Statistics and Operation Research, Statsminute, Tehran, Iran
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Nisar MI, Ansari N, Khalid F, Amin M, Shahbaz H, Hotwani A, Rehman N, Pugh S, Mehmood U, Rizvi A, Memon A, Ahmed Z, Ahmed A, Iqbal J, Saleem AF, Aamir UB, Larremore DB, Fosdick B, Jehan F. Serial population-based serosurveys for COVID-19 in two neighbourhoods of Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:176-182. [PMID: 33737137 PMCID: PMC8752032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine population-based estimates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a densely populated urban community of Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in April, June and August 2020 in low- and high-transmission neighbourhoods. Participants were selected at random to provide blood for Elecsys immunoassay for detection of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 antibodies. A Bayesian regression model was used to estimate seroprevalence after adjusting for the demographic characteristics of each district. RESULTS In total, 3005 participants from 623 households were enrolled in this study. In Phase 2, adjusted seroprevalence was estimated as 8.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1-13.1] and 15.1% (95% CI 9.4-21.7) in low- and high-transmission areas, respectively, compared with 0.2% (95% CI 0-0.7) and 0.4% (95% CI 0-1.3) in Phase 1. In Phase 3, it was 12.8% (95% CI 8.3-17.7) and 21.5% (95% CI 15.6-28) in low- and high-transmission areas, respectively. The conditional risk of infection was 0.31 (95% CI 0.16-0.47) and 0.41 (95% CI 0.28-0.52) in low- and high-transmission neighbourhoods, respectively, in Phase 2. Similar trends were observed in Phase 3. Only 5.4% of participants who tested positive for COVID-19 were symptomatic. The infection fatality rate was 1.66%, 0.37% and 0.26% in Phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION Continuing rounds of seroprevalence studies will help to improve understanding of secular trends and the extent of infection during the course of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Nisar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Nadia Ansari
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farah Khalid
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mashal Amin
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Shahbaz
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aneeta Hotwani
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Rehman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sierra Pugh
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Usma Mehmood
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arjumand Rizvi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Memon
- Health Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- Health Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaque Ahmed
- Health Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Faisal Saleem
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Ioannidis JPA. Reconciling estimates of global spread and infection fatality rates of COVID-19: An overview of systematic evaluations. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13554. [PMID: 33768536 PMCID: PMC8250317 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of community spread and infection fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 have varied across studies. Efforts to synthesize the evidence reach seemingly discrepant conclusions. METHODS Systematic evaluations of seroprevalence studies that had no restrictions based on country and which estimated either total number of people infected and/or aggregate IFRs were identified. Information was extracted and compared on eligibility criteria, searches, amount of evidence included, corrections/adjustments of seroprevalence and death counts, quantitative syntheses and handling of heterogeneity, main estimates and global representativeness. RESULTS Six systematic evaluations were eligible. Each combined data from 10 to 338 studies (9-50 countries), because of different eligibility criteria. Two evaluations had some overt flaws in data, violations of stated eligibility criteria and biased eligibility criteria (eg excluding studies with few deaths) that consistently inflated IFR estimates. Perusal of quantitative synthesis methods also exhibited several challenges and biases. Global representativeness was low with 78%-100% of the evidence coming from Europe or the Americas; the two most problematic evaluations considered only one study from other continents. Allowing for these caveats, four evaluations largely agreed in their main final estimates for global spread of the pandemic and the other two evaluations would also agree after correcting overt flaws and biases. CONCLUSIONS All systematic evaluations of seroprevalence data converge that SARS-CoV-2 infection is widely spread globally. Acknowledging residual uncertainties, the available evidence suggests average global IFR of ~0.15% and ~1.5-2.0 billion infections by February 2021 with substantial differences in IFR and in infection spread across continents, countries and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. A. Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, and Meta‐Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS)Stanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
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Chvatal-Medina M, Mendez-Cortina Y, Patiño PJ, Velilla PA, Rugeles MT. Antibody Responses in COVID-19: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633184. [PMID: 33936045 PMCID: PMC8081880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic. Although its seroprevalence is highly variable among territories, it has been reported at around 10%, but higher in health workers. Evidence regarding cross-neutralizing response between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is still controversial. However, other previous coronaviruses may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection, since they are phylogenetically related and share the same target receptor. Further, the seroconversion of IgM and IgG occurs at around 12 days post onset of symptoms and most patients have neutralizing titers on days 14-20, with great titer variability. Neutralizing antibodies correlate positively with age, male sex, and severity of the disease. Moreover, the use of convalescent plasma has shown controversial results in terms of safety and efficacy, and due to the variable immune response among individuals, measuring antibody titers before transfusion is mostly required. Similarly, cellular immunity seems to be crucial in the resolution of the infection, as SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells circulate to some extent in recovered patients. Of note, the duration of the antibody response has not been well established yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Pablo J. Patiño
- Grupo Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula A. Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Occupational Groups from the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084172. [PMID: 33920843 PMCID: PMC8071134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The negative effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have impacted the world economy due to the absence from work because of SARS-CoV-2 infection in workers, among other reasons. However, some economic areas are essential to society and people must continue working outside the home to support economic reactivation; their serological profile could be different from that of the global population. Cross-sectional study: Workers from health, construction, public transportation, public force, bike delivery messengers, independent or informal commerce areas, and residents of Bucaramanga or its metropolitan area were invited to participate. All participants self-completed a virtual survey and a blood test was taken to assess IgG and IgM with the ARC COV2 test. Seroprevalence was estimated considering a complex survey design, correcting for a finite population effect and adjusting for test performance. A total of 7045 workers were enrolled; 59.9% were women and most were residents of Bucaramanga and working in health occupations. The global adjusted seroprevalence was 19.5% (CI: 95% 18.6–20.4), being higher for Girón (27.9%; 95% CI: 24.5–31.30). Workers with multiple contact with people during working hours or using public transportation to go to work had a higher frequency of seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2. The seroprevalence among workers living in these four municipalities from the Colombian northeast area is still low.
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Ghafari M, Kadivar A, Katzourakis A. Excess deaths associated with the Iranian COVID-19 epidemic: A province-level analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:101-115. [PMID: 33862214 PMCID: PMC8208896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first province-level study to examine COVID-19-related deaths in Iran. There were nearly 59 000 extra deaths during the epidemic until September 21, 2020. Some provinces such as Qom and Golestan reached >50% exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Eighteen provinces recorded significant levels of excess mortality during the fall of 2019.
Objective There has been no province-level data on the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related deaths in Iran since the start of the pandemic. This study was performed to estimate the number of COVID-19 deaths and population-level exposure per province using seasonal all-cause mortality data. Methods Time-series data were collected from the National Organization for Civil Registration on the seasonal all-cause mortality from spring 2015 to summer 2020 (from March 21, 2015 to September 21, 2020), in accordance with the Solar Hijri (SH) calendar, to estimate the expected number of seasonal deaths for each province using a piecewise linear regression model. A population-weighted infection fatality ratio was then applied to estimate the level of exposure per province during this period. Results From the start of winter to the end of summer (from December 22, 2019 to September 21, 2020), there were a total of 58 900 (95% confidence interval 46 900–69 500) excess deaths across all 31 provinces, with 27% (95% confidence interval 20–34%) estimated nationwide exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In particular, Qom and Golestan were among the hardest-hit provinces, with nearly 57% exposure, while another 27 provinces showed significant levels of excess mortality in at least one season with >20% population-level exposure to the virus. Unexpectedly high levels of excess mortality were also detected during fall 2019 (from September 23 to December 21, 2019) across 18 provinces, unrelated and prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions This study quantified the pattern of spread of COVID-19 across the country and identified areas with the largest epidemic growth requiring the most immediate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Ghafari
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alireza Kadivar
- Center for Statistical and Operational Research, Statsminute Company, Tehran, Iran
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Byambasuren O, Dobler CC, Bell K, Rojas DP, Clark J, McLaws ML, Glasziou P. Comparison of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections with cumulative and imputed COVID-19 cases: Systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248946. [PMID: 33798211 PMCID: PMC8018669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate seroprevalence estimates of SARS-CoV-2 in different populations could clarify the extent to which current testing strategies are identifying all active infection, and hence the true magnitude and spread of the infection. Our primary objective was to identify valid seroprevalence studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection and compare their estimates with the reported, and imputed, COVID-19 case rates within the same population at the same time point. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane COVID-19 trials, and Europe-PMC for published studies and pre-prints that reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgM and/or IgA antibodies for serosurveys of the general community from 1 Jan to 12 Aug 2020. RESULTS Of the 2199 studies identified, 170 were assessed for full text and 17 studies representing 15 regions and 118,297 subjects were includable. The seroprevalence proportions in 8 studies ranged between 1%-10%, with 5 studies under 1%, and 4 over 10%-from the notably hard-hit regions of Gangelt, Germany; Northwest Iran; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Stockholm, Sweden. For seropositive cases who were not previously identified as COVID-19 cases, the majority had prior COVID-like symptoms. The estimated seroprevalences ranged from 0.56-717 times greater than the number of reported cumulative cases-half of the studies reported greater than 10 times more SARS-CoV-2 infections than the cumulative number of cases. CONCLUSIONS The findings show SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence is well below "herd immunity" in all countries studied. The estimated number of infections, however, were much greater than the number of reported cases and deaths in almost all locations. The majority of seropositive people reported prior COVID-like symptoms, suggesting that undertesting of symptomatic people may be causing a substantial under-ascertainment of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia C. Dobler
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Katy Bell
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diana Patricia Rojas
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, North Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Cavataio J, Schnell S. Interpreting SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, deaths, and fatality rate - Making a case for standardized reporting to improve communication. Math Biosci 2021; 333:108545. [PMID: 33460673 PMCID: PMC7810031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread across the world, testing each nation's ability to understand the state of the pandemic in their country and control it. As we looked into the epidemiological data to uncover the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we discovered that critical metadata is missing which is meant to give context to epidemiological parameters. In this review, we identify key metadata for the COVID-19 fatality rate after a thorough analysis of mathematical models, serology-informed studies and determinants of causes of death for the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, we find reasons to establish a set of standard-based guidelines to record and report the data from epidemiological studies. Additionally, we discuss why standardizing nomenclature is be a necessary component of these guidelines to improve communication and reproducibility. The goal of establishing these guidelines is to facilitate the interpretation of COVID-19 epidemiological findings and data by the general public, health officials, policymakers and fellow researchers. Our suggestions may not address all aspects of this issue; rather, they are meant to be the foundation for which experts can establish and encourage future guidelines throughout the appropriate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cavataio
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Shakiba M, Nazemipour M, Heidarzadeh A, Mansournia MA. Prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection using a seroepidemiological survey. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e300. [PMID: 33183367 PMCID: PMC7783089 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asymptomatic infection by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a critical measure for effectiveness of mitigation strategy has been reported to be widely varied. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic infection using serosurvey on general population. In a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey in Guilan province, Iran, the specific antibody against COVID-19 in a representative sample was detected using rapid test kits. Among 117 seropositive subjects, prevalence of asymptomatic infection was determined based on the history of symptoms during the preceding 3 months. The design-adjusted prevalence of asymptomatic infection was 57.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 44-69). The prevalence was significantly lower in subjects with previous contacts to COVID-19 patients (12%, 95% CI 2-49) than others without (69%, 95% CI, 46-86). The lowest prevalence was for painful body symptom (74.4%). This study revealed that more than half of the infected COVID-19 patients had no symptoms. The implications of our findings include the importance of adopting public health measures such as social distancing and inefficiency of contact tracing to interrupt epidemic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shakiba
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - M. Nazemipour
- Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Heidarzadeh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - M. A. Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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