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Gharbi M, Tiss R, Chaouch M, Hamrouni S, Maaroufi A. Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) Genes in Campylobacter coli in Tunisia and Detection of New Sequence Type ST13450. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:527. [PMID: 38927193 PMCID: PMC11200561 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in Campylobacter coli isolates collected from broilers, laying hens and poultry farm environments. One hundred and thirty-nine C. coli isolates were isolated from broilers (n = 41), laying hens (n = 53), eggs (n = 4) and the environment (n = 41) of 23 poultry farms located in northeastern of Tunisia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all isolates according to the recommendation of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. The detection of PMQR genes: qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6)-Ib gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers. aac(6')-Ib amplicons were further analyzed by digestion with BtsCI to identify the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant. Mutations in GyrA and the occurrence of RE-CmeABC efflux pump were determined by mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR and PCR, respectively. In addition, eleven isolates were selected to determine their clonal lineage by MLST. The 139 C. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 86 (61.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. High rates of resistance were also observed toward erythromycin (100%), azithromycin (96.4%), tetracycline (100%), chloramphenicol (98.56%), ampicillin (66.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (55.39%), and kanamycin (57.55%). However, moderate resistance rates were observed for gentamicin (9.35%) and streptomycin (22.3%). All quinolone-resistant isolates harbored the Thr-86-Ile amino acid substitution in GyrA, and the RE-CmeABC efflux pump was detected in 40.28% of isolates. Interestingly, the qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were detected in 57.7%, 61.15%, 21.58%, and 10% of isolates, respectively. The eleven isolates studied by MLST belonged to a new sequence type ST13450. This study described for the first time the occurrence of PMQR genes in C. coli isolates in Tunisia and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Gharbi
- Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.T.); (S.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Rihab Tiss
- Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.T.); (S.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Melek Chaouch
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LR16IPT06), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
- Laboratory of BioInformatics, BioMathematics and BioStatistics (LR16IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Safa Hamrouni
- Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.T.); (S.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Abderrazak Maaroufi
- Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (R.T.); (S.H.); (A.M.)
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Beyer BR, Sheppard C, Mullins J, Igbadumhe A. Campylobacter Infection Introduced Following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Cureus 2024; 16:e62541. [PMID: 39022481 PMCID: PMC11254095 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation is an evidence-based therapeutic option for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, involving the transfer of healthy donor fecal material to restore gut microbial balance. Despite meticulous donor screening, Campylobacter jejuni, a prevalent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, is not routinely tested, potentially impacting fecal microbiota transplant safety. We present a case of a female with recurrent C. difficile infection treated with fecal microbiota transplantation, complicated by a subsequent C. jejuni infection. The emergence of Campylobacter post fecal microbiota transplantation underscores the importance of comprehensive donor screening protocols. Our case prompts a reevaluation of fecal microbiota transplantation safety measures and advocates for inclusive screening to enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Beyer
- Medicine, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, USA
| | - Cody Sheppard
- Medicine, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, USA
| | - Jordyn Mullins
- Medicine, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, USA
| | - Anthony Igbadumhe
- Family Medicine, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, USA
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Oluwakoya OM, Okoh AI. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species in wastewater effluents: A menace of environmental and public health concern. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13095. [PMID: 38798008 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species in wastewater effluents presents a formidable challenge at the intersection of environmental sustainability and public health. This study examined the presence of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter in wastewater effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, and its implications for environmental ecosystems and public health. Forty-five samples from household effluent (HHE) and wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTPE) were collected at different geographical locations within the province between April and September 2022. The counts of the presumptive Campylobacter genus ranged from 5.2 × 103 to 6.03 × 104 CFU/mL for HHE and 4.93 × 103 to 1.04 × 104 CFU/mL for WWTPE. About 42.55% of the samples were positive for Campylobacter species. Five virulence determinants including the cadF and wlaN were detected in all the isolates; however, flgR (19.23%), ciaB, and ceuE (15.38%) were less prevalent. The antibiogram profiles of confirmed Campylobacter isolates revealed high resistance (>55%) against all tested antibiotics ranging from 55.77% (nalidixic acid) to 92.30% (erythromycin), and resistance against the other antibiotics followed the order ciprofloxacin (51.92%), azithromycin (50%), and levofloxacin (48.08%). On the contrary, gentamicin was sensitive against 61.54% of the isolates, followed by imipenem (57.69%) and streptomycin (51.92%). The WWTPE's antibiotic resistance index (ARI) was 0.19, lower than the permitted Krumperman threshold of 0.2; and HHE's ARIs were higher. The isolates' respective multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (MARI) varied between 0.08 and 1.00. Among the phenotypically resistant Campylobacter isolates examined, 21 resistance determinants encoding resistance against β-lactam, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, phenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides were detected, which explains the phenotypic resistance observed in the study. This study concludes that the wastewaters in the study areas are important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant and potentially pathogenic Campylobacter species, suggesting the need for proper treatment of the wastewaters to eliminate the organisms in the effluents before discharge the final effluent to the receiving watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilayo Modupe Oluwakoya
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Flores Y, Chaves A, Suzán G. Prediction of edapho-climatic parameters in the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in northwestern Mexico. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002812. [PMID: 38662656 PMCID: PMC11045143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the main causes of enteric zoonotic infections worldwide. In Mexico, although a commonly detected pathogen in both children and adults, there is limited surveillance and few studies. The northern part of Mexico stands out for an unnoticed outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni due to contaminated drinking water, which caused an abrupt increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in the local population. Although it is suggested that its distribution in nature is related to edaphic and climatic factors, this relationship is scarcely known. To understand abiotic factors driving the occurrence and prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in three municipalities from three states in northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California), we used the kriging interpolation method of unsampled areas and the correspondence analysis of 23 environmental variables. Of the three municipalities evaluated, Janos in Chihuahua (CHIH), has the highest number of geographic areas classified as high and medium incidence, followed by Santa Cruz, Sonora (SON) and Mexicali, Baja California (BC). Mexicali (BC) edaphic variables limit the potential incidence of the bacterium, mainly due to the lack of soil moisture and its difficulty of surviving on dry surfaces, related to electrical conductivity and salinity. Janos (CHIH) presents limitations in terms of soil water availability, although its presence is more heterogeneous (2 to 8 months). Santa Cruz (SON) has the highest soil water availability (4 to 5 months), and presents pH, texture and low percentage of salinity conditions for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. Mexicali (BC) reports a temperature in the warmest month of up to 43°C, which could influence the presence of thermophilic species. The annual precipitation is another limiting factor for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. since it does not exceed 509.5 mm, contributing to Janos (CHIH) as the municipality with the highest potential incidence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasiri Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Andrea Chaves
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Richardson-Sanchez T, Chan ACK, Sabatino B, Lin H, Gaynor EC, Murphy MEP. Dissecting components of the Campylobacter jejuni fetMP-fetABCDEF gene cluster under iron limitation. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0314823. [PMID: 38096459 PMCID: PMC10783030 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03148-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterium that is prevalent in the ceca of farmed poultry such as chickens. Consumption of ill-prepared poultry is thus the most common route by which C. jejuni infects the human gut to cause a typically self-limiting but severe gastrointestinal illness that can be fatal to very young, old, or immunocompromised people. The lack of a vaccine and an increasing resistance to current antibiotics highlight a need to better understand the mechanisms that make C. jejuni a successful human pathogen. This study focused on the functional components of one such mechanism-a molecular system that helps C. jejuni thrive despite the restriction on growth-available iron by the human body, which typically defends against pathogens. In providing a deeper understanding of how this system functions, this study contributes toward the goal of reducing the enormous global socioeconomic burden caused by C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Richardson-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anson C. K. Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendil Sabatino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin C. Gaynor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael E. P. Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Suominen K, Häkkänen T, Ranta J, Ollgren J, Kivistö R, Perko-Mäkelä P, Salmenlinna S, Rimhanen-Finne R. Campylobacteriosis in Finland: Passive Surveillance in 2004-2021 and a Pilot Case-Control Study with Whole-Genome Sequencing in Summer 2022. Microorganisms 2024; 12:132. [PMID: 38257959 PMCID: PMC11154465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis causes a significant disease burden in humans worldwide and is the most common type of zoonotic gastroenteritis in Finland. To identify infection sources for domestic Campylobacter infections, we analyzed Campylobacter case data from the Finnish Infectious Disease Register (FIDR) in 2004-2021 and outbreak data from the National Food- and Waterborne Outbreak Register (FWO Register) in 2010-2021, and conducted a pilot case-control study (256 cases and 756 controls) with source attribution and patient sample analysis using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in July-August 2022. In the FIDR, 41% of the cases lacked information on travel history. Based on the case-control study, we estimated that of all cases, 39% were of domestic origin. Using WGS, 22 clusters of two or more cases were observed among 185 domestic cases, none of which were reported to the FWO register. Based on this case-control study and source attribution, poultry is an important source of campylobacteriosis in Finland. More extensive sampling and comparison of patient, food, animal, and environmental isolates is needed to estimate the significance of other sources. In Finland, campylobacteriosis is more often of domestic origin than FIDR notifications indicate. To identify the domestic cases, travel information should be included in the FIDR notification, and to improve outbreak detection, all domestic patient isolates should be sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Suominen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (J.O.); (S.S.); (R.R.-F.)
| | - Tessa Häkkänen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (J.O.); (S.S.); (R.R.-F.)
| | - Jukka Ranta
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jukka Ollgren
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (J.O.); (S.S.); (R.R.-F.)
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | | | - Saara Salmenlinna
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (J.O.); (S.S.); (R.R.-F.)
| | - Ruska Rimhanen-Finne
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (J.O.); (S.S.); (R.R.-F.)
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Garcia-Fernandez A, Janowicz A, Marotta F, Napoleoni M, Arena S, Primavilla S, Pitti M, Romantini R, Tomei F, Garofolo G, Villa L. Antibiotic resistance, plasmids, and virulence-associated markers in human strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated in Italy. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1293666. [PMID: 38260875 PMCID: PMC10800408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis, a prevalent foodborne gastrointestinal infection in Europe, is primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, with rising global concerns over antimicrobial resistance in these species. This study comprehensively investigates 133 human-origin Campylobacter spp. strains (102 C. jejuni and 31 C. coli) collected in Italy from 2013 to 2021. The predominant Multilocus Sequence Typing Clonal complexes (CCs) were ST-21 CC and ST-206 CC in C. jejuni and ST-828 CC in C. coli. Ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance, mainly attributed to GyrA (T86I) mutation and tet(O) presence, were prevalent, while erythromycin resistance was associated with 23S rRNA gene mutation (A2075G), particularly in C. coli exhibiting multidrug-resistant pattern CipTE. Notable disparities in virulence factors among strains were observed, with C. jejuni exhibiting a higher abundance compared to C. coli. Notably, specific C. jejuni sequence types, including ST-21, ST-5018, and ST-1263, demonstrated significantly elevated counts of virulence genes. This finding underscores the significance of considering both the species and strain-level variations in virulence factor profiles, shedding light on potential differences in the pathogenicity and clinical outcomes associated with distinct C. jejuni lineages. Campylobacter spp. plasmids were classified into three groups comprising pVir-like and pTet-like plasmids families, exhibiting diversity among Campylobacter spp. The study underscores the importance of early detection through Whole Genome Sequencing to identify potential emergent virulence, resistance/virulence plasmids, and new antimicrobial resistance markers. This approach provides actionable public health data, supporting the development of robust surveillance programs in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Marotta
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Maira Napoleoni
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici, CRRPE, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Arena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Primavilla
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici, CRRPE, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “T. Rosati”, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Pitti
- Centro di Riferimento per la Tipizzazione delle Salmonelle, CeRTiS, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Romina Romantini
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Laura Villa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Carlos GC, Beatriz ML, Carles C, Raquel CC, Emmanuel S, Josep Maria LM, Jordi SC, Santiago L, Jorge Ramón LO. Assessing the epidemiological risk at the human-wild boar interface through a one health approach using an agent-based model in Barcelona, Spain. One Health 2023; 17:100598. [PMID: 37520846 PMCID: PMC10372376 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild boar (WB, Sus scrofa) populations are increasing in urban areas, posing an epidemiological risk for zoonotic pathogens such as hepatitis E virus (HEV) and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter (AMR-CAMP), as well as non-zoonotic pathogens such as African swine fever virus (ASFV). An epidemiological extension of a validated Agent-Based Model (ABM) was developed to assess the one-year epidemiological scenarios of HEV, AMR-CAMP, and ASFV in the synurbic WB-human interface in Barcelona, Spain. The predicted citizen exposure was similar for HEV and AMR-CAMP, at 0.79% and 0.80% of the human population in Barcelona, respectively, despite AMR-CAMP being more prevalent in the WB population than HEV. This suggests a major role of faeces in pathogen transmission to humans in urban areas, resulting in a non-negligible public health risk. The ASFV model predicted that the entire WB population would be exposed to the virus through carcasses (87.6%) or direct contact (12.6%) in 51-71 days after the first case, with an outbreak lasting 71-124 days and reducing the initial WB population by 95%. The ABM predictions are useful for animal and public health risk assessments and to support risk-based decision-making. The study underscores the need for interdisciplinary cooperation among animal, public, and environmental health managers, and the implementation of the One Health approach to address the epidemiological and public health risks posed by the synurbization of WB in urban areas. The spatially explicit epidemiological predictions of the ABM can be adapted to other diseases and scenarios at the wildlife-livestock-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- González-Crespo Carlos
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martínez-López Beatriz
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Conejero Carles
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Castillo-Contreras Raquel
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serrano Emmanuel
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - López-Martín Josep Maria
- Department of Climatic Action, Food and Rural Agenda, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serra-Cobo Jordi
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lavín Santiago
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - López-Olvera Jorge Ramón
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Je HJ, Singh S, Kim DW, Hur HS, Kim AL, Seo EJ, Koo OK. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Campylobacter Species Contamination in Poultry, Meat, and Processing Environments in South Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2722. [PMID: 38004735 PMCID: PMC10673067 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. constitute a significant global threat as a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with poultry meat as a prominent reservoir for these pathogens. South Korea is known for its diverse poultry consumption habits, and continuous outbreaks make it a matter of concern to perform a meta-analysis to identify the primary source of contamination. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of Campylobacter in various poultry and meat types while also considering the importance of environmental factors in South Korea. The meta-analysis revealed that duck meat exhibited the highest prevalence of Campylobacter, with a pooled estimate of 70.46% (95% CI: 42.80% to 88.38%), followed by chicken meat at a pooled prevalence of 36.17% (95% CI: 26.44% to 47.91%). Additionally, our analysis highlighted the predominance of C. jejuni and C. coli in South Korea. These findings underscore the importance of implementing rigorous food safety measures and establishing robust surveillance programs in the poultry industry to mitigate the risk of Campylobacter-related foodborne illnesses associated with meat consumption in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ji Je
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Saloni Singh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Dong Woo Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Hyun Seok Hur
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Ah Leum Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- Agro-Bioproduct Analysis Team, Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency, Iksan 54667, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ok Kyung Koo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
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Gitter A, Gidley M, Mena KD, Ferguson A, Sinigalliano C, Bonacolta A, Solo-Gabriele H. Integrating microbial source tracking with quantitative microbial risk assessment to evaluate site specific risk based thresholds at two South Florida beaches. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1210192. [PMID: 37901823 PMCID: PMC10602684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1210192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) can be used to evaluate health risks associated with recreational beach use. This study developed a site-specific risk assessment using a novel approach that combined quantitative PCR-based measurement of microbial source tracking (MST) genetic markers (human, dog, and gull fecal bacteria) with a QMRA analysis of potential pathogen risk. Water samples (n = 24) from two recreational beaches were collected and analyzed for MST markers as part of a broader Beach Exposure And Child Health Study that examined child behavior interactions with the beach environment. We report here the measurements of fecal bacteria MST markers in the environmental DNA extracts of those samples and a QMRA analysis of potential health risks utilizing the results from the MST measurements in the water samples. Human-specific Bacteroides was enumerated by the HF183 Taqman qPCR assay, gull-specific Catellicoccus was enumerated by the Gull2 qPCR assay, and dog-specific Bacteroides was enumerated by the DogBact qPCR assay. Derived reference pathogen doses, calculated from the MST marker concentrations detected in recreational waters, were used to estimate the risk of gastrointestinal illness for both children and adults. Dose-response equations were used to estimate the probability of the risk of infection (Pinf) per a swimming exposure event. Based on the QMRA simulations presented in this study, the GI risk from swimming or playing in water containing a mixture of human and non-human fecal sources appear to be primarily driven by the human fecal source. However, the estimated median GI health risk for both beaches never exceeded the U.S. EPA risk threshold of 32 illnesses per 1,000 recreation events. Our research suggests that utilizing QMRA together with MST can further extend our understanding of potential recreational bather risk by identifying the source contributing the greatest risk in a particular location, therefore informing beach management responses and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gitter
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston School of Public Health, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Maribeth Gidley
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston School of Public Health, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Christopher Sinigalliano
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony Bonacolta
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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11
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Richardson-Sanchez T, Chan ACK, Sabatino B, Lin H, Gaynor EC, Murphy MEP. Dissecting components of the Campylobacter jejuni fetMP-fetABCDEF gene cluster in iron scavenging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547857. [PMID: 37461706 PMCID: PMC10350000 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Acute infection can be antecedent to highly debilitating long-term sequelae. Expression of iron acquisition systems is vital for C. jejuni to survive the low iron availability within the human gut. The C. jejuni fetMP-fetABCDEF gene cluster is known to be upregulated during human infection and under iron limitation. While FetM and FetP have been functionally linked to iron transport in prior work, here we assess the contribution by each of the downstream genes ( fetABCDEF ) to C. jejuni growth during both iron-depleted and iron-replete conditions. Significant growth impairment was observed upon disruption of fetA , fetB, fetC , and fetD , suggesting a role in iron acquisition for each encoded protein. FetA expression was modulated by iron-availability but not dependent on the presence of FetB, FetC, FetD, FetE or FetF. Functions of the putative thioredoxins FetE and FetF were redundant in iron scavenging, requiring a double deletion (Δ fetEF ) to exhibit a growth defect. C. jejuni FetE was expressed and the structure solved to 1.50 Å, revealing structural similarity to thiol-disulfide oxidases. Functional characterization in biochemical assays showed that FetE reduced insulin at a slower rate than E. coli Trx and that together, FetEF promoted substrate oxidation in cell extracts, suggesting that FetE (and presumably FetF) are oxidoreductases that can mediate oxidation in vivo . This study advances our understanding of the contributions by the fetMP-fetABCDEF gene cluster to virulence at a genetic and functional level, providing foundational knowledge towards mitigating C. jejuni -related morbidity and mortality.
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12
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Fonseca M, Heider LC, Stryhn H, McClure JT, Léger D, Rizzo D, Warder L, Dufour S, Roy JP, Kelton DF, Renaud D, Barkema HW, Sanchez J. Antimicrobial use and its association with the isolation of and antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. recovered from fecal samples from Canadian dairy herds: A cross-sectional study. Prev Vet Med 2023; 215:105925. [PMID: 37104967 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in North America. As opposed to humans, animal infections caused by Campylobacter spp. are often asymptomatic. In this study, data collected through the Canadian Dairy Network for Antimicrobial Stewardship surveillance system were used to determine the proportion of Campylobacter spp. and antimicrobial resistant isolates recovered from dairy cattle herds. Additionally, the association of antimicrobial use (AMU) with fecal carriage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter spp. were investigated. Pooled fecal samples from 5 animals from each production phase (pre-weaned calves, post-weaned heifers, lactating cows), and a manure storage sample were collected from 140 dairy herds across Canada. Samples were cultured using selective media, and Campylobacter isolates were speciated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration test, and interpretation was made according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Two multilevel logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between the AMU with the isolation and antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. Of 560 samples, 63.8% were positive for Campylobacter spp., and 96% of the participating farms had at least one sample source (i.e., calves, heifers, lactating cows, or manure storage) positive for Campylobacter spp. Overall, 54.3% of the Campylobacter spp. isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Resistance to tetracycline was observed in 49.7% of the Campylobacter spp. isolates, followed by ciprofloxacin (19.9%) and nalidixic acid (19.3%). The proportion of multi-drug resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes) Campylobacter spp. isolates was low (0.3%); however, 15.6% were resistant to two different classes of antimicrobials. Samples collected from lactating cows, heifers, and manure storage were more likely to be positive for Campylobacter spp. compared to calves. Total AMU was associated with a decreased probability of recovering Campylobacter spp. In addition, AMR to either tetracycline or ciprofloxacin had an interaction with antimicrobial use. The probability of resistance to tetracycline increased for each unit increase in the total AMU (Defined Course Dose/100 animal-years), while the probability of resistance to ciprofloxacin decreased. Campylobacter coli isolates were more likely to be resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline when compared to C. jejuni. Our study demonstrated that Campylobacter spp. is widespread among Canadian dairy farms, and a higher proportion of resistance to tetracycline was identified. The total AMU was associated with increased resistance to tetracycline in Campylobacter spp. isolates; however, for ciprofloxacin the AMU was associated with decreased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fonseca
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - David Léger
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Daniella Rizzo
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Landon Warder
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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13
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Meinersmann RJ, Berrang ME, Shariat NW, Richards A, Miller WG. Despite Shared Geography, Campylobacter Isolated from Surface Water Are Genetically Distinct from Campylobacter Isolated from Chickens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0414722. [PMID: 36861983 PMCID: PMC10100874 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Campylobacter isolated from chicken ceca and river water in an overlapping geographic area would share genetic information. Isolates of C. jejuni from chicken ceca were collected from a commercial slaughter plant and isolates of C. jejuni were also collected from rivers and creeks in the same watershed. Isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and the data were used for core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Cluster analysis showed that there were four distinct subpopulations, two from chickens and two from water. Calculation of fixation statistic (Fst) showed that all four subpopulations were significantly distinct. Greater than 90% of the loci were differentiated by subpopulation. Only two genes showed clear differentiation of both chicken subpopulations from both water subpopulations. Sequence fragments of the CJIE4 bacteriophage family were found frequently in the main chicken subpopulation and the water outgroup subpopulation but were sparsely found in the main water population and not at all in the chicken outgroup. CRISPR spacers that targeted the phage sequences were common in the main water subpopulation, only once in the main chicken subpopulation, and not at all in the chicken or water outgroups. Restriction enzyme genes also showed a biased distribution. These data suggest that there is little transfer of C. jejuni genetic material between chickens and nearby river water. Campylobacter differentiation according to these two sources does not show clear evidence of evolutionary selection; the differentiation is probably due to geospatial isolation, genetic drift, and the action of CRISPRs and restriction enzymes. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans, and chickens and environmental water are leading sources of infection. We tested the hypothesis that Campylobacter isolated from chicken ceca and river water in an overlapping geographic area would share genetic information. Isolates of Campylobacter were collected from water and chicken sources in the same watershed and their genomes were sequenced and analyzed. Four distinct subpopulations were found. There was no evidence of sharing genetic material between the subpopulations. Phage profiles, CRISPR profiles and restriction systems differed by subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikki W. Shariat
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber Richards
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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14
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Soto-Beltrá N M, Lee BG, Amézquita-López BA, Quiñones B. Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:307-323. [PMID: 35168460 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2029366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are responsible for human gastroenteritis with diverse clinical spectra, ranging from acute watery or bloody diarrhea to life-threatening autoimmune disorders. Given the importance of Campylobacter in causing human illness, this article has reviewed the transmission and attribution sources as well as methodologies for the detection and virulence characterization of campylobacteria. The recovery and detection of Campylobacter from clinical, food and environmental samples has been achieved by the combinatorial use of selective enrichment and culturing methods. Biochemical, immunological, and nucleic acid-based methodologies have enabled the detection and differentiation of closely related Campylobacter isolates in foodborne outbreak investigations and have assessed the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these bacterial pathogens. Analyses of motility, adherence, and invasiveness in host cells have assessed the pathogenic potential of campylobacteria. Further examination of determinants conferring antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter have supported the growing need to closely monitor antimicrobials use in clinical and agricultural sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Soto-Beltrá N
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
| | - Bertram G Lee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
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15
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Andrzejewska M, Grudlewska-Buda K, Śpica D, Skowron K, Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska M, Szady-Grad M, Indykiewicz P, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Klawe JJ. Genetic relatedness, virulence, and drug susceptibility of Campylobacter isolated from water and wild birds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1005085. [PMID: 36506026 PMCID: PMC9732551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1005085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Campylobacter isolated from wild birds (Black-headed gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Great tits Parus major) and collect surface water samples (from rivers, ponds, ornamental lakes, freshwater beaches). Research material included 33 Campylobacter isolates. All the strains were isolated by different monitoring and surveillance plans. Methods The prevalence of selected genes (flaA, cadF, iam, cdtB, wlaN, sodB, tet0) encoding virulence factors and resistance among Campylobacter spp. was assessed by the PCR method. The genetic similarities of isolates were determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to clinically important antimicrobials: erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, previously assessed by E-test, was presented in the form of drug susceptibility profiles depending on the origin of the isolates. Results The cadF, flaA, cdtB, and sodB genes exhibited the highest detection rate. Statistically significant differences between the presence of wlaN virulence genes were noted among different species of the isolates. No genetically identical isolates were found. The most numerous antibiotic susceptibility profile included strains susceptible to all antibiotics studied (profile A-33.3%). The second most common were the tetracycline - and ciprofloxacin-resistant (profile B-27.2%), and tetracycline-resistant profile (C-24.2%) respectively. Discussion The study revealed the virulent properties of Campylobacter isolated from water samples, and wild birds, and high resistance rates to tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. The lack of genetic relatedness among strains isolated from water, and birds may indicate other sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter bacteria than birds. The presence of Campylobacter spp. in wild birds could also have other environmental origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland,*Correspondence: Małgorzata Andrzejewska,
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Śpica
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szady-Grad
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Indykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Animal Environment, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J. Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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16
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Teixeira JS, Boras VF, Hetman BM, Taboada EN, Inglis GD. Molecular Epidemiological Evidence Implicates Cattle as a Primary Reservoir of Campylobacter jejuni Infecting People via Contaminated Chickens. Pathogens 2022; 11:1366. [PMID: 36422616 PMCID: PMC9698452 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the relative contribution of cattle to the burden of illness in a model agroecosystem with high rates of human campylobacteriosis (≥ 115 cases/100 K), and high densities of cattle, including large numbers of cattle housed in confined feeding operations (i.e., in southwestern Alberta, Canada). To accomplish this, a large-scale molecular epidemiological analysis of Campylobacter jejuni circulating within the study location was completed. In excess of 8000 isolates of C. jejuni from people (n = 2548 isolates), chickens (n = 1849 isolates), cattle (n = 2921 isolates), and water (n = 771 isolates) were subtyped. In contrast to previous studies, the source attribution estimates of clinical cases attributable to cattle vastly exceeded those attributed to chicken (i.e., three- to six-fold). Moreover, cattle were often colonized by C. jejuni (51%) and shed the bacterium in their feces. A large proportion of study isolates were found in subtypes primarily associated with cattle (46%), including subtypes infecting people and those associated with chickens (19%). The implication of cattle as a primary amplifying reservoir of C. jejuni subtypes in circulation in the study location is supported by the strong cattle association with subtypes that were found in chickens and in people, a lack of evidence indicating the foodborne transmission of C. jejuni from beef and dairy, and the large number of cattle and the substantial quantities of untreated manure containing C. jejuni cells. Importantly, the evidence implicated cattle as a source of C. jejuni infecting people through a transmission pathway from cattle to people via the consumption of chicken. This has implications for reducing the burden of campylobacteriosis in the study location and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Januana S. Teixeira
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Valerie F. Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB T1J 1W5, Canada
| | - Benjamin M. Hetman
- Office of Public Health Field Services and Training, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3C 0P4, Canada
| | - Eduardo N. Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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17
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Kontro MH, Kirsi M, Laitinen SK. Exposure to bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in facilities processing biodegradable waste. Front Public Health 2022; 10:789861. [PMID: 36466510 PMCID: PMC9708704 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.789861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the exposure of workers within biodegradable waste processing facilities to bacteria and fungi to identify any exposures of potential concern to health. Occupational measurements were performed in six composting and three bioenergy (bioethanol or methane/biogas) producing facilities. Bioaerosols were measured from breathing zones with Button aerosol or open face cassette filter samplers, and swab specimens were taken from the nasal mucous membranes of the workers. Aspergillus fumigatus, Bacillus cereus group, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Streptomyces spp., and Yersinia spp. were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A. fumigatus, and mesophilic and thermophilic actinobacteria were also cultivated from filters. Bacterial airborne endotoxins collected by IOM samplers were analyzed using a Limulus assay. Bioaerosol levels were high, especially in composting compared to bioenergy producing facilities. Endotoxin concentrations in composting often exceeded the occupational exposure value of 90 EU/m3, which may be harmful to the health. In addition to endotoxins, the concentrations of A. fumigatus (up to 2.4 × 105 copies/m3) and actinobacteria/Streptomyces spp. (up to 1.6 × 106 copies/m3) in the air of composting facilities were often high. Microbial and endotoxin concentrations were typically highest in waste reception and pre-treatment, equal or decreased during processing and handling of treated waste, and lowest in wheel loader cabins and control rooms/outdoors. Still, the parameters measured in wheel loader cabins were often higher than in the control sites, which suggests that the use of preventive measures could be improved. B. cereus group, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia spp. were rarely detected in bioaerosols or nasal swabs. Although Campylobacter spp. DNA was rarely detected in air, as a new finding, Campylobacter ureolyticus DNA was frequently detected in the nasal mucous membranes of workers, based on partial 16S rDNA sequencing. Moreover, especially A. fumigatus and C. ureolyticus spp. DNA concentrations in swabs after the work shift were significantly higher than before the shift, which indicates their inhalation or growth during the work shift. Microbial qPCR analysis of bioaerosols and swab samples of nasal mucosa allowed measuring exposure in various work operations and during the work shift, identifying problems for health risk assessment to improve working conditions, and evaluating the effectiveness of preventive measures and personal protection of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja H. Kontro
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Kirsi
- Work Environment Laboratories, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa K. Laitinen
- Department of Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland,*Correspondence: Sirpa K. Laitinen
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18
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Extracellular c-di-GMP Plays a Role in Biofilm Formation and Dispersion of Campylobacter jejuni. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102030. [PMID: 36296307 PMCID: PMC9608569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-diGMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger involved in the regulation of many signalling systems in bacteria, including motility and biofilm formation. Recently, it has been reported that c-di-GMP was detected in C. jejuni DRH212; however, the presence and the role of c-di-GMP in other C. jejuni strains are unknown. Here, we investigated extracellular c-di-GMP as an environmental signal that potentially triggers biofilm formation in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 using a crystal violet-based assay, motility-based plate assay, RT-PCR and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We found that, in presence of extracellular c-di-GMP, the biofilm formation was significantly reduced (>50%) and biofilm dispersion enhanced (up to 60%) with no effect on growth. In addition, the presence of extracellular c-di-GMP promoted chemotactic motility, inhibited the adherence of C. jejuni NCTC 11168-O to Caco-2 cells and upregulated the expression of Cj1198 (luxS, encoding quarum sensing pathway component, autoinducer-2), as well as chemotaxis genes Cj0284c (cheA) and Cj0448c (tlp6). Unexpectedly, the expression of Cj0643 (cbrR), containing a GGDEF-like domain and recently identified as a potential diguanylate cyclase gene, required for the synthesis of c-di-GMP, was not affected. Our findings suggest that extracellular c-di-GMP could be involved in C. jejuni gene regulation, sensing and biofilm dispersion.
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19
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Reichelt B, Szott V, Epping L, Semmler T, Merle R, Roesler U, Friese A. Transmission pathways of campylobacter spp. at broiler farms and their environment in Brandenburg, Germany. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:982693. [PMID: 36312983 PMCID: PMC9598865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler meat is widely known as an important source of foodborne Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections in humans. In this study, we thoroughly investigated transmission pathways that may contribute to possible Campylobacter contamination inside and outside broiler houses. For this purpose we carried out a comprehensive longitudinal sampling approach, using a semi-quantitative cultivation method to identify and quantify transmissions and reservoirs of Campylobacter spp.. Three german broiler farms in Brandenburg and their surrounding areas were intensively sampled, from April 2018 until September 2020. Consecutive fattening cycles and intervening downtimes after cleaning and disinfection were systematically sampled in summer and winter. To display the potential phylogeny of barn and environmental isolates, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analyses were performed. Results obtained in this study showed very high Campylobacter prevalence in 51/76 pooled feces (67.1%) and 49/76 boot swabs (64.5%). Average counts between 6.4 to 8.36 log10MPN/g were detected in pooled feces. In addition, levels of 4.7 and 4.1 log10MPN/g were detected in boot swabs and litter, respectively. Samples from the barn interior showed mean Campyloacter values in swabs from drinkers 2.6 log10MPN/g, walls 2.0 log10MPN/g, troughs 1.7 log10MPN/g, boards 1.6 log10MPN/g, ventilations 0.9 log10MPN/g and 0.7 log10MPN/g for air samples. However, Campylobacter was detected only in 7/456 (1.5%) of the environmental samples (water bodies, puddles or water-filled wheel tracks; average of 0.6 log10MPN/g). Furthermore, WGS showed recurring Campylobacter genotypes over several consecutive fattening periods, indicating that Campylobacter genotypes persist in the environment during downtime periods. However, after cleaning and disinfection of the barns, we were unable to identify potential sources in the broiler houses. Interestingly, alternating Campylobacter genotypes were observed after each fattening period, also indicating sources of contamination from the wider environment outside the farm. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that a potential risk of Campylobacter transmission may originate from present environmental sources (litter and water reservoirs). However, the sources of Campylobacter transmission may vary depending on the operation and farm environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Reichelt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Szott
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ishaq S, Sadiq R, Chhipi-Shrestha G, Farooq S, Hewage K. Developing an Integrated "Regression-QMRA method" to Predict Public Health Risks of Low Impact Developments (LIDs) for Improved Planning. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:633-649. [PMID: 35543727 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide Low Impact Developments (LIDs) are used for sustainable stormwater management; however, both the stormwater and LIDs carry microbial pathogens. The widespread development of LIDs is likely to increase human exposure to pathogens and risk of infection, leading to unexpected disease outbreaks in urban communities. The risk of infection from exposure to LIDs has been assessed via Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) during the operation of these infrastructures; no effort is made to evaluate these risks during the planning phase of LID treatment train in urban communities. We developed a new integrated "Regression-QMRA method" by examining the relationship between pathogens' concentration and environmental variables. Applying of this methodology to a planned LID train shows that the predicted disease burden of diarrhea from Campylobacter is highest (i.e. 16.902 DALYs/1000 persons/yr) during landscape irrigation and playing on the LID train, followed by Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Norovirus. These results illustrate that the risk of microbial infection can be predicted during the planning phase of LID treatment train. These predictions are of great value to municipalities and decision-makers to make informed decisions and ensure risk-based planning of stormwater systems before their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ishaq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shaukat Farooq
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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21
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Munday RM, Haque R, Jan NJ, Wojcik GL, Marie C, Duchen D, Mentzer AJ, Nayak U, Korpe P, Kirkpatrick BD, Petri WA, Duggal P. Genome-Wide Association Study of Campylobacter -Positive Diarrhea Identifies Genes Involved in Toxin Processing and Inflammatory Response. mBio 2022; 13:e0055622. [PMID: 35420468 PMCID: PMC9239263 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00556-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is responsible for the deaths of more than 500,000 children each year, many of whom reside in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). Additionally, children with multiple diarrheal infections early in life have increased growth stunting and malnutrition and decreased vaccine efficacy. Two bacteria that contribute to the burden of diarrhea are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, both are endemic in Bangladesh. However, not all children that are exposed to these pathogens, including Campylobacter, will experience diarrhea. We hypothesized that host genetics may influence susceptibility to Campylobacter infections and performed a genome-wide association study in 534 children from two independent birth cohorts in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Infants were monitored for diarrhea for the first 2 years of life and only defined as controls if all diarrheal samples in the first year were negative for Campylobacter jejuni/C. coli. Each cohort was analyzed separately under an additive model and adjusted for length-for-age z-scores at birth and 12 months, sex, water treatment, and ancestry. In a fixed effect inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis of these two cohorts, we identified a genome-wide significant region on chromosome 8 in intron 4 of the rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10 gene (ARHGEF10). Individuals with the G allele (rs13281104) had a 2-fold lower risk of having a Campylobacter-associated diarrheal episode than individuals with the A allele (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.58, P = 3.6 × 10-7). This SNP is associated with decreased expression of the neighboring gene, CLN8, which may be involved in the transport of the cytolethal distending toxin produced by Campylobacter. IMPORTANCE Children in low-to-middle-income countries often suffer from multiple enteric infections in their first few years of life, many of which have the potential for long-lasting effects. These children are already likely to be malnourished and underweight, and chronic intestinal disturbances exacerbate these conditions. Despite public health interventions aimed at improving water, sanitation, and hygiene, enteric infections are still a leading cause of death for children under five. Previous work has included transmission dynamics, pathogen characteristics, and evaluation of interventions. Here, we examined the role of host genetic variation in susceptibility to diarrhea-associated Campylobacter infection. In our meta-analysis of two independent birth cohorts from Dhaka, Bangladesh, we found that children carrying a specific genetic variant (rs13281104, in an intron of ARHGEF10) were half as likely to have a diarrhea-associated Campylobacter infection in their first year of life. This protective effect may be achieved by decreasing gene expression and thereby impacting host-pathogen interactions and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Munday
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ning-Jiun Jan
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Genevieve L. Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chelsea Marie
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dylan Duchen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Poonum Korpe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - William A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Ahmed NA, Gulhan T. Campylobacter in Wild Birds: Is It an Animal and Public Health Concern? Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812591. [PMID: 35222311 PMCID: PMC8867025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis continues to be one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial zoonotic infections worldwide. Despite its public health importance, the status of this disease in wild birds and the possibility of transmission from wild birds to domestic animals and humans have not been clearly elucidated yet. This article reviews the available literature with the aim of making a comprehensive manuscript on this disease status in wild birds and the possibility of interspecies transmission. Campylobacter has been isolated from various species of wild birds worldwide, with C. jejuni being the most commonly isolated species. The prevalence of Campylobacter in wild birds may vary depending on several factors like geographical location, season, the bird’s health status, bird species, sample type, the method used, and ecological factors. Molecular studies over the past two to three decades have characterized Campylobacter strains isolated from wild birds and have come up with results that fall into two categories. The first are those that report overlapping strains among human, domestic animal, and wild bird isolates. The results of the studies under this category emphasize that wild birds carry strains of Campylobacter, which are indistinguishable from domestic animals and humans and are therefore an important public and animal health concern. In contrast, the studies under the second category highlight significant differences in Campylobacter population structure among these hosts. Despite the controversiality and the inadequacy of current research to draw a full conclusion, the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Campylobacter should not be undermined as drug-resistant strains, especially resistance to tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, are increasingly documented. In addition, source attribution studies have linked human cases of Campylobacter infections to wild birds. Therefore, the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Campylobacter infection should not be neglected. However, in order to determine disease status in wild birds and the precise role of wild birds in domestic animals and human health, detail-oriented epidemiological investigations characterizing the genetic relatedness of isolates from the respective species and environment through one health approach are warranted.
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Chala G, Eguale T, Abunna F, Asrat D, Stringer A. Identification and Characterization of Campylobacter Species in Livestock, Humans, and Water in Livestock Owning Households of Peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A One Health Approach. Front Public Health 2021; 9:750551. [PMID: 34926375 PMCID: PMC8677049 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.750551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial infectious diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis globally, and is recognized as a significant zoonotic pathogen. Antimicrobial resistance amongst Campylobacter isolates is a significant global concern. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify and characterize Campylobacter species in humans, animals and water sources in livestock owning households of peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and to characterize antimicrobial resistance. A total of 519 fecal samples from humans (n = 99), livestock (n = 179), poultry (n = 69), and water (n = 172) were collected. Samples were cultured for viable Campylobacter spp. and multiplex PCR utilized for the identification and confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 67/519 (13.0%) of the total tested samples, and the household level prevalence of Campylobacter was 42.4%. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was: humans (10.1%), cattle (18.5%), poultry (13.0%), sheep (13.3%), goats (7.1%), and water (10.5%). Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus were the most frequently isolated species, followed by C. coli. The majority of isolates obtained from human samples had co-occurrence with isolates from cattle, poultry or water samples from the same household. The use of stored water, the practice of indoor and outdoor manure collecting, and animal species Campylobacter positivity were significantly associated with greater odds of human Campylobacter spp. positivity. All Campylobacter isolates from humans, poultry, sheep, goats and water, and 96.0% of isolates from cattle were resistant to at least one or more of the tested antimicrobials, with 95.5% of isolates resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials. A One Health approach is recommended to further investigate Campylobacter species infections, and other zoonotic infectious diseases, in the livestock owning populations in Ethiopia, where there is close interaction between humans, animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Chala
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrew Stringer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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24
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Shagieva E, Demnerova K, Michova H. Waterborne Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni Are Able to Develop Aerotolerance, Survive Exposure to Low Temperature, and Interact With Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730858. [PMID: 34777280 PMCID: PMC8578730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is regarded as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis around the world. Even though it is generally considered to be a sensitive microaerobic pathogen, it is able to survive in the environment outside of the intestinal tract of the host. This study aimed to assess the impact of selected environmental parameters on the survival of 14 C. jejuni isolates of different origins, including 12 water isolates. The isolates were tested for their antibiotic resistance, their ability to survive at low temperature (7°C), develop aerotolerance, and to interact with the potential protozoan host Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by standard disk diffusion according to EUCAST. Out of the 14 isolates, 8 were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 5 to tetracycline (TET), while only one isolate was resistant to erythromycin (ERY). Five isolates were resistant to two different antibiotic classes. Tetracycline resistance was only observed in isolates isolated from wastewater and a clinical sample. Further, the isolates were tested for their survival at 7°C under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions using standard culture methods. The results showed that under microaerobic conditions, all isolates maintained their cultivability for 4 weeks without a significant decrease in the numbers of bacteria and variation between the isolates. However, significant differences were observed under aerobic conditions (AC). The incubation led to a decrease in the number of cultivable cells, with complete loss of cultivability after 2 weeks (one water isolate), 3 weeks (7 isolates), or 4 weeks of incubation (6 isolates). Further, all isolates were studied for their ability to develop aerotolerance by repetitive subcultivation under microaerobic and subsequently AC. Surprisingly, all isolates were able to adapt and grow under AC. As the last step, 5 isolates were selected to evaluate a potential protective effect provided by A. polyphaga. The cocultivation of isolates with the amoeba resulted in the survival of about 40% of cells treated with an otherwise lethal dose of gentamicin. In summary, C. jejuni is able to adapt and survive in a potentially detrimental environment for a prolonged period of time, which emphasizes the role of the environmental transmission route in the spread of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shagieva
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Michova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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25
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Elgamoudi BA, Korolik V. Campylobacter Biofilms: Potential of Natural Compounds to Disrupt Campylobacter jejuni Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12159. [PMID: 34830039 PMCID: PMC8617744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms occur naturally in many environmental niches and can be a significant reservoir of infectious microbes in zoonotically transmitted diseases such as that caused by Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of acute human bacterial gastroenteritis world-wide. The greatest challenge in reducing the disease caused by this organism is reducing transmission of C. jejuni to humans from poultry via the food chain. Biofilms enhance the stress tolerance and antimicrobial resistance of the microorganisms they harbor and are considered to play a crucial role for Campylobacter spp. survival and transmission to humans. Unconventional approaches to control biofilms and to improve the efficacy of currently used antibiotics are urgently needed. This review summarizes the use plant- and microorganism-derived antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds such as essential oils, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), polyphenolic extracts, algae extracts, probiotic-derived factors, d-amino acids (DAs) and glycolipid biosurfactants with potential to control biofilms formed by Campylobacter, and the suggested mechanisms of their action. Further investigation and use of such natural compounds could improve preventative and remedial strategies aimed to limit the transmission of campylobacters and other human pathogens via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam A. Elgamoudi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Victoria Korolik
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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26
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Bell RL, Kase JA, Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu U, Chen Y, Macarisin D, Kwon HJ, Zheng J, Stevens EL, Meng J, Brown EW. The Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Water and Its Impact on Global Food Safety. Pathogens 2021; 10:1391. [PMID: 34832547 PMCID: PMC8617848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is vital to agriculture. It is essential that the water used for the production of fresh produce commodities be safe. Microbial pathogens are able to survive for extended periods of time in water. It is critical to understand their biology and ecology in this ecosystem in order to develop better mitigation strategies for farmers who grow these food crops. In this review the prevalence, persistence and ecology of four major foodborne pathogens, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Campylobacter and closely related Arcobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes, in water are discussed. These pathogens have been linked to fresh produce outbreaks, some with devastating consequences, where, in a few cases, the contamination event has been traced to water used for crop production or post-harvest activities. In addition, antimicrobial resistance, methods improvements, including the role of genomics in aiding in the understanding of these pathogens, are discussed. Finally, global initiatives to improve our knowledge base of these pathogens around the world are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bell
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Julie A. Kase
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Kannan V. Balan
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Uma Babu
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Hee Jin Kwon
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Eric L. Stevens
- Office of the Center Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
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27
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"Take It or Leave It"-Factors Regulating Competence Development and DNA Uptake in Campylobacter jejuni. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810169. [PMID: 34576332 PMCID: PMC8468864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni has a large adaptive potential due to enormous genetic exchange. Factors regulating natural transformation in this food-borne pathogen are largely unknown but of interest for the application of sustained reduction strategies in the food-processing industry. Using a single cell DNA uptake assay, we visualized that recognition of methylated C. jejuni DNA was essential for the first step of DNA uptake into a DNase resistant state. Transformation rates using a resistance marker correlated with the fraction of competent bacteria, harboring one to maximally four locations of active DNA uptake, not necessarily being located at the cell pole. Competence developed with rising pH between 6.5 and 7.5 under microaerobic conditions and was nearly insensitive towards growth temperatures between 32 °C and 42 °C, CO2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 50% and growth rates. However, competence development was abolished at pH 5 or under aerobic stress conditions, in which the bacteria ceased growth but fully survived. The DNA uptake machinery in competent bacteria shut down at slightly acidic pH and was reversibly switched on upon neutralization. It was dependent on the proton motive force and, in contrast to competence development, slightly enhanced under aerobic conditions. The results suggest that natural transformation in C. jejuni occurs in the neutral and microaerobic intestinal environment for enhanced genetic diversity and pre-adaption before host switch. In addition, highly competent bacteria might be shed into the environment, still able to acquire genetic material for increased survival.
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28
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Tong S, Ma L, Ronholm J, Hsiao W, Lu X. Whole genome sequencing of Campylobacter in agri-food surveillance. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Song H, Kim J, Guk JH, Kim WH, Nam H, Suh JG, Seong JK, Cho S. Metagenomic Analysis of the Gut Microbiota of Wild Mice, a Newly Identified Reservoir of Campylobacter. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596149. [PMID: 33604305 PMCID: PMC7884769 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter, the most common etiologic agent of zoonotic gastroenteritis in humans, is present in many reservoirs including livestock animals, wildlife, soil, and water. Previously, we reported a novel Campylobacter jejuni strain SCJK02 (MLST ST-8388) from the gut of wild mice (Micromys minutus) using culture-dependent methods. However, due to fastidious growth conditions and the presence of viable but non-culturable Campylobacter spp., it is unclear whether M. minutus is a Campylobacter reservoir. This study aimed to: 1) determine the distribution and proportion of Campylobacter spp. in the gut microbiota of wild mice using culture-independent methods and 2) investigate the gut microbiota of wild mice and the relationship of Campylobacter spp. with other gut microbes. The gut microbiota of 38 wild mice captured from perilla fields in Korea and without any clinical symptoms (18 M. minutus and 20 Mus musculus) were analyzed. Metagenomic analysis showed that 77.8% (14 of 18) of the captured M. minutus harbored Campylobacter spp. (0.24–32.92%) in the gut metagenome, whereas none of the captured M. musculus carried Campylobacter spp. in their guts. Notably, 75% (6 of 8) of M. minutus determined to be Campylobacter-negative using culture-dependent methods showed a high proportion of Campylobacter through metagenome analysis. The results of metagenome analysis and the absence of clinical symptoms suggest that Campylobacter may be a component of the normal gut flora of wild M. minutus. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that Campylobacter was the most enriched genus in the gut microbiota of M. minutus (LDA score, 5.37), whereas Lactobacillus was the most enriched genus in M. musculus (LDA score, −5.96). The differences in the presence of Campylobacter between the two species of wild mice may be attributed to the differential abundance of Campylobacter and Lactobacillus in their respective gut microbiota. In conclusion, the results indicate that wild M. minutus may serve as a potential Campylobacter reservoir. This study presents the first metagenomics analysis of the M. minutus gut microbiota to explore its possible role as an environmental Campylobacter reservoir and provides a basis for future studies using culture-independent methods to determine the role of environmental reservoirs in Campylobacter transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junhyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Guk
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hajin Nam
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Gyo Suh
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Zenebe T, Zegeye N, Eguale T. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in human, animal and food of animal origin and their antimicrobial susceptibility in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:61. [PMID: 33302968 PMCID: PMC7731538 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 03/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli accounts for most cases of human gastrointestinal infections. The infection occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, and direct contact with feces of infected animal or human. Regardless of few local reports of Campylobacter and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile, there is no comprehensive data that show the burden of Campylobacter infection at national level in Ethiopia. This systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of Campylobacter and its resistance patterns in Ethiopia from different sources. METHOD A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct and Google engine search was conducted for studies published from 2000 to July 30, 2020 on prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter in human, animal and food. The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Checklist. Data from articles was extracted using a standardized data extraction format. The quality of the studies was assessed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The Q test and I2 test statistic were used to test heterogeneity across studies. The Pooled estimate of prevalence of Campylobacter species and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile was computed by a random effects model using STATA 16.0 software. Results were presented in forest plot, tables, funnel plot and figures with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS A total of 291 articles were retrieved initially. The pooled prevalence of Campylobacter species from different sources was 10.2% (95% CI 3.79, 16.51). In this meta-analysis, the lowest prevalence was 6.0% whereas the highest prevalence was 72.7%. In the sub-group analysis, the pooled prevalence was similar in Amhara and Oromia region, higher in Gambella and lower in Sidama. Prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in animals (14.6%) compared to humans (9%). The pooled antimicrobial resistance rates of Campylobacter species to different antimicrobials ranged from 2.9-100%. Overall, higher rate of resistance was to cephalothin (67.2%), gentamicin (67.2%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%) in Campylobacter isolates from all sources. In isolates from human, resistance to cephalothin was 83% followed by amoxicillin (80%), amoxicillin-clavulnate (36%), trimethoprim-sulfamethpxazole (32%), clindamycin (31%) and ceftriaxone (28%). On the other hand, higher rate of resistance to penicillin (100%), cephalothin (60%), ciprofloxacin (71.2%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (39%) was recorded in isolates from animals. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the burden of Campylobacter species in the country and higher rate of resistance among investigated isolates. Designing appropriate prevention strategies and further local in-depth studies are recommended to establish actual epidemiological burden of the bacteria in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizazu Zenebe
- Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Unit, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Niguse Zegeye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zarzecka U, Grinzato A, Kandiah E, Cysewski D, Berto P, Skorko-Glonek J, Zanotti G, Backert S. Functional analysis and cryo-electron microscopy of Campylobacterjejuni serine protease HtrA. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-16. [PMID: 32960677 PMCID: PMC7524362 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1810532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a predominant zoonotic pathogen causing gastroenteritis and other diseases in humans. An important bacterial virulence factor is the secreted serine protease HtrA (HtrA Cj ), which targets tight and adherens junctional proteins in the gut epithelium. Here we have investigated the function and structure of HtrA Cj using biochemical assays and cryo-electron microscopy. Mass spectrometry analysis identified differences and similarities in the cleavage site specificity for HtrA Cj by comparison to the HtrA counterparts from Helicobacter pylori and Escherichia coli. We defined the architecture of HtrA Cj at 5.8 Å resolution as a dodecamer, built of four trimers. The contacts between the trimers are quite loose, a fact that explains the flexibility and mobility of the dodecameric assembly. This flexibility has also been studied through molecular dynamics simulation, which revealed opening of the dodecamer to expose the proteolytically active site of the protease. Moreover, we examined the rearrangements at the level of oligomerization in the presence or absence of substrate using size exclusion chromatography, which revealed hexamers, dodecamers and larger oligomeric forms, as well as remarkable stability of higher oligomeric forms (> 12-mers) compared to previously tested homologs from other bacteria. Extremely dynamic decay of the higher oligomeric forms into lower forms was observed after full cleavage of the substrate by the proteolytically active variant of HtrA Cj . Together, this is the first report on the in-depth functional and structural analysis of HtrA Cj , which may allow the construction of therapeutically relevant HtrA Cj inhibitors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Dominik Cysewski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paola Berto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy,Giuseppe Zanotti Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,CONTACT Steffen Backert Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Colston JM, Faruque ASG, Hossain MJ, Saha D, Kanungo S, Mandomando I, Nisar MI, Zaidi AKM, Omore R, Breiman RF, Sow SO, Roose A, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Ahmed T, Bessong P, Bhutta Z, Mduma E, Penatero Yori P, Sunder Shrestha P, Olortegui MP, Kang G, Lima AAM, Humphrey J, Prendergast A, Schiaffino F, Zaitchik BF, Kosek MN. Associations between Household-Level Exposures and All-Cause Diarrhea and Pathogen-Specific Enteric Infections in Children Enrolled in Five Sentinel Surveillance Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8078. [PMID: 33147841 PMCID: PMC7663028 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheal disease remains a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity causing poor health and economic outcomes. In low-resource settings, young children are exposed to numerous risk factors for enteric pathogen transmission within their dwellings, though the relative importance of different transmission pathways varies by pathogen species. The objective of this analysis was to model associations between five household-level risk factors-water, sanitation, flooring, caregiver education, and crowding-and infection status for endemic enteric pathogens in children in five surveillance studies. Data were combined from 22 sites in which a total of 58,000 stool samples were tested for 16 specific enteropathogens using qPCR. Risk ratios for pathogen- and taxon-specific infection status were modeled using generalized linear models along with hazard ratios for all-cause diarrhea in proportional hazard models, with the five household-level variables as primary exposures adjusting for covariates. Improved drinking water sources conferred a 17% reduction in diarrhea risk; however, the direction of its association with particular pathogens was inconsistent. Improved sanitation was associated with a 9% reduction in diarrhea risk with protective effects across pathogen species and taxa of around 10-20% risk reduction. A 9% reduction in diarrhea risk was observed in subjects with covered floors, which were also associated with decreases in risk for zoonotic enteropathogens. Caregiver education and household crowding showed more modest, inconclusive results. Combining data from diverse sites, this analysis quantified associations between five household-level exposures on risk of specific enteric infections, effects which differed by pathogen species but were broadly consistent with hypothesized transmission mechanisms. Such estimates may be used within expanded water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs to target interventions to the particular pathogen profiles of individual communities and prioritize resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M. Colston
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.M.C.); (P.P.Y.)
| | - Abu S. G. Faruque
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - M. Jahangir Hossain
- Medical Research Council Unit—The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, Republic of Gambia;
| | - Debasish Saha
- Epidemiology and Health Economics, GSK Vaccines, 1300 Wavre, Belgium;
| | - Suman Kanungo
- Suman Kanungo—National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkota 700010, India;
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhica CP 1929, Mozambique;
| | - M. Imran Nisar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (M.I.N.); (A.K.M.Z.)
| | - Anita K. M. Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (M.I.N.); (A.K.M.Z.)
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Nyanza 40100, Kenya;
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Samba O. Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako BP 251, Mali;
| | - Anna Roose
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Pascal Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo 0950, South Africa;
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Estomih Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Institute, Haydom P.O. Box 9000, Tanzania;
| | - Pablo Penatero Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.M.C.); (P.P.Y.)
| | - Prakash Sunder Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal;
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India;
| | - Aldo A. M. Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil;
| | - Jean Humphrey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA 21205, USA;
| | - Andrew Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Francesca Schiaffino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru;
| | - Benjamin F. Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MA 21218, USA;
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Health and Public Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Huang J, Zang X, Lei T, Ren F, Jiao X. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Pig Slaughtering Line in Eastern China: Analysis of Contamination Sources. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:712-719. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhe Ren
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Šimunović K, Zajkoska S, Bezek K, Klančnik A, Barlič Maganja D, Smole Možina S. Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni Slaughterhouse and Surface-Water Isolates Indicates Better Adaptation of Slaughterhouse Isolates to the Chicken Host Environment. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111693. [PMID: 33143223 PMCID: PMC7693524 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an emerging food-borne pathogen that poses a high risk to human health. Knowledge of the strain source can contribute significantly to an understanding of this pathogen, and can lead to improved control measures in the food-processing industry. In this study, slaughterhouse and surface-water isolates of C. jejuni were characterized and compared in terms of their antimicrobial resistance profiles and adhesion to stainless steel and chicken skin. Resistance of C. jejuni biofilm cells to benzalkonium chloride and Satureja montana ethanolic extract was also tested. The data show that the slaughterhouse isolates are more resistant to ciprofloxacin, and adhere better to stainless steel at 42 °C, and at 37 °C in 50% chicken juice. Additionally, biofilm cells of the isolate with the greatest adhesion potential (C. jejuni S6) were harvested and tested for resistance to S. montana ethanolic extract, benzalkonium chloride, and erythromycin; and for efflux-pump activity, as compared to their planktonic cells. The biofilm cells showed increased resistance to both S. montana ethanolic extract and erythromycin, and increased efflux-pump activity. These data indicate adaptation of C. jejuni slaughterhouse isolates to the chicken host, as well as increased biofilm cell resistance due to increased efflux-pump activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šimunović
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (S.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Sandra Zajkoska
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (S.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Katja Bezek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; (K.B.); (D.B.M.)
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (S.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Darja Barlič Maganja
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; (K.B.); (D.B.M.)
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (S.Z.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-3203751; Fax: +386-1-2565782
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35
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Masila NM, Ross KE, Gardner MG, Whiley H. Zoonotic and Public Health Implications of Campylobacter Species and Squamates (Lizards, Snakes and Amphisbaenians). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100799. [PMID: 32998205 PMCID: PMC7601876 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of veterinary and public health significance. Globally, the incidence of campylobacteriosis has increased over the last decade in both developing and developed countries. Squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) are a potential reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. This systematic review examined studies from the last 20 years that have reported squamate-associated human campylobacteriosis. It was found that C. fetus subsp. testudinum and C. fetus subsp. fetus were the most common species responsible for human campylobacteriosis from a squamate host. The common squamate hosts identified included bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), green iguana (Iguana iguana), western beaked gecko (Rhynchoedura ornate) and blotched blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua nigrolutea). People with underlying chronic illnesses, the immunocompromised and the elderly were identified as the most vulnerable population. Exposure to pet squamates, wild animals, consumption of reptilian cuisines and cross contamination with untreated water were risk factors associated with Campylobacter infections. Proper hand hygiene practices, responsible pet ownership, ‘One Health’ education and awareness on zoonotic diseases will help reduce the public health risks arising from Campylobacter exposure through squamates. Continued surveillance using molecular diagnostic methods will also enhance detection and response to squamate-linked campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemus M Masila
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), P.O. BOX 66290, Westlands, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Kirstin E Ross
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Harriet Whiley
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Liu KC. A Multiplex Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast System for Simultaneous Identification of Three Campylobacter Species with Potential Applications to Food Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:114-122. [PMID: 32931346 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of Campylobacter-contaminated food is one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea. A previously developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) utilizing the SmartCycler instrument platform for identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari had to be modified to address the recent discontinuation of the SmartCycler system. In this study, a multiplex qPCR assay was optimized on the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast (AB7500F) platform to continue using qPCR for the identification of three target Campylobacter spp. AB7500F qPCR efficiencies obtained by testing reference genomic DNA (gDNA) were 90.9%, 86.4%, and 94.6% for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively, with all correlation coefficient values >0.99. The qPCR results exhibited 100% specificity by testing gDNA samples from 37 non-target reference strains and 86 target strains (50 C. jejuni, 27 C. coli, and 9 C. lari strains) in this study. The lowest detection level using gDNA was 4, 7, and 2 genome copies per reaction for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively. With a 2-day enrichment procedure, the qPCR method correctly detected target species in a spiked food matrix (frog leg, an aquaculture product). The sensitivity in 25 g food matrix was 4 colony-forming units (CFUs) for C. jejuni, 3 CFUs for C. coli, and 2 CFUs for C. lari. The results suggest that this AB7500F-based qPCR has potential applications for the identification of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari in contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun C Liu
- Applied Technology Center at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bothell, Washington, USA
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Inglis GD, Taboada EN, Boras VF. Rates of fluoroquinolone resistance in domestically acquired Campylobacter jejuni are increasing in people living within a model study location in Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:37-52. [PMID: 32805182 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from 1291 diarrheic people over a 15-year period (2004-2018) in southwestern Alberta, a model location in Canada with a high rate of campylobacteriosis. The prevalence of resistance to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, and gentamicin was low during the examination period (≤4.8%). Resistance to tetracycline remained consistently high (41.6%-65.1%), and resistance was primarily conferred by plasmid-borne tetO (96.2%). Resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid increased substantially over the examination period, with a maximal fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR) prevalence of 28.9% in 2016. The majority of C. jejuni isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin (93.9%) contained a C257T single nucleotide polymorphism within the gyrA chromosomal gene. Follow up with infected people indicated that the observed increase in FQR was primarily due to domestically acquired infections. Moreover, the majority of FQ-resistant C. jejuni subtypes (82.6%) were endemic in Canada, primarily linked to cattle and chicken reservoirs; 18.4% of FQ-resistant isolates were assigned to three subtypes, predominantly associated with cattle. Study findings indicate the need to prioritize FQR monitoring in C. jejuni infections in Canada and to elucidate the dynamics of the emergence and transmission of resistant C. jejuni strains within and from cattle and chicken reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Eduardo N Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Valerie F Boras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chinook Regional Hospital, 960-19th Street South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 1W5, Canada
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Phiri BJ, French NP, Biggs PJ, Stevenson MA, Reynolds AD, Garcia-R JC, Hayman DTS. Microbial contamination in drinking water at public outdoor recreation facilities in New Zealand. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:302-312. [PMID: 32639595 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study was to assess the presence and risk of waterborne pathogens in the drinking water of outdoor facilities in New Zealand and track potential sources of microbial contamination in water sources. METHODS AND RESULTS A serial cross-sectional study with a risk-based sample collection strategy was conducted at 15 public campgrounds over two summer seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). Drinking water supplied to these campgrounds was not compliant with national standards, based on Escherichia coli as an indicator organism, in more than half of the sampling occasions. Campylobacter contamination of drinking water at the campgrounds was likely to be of wild bird origin. Faecal samples from rails (pukeko and weka) were 35 times more likely to return a Campylobacter-positive result compared to passerines. Water treatment using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or a combination of filtration and UV irradiation or chemicals was more likely to result in water that was compliant with the national standards than water from a tap without any treatment. The use of filters alone was not associated with the likelihood of compliance. CONCLUSIONS Providing microbiologically safe drinking water at outdoor recreational facilities is imperative to avoid gastroenteritis outbreaks. This requires an in-depth understanding of potential sources of contamination in drinking water sources and the installation of adequate water treatment facilities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study provides evidence that drinking water without treatment or filter-only treatment in public campgrounds is unlikely to comply with national standards for human consumption and extra water treatment measures such as UV irradiation or chemical treatment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Phiri
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N P French
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P J Biggs
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - A D Reynolds
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J C Garcia-R
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D T S Hayman
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Mäesaar M, Tedersoo T, Meremäe K, Roasto M. The source attribution analysis revealed the prevalent role of poultry over cattle and wild birds in human campylobacteriosis cases in the Baltic States. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235841. [PMID: 32645064 PMCID: PMC7347188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis is primarily considered to be poultry, but also other such as ruminants, pets and environmental sources are related with infection burden. Multilocus sequence typing is often used for Campylobacter epidemiological studies to determine potential sources of human infections. The collection of 420 Campylobacter jejuni isolates with assigned MLST genotype from poultry (n = 139), cattle (n = 48) and wild birds (n = 101) were used in source attribution analysis. Asymmetric island model with accurate and congruent self-attribution results, was used to determine potential sources of human C. jejuni infections (n = 132) in Baltic States. Source attribution analysis revealed that poultry (88.3%) is the main source of C. jejuni human infections followed by cattle and wild bird with 9.4% and 2.3%, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that clinical cases of C. jejuni infections in Baltic countries are mainly linked to poultry, but also to cattle and wild bird sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihkel Mäesaar
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kadrin Meremäe
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Roasto
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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40
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Farhadkhani M, Nikaeen M, Hadi M, Gholipour S, Yadegarfar G. Campylobacter risk for the consumers of wastewater-irrigated vegetables based on field experiments. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126408. [PMID: 32171131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is emerging as a major problem in water stressed regions such as Middle East countries which highlights the importance of agricultural reuse of wastewater as a valid alternative source. However, consumption of wastewater-irrigated crops has been implicated as a vehicle for transmission of bacterial infections such as campylobacteriosis. Understanding and minimizing public health threats associated with agricultural reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) are crucial elements in sustainable water resource management. To address this need, the present study was carried out to determine Campylobacter risk for the consumers of TWW-irrigated vegetables by field experiments as well as quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model. Campylobacter was monitored in secondary treated wastewater, TWW-irrigated soil and harvested vegetables by nested real-time PCR assay. Campylobacter was detected in 64% (16/25) of TWW samples, whereas analysis of TWW-irrigated soil and vegetable samples yielded no positive result for Campylobacter. The estimated mean annual Campylobacter disease burden ranged from 2.37 × 10-5 to 6.6 × 10-5 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year (pppy) for vegetable consumers which was lower than the less stringent reference level of 10-4 DALYs pppy has been recommended by world health organization (WHO). Our results in regard to the QMRA estimates and field experiments suggest that the reuse of TWW for irrigation of vegetables doesn't pose a considerable risk to human health from the viewpoint of Campylobacter infections in a semi-arid area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Farhadkhani
- Student Research Committee and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yadegarfar
- Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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41
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Alaboudi AR, Malkawi IM, Osaili TM, Abu-Basha EA, Guitian J. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from chickens in Irbid governorate, Jordan. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 327:108656. [PMID: 32445835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is the world's leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, causing nearly 9 million cases of food poisoning in Europe every year. Poultry is considered the main source of Campylobacter infection to humans. The objectives of the study were to determine occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in chickens, the antimicrobial resistance, genotypes, and relatedness of the isolates. A total of 177 chicken samples obtained from informal butcher shops (fresh), formal poultry slaughterhouses (refrigerated) and retail market (frozen) were analyzed. Isolation of Campylobacter spp. was conducted according to the ISO 10272-2006 method. Multiplex PCR was used for confirmation and identification of the isolates. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and multilocus sequence typing was used for genotyping. The proportion of samples with Campylobacter spp. was 31.6% among all chicken samples (fresh and refrigerated 47.5%, frozen 0%) C. coli was isolated from 42.4% of chicken samples obtained from butcher shops and from 18.6% of samples obtained in formal slaughterhouses. C. jejuni was isolated from 17.0% of samples obtained in butcher shops and formal slaughterhouses. Campylobacter spp. was not isolated in frozen chicken samples. All tested isolates showed resistance toward ciprofloxacin and susceptibility toward imipenem and all of the isolates were multidrug resistant toward 5 or more antimicrobials. Three sequence types were identified among 10 C. coli isolates and seven sequence types were identified among 10 C. jejuni isolates. Among sequence types, chicken isolates shared similarities of both phenotypic and genetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram R Alaboudi
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ismail M Malkawi
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Ehab A Abu-Basha
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA Hatfield, UK
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42
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Hetman BM, Mutschall SK, Carrillo CD, Thomas JE, Gannon VPJ, Inglis GD, Taboada EN. "These Aren't the Strains You're Looking for": Recovery Bias of Common Campylobacter jejuni Subtypes in Mixed Cultures. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:541. [PMID: 32328044 PMCID: PMC7160300 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological surveillance of the food chain plays a critical role in improving our understanding of the distribution and circulation of food-borne pathogens along the farm to fork continuum toward the development of interventions to reduce the burden of illness. The application of molecular subtyping to bacterial isolates collected through surveillance has led to the identification of strains posing the greatest risk to public health. Past evidence suggests that enrichment methods for Campylobacter jejuni, a leading bacterial foodborne pathogen worldwide, may lead to the differential recovery of subtypes, obscuring our ability to infer the composition of a mixed-strain sample and potentially biasing prevalence estimates in surveillance data. To assess the extent of potential selection bias resulting from enrichment-based isolation methods, we compared enrichment and non-enrichment isolation of mixed subtype cultures of C. jejuni, followed by subtype-specific enumeration using both colony plate-counts and digital droplet PCR. Results differed from the null hypothesis that similar proportions of C. jejuni subtypes are recovered from both methods. Our results also indicated a significant effect of subtype prevalence on isolation frequency post-recovery, with the recovery of more common subtypes being consistently favored. This bias was exacerbated when an enrichment step was included in the isolation procedure. Taken together, our results emphasize the importance of selecting multiple colonies per sample, and where possible, the use of both enrichment and non-enrichment isolation procedures to maximize the likelihood of recovering multiple subtypes present in a sample. Moreover, the effects of subtype-specific recovery bias should be considered in the interpretation of strain prevalence data toward improved risk assessment from microbiological surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hetman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Steven K Mutschall
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine D Carrillo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James E Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo N Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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43
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Riedel C, Förstner KU, Püning C, Alter T, Sharma CM, Gölz G. Differences in the Transcriptomic Response of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari to Heat Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:523. [PMID: 32292399 PMCID: PMC7118207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are one of the most important food-borne pathogens, which are quite susceptible to environmental or technological stressors compared to other zoonotic bacteria. This might be due to the lack of many stress response mechanisms described in other bacteria. Nevertheless, Campylobacter is able to survive in the environment and food products. Although some aspects of the heat stress response in Campylobacter jejuni are already known, information about the stress response in other Campylobacter species are still scarce. In this study, the stress response of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari to elevated temperatures (46°C) was investigated by survival assays and whole transcriptome analysis. None of the strains survived at 46°C for more than 8 h and approximately 20% of the genes of C. coli RM2228 and C. lari RM2100 were differentially expressed. The transcriptomic profiles showed enhanced gene expression of several chaperones like dnaK, groES, groEL, and clpB in both strains, indicating a general involvement in the heat stress response within the Campylobacter species. However, the pronounced differences in the expression pattern between C. coli and C. lari suggest that stress response mechanisms described for one Campylobacter species might be not necessarily transferable to other Campylobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Riedel
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Information Science, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, TH Köln (University of Applied Sciences), Köln, Germany
| | - Christoph Püning
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Sharma
- Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Nag R, Auer A, Markey BK, Whyte P, Nolan S, O'Flaherty V, Russell L, Bolton D, Fenton O, Richards K, Cummins E. Anaerobic digestion of agricultural manure and biomass - Critical indicators of risk and knowledge gaps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:460-479. [PMID: 31299578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been identified as a potential green technology to treat food and municipal waste, agricultural residues, including farmyard manure and slurry (FYM&S), to produce biogas. FYM&S and digestate can act as soil conditioners and provide valuable nutrients to plants; however, it may also contain harmful pathogens. This study looks at the critical indicators in determining the microbial inactivation potential of AD and the possible implications for human and environmental health of spreading the resulting digestate on agricultural land. In addition, available strategies for risk assessment in the context of EU and Irish legislation are assessed. Storage time and process parameters (including temperature, pH, organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time), feedstock recipe (carbon-nitrogen ratio) to the AD plant (both mesophilic and thermophilic) were all assessed to significantly influence pathogen inactivation. However, complete inactivation of all pathogens is unlikely. There are limited studies evaluating risks from FYM&S as a feedstock in AD and the spreading of resulting digestate. The lack of process standardisation and varying feedstocks between AD farms means risk must be evaluated on a case by case basis and calls for a more unified risk assessment methodology. In addition, there is a need for the enhancement of AD farm-based modelling techniques and datasets to help in advancing knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Agathe Auer
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Bryan K Markey
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stephen Nolan
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Lauren Russell
- TEAGASC, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Declan Bolton
- TEAGASC, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Owen Fenton
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Karl Richards
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Mohammed AN, Abdel Aziz SAA. The prevalence of Campylobacter species in broiler flocks and their environment: assessing the efficiency of chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite for adopting control strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30177-30187. [PMID: 31422531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing trend to implement biosecurity measures in small commercial broiler flocks and trying to replace ineffective antimicrobial with alternative materials to interevent a strategy for the control of Campylobacter bacteria in these farms. This study was designed to determine the prevalence rate of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and their environment. Thereafter, assess the efficiency of chitosan, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and chitosan/ZnO NPs composite against Campylobacter strains to adopt a novel control strategy based on the ability to use those nanocomposites. A total of 220 samples were collected from broiler flocks, their environment, and farm attendants that direct contact with birds. All samples were subjected to microbiological investigation for isolation, then molecular identification of bacteria using PCR. ZnO NPs and chitosan/ZnO NPs composite were synthesized then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (X-RD). The efficiency of testing compounds was examined against 30 strains of Campylobacter coli (C. coli) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The highest percentages of C. coli were isolated from the manure storage area, and broiler litter followed by flies, and feeders (66.7, 53.3, 40.0, and 33.3%, respectively). Both chitosan/ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL and 1.5 μg/mL, respectively showed complete efficiency (100%) against C. coli compared with chitosan compound. In conclusion, manure storage area and broiler litter represented the main reservoir of Campylobacter bacterial contaminant followed by flies in broiler poultry farms. Chitosan/ZnO NPs composite can be used in any biosecurity program of poultry farms as an alternative to ineffective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Nady Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Sahar Abdel Aleem Abdel Aziz
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
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46
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Iwauchi M, Horigome A, Ishikawa K, Mikuni A, Nakano M, Xiao JZ, Odamaki T, Hironaka S. Relationship between oral and gut microbiota in elderly people. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2019; 7:229-236. [PMID: 31305026 PMCID: PMC6688080 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have suggested that oral bacteria induce systemic inflammation through the alteration of gut microbiota. We examined the relationship between oral and gut microbiota to evaluate the transition of oral bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Oral samples from subgingival plaque and tongue-coating and fecal samples were collected from 29 elderly subjects (age, 80.2 ± 9.1 years) and 30 adults (age, 35.9 ± 5.0 years). Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples, and DNA sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was performed for microbiota analysis. UniFrac distances were calculated to evaluate the similarity between microbial communities. RESULTS Unweighted UniFrac distance indicated that the elderly group had a higher similarity between fecal and subgingival plaque microbiota than the adult group. Indeed, some bacterial taxa found in oral samples had a significantly higher prevalence in the feces of the elderly group than in that of the adult group. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of oral bacterial transition to gut may be higher in the elderly than in adults, expecting that oral health care in the elderly will affect their gut microbiota composition and consequently promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Iwauchi
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Hygiene and Oral Health, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Horigome
- R&D Division, Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishikawa
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Hygiene and Oral Health, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Mikuni
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Hygiene and Oral Health, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakano
- R&D Division, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jin-Zhong Xiao
- R&D Division, Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Odamaki
- R&D Division, Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shouji Hironaka
- Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Hygiene and Oral Health, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Campylobacter at the Human-Food Interface: The African Perspective. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020087. [PMID: 31242594 PMCID: PMC6631673 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Campylobacter is a major cause of human gastroenteritis, accounting for an estimated annual 96 million cases worldwide. Assessment of the true burden of Campylobacter in the African context is handicapped by the under-reporting of diarrhoeal incidents and ineffective monitoring and surveillance programmes of foodborne illnesses, as well as the minimal attention given to Campylobacter as a causative agent of diarrhoea. The present review of the literature highlights the variability in the reported occurrence of Campylobacter in humans and animal food sources across different countries and regions in Africa. Campylobacter infection is particularly prevalent in the paediatric population and has been isolated from farm animals, particularly poultry, and foods of animal origin. The reported prevalence of Campylobacter in children under the age of five years ranges from 2% in Sudan to 21% in South Africa. In poultry, the prevalence ranges from 14.4% in Ghana to 96% in Algeria. This review also highlights the alarming trend of increased Campylobacter resistance to clinically important antimicrobials, such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, in humans and food animals in Africa. This review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of Campylobacter at the human–food animal interface, with an emphasis from the African perspective. Interinstitutional and intersectoral collaborations, as well as the adoption of the One Health approach, would be useful in bridging the gaps in the epidemiological knowledge of Campylobacter in Africa.
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48
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Rukambile E, Sintchenko V, Muscatello G, Kock R, Alders R. Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:562-578. [PMID: 31179637 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high-quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpidius Rukambile
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robyn Alders
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
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49
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García-Sánchez L, Melero B, Jaime I, Rossi M, Ortega I, Rovira J. Biofilm formation, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of different Campylobacter jejuni isolates from a poultry slaughterhouse. Food Microbiol 2019; 83:193-199. [PMID: 31202413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The fastidious requirement of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni contrasts with its ability to overcome harsh conditions. Different strategies might be involved in the survival and persistence of C. jejuni through the poultry food chain. Therefore, the aims of this study were to get insights in the survival strategies in the poultry slaughterhouse environment by (i) characterizing factors such as biofilm formation, virulence and antimicrobial resistance in environmental isolates and (ii) understanding the possible link between the phenotypic and genetic characterization using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results have shown that three STs: ST 443 (PFGE A), ST 904 (PFGE C) and ST 3769 (PFGE G), out of the six studied, formed biofilms with variable intensity according to different conditions (temperatures -37 °C, 30 °C, 25°C- and materials -stainless steel and plastic-). High levels of antimicrobial resistance were found in isolates to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline as well as to two common detergents used in the slaughterhouse. A combination of several changes in the genome of ST 904 (PFGE C) including mutations, insertions in antimicrobial resistance genes, the presence of T6SS and a set of genes related to virulence factors might explain its ability to form biofilm and persist longer in the environment. However, the complexity of the survival strategies adopted by the different strains of C. jejuni suggests that multiple mechanisms may exist that allow these organisms to persist and ultimately cause disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Melero
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Isabel Jaime
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Ortega
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
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50
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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from clinical specimens, Iran. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:391-398. [PMID: 30875037 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the clonal correlation of Campylobacter strains isolated from diarrheal children under 5 years of age in Iran using the PFGE method and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene content of strains. Of 750 patients with bacterial diarrhea, 33 (4%) Campylobacter spp., including 31 C. jejuni (94%) and 2 C. coli (6%), were isolated during 18-month period in Tehran, Iran. Except for one strain, remaining Campylobacter strains were positive for the flaA gene. A complete set of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) encoding genes (cdtABC) were detected in 52% of the C. jejuni strains, while the 2 C. coli isolates under study only harbored cdtA and cdtB of the CDT cluster. All strains were resistant to at least three antibiotic classes. Resistance to ampicillin among C. coli and C. jejuni strains was 100% and 84%, respectively, and 80% of all strains were susceptible to gentamicin. PFGE genotyping generated 19 pulsotypes with two major clusters, displaying the maximum and minimum similarity of 100% and 26%, respectively. The C. coli strains showed clearly distinct pulsotypes and each fell within separate clusters. A very homogeneous Campylobacter population was detected among Iranian patients with 33 % of strains showing identical banding patterns and no clear correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance profiles and PFGE patterns of the isolates.
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