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Huang G, Xu J, Lefever DE, Glenn TC, Nagy T, Guo TL. Genistein prevention of hyperglycemia and improvement of glucose tolerance in adult non-obese diabetic mice are associated with alterations of gut microbiome and immune homeostasis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:138-148. [PMID: 28412308 PMCID: PMC5592136 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although studies have linked soy phytoestrogen 4,7,4-trihydroxyisoflavone genistein (GEN) to reduced type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk, the mechanism of dietary GEN on T1D remains unknown. In our studies, adult non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model was employed to investigate the effects of GEN exposure on blood glucose level (BGL), glucose tolerance, gut microbiome, and immune responses. Adult male and female NOD mice were fed with either soy-based or casein-based diet, and received GEN at 20mg/kg body weight by gavage daily. The BGL and immune responses (represented by serum antibodies, cytokines and chemokines, and histopathology) were monitored, while the fecal gut microbiome was sequenced for 16S ribosomal RNA to reveal any alterations in gut microbial communities. A significantly reduced BGL was found in NOD males fed with soy-based diet on day 98 after initial dosing, and an improved glucose tolerance was observed on both diets. In addition, an anti-inflammatory response (suggested by reduced IgG2b and cytokine/chemokine levels, and alterations in the microbial taxonomy) was accompanied by an altered β-diversity in gut microbial species. Among the NOD females exposed to GEN, a later onset of T1D was observed. However, the profiles of gut microbiome, antibodies and cytokines/chemokines were all indicative of pro-inflammation. This study demonstrated an association among GEN exposure, gut microbiome alteration, and immune homeostasis in NOD males. Although the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of GEN in NOD mice need to be explored further, the current study suggested a GEN-induced sex-specific effect in inflammatory status and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, United States
| | - Joella Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Daniel E Lefever
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, United States
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States.
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2
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Hidaka Y, Inaba Y, Matsuda K, Itoh M, Kaneyama T, Nakazawa Y, Koh CS, Ichikawa M. Cytokine production profiles in chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: IFN-γ and TNF-α are important participants in the first attack but not in the relapse. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:117-22. [PMID: 24655735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease often displaying a relapsing-remitting course of neurological manifestations that is mimicked by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animal models of MS. In particular, NOD mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 develop chronic relapsing-remitting EAE (CREAE). To elucidate the mechanisms that cause MS relapse, we investigated the histopathology and cytokine production of spleen cells and mRNA expression levels in the central nervous system (CNS) of CREAE mice. During the first attack, inflammatory cell infiltration around small vessels and in the subarachnoid space was observed in the spinal cord. Spleen cell production and mRNA expression in the CNS of several cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), were higher in CREAE mice than in controls. Afterwards, parenchymal infiltration and demyelination were observed histologically in the spinal cord and corresponded with the more severe clinical symptoms of the first and second relapses. IL-17 and CCL2, but not IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-6, were also produced by spleen cells during recurrences. Our results suggested that the immune mechanisms in relapses were different from those in the first attack for CREAE. Further investigation of CREAE mechanisms may provide important insights into successful therapies for human relapsing-remitting MS.
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Wang CK, Gruber CW, Cemazar M, Siatskas C, Tagore P, Payne N, Sun G, Wang S, Bernard CC, Craik DJ. Molecular grafting onto a stable framework yields novel cyclic peptides for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:156-63. [PMID: 24147816 PMCID: PMC3898541 DOI: 10.1021/cb400548s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory
disease of the central
nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by the destruction of myelin
and axons leading to progressive disability. Peptide epitopes from
CNS proteins, such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), possess
promising immunoregulatory potential for treating MS; however, their
instability and poor bioavailability is a major impediment for their
use clinically. To overcome this problem, we used molecular grafting
to incorporate peptide sequences from the MOG35–55 epitope onto a cyclotide, which is a macrocyclic peptide scaffold
that has been shown to be intrinsically stable. Using this approach,
we designed novel cyclic peptides that retained the structure and
stability of the parent scaffold. One of the grafted peptides, MOG3,
displayed potent ability to prevent disease development in a mouse
model of MS. These results demonstrate the potential of bioengineered
cyclic peptides for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K. Wang
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christian W. Gruber
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Center
for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Maša Cemazar
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher Siatskas
- Multiple
Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Prascilla Tagore
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Natalie Payne
- Multiple
Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Guizhi Sun
- Multiple
Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shunhe Wang
- Multiple
Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Claude C. Bernard
- Multiple
Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Xin N, Fu L, Shao Z, Guo M, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Dou C, Zheng S, Shen X, Yao Y, Wang J, Wang J, Cui G, Liu Y, Geng D, Xiao C, Zhang Z, Dong R. RNA interference targeting Bcl-6 ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 58:85-94. [PMID: 24361642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are dedicated to providing help to B cells and are strongly associated with antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) is a key transcription factor of Tfh cells, and IL-21 is known to be a critical cytokine produced by Tfh cells. We silenced Bcl-6 gene expression using RNA interference (RNAi) delivered by a lentiviral vector, to evaluate the therapeutic role of Bcl-6 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Our data demonstrate that CD4(+)CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) Tfh cells, Bcl-6 and IL-21 were significantly increased in EAMG mice, compared with controls. In addition, we found that frequencies of Tfh cells were positively correlated with the levels of serum anti-AChR Ab. In-vivo transduction of lenti-siRNA-Bcl6 ameliorates the severity of ongoing EAMG with decreased Tfh cells, Bcl-6 and IL-21 expression, and leads to decreased anti-AChR antibody levels. Furthermore, we found that siRNA knockdown of Bcl-6 expression increases the expression of Th1(IFN-γ, T-bet) and Th2 markers (IL-4 and GATA3), but failed to alter the expression of Th17-related markers (RORγt, IL-17) and Treg markers (FoxP3). Our study suggests that Tfh cells contribute to the antibody production and could be one of the most important T cell subsets responsible for development and progression of EAMG or MG. Bcl-6 provides a promising therapeutic target for immunotherapy not only for MG, but also for other antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Lab of Infection and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Shao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingfeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Changxin Dou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanhu Yao
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghai Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenghua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zunsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiguo Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ludwig RJ, Recke A, Bieber K, Müller S, Marques ADC, Banczyk D, Hirose M, Kasperkiewicz M, Ishii N, Schmidt E, Westermann J, Zillikens D, Ibrahim SM. Generation of Antibodies of Distinct Subclasses and Specificity Is Linked to H2s in an Active Mouse Model of Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:167-76. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Guo J, Yu C, Li H, Liu F, Feng R, Wang H, Meng Y, Li Z, Ju G, Wang J. Impaired neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in streptozotocin-induced and spontaneous diabetic mice. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:329-36. [PMID: 20832431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse complications in many organ systems including the brain. Accumulating evidence indicates that diabetes, regardless of its type, impairs adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus (HPC). However, the effects of the disease on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are not well established. We induced diabetes in male NOD/SCID (non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice and C57BL/6 mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). On day 7 or day 21 after STZ injection mice received the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for labeling of proliferative cells. Mice were sacrificed 24h later and brain coronal sections were stained with anti-BrdU antibodies. Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSC/NPC) proliferation, as revealed by BrdU-labeled cells, was markedly decreased in the subgranular zone of the DG in STZ-treated diabetic mice. A similar reduction of NSC/NPC proliferation was seen in the SVZ. Reduced DG and SVZ cell proliferation was also found in diabetic NOD mice, a model of spontaneous diabetes, and the reduction was attenuated by bilateral adrenalectomy (Adx). Adx did not alter blood glucose or insulin levels in either prediabetic or diabetic NOD mice, but Adx partly increased mRNA levels of hippocampal and SVZ brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a crucial regulator of NSC/NPC proliferation. Moreover, NOD and NOD/SCID mice showed a more rapid reduction of NSC/NPC proliferation than C57BL/6 mice in response to diabetes. Thus, we conclude that diabetes inhibits cell proliferation in both the SVZ and HPC, and inhibition was associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels and reduced BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 1 Xin Si Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Macció DR, Ditamo Y, Degano AL, Roth GA. Interaction between Gonadal Steroids and Neuroimmune System in Acute Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Wistar Rats. Autoimmunity 2009; 37:17-25. [PMID: 15115307 DOI: 10.1080/08916930310001624647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS mediated by autoreactive T lymphocytes directed against myelin antigens. Since neuroendocrine-immune dysfunction appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, the present work was designed to study the effect of changes in the endocrine system on the development of acute EAE and the immune response against myelin basic protein (MBP). Intact and sham males and intact female Wistar rats showed the most severe clinical symptoms (acute period) 12-14 days post-inoculation (dpi). Then, they began gradually to recover, regaining the total ability to walk by 15-17 dpi. Male Wistar rats with altered levels of gonadal hormones by surgical castration showed an onset of the symptoms retarded 2-3 days with respect to the other EAE groups, showing neuropathological symptoms up to 27-28 dpi, and remaining with lower body weight even at 40 dpi. The castrated animals exhibited a specific delay in MBP-stimulated DTH reactivity that correlates with the delay in the onset of the clinical symptoms. Also significant lymphocyte proliferation to MBP was still present at 35 dpi that was absent in the sham group. The distribution of the IgG subclasses indicated that at 35 dpi castrated animals have a higher IgG2b/IgG1 ratio (35.1) in comparison to that presented by sham rats (4.8). Considering that at this time the castrated animals were not completely recuperated, these results could indicate an ongoing inflammatory immune response associated with Th1 activity in these animals. Also castrated animals developed antibodies to a diversity of MBP epitopes in comparison to sham rats, which presented a dominance of antibodies to MBP peptide p96-128. These results indicate that sex hormones levels regulate cell-mediated immunity and the specificity of anti-MBP antibodies related to the induction and development of acute EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R Macció
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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9
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Sekiguchi Y, Ichikawa M, Takamoto M, Ota H, Koh CS, Muramatsu M, Honjo T, Agematsu K. Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein are not involved in the severity of chronic non-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Lett 2008; 122:145-9. [PMID: 18824198 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of antibodies in development of chronic non-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice, which is a well-established Th1-mediated autoimmune disease, and the involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in Th1-mediated function, we have investigated the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in mice deficient of AID, which is absolutely required for class switching and somatic hypermutation. Following immunization with MOG, AID(-/-) had completely same levels of clinical and pathological severity of EAE when compared with AID(+/-) and AID(+/+), although AID(-/-) did not produce IgG and anti-MOG IgG. Similar levels of T cell proliferation and a modest increase of anti-MOG IgM synthesis were found in spleen cells of AID(-/-) stimulated with MOG. These results indicate that antibodies are not involved in development of EAE in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Sekiguchi
- Department of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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Beauquis J, Saravia F, Coulaud J, Roig P, Dardenne M, Homo-Delarche F, De Nicola A. Prominently decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes, the nonobese diabetic mouse. Exp Neurol 2008; 210:359-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mayo S, Quinn A. Altered susceptibility to EAE in congenic NOD mice: Altered processing of the encephalitogenic MOG35-55 peptide by NOR/LtJ mice. Clin Immunol 2006; 122:91-100. [PMID: 16990050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NOD mice (H-2 g7) naturally develop autoimmune diabetes, while the congenic NOR/LtJ mice (H-2 g7) are resistant. To determine if defective immune regulation renders NOD susceptible to autoimmune disease, we compared MOG35-55-induced EAE in NOD mice to that of NOR/LtJ. In two of three immunization protocols, the NOR/LtJ mice developed significantly reduced indices and severity of clinical disease, in spite of an exaggerated autoimmune response to MOG35-55. Characterization of the responding T cell repertoires revealed that V beta 8+ Th cells directed toward the MOG42-55 core epitope were dominant in both strains. Interestingly, CD8+ CTL were absent or significantly reduced in MOG35-55 lymphoblasts from NOR/LtJ mice, which poorly processed the MOG39-47 CTL epitope from MOG35-55. Thus, while particular MHC class II alleles may be associated with increased risk, molecules involved in the processing of key epitopes may be influential in the progression of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Sitaru C, Chiriac MT, Mihai S, Büning J, Gebert A, Ishiko A, Zillikens D. Induction of Complement-Fixing Autoantibodies against Type VII Collagen Results in Subepidermal Blistering in Mice. J Immunol 2006; 177:3461-8. [PMID: 16920988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental models reproducing an autoimmune response resulting in skin blistering in immunocompetent animals are lacking. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a bullous skin disease caused by autoantibodies to type VII collagen. In this study, we describe an active disease model of EBA by immunizing mice of different strains with murine type VII collagen. All mice developed circulating IgG autoantibodies that recognized type VII collagen and bound to the lamina densa of the dermal-epidermal junction. Importantly, subepidermal blisters developed in 82% of SJL-1, 56% of BALB/c mice, and 45% of Fc gammaRIIb-deficient mice, but not in SKH-1 mice. In susceptible animals, deposits of IgG1, IgG2, and complement C3 were detected at the dermal-epidermal junction. In contrast, in the nondiseased mice, tissue-bound autoantibodies were predominantly of the IgG1 subclass and complement activation was weak or absent. This active disease model reproduces in mice the clinical, histopathological, and immunopathological findings in EBA patients. This robust experimental system should greatly facilitate further studies on the pathogenesis of EBA and the development of novel immunomodulatory therapies for this and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Huang D, Wujek J, Kidd G, He TT, Cardona A, Sasse ME, Stein EJ, Kish J, Tani M, Charo IF, Proudfoot AE, Rollins BJ, Handel T, Ransohoff RM. Chronic expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the central nervous system causes delayed encephalopathy and impaired microglial function in mice. FASEB J 2005; 19:761-72. [PMID: 15857890 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3104com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased central nervous system (CNS) levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the systematic nomenclature] have been reported in chronic neurological diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. However, a pathogenic role for CCL2 has not been confirmed, and there is no established model for the effects of chronic CCL2 expression on resident and recruited CNS cells. We report that aged (>6 months) transgenic (tg) mice expressing CCL2 under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (huGFAP-CCL2hi tg+ mice) manifested encephalopathy with mild perivascular leukocyte infiltration, impaired blood brain barrier function, and increased CD45-immunoreactive microglia, which had morphologic features of activation. huGFAP-CCL2hi tg+ mice lacking CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were normal, showing that chemokine action via CCR2 was required. Studies of cortical slice preparations using video confocal microscopy showed that microglia in the CNS of huGFAP-CCL2hi tg+ mice were defective in expressing amoeboid morphology. Treatment with mutant CCL2 peptides, a receptor antagonist and an obligate monomer, also suppressed morphological transformation in this assay, indicating a critical role for CCL2 in microglial activation and suggesting that chronic CCL2 exposure desensitized CCR2 on microglia, which in the CNS of huGFAP-CCL2hi tg+ mice, did not up-regulate cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD11b, CD11c, or CD40, in contrast to recruited perivascular macrophages that expressed enhanced levels of these markers. These results indicate that huGFAP-CCL2hi tg+ mice provide a useful model to study how chronic CNS expression of CCL2 alters microglial function and CNS physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deren Huang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Abstract
A prominent feature of multiple sclerosis is its high incidence of onset in the third decade of life and its relatively rare onset in persons older than 50 years. In order to study age-related restriction of clinical expression, a comparative biochemical, immunological and histological study was undertaken during development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in young (7 weeks) and middle-aged (15 months) Wistar rats. Young rats showed characteristic clinical signs 12-16 days postinduction, and then they spontaneously recuperated. In middle-aged rats, the incidence of clinical signs was significantly reduced, with a later onset of the disease. Similar biochemical and histological alterations were detected in both age groups, but they were present in a later stage in middle-aged animals. However, cellular and humoral immune responses to myelin basic protein (MBP) were observed 15 days postinduction in all EAE animals. The study of anti-MBP IgG isotype pattern in 7-week-old animals indicated a predominant Th1-type immune response during the acute stage of EAE, with antibodies predominantly recognizing the MBP 96-128 peptide. In contrast, 15-month-old animals showed a less prominent Th1 response, without any epitope dominance. The changes in immune function found in middle-aged animals may account for the different susceptibility and expression of EAE, and may also be relevant to the different clinical expression observed in multiple sclerosis with maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Ditamo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, CIQUIBIC (CONICET), Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Ditamo Y, Degano AL, Maccio DR, Pistoresi‐Palencia MC, Roth GA. Age‐related changes in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Ditamo
- Department of Biological Chemistry – CIQUIBIC (CONICET)
| | | | | | | | - German A Roth
- Department of Biological Chemistry – CIQUIBIC (CONICET)
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Abstract
In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes (T1D), recent evidence suggests that Schwann cells (Scs) and neurons surrounding insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans are destroyed before beta cells. During normal perinatal development, macrophages (MPhi) are involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Pertinently, MPhi are already present at birth in NOD pancreata. Their possible abnormal control of nerve phagocytosis, together with transient beta-cell hyperactivity and lymphocyte anomalies, might conjointly participate in T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Saravia
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosetta Pedotti
- Immunology and Muscular Pathology Unit, National Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
An autoimmune response to one or more myelin-protein components is thought to be part of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The immunodominant-autoantibody epitope may be localized on a linear peptide segment, on a conformation-sensitive epitope, or on an epitope resulting from post-translational modifications. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of myelin proteins may determine the specific site for binding of autoantibodies. A myelin protein-specific autoantibody can bind to either a linear or conformational epitope, whereas all of the T cell epitopes are linear. At present, the conformational epitopes of myelin proteins have not been identified; most of the methods used to identify the myelin-protein epitopes corresponding to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are involved in the linear epitope mapping. Polymorphism or mutations may cause inappropriate expression of the myelin proteins with alterations to their linear and/or conformational epitopes, and make them susceptible to autoantibody binding, especially if these changes occur at the surface of the protein. This review focuses on the specificity of autoantibodies to the epitopes of myelin proteins and correlates this to the structures of proteins. Factors that influence the expression of myelin-protein epitopes such as the alpha-helical or beta-sheet structure of the protein, the tri-proline site, and the post-translational modifications as well as physicochemical properties of amino acid changed are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permphan Dharmasaroja
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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19
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Warren SJP, Arteaga LA, Rivitti EA, Aoki V, Hans-Filho G, Qaqish BF, Lin MS, Giudice GJ, Diaz LA. The role of subclass switching in the pathogenesis of endemic pemphigus foliaceus. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:104-8. [PMID: 12535205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, like the sporadic form seen in the developed world, is mediated by IgG antibodies to desmoglein-1. We studied an endemic focus in Limao Verde, Brazil, where disease prevalence is 3.4%. We previously detected IgG antibodies to desmoglein-1 in 97% of patients, but also in 55% of normal subjects in the endemic focus, with progressively lower levels in normal subjects in surrounding areas. An environmental trigger is hypothesized to explain these and other findings. In this study we sought to determine if patients and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay-positive normal subjects in Limao Verde differ in IgG subclass response to desmoglein-1. We developed a sensitive and specific subclass enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant desmoglein-1 and standardized the assay to enable comparability between the four subclasses. We found that normal subjects have an IgG1 and IgG4 response, whereas patients have similar levels of IgG1 but a mean 19.3-fold higher IgG4 response. Patients in remission have a weak IgG4 response, and a 74.3-fold higher IgG4 response is associated with active disease. Finally, in five patients in whom we had blood samples from both before and after the onset of clinical disease, a mean 103.08-fold rise in IgG4 was associated with onset of clinical disease, but only a mean 3.45-fold rise in IgG1. These results suggest that the early antibody response in normal subjects living in the endemic area and in patients before the onset of clinical disease is mainly IgG1. Acquisition of an IgG4 response is a key step in the development of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J P Warren
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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20
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Saravia FE, Revsin Y, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Gonzalez SL, Roig P, Lima A, Homo-Delarche F, De Nicola AF. Increased astrocyte reactivity in the hippocampus of murine models of type 1 diabetes: the nonobese diabetic (NOD) and streptozotocin-treated mice. Brain Res 2002; 957:345-53. [PMID: 12445977 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes can be associated with cerebral dysfunction in humans and animal models of the disease. Moreover, brain anomalies and alterations of the neuroendocrine system are present in type 1 diabetes (T1D) animals, such as the spontaneous nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model and/or the pharmacological streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model. Because of the prevalent role of astrocytes in cerebral glucose metabolism and their intimate connection with neurones, we investigated hippocampal astrocyte alterations in prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice and STZ-treated diabetic mice. The number and cell area related to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes were quantified in the stratum radiatum region of the hippocampus by computerized image analysis in prediabetic (2, 4 and 8 weeks of age) and diabetic (16-week-old) NOD female mice, age and sex-matched lymphocyte-deficient NODscid and C57BL/6 control mice and, finally, STZ-induced diabetic and vehicle-treated nondiabetic 16-week-old C57BL/6 female mice. Astrocyte number was higher early in life in prediabetic NOD and NODscid mice than in controls, when transient hyperinsulinemia and low glycemia were found in these strains. The number and cell area of GFAP(+) cells further increased after the onset of diabetes in NOD mice. Similarly, in STZ-treated diabetic mice, the number of GFAP(+) cells and cell area were higher than in vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, astrocyte changes present in genetic and pharmacological models of T1D appear to reflect an adaptive process to alterations of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia E Saravia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologa y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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McQualter JL, Darwiche R, Ewing C, Onuki M, Kay TW, Hamilton JA, Reid HH, Bernard CC. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a new putative therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2001; 194:873-82. [PMID: 11581310 PMCID: PMC2193476 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.7.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis, can be induced by immunization with a number of myelin antigens. In particular, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a central nervous system (CNS)-specific antigen expressed on the myelin surface, is able to induce a paralytic MS-like disease with extensive CNS inflammation and demyelination in several strains of animals. Although not well understood, the egress of immune cells into the CNS in EAE is governed by a complex interplay between pro and antiinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The hematopoietic growth factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is considered to play a central role in maintaining chronic inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the previously unexplored role of GM-CSF in autoimmune-mediated demyelination. GM-CSF(-/)- mice are resistant to EAE, display decreased antigen-specific proliferation of splenocytes, and fail to sustain immune cell infiltrates in the CNS, thus revealing key activities for GM-CSF in the development of inflammatory demyelinating lesions and control of migration and/or proliferation of leukocytes within the CNS. These results hold implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory and demyelinating diseases and may provide the basis for more effective therapies for inflammatory diseases, and more specifically for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. McQualter
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rima Darwiche
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital
| | - Christine Ewing
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Manabu Onuki
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Thomas W. Kay
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital
| | - John A. Hamilton
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Hugh H. Reid
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Claude C.A. Bernard
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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22
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Villoslada P, Abel K, Heald N, Goertsches R, Hauser SL, Genain CP. Frequency, heterogeneity and encephalitogenicity of T cells specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in naive outbred primates. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2942-50. [PMID: 11592070 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<2942::aid-immu2942>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Auto-reactive T cells present in healthy subjects remain in a state of unresponsiveness, but may trigger autoimmunity under various situations. Although myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a potential target antigen in multiple sclerosis (MS), MOG-reactive T cell responses are present in the blood of both healthy subjects and MS-affected individuals. To investigate the disease-inducing potential and regulation of these autoreactive T cells in healthy outbred populations, we have characterized MOG-reactive T cell clones obtained by limiting dilution from peripheral blood of unimmunized C. jacchus marmosets. We report an extraordinarily high prevalence of circulating MOG-reactive T cells in these naive animals (2.6 +/- 1.4 / 10(5) PBMC), and a broadly diverse repertoire of epitope recognition encompassing at least three regions within the extracellular domain of MOG. Adoptive transfer of a MOG21-40-specific T cell clone resulted in mild clinical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, characterized pathologically by rare foci of inflammation and minimal demyelination. We conclude that MOG-reactive T cells are present in healthy primates at a highly prevalent frequency, and are potentially capable of triggering central nervous system autoimmunity. Expansion of these autoreactive T cells must be tightly controlled to maintain immune homeostasis in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Villoslada
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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23
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Sekiguchi Y, Ichikawa M, Inoue A, Itoh M, Koh CS. Brain-derived gangliosides suppress the chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in NOD mice induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 116:196-205. [PMID: 11438174 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE) induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55 (MOG(35-55)) in NOD mice was successfully treated with brain-derived gangliosides (GA). The GA treatment suppressed the development and severity of CREAE, both clinically and histologically. Spleen cells from the GA-treated mice displayed markedly inhibited levels of MOG(35-55) specific proliferation and interferon-gamma production. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to MOG(35-55) were suppressed by the GA treatment. GA modulate various T cell effector functions in CREAE and may be an effective therapeutic agent for autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Cell Division/immunology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Gangliosides/pharmacology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/chemically induced
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/drug therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/chemistry
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/pharmacology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Optic Neuritis/chemically induced
- Optic Neuritis/drug therapy
- Optic Neuritis/pathology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, 390-8621, Matsumoto, Japan
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24
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Matarese G, Di Giacomo A, Sanna V, Lord GM, Howard JK, Di Tuoro A, Bloom SR, Lechler RI, Zappacosta S, Fontana S. Requirement for leptin in the induction and progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2001; 166:5909-16. [PMID: 11342605 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.5909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that leptin modifies T cell immunity, and may provide a key link between nutritional deficiency and immune dysfunction. To study the influence of leptin on autoimmunity, susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by immunization with a myelin-derived peptide was examined in leptin-deficient, C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice, with or without leptin replacement, and in wild-type controls. Leptin replacement converted disease resistance to susceptibility in the C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice; this was accompanied by a switch from a Th2 to Th1 pattern of cytokine release and consequent reversal of Ig subclass production. Our findings suggest that leptin is required for the induction and maintenance of an effective proinflammatory immune response in the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intradermal
- Leptin/administration & dosage
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- G Matarese
- Cattedra di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Universita di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
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25
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Huang D, Wang J, Kivisakk P, Rollins BJ, Ransohoff RM. Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in mice leads to decreased local macrophage recruitment and antigen-specific T helper cell type 1 immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2001; 193:713-26. [PMID: 11257138 PMCID: PMC2193420 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.6.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 plays a critical role in innate immunity by directing the migration of monocytes into inflammatory sites. Recent data indicated a function for this chemokine in adaptive immunity as a regulator of T cell commitment to T helper cell type 2 (Th2) effector function. Studies in a Th1-dependent animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), showed that MCP-1 was highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of affected rodents, and MCP-1 antibodies could block relapses of the disease. Mice deficient for the major MCP-1 receptor, CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2, did not develop EAE after active immunization but generated effector cells that could transfer the disease to naive wild-type recipients. We analyzed EAE in mice deficient for MCP-1 to define the relevant ligand for CCR2, which responds to murine MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, and MCP-5. We found that C57BL/6 MCP-1-null mice were markedly resistant to EAE after active immunization, with drastically impaired recruitment of macrophages to the CNS, yet able to generate effector T cells that transferred severe disease to naive wild-type recipients. By contrast, adoptive transfer of primed T cells from wild-type mice into naive MCP-1-null recipients did not mediate clinical EAE. On the SJL background, disruption of the MCP-1 gene produced a milder EAE phenotype with diminished relapses that mimicked previous findings using anti-MCP-1 antibodies. There was no compensatory upregulation of MCP-2, MCP-3, or MCP-5 in MCP-1-null mice with EAE. These results indicated that MCP-1 is the major CCR2 ligand in mice with EAE, and provided an opportunity to define the role of MCP-1 in EAE. Compared with wild-type littermates, MCP-1-/- mice exhibited reduced expression of interferon gamma in draining lymph node and CNS and increased antigen-specific immunoglobulin G1 antibody production. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MCP-1 is crucial for Th1 immune responses in EAE induction and that macrophage recruitment to the inflamed CNS target organ is required for primed T cells to execute a Th1 effector program in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeRen Huang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Jintang Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Pia Kivisakk
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Barrett J. Rollins
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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26
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Stefferl A, Brehm U, Linington C. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): a model for antibody-mediated demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neural Transm Suppl 2001:123-33. [PMID: 11128602 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6284-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a major target for autoantibody mediated demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the current review we discuss the epitope specificity of this antibody response, in particular evidence suggesting that pathogenic anti-MOG antibodies are preferentially directed against conformation-dependent epitopes present on the extracellular immunoglobulin domain of the protein. Surprisingly, recent data suggest that this autoimmune response is in part regulated by polymorphisms in the MOG gene itself, an observation that may have important implications for the genetic and immunological stratification of patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stefferl
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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27
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Abdul-Majid KB, Jirholt J, Stadelmann C, Stefferl A, Kjellén P, Wallström E, Holmdahl R, Lassmann H, Olsson T, Harris RA. Screening of several H-2 congenic mouse strains identified H-2(q) mice as highly susceptible to MOG-induced EAE with minimal adjuvant requirement. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 111:23-33. [PMID: 11063818 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We identified H-2(q) as a susceptible genotype for MOG-induced EAE by systematic screening of a series of H-2 congenic B10 mouse strains. A series of H-2(q)-bearing strains with divergent gene backgrounds were subsequently investigated. DBA/1 mice were highly susceptible to MOG(1-125)- and MOG(79-96)-induced EAE in the absence of pertussis toxin. Immunisation with MOG(1-125) and MOG(79-96) induced an autoreactive T-cell response in DBA/1 mice. Brain histopathology revealed T-cell and macrophage-infiltrated lesions with associated demyelination. The important features which make this an appropriate model of human disease are high sensitivity to MOG and dependence of an immunodominant peptide region homologous to that implicated in multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunization/methods
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/pharmacology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Pertussis Toxin
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Abdul-Majid
- Neuroimmunology Unit, L8:04 Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Secor VH, Secor WE, Gutekunst CA, Brown MA. Mast cells are essential for early onset and severe disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2000; 191:813-22. [PMID: 10704463 PMCID: PMC2195850 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.5.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/1999] [Accepted: 01/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well characterized role in allergic inflammation, recent data confirm that mast cells play a more extensive role in a variety of immune responses. However, their contribution to autoimmune and neurologic disease processes has not been investigated. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and its human disease counterpart, multiple sclerosis, are considered to be CD4(+) T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that mast cells could also play a role in the pathogenesis of both the human and murine disease. Using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced model of acute EAE, we show that mast cell-deficient W/W(v) mice exhibit significantly reduced disease incidence, delayed disease onset, and decreased mean clinical scores when compared with their wild-type congenic littermates. No differences were observed in MOG-specific T and B cell responses between the two groups, indicating that a global T or B cell defect is not present in W/W(v) animals. Reconstitution of the mast cell population in W/W(v) mice restores induction of early and severe disease to wild-type levels, suggesting that mast cells are critical for the full manifestation of disease. These data provide a new mechanism for immune destruction in EAE and indicate that mast cells play a broader role in neurologic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia H. Secor
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Immunology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Claire-Anne Gutekunst
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Melissa A. Brown
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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29
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Ichikawa M, Koh CS, Inoue A, Tsuyusaki J, Yamazaki M, Inaba Y, Sekiguchi Y, Itoh M, Yagita H, Komiyama A. Anti-IL-12 antibody prevents the development and progression of multiple sclerosis-like relapsing--remitting demyelinating disease in NOD mice induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 102:56-66. [PMID: 10626667 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with monoclonal anti-IL-12 antibody injected on day 0, 7 and 10 after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 in NOD mice resulted in significant suppression of the development and the severity of the chronic relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) both clinically and histologically. The spleen cells from anti-IL-12 antibody treated mice displayed markedly inhibited MOG35-55 specific proliferation and IFN-gamma production. MOG35-55 specific antibody production was enhanced by anti-IL-12 antibody treatment. These results suggest that IL-12 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of MOG-induced EAE and that antibody to IL-12 could be an effective therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumoto, Japan
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