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Apetroaei MM, Velescu BȘ, Nedea MI(I, Dinu-Pîrvu CE, Drăgănescu D, Fâcă AI, Udeanu DI, Arsene AL. The Phenomenon of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment: Dynamic and Ever Evolving Subject Matter. Biomedicines 2024; 12:915. [PMID: 38672269 PMCID: PMC11048092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant global health issue that affects a substantial number of individuals across the globe, with a total of 39 million individuals living with HIV/AIDS. ART has resulted in a reduction in HIV-related mortality. Nevertheless, the issue of medication resistance is a significant obstacle in the management of HIV/AIDS. The unique genetic composition of HIV enables it to undergo rapid mutations and adapt, leading to the emergence of drug-resistant forms. The development of drug resistance can be attributed to various circumstances, including noncompliance with treatment regimens, insufficient dosage, interactions between drugs, viral mutations, preexposure prophylactics, and transmission from mother to child. It is therefore essential to comprehend the molecular components of HIV and the mechanisms of antiretroviral medications to devise efficacious treatment options for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna-Maria Apetroaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Bruno Ștefan Velescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Marina Ionela (Ilie) Nedea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Doina Drăgănescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Anca Ionela Fâcă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ioana Udeanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Letiția Arsene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Iketani S, Ho DD. SARS-CoV-2 resistance to monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:632-657. [PMID: 38640902 PMCID: PMC11084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Over four years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientific response has been rapid and effective, with many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small molecules developed for clinical use. However, given the ability for viruses to become resistant to antivirals, it is perhaps no surprise that the field has identified resistance to nearly all of these compounds. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the resistance profile for each of these therapeutics. We hope that this resource provides an atlas for mutations to be aware of for each agent, particularly as a springboard for considerations for the next generation of antivirals. Finally, we discuss the outlook and thoughts for moving forward in how we continue to manage this, and the next, pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Reifs A, Fernandez-Calvo A, Alonso-Lerma B, Schönfelder J, Franco D, Ortega-Muñoz M, Casares S, Jimenez-Lopez C, Saa L, Cortajarena AL, De Sancho D, San Sebastian E, Perez-Jimenez R. High-throughput virtual search of small molecules for controlling the mechanical stability of human CD4. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107133. [PMID: 38432632 PMCID: PMC11065764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein mechanical stability determines the function of a myriad of proteins, especially proteins from the extracellular matrix. Failure to maintain protein mechanical stability may result in diseases and disorders such as cancer, cardiomyopathies, or muscular dystrophy. Thus, developing mutation-free approaches to enhance and control the mechanical stability of proteins using pharmacology-based methods may have important implications in drug development and discovery. Here, we present the first approach that employs computational high-throughput virtual screening and molecular docking to search for small molecules in chemical libraries that function as mechano-regulators of the stability of human cluster of differentiation 4, receptor of HIV-1. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy, we prove that these small molecules can increase the mechanical stability of CD4D1D2 domains over 4-fold in addition to modifying the mechanical unfolding pathways. Our experiments demonstrate that chemical libraries are a source of mechanoactive molecules and that drug discovery approaches provide the foundation of a new type of molecular function, that is, mechano-regulation, paving the way toward mechanopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Reifs
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alba Fernandez-Calvo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Borja Alonso-Lerma
- Center for Cooperative Research in Nanoscience (CIC nanoGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sabestian, Spain
| | - Jörg Schönfelder
- Center for Cooperative Research in Nanoscience (CIC nanoGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sabestian, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Casares
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Laura Saa
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David De Sancho
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eider San Sebastian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Applied Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Raul Perez-Jimenez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio-Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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4
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Sever B, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Ciftci H. A Review of FDA-Approved Anti-HIV-1 Drugs, Anti-Gag Compounds, and Potential Strategies for HIV-1 Eradication. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3659. [PMID: 38612471 PMCID: PMC11012182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous global health threat stemming from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Up to now, the tremendous advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have shifted HIV-1 infection from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic disorder. However, the presence of latent reservoirs, the multifaceted nature of HIV-1, drug resistance, severe off-target effects, poor adherence, and high cost restrict the efficacy of current cART targeting the distinct stages of the virus life cycle. Therefore, there is an unmet need for the discovery of new therapeutics that not only bypass the limitations of the current therapy but also protect the body's health at the same time. The main goal for complete HIV-1 eradication is purging latently infected cells from patients' bodies. A potential strategy called "lock-in and apoptosis" targets the budding phase of the life cycle of the virus and leads to susceptibility to apoptosis of HIV-1 infected cells for the elimination of HIV-1 reservoirs and, ultimately, for complete eradication. The current work intends to present the main advantages and disadvantages of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-HIV-1 drugs as well as plausible strategies for the design and development of more anti-HIV-1 compounds with better potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and improved safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Türkiye;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Türkiye
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5
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Marković V, Szczepańska A, Berlicki Ł. Antiviral Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3205-3231. [PMID: 38394369 PMCID: PMC10945500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Continually repeating outbreaks of pathogenic viruses necessitate the construction of effective antiviral strategies. Therefore, the development of new specific antiviral drugs in a well-established and efficient manner is crucial. Taking into account the strong ability of viruses to change, therapies with diversified molecular targets must be sought. In addition to the widely explored viral enzyme inhibitor approach, inhibition of protein-protein interactions is a very valuable strategy. In this Perspective, protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HCV, Ebola, Dengue, and Chikungunya viruses are reviewed and discussed. Antibodies, peptides/peptidomimetics, and small molecules constitute three classes of compounds that have been explored, and each of them has some advantages and disadvantages for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Marković
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- University
of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anna Szczepańska
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Heidary M, Shariati S, Nourigheimasi S, Khorami M, Moradi M, Motahar M, Bahrami P, Akrami S, Kaviar VH. Mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fostemsavir. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:250. [PMID: 38395761 PMCID: PMC10885622 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed many antiretroviral medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), however, treatment options for people with multi-drug resistant HIV remain limited. Medication resistance, undesirable effects, prior tolerance, and previous interlacement incapacity to deliver new drug classes all lead to the requirement for new medication classes and drug combination therapy. Fostemsavir (FTR) is a new CD-4 attachment inhibitor medicine that was recently authorized by the United States FDA to treat HIV-1. In individuals with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1, FTR is well tolerated and virologically active. According to recent investigations, drug combination therapy can positively affect MDR-HIV. The mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of FTR has been highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mona Khorami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parisa Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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7
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Foka FET, Mufhandu HT. Current ARTs, Virologic Failure, and Implications for AIDS Management: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1732. [PMID: 37632074 PMCID: PMC10458198 DOI: 10.3390/v15081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, significantly improved patient outcomes, and reduced the mortality rate and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, despite the remarkable efficacy of ART, virologic failure remains a challenge in the long-term management of HIV-infected individuals. Virologic failure refers to the persistent detectable viral load in patients receiving ART, indicating an incomplete suppression of HIV replication. It can occur due to various factors, including poor medication adherence, drug resistance, suboptimal drug concentrations, drug interactions, and viral factors such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to understand and address virologic failure in order to optimize treatment outcomes. Strategies to prevent and manage virologic failure include improving treatment adherence through patient education, counselling, and supportive interventions. In addition, the regular monitoring of viral load and resistance testing enables the early detection of treatment failure and facilitates timely adjustments in ART regimens. Thus, the development of novel antiretroviral agents with improved potency, tolerability, and resistance profiles offers new options for patients experiencing virologic failure. However, new treatment options would also face virologic failure if not managed appropriately. A solution to virologic failure requires a comprehensive approach that combines individualized patient care, robust monitoring, and access to a range of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eric Tatsing Foka
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
| | - Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
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Orkin C, Cahn P, Castagna A, Emu B, Harrigan P, Kuritzkes DR, Nelson M, Schapiro J. Opening the door on entry inhibitors in HIV: Redefining the use of entry inhibitors in heavily treatment experienced and treatment-limited individuals living with HIV. HIV Med 2022; 23:936-946. [PMID: 35293094 PMCID: PMC9546304 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Entry inhibitors are a relatively new class of antiretroviral therapy and are typically indicated in heavily treatment experienced individuals living with HIV. Despite this, there is no formal definition of 'heavily treatment experienced'. Interpretation of this term generally includes acknowledgement of multidrug resistance and reflects the fact that patients in need of further treatment options may have experienced multiple lines of therapy. However, it fails to recognize treatment limiting factors including contraindications, age-associated comorbidities, and difficulty adhering to regimens. METHODS This manuscript follows a roundtable discussion and aims to identify the unmet needs of those living with HIV who are in need of further treatment options, to broaden the definition of heavily treatment experienced and to clarify the use of newer agents, with an emphasis on the potential role of entry inhibitors, in this population. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Within the entry inhibitor class, mechanisms of action differ between agents; resistance to one subclass does not confer resistance to others. Combinations of entry inhibitors should be considered in the same regimen, and if lack of response is seen to one entry inhibitor another can be tried. When selecting an entry inhibitor, physicians should account for patient preferences and needs as well as agent-specific clinical characteristics. Absence of documented multidrug resistance should not exclude an individual from treatment with an entry inhibitor; entry inhibitors are a valuable treatment option for all individuals who are treatment limited or treatment exhausted. We should advocate for additional clinical trials that help define the role of entry inhibitors in people with exhausted/limited ART options other than drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Cahn
- Fundacion HuespedBuenos AiresArgentina
- Buenos Aires University Medical SchoolBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversitySan Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Brinda Emu
- Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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9
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Moshoette T, Papathanasopoulos MA, Killick MA. HIV-1 bispecific antibody iMab-N6 exhibits enhanced breadth but not potency over its parental antibodies iMab and N6. Virol J 2022; 19:143. [PMID: 36071449 PMCID: PMC9450465 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently published AMP trial (HVTN 703/HPTN 081 and HVTN704/HPTN 085) results have validated broad neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) as potential anti-HIV-1 agents. However, single bNAb preparations are unlikely to cope with the onslaught of existing and de novo resistance mutations, thus necessitating the use of bNAb combinations to achieve clinically relevant results. Specifically engineered antibodies incorporating two bNAbs into a single antibody structure have been developed. These bispecific antibodies (bibNAbs) retain the benefits of bNAb combinations, whilst several conformations exhibit improved neutralisation potency over the parental bNAbs. Here we report on the engineering of a bibNAb comprising of an HIV-1 spike targeting bNAb N6 and a host CD4 targeting antibody ibalizumab (iMab). Antibodies were expressed in HEK293T cells and purified by protein-A affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography to achieve homogenous, monomeric, bibNAb preparations. Antibody purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE whilst epitope specificity and binding were confirmed by ELISA. Finally, antibody breadth and potency data were generated by HIV-1 neutralisation assay (n = 21, inclusive of the global panel). iMab-N6 exhibited better neutralisation breadth (100% coverage) in comparison to its parental bNAbs iMab (90%) and N6 (95%). This is encouraging as exceptional neutralisation breadth is necessary for HIV-1 treatment or prevention. Unfortunately, iMab-N6 did not exhibit any enhancement in potency over the most potent parental antibody, iMab (p = 0.1674, median IC50 of 0.0475 µg/ml, and 0.0665 µg/ml respectively) or the parental combination, iMab + N6 (p = 0.1964, median IC50: combination 0.0457 µg/ml). This result may point to a lack of dual engagement of the bibNAb Fab moieties necessary for potency enhancement. Against the previously reported bibNAbs; iMab-CAP256, 10E08-iMab, and PG9-iMab; iMab-N6 was the lowest performing bibNAb. The re-engineering of iMab-N6 to enhance its potency, while retaining breadth, is a worthwhile endeavour due to its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumelo Moshoette
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Maria Antonia Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mark Andrew Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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10
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Yan H, Wu T, Chen Y, Jin H, Li L, Zhu Y, Chong H, He Y. Design of a Bispecific HIV Entry Inhibitor Targeting the Cell Receptor CD4 and Viral Fusion Protein Gp41. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:916487. [PMID: 35711654 PMCID: PMC9197378 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.916487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high variability and drug-resistance problem by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the development of bispecific or multi-specific inhibitors targeting different steps of HIV entry is highly appreciated. We previously generated a very potent short-peptide-based HIV fusion inhibitor 2P23. In this study, we designed and characterized a bifunctional inhibitor termed 2P23-iMab by genetically conjugating 2P23 to the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of ibalizumab (iMab), a newly approved antibody drug targeting the cell receptor CD4. As anticipated, 2P23-iMab could bind to the cell membrane through CD4 anchoring and inhibit HIV-1 infection as well as viral Env-mediated cell-cell fusion efficiently. When tested against a large panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses with different subtypes and phenotypes, 2P23-iMab exhibited dramatically improved inhibitory activity than the parental inhibitors; especially, it potently inhibited the viruses not being susceptible to iMab. Moreover, 2P23-iMab had a dramatically increased potency in inhibiting two panels of HIV-1 mutants that are resistant to T-20 or 2P23 and the infections of HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). In conclusion, our studies have provided new insights into the design of novel bispecific HIV entry inhibitors with highly potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Chong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxian He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Rose R, Gartland M, Li Z, Zhou N, Cockett M, Beloor J, Lataillade M, Ackerman P, Krystal M. Clinical evidence for a lack of cross-resistance between temsavir and ibalizumab or maraviroc. AIDS 2022; 36:11-18. [PMID: 34628442 PMCID: PMC8654283 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temsavir (TMR), the active agent of the gp120-directed attachment inhibitor fostemsavir (FTR), the CD4-directed attachment inhibitor ibalizumab (IBA), and the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) are antiretroviral agents that target steps in HIV-1 viral entry. Although mechanisms of inhibition of the three agents are different, it is important to understand whether there is potential for cross-resistance between these agents, as all involve interactions with gp120. METHODS Envelopes derived from plasma samples from participants in the BRIGHTE study who experienced protocol-derived virologic failure (PDVF) and were co-dosed with FTR and either IBA or MVC were analyzed for susceptibility to the agents. Also, CCR5-tropic MVC-resistant envelopes from the MOTIVATE trials were regenerated and studies were performed to understand whether susceptibility to multiple agents were linked. RESULTS The cloned envelopes exhibited reduced susceptibility to TMR and resistance to the co-dosed agent. At PDVF, emergent or preexisting amino acid substitutions were present at TMR positions of interest. When amino acid substitutions at these positions were reverted to the consensus sequence, full susceptibility to TMR was restored without effecting resistance to the co-dosed agent. In addition, five envelopes from MOTIVATE were regenerated and exhibited R5-tropic-MVC-resistance. Only one exhibited reduced susceptibility to TMR and it contained an M426L polymorphism. When reverted to 426M, full sensitivity for TMR was restored, but it remained MVC resistant. CONCLUSION The data confirm that decreased susceptibility to TMR and resistance to IBA or MVC are not linked and that there is no cross-resistance between either of these two agents and FTR.
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12
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Wensel D, Williams S, Dixon DP, Ward P, McCormick P, Concha N, Stewart E, Hong X, Mazzucco C, Pal S, Ding B, Fellinger C, Krystal M. Novel Bent Conformation of CD4 Induced by HIV-1 Inhibitor Indirectly Prevents Productive Viral Attachment. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167395. [PMID: 34896364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GSK3732394 is a multi-specific biologic inhibitor of HIV entry currently under clinical evaluation. A key component of this molecule is an adnectin (6940_B01) that binds to CD4 and inhibits downstream actions of gp160. Studies were performed to determine the binding site of the adnectin on CD4 and to understand the mechanism of inhibition. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX), CD4 peptides showed differential rates of deuteration (either enhanced or slowed) in the presence of the adnectin that mapped predominantly to the interface of domains 2 and 3 (D2-D3). In addition, an X-ray crystal structure of an ibalizumab Fab/CD4(D1-D4)/adnectin complex revealed an extensive interface between the adnectin and residues on CD4 domains D2-D4 that stabilize a novel T-shaped CD4 conformation. A cryo-EM map of the gp140/CD4/GSK3732394 complex clearly shows the bent conformation for CD4 while bound to gp140. Mutagenic analyses on CD4 confirmed that amino acid F202 forms a key interaction with the adnectin. In addition, amino acid L151 was shown to be a critical indirect determinant of the specificity for binding to the human CD4 protein over related primate CD4 molecules, as it appears to modulate CD4's flexibility to adopt the adnectin-bound conformation. The significant conformational change of CD4 upon adnectin binding brings the D1 domain of CD4 in proximity to the host cell membrane surface, thereby re-orienting the gp120 binding site in a direction that is inaccessible to incoming virus due to a steric clash between gp160 trimers on the virus surface and the target cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wensel
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Shawn Williams
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - David P Dixon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Paris Ward
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Patti McCormick
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Nestor Concha
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Eugene Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Xuan Hong
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Charles Mazzucco
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Shreya Pal
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Bo Ding
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | | | - Mark Krystal
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
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13
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Lai YT. Small Molecule HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors: Discovery, Mode of Action and Structural Basis of Inhibition. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050843. [PMID: 34066522 PMCID: PMC8148533 DOI: 10.3390/v13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral entry into host cells is a critical step in the viral life cycle. HIV-1 entry is mediated by the sole surface envelope glycoprotein Env and is initiated by the interaction between Env and the host receptor CD4. This interaction, referred to as the attachment step, has long been considered an attractive target for inhibitor discovery and development. Fostemsavir, recently approved by the FDA, represents the first-in-class drug in the attachment inhibitor class. This review focuses on the discovery of temsavir (the active compound of fostemsavir) and analogs, mechanistic studies that elucidated the mode of action, and structural studies that revealed atomic details of the interaction between HIV-1 Env and attachment inhibitors. Challenges associated with emerging resistance mutations to the attachment inhibitors and the development of next-generation attachment inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Abstract
HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection begins with the attachment of the virion to a host cell by its envelope glycoprotein (Env), which subsequently induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to allow viral entry. Upon binding to primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4), Env undergoes large conformational changes and unleashes its fusogenic potential to drive the membrane fusion. The structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors not only has advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of how HIV-1 enters the host cells but also provided a structural basis for the rational design of fusion inhibitors as potential antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss related therapeutic strategies to block viral entry.
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15
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Chen C, Hu X, Wang C, Lan W, Wu X, Cao C. Structure- and Mechanism-Based Research Progress of Anti-acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Drugs. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Ibalizumab (Trogarzo®; ibalizumab-uiyk) is the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. As a CD4-directed post-attachment inhibitor, ibalizumab blocks HIV-1 entry into CD4 cells while preserving normal immune function. Ibalizumab, in combination with other antiretroviral(s), is indicated in the USA for the treatment of heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection failing their current antiretroviral regimen, and in the EU for the treatment of adults infected with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection for whom it is otherwise not possible to construct a suppressive antiviral regimen. In the pivotal phase III TMB-301 trial, ibalizumab significantly reduced the viral load 7 days after being added to a failing antiretroviral regimen. Almost half of all patients achieved an undetectable viral load after 24 weeks of treatment with ibalizumab plus an optimized background regimen, with virological suppression maintained over the longer term (up to 96 weeks) in an expanded access protocol. The drug was generally well tolerated in clinical trials. Although additional studies and long-term post-marketing data are needed to fully determine its efficacy and safety, ibalizumab represents a valuable and much needed treatment option for patients with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Blair
- Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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17
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Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells and its expression correlates with more profound pathogenicity, rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and greater AIDS-related mortality. There is still no cure for AIDS and no method for preventing or eradicating HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 entry begins with the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the primary receptor CD4, and subsequently with the coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, on the host cells. Blocking the interaction of HIV-1 and its coreceptors is therefore a promising strategy for developing new HIV-1 entry inhibitors. This approach has a dual benefit, as it prevents HIV-1 infection and progression while also targeting the reservoirs of HIV-1 infected, coreceptor positive macrophages and memory T cells. To date, multiple classes of CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1 inhibitors have been discovered and are now at different preclinical and clinical stages. In this review, we highlight the studies of CXCR4-targeted small-molecule and peptide HIV-1 entry inhibitors discovered during the last two decades and provide a reference for further potential HIV-1 exploration in the future. Impact statement This minireview summarized the current progress in the identification of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1-entry inhibitors based on discovery/developmental approaches. It also provided a discussion of the inhibitor structural features, antiviral activities, and pharmacological properties. Unlike other reviews on anti-HIV-1 drug development, which have generally emphasized inhibitors that target intracellular viral replication and host genomic integration, this review focused on the drug discovery approaches taken to develop viral-entry inhibitors aimed at disturbing the initial step of viral interaction with uninfected host cells and preventing the subsequent viral replication/genomic integration. This review amalgamated recently published and important work on bivalent CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1-entry candidates/conjugates, discussed the research challenges faced in developing drugs to prevent and eradicate HIV-1 infection, and provided a perspective on strategies that can lead to future drug discoveries. The findings and strategies summarized in this review will be of interest to investigators throughout the microbiological, pharmaceutical, and translational research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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Moshoette T, Ali SA, Papathanasopoulos MA, Killick MA. Engineering and characterising a novel, highly potent bispecific antibody iMab-CAP256 that targets HIV-1. Retrovirology 2019; 16:31. [PMID: 31703699 PMCID: PMC6842167 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing repertoire of HIV-1 patient derived broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) that target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) present numerous and exciting opportunities for immune-based therapeutic and preventative strategies against HIV-1. Combination antibody therapy is required to ensure greater neutralization coverage and limit Env mediated escape mutations following treatment pressure. Engineered bispecific bNAbs (bibNAbs) assimilate the advantages of combination therapy into a single antibody molecule with several configurations reporting potency enhancement as a result of the increased avidity and simultaneous engagement of targeted epitopes. We report the engineering of a novel bibNAb (iMab-CAP256) comprising the highly potent, CAP256.VRC26.25 bNAb with anticipated extension in neutralization coverage through pairing with the host directed, anti-CD4 antibody, ibalizumab (iMab). Recombinant expression of parental monoclonal antibodies and the iMab-CAP256 bibNAb was performed in HEK293T (Human embryonic kidney 293 T antigen) cells, purified to homogeneity by Protein-A affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography. Antibody assembly and binding functionality of Fab moieties was confirmed by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and ELISA, respectively. Breadth and potency were evaluated against a geographical diverse HIV-1 pseudovirus panel (n = 20). Overall, iMab-CAP256 demonstrated an expanded neutralizing coverage, neutralizing single, parental antibody resistant pseudovirus strains and an enhanced neutralization potency against all dual sensitive strains (average fold increase over the more potent parental antibody of 11.4 (range 2 to 31.8). Potency enhancement was not observed for the parental antibody combination treatment (iMab + CAP256) suggesting the presence of a synergistic relationship between the CAP256 and iMab paratope combination in this bibNAb configuration. In addition, iMab-CAP256 bibNAbs exhibited comparable efficacy to other bibNAbs PG9-iMab and 10E08-iMab previously reported in the literature. The enhanced neutralization coverage and potency of iMAb-CAP256 over the parental bNAbs should facilitate superior clinical performance as a therapeutic or preventative strategy against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumelo Moshoette
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Stuart Alvaro Ali
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Maria Antonia Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mark Andrew Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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19
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Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein [Env; trimeric (gp160)3 cleaved to (gp120/gp41)3] attaches the virion to a susceptible cell and induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to initiate infection. It interacts with the primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4) to allow viral entry by triggering large structural rearrangements and unleashing the fusogenic potential of gp41 to induce membrane fusion. Recent advances in structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors have revealed molecular details of HIV-1 entry and yielded new mechanistic insights. In this review, I summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss possible pathways for productive viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antiretroviral options for patients infected with multiclass resistant HIV-1 warrant the development of new agents with unique mechanisms of action and modes of delivery. Here we review one such agent, ibalizumab, a parenteral CD4 postattachment inhibitor that has demonstrated efficacy as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-1. RECENT FINDINGS In a phase III clinical trial in HIV-infected participants with multiclass antiretroviral drug resistance, the intravenous administration of ibalizumab led to declines in plasma HIV-1 RNA more than 0.5 log in 83% of participants at 1 week. An optimized background antiretroviral regimen was then added, and plasma HIV-1 RNA became less than 50 copies/ml in 43% of participants at 24 weeks. Adverse effects of ibalizumab were uncommon and generally low grade. Ibalizumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on March 16, 2018, under the trade name Trogarzo. SUMMARY Ibalizumab has demonstrated both safety and efficacy in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Its primary use will be in the setting of multidrug resistant virus as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Further enhancements of ibalizumab to prolong its clearance and broaden its activity are in development.
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21
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Abstract
TaiMed Biologics is developing ibalizumab (Trogarzo™, ibalizumab-uiyk)-a humanised IgG4 monoclonal antibody-as a treatment for HIV-1 infection. Ibalizumab blocks HIV entry into CD4 cells while preserving normal immunological function and is the first CD4-directed post-attachment HIV-1 inhibitor and the first humanised monoclonal antibody for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of ibalizumab leading to this first approval in HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Markham
- Springer, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand.
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22
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Bricault CA, Yusim K, Seaman MS, Yoon H, Theiler J, Giorgi EE, Wagh K, Theiler M, Hraber P, Macke JP, Kreider EF, Learn GH, Hahn BH, Scheid JF, Kovacs JM, Shields JL, Lavine CL, Ghantous F, Rist M, Bayne MG, Neubauer GH, McMahan K, Peng H, Chéneau C, Jones JJ, Zeng J, Ochsenbauer C, Nkolola JP, Stephenson KE, Chen B, Gnanakaran S, Bonsignori M, Williams LD, Haynes BF, Doria-Rose N, Mascola JR, Montefiori DC, Barouch DH, Korber B. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:59-72.e8. [PMID: 30629920 PMCID: PMC6331341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eliciting HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remains a challenge for vaccine development, and the potential of passively delivered bNAbs for prophylaxis and therapeutics is being explored. We used neutralization data from four large virus panels to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, including amino acids, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects across four different classes of bNAbs. The bNAb signatures defined for the variable loop 2 (V2) epitope region of HIV-1 Env were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine, and immunization of guinea pigs with V2-SET vaccines resulted in increased breadth of NAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. These data demonstrate that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens capable of eliciting antibody responses with greater neutralization breadth. HIV-1 bNAb sensitivity signatures from 4 large virus panels mapped across 4 Ab classes Non-contact hypervariable region characteristics are critical for bNAb sensitivity HIV-1 Env 459C used alone as a vaccine can elicit modest tier 2 NAbs in guinea pigs V2 bNAb signature-guided modifications in 459C enhanced neutralization breadth
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Bricault
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karina Yusim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Peter Hraber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Edward F Kreider
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Johannes F Scheid
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James M Kovacs
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shields
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fadi Ghantous
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael Rist
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Madeleine G Bayne
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - George H Neubauer
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Coraline Chéneau
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer J Jones
- Department of Medicine and CFAR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Medicine and CFAR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine and CFAR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Gnanakaran
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - LaTonya D Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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23
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Shaik MM, Peng H, Lu J, Rits-Volloch S, Xu C, Liao M, Chen B. Structural basis of coreceptor recognition by HIV-1 envelope spike. Nature 2019; 565:318-23. [PMID: 30542158 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), which consists of trimeric (gp160)3 cleaved to (gp120 and gp41)3, interacts with the primary receptor CD4 and a coreceptor (such as chemokine receptor CCR5) to fuse viral and target-cell membranes. The gp120-coreceptor interaction has previously been proposed as the most crucial trigger for unleashing the fusogenic potential of gp41. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of a full-length gp120 in complex with soluble CD4 and unmodified human CCR5, at 3.9 Å resolution. The V3 loop of gp120 inserts into the chemokine-binding pocket formed by seven transmembrane helices of CCR5, and the N terminus of CCR5 contacts the CD4-induced bridging sheet of gp120. CCR5 induces no obvious allosteric changes in gp120 that can propagate to gp41; it does bring the Env trimer close to the target membrane. The N terminus of gp120, which is gripped by gp41 in the pre-fusion or CD4-bound Env, flips back in the CCR5-bound conformation and may irreversibly destabilize gp41 to initiate fusion. The coreceptor probably functions by stabilizing and anchoring the CD4-induced conformation of Env near the cell membrane. These results advance our understanding of HIV-1 entry into host cells and may guide the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Huang LS, Zhu S, Xu Y, Zhang XQ, Schooley RT, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. Virtual Screening, Biological Evaluation, and 3D-QSAR Studies of New HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors That Function via the CD4 Primary Receptor. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113036. [PMID: 30463393 PMCID: PMC6278378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is responsible for the majority of HIV infections worldwide, and we still lack a cure for this infection. Blocking the interaction of HIV-1 and its primary receptor CD4 is one strategy for identifying new anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Here we report the discovery of a novel ligand that can inhibit HIV-1 entry and infection via CD4. Biological and computational analyses of this inhibitor and its analogs, using bioactivity evaluation, Rule of Five (RO5), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA)/comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models, and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), singled out compound 3 as a promising lead molecule for the further development of therapeutics targeting HIV-1 entry. Our study demonstrates an effective approach for employing structure-based, rational drug design techniques to identify novel antiviral compounds with interesting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
As increasing numbers of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HIV-1 enter clinical trials, it is becoming evident that combinations of mAbs are necessary to block infection by the diverse array of globally circulating HIV-1 strains and to limit the emergence of resistant viruses. Multi-specific antibodies, in which two or more HIV-1 entry-targeting moieties are engineered into a single molecule, have expanded rapidly in recent years and offer an attractive solution that can improve neutralization breadth and erect a higher barrier against viral resistance. In some unique cases, multi-specific HIV-1 antibodies have demonstrated vastly improved antiviral potency due to increased avidity or enhanced spatiotemporal functional activity. This review will describe the recent advancements in the HIV-1 field in engineering monoclonal, bispecific and trispecific antibodies with enhanced breadth and potency against HIV-1. A case study will also be presented as an example of the developmental challenges these multi-specific antibodies may face on their path to the clinic. The tremendous potential of multi-specific antibodies against the HIV-1 epidemic is readily evident. Creativity in their discovery and engineering, and acumen during their development, will be the true determinant of their success in reducing HIV-1 infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal N Padte
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ibalizumab, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody, blocks the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by noncompetitive binding to CD4. METHODS In this single-group, open-label, phase 3 study, we enrolled 40 adults with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1 infection in whom multiple antiretroviral therapies had failed. All the patients had a viral load of more than 1000 copies of HIV-1 RNA per milliliter. After a 7-day control period in which patients continued to receive their current therapy, a loading dose of 2000 mg of ibalizumab was infused; the viral load was quantified 7 days later. Through week 25 of the study, patients received 800 mg of ibalizumab every 14 days, combined with an individually optimized background regimen including at least one fully active agent. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with a decrease in viral load of at least 0.5 log10 copies per milliliter from baseline (day 7) to day 14. RESULTS A total of 31 patients completed the study. The mean baseline viral load was 4.5 log10 copies per milliliter, and the mean CD4 count was 150 per microliter. Of the 40 patients in the intention-to-treat population, 33 (83%) had a decrease in viral load of at least 0.5 log10 copies per milliliter from baseline (P<0.001 for the comparison with the control period). The mean viral-load decrease was 1.1 log10 copies per milliliter. During the control period, 1 patient, who received the optimized background regimen prematurely, had a decrease in viral load of 0.5 log10 copies per milliliter. At week 25, patients who had received ibalizumab plus an optimized background regimen had a mean decrease of 1.6 log10 copies per milliliter from baseline; 43% of the patients had a viral load of less than 50 copies per milliliter, and 50% had a viral load of less than 200 copies per milliliter. Among 10 patients who had virologic failure or rebound, in vitro testing identified 9 who had a lower degree of susceptibility to ibalizumab than at baseline. The most common adverse event was diarrhea (in 20% of patients). Four patients died from causes related to underlying illnesses; 1 had a serious adverse event (the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome) that was deemed to be related to ibalizumab therapy. CONCLUSIONS In patients with MDR HIV-1 infection who had advanced disease and limited treatment options, ibalizumab had significant antiviral activity during a 25-week study. Evidence of the emergence of diminished ibalizumab susceptibility was observed in vitro in patients who had virologic failure. (Funded by the Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program of the Food and Drug Administration and TaiMed Biologics; TMB-301 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02475629 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Emu
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Fessel
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Shannon Schrader
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Princy Kumar
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Gary Richmond
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Sandra Win
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Steven Weinheimer
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Christian Marsolais
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
| | - Stanley Lewis
- From the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (B.E.); Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (J.F.) and Quest Clinical Research (S. Win), San Francisco; Schrader Clinic, Houston (S.S.); Georgetown University, Washington, DC (P.K.); Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, and Florida International University, Miami (G.R.); TaiMed Biologics, Irvine, CA (S. Weinheimer, S.L.); and Theratechnologies, Montreal (C.M.)
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Abstract
Although much of our understanding of protein folding comes from studies of isolated protein domains in bulk, in the cellular environment the intervention of external molecular machines is essential during the protein life cycle. During the past decade single molecule force spectroscopy techniques have been extremely useful to deepen our understanding of these interventional molecular processes, as they allow for monitoring and manipulating mechanochemical events in individual protein molecules. Here, we review some of the critical steps in the protein life cycle, starting with the biosynthesis of the nascent polypeptide chain in the ribosome, continuing with the folding supported by chaperones and the translocation into different cell compartments, and ending with proteolysis in the proteasome. Along these steps, proteins experience molecular forces often combined with chemical transformations, affecting their folding and structure, which are measured or mimicked in the laboratory by the application of force with a single molecule apparatus. These mechanochemical reactions can potentially be used as targets for fighting against diseases. Inspired by these insightful experiments, we devise an outlook on the emerging field of mechanopharmacology, which reflects an alternative paradigm for drug design.
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Owen GR, Le D, Stoychev S, Cerutti NM, Papathanasopoulos M. Redox exchange of the disulfides of human two-domain CD4 regulates the conformational dynamics of each domain, providing insight into its mechanisms of control. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:811-817. [PMID: 29470989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4, a membrane glycoprotein expressed by specific leukocytes, plays a vital role in the human immune response and acts as a primary receptor for HIV entry. Of its four ecto-domains (D1-D4), D1, D2, and D4 each contain a distinctive disulfide bond. Whereas the disulfides of D1 and D4 are more traditional in nature, providing structural functions, that of D2 is referred to as an "allosteric" disulfide due to its high dihedral strain energy and relative ease of reduction that is thought to regulate CD4 structure and function by shuffling its redox state. While we have shown previously that elimination of the pre-stressed D2 disulfide results in a favorable structural collapse that increases the stability of a CD4 variant comprising only D1 and D2 (2dCD4), we sought to further localize and determine the nature of the biophysical modifications that take place upon redox exchange of the D1 and D2 disulfides by using amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to measure induced changes in conformational dynamics. By analyzing various redox isomers of 2dCD4, we demonstrate that ablation of the D1 disulfide enhances the dynamics of the domain considerably, with little effect on that of D2. Reduction of the D2 disulfide however decreases the conformational dynamics of many of the β-strands of the domain that enclose the bond, suggesting a model in which inward collapse of secondary structure occurs around the allosteric disulfide upon its eradication, resulting in a marked decrease in hydrodynamic volume and increase in stability as previously described. Increases in the dynamics of regions important for HIV gp120 and MHCII binding in D1 also result allosterically after reducing the D2 disulfide, which are likely a consequence of the structural changes that take place in D2, findings that advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which redox exchange of the CD4 disulfides regulates its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Owen
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Doris Le
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stoyan Stoychev
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Biosciences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Nichole M Cerutti
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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29
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Farhadi T, Fakharian A, Hashemian SM. Affinity Improvement of a Humanized Antiviral Antibody by Structure-Based Computational Design. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The HIV infection is responsible for the most devastating global pandemic of the last century. More than 39 million people have died of HIV/AIDS since 1981. The development of the antiretroviral (ARV) treatment begins with the discovery of zidovudine a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. This breakthrough was followed by other ARV drug classes and representatives. Presently, HIV treatment employs 27 ARV representatives belonging to five different classes. Despite the proven benefits of ARV treatment and its long-term control of the HIV infection, there is an increasing concern about the numerous adverse effects and resistance to current ARV drugs. Therefore, the new HIV treatment strategies focus on the development of new ARV agents with a high genetic barrier to resistance and low toxicity. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) belong to a new drug class with encouraging results in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders and most recently against HIV infection. The advantages of using MAbs for HIV treatment are related to their antiviral effect, lack of toxicity, good resistance profile, additional synergy with other ARV drug classes and ability to restore CD4 T-cell responses. The current article is a short summary of ibalizumab, an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody that interferes with HIV viral entry. Current studies on ibalizumab have underlined its antiviral potential, minimal adverse effects, and lack of crossed resistance with other ARV agents thus supporting its further therapeutic use in multidrug resistant HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona A Iacob
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana G Iacob
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.dr. Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania
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31
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Wensel D, Sun Y, Li Z, Zhang S, Picarillo C, McDonagh T, Fabrizio D, Cockett M, Krystal M, Davis J. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel CD4-Binding Adnectin with Potent Anti-HIV Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00508-17. [PMID: 28584151 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00508-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel fibronectin-based protein (Adnectin) HIV-1 inhibitor was generated using in vitro selection. This inhibitor binds to human CD4 with a high affinity (3.9 nM) and inhibits viral entry at a step after CD4 engagement and preceding membrane fusion. The progenitor sequence of this novel inhibitor was selected from a library of trillions of Adnectin variants using mRNA display and then further optimized for improved antiviral and physical properties. The final optimized inhibitor exhibited full potency against a panel of 124 envelope (gp160) proteins spanning 11 subtypes, indicating broad-spectrum activity. Resistance profiling studies showed that this inhibitor required 30 passages (151 days) in culture to acquire sufficient resistance to result in viral titer breakthrough. Resistance mapped to the loss of multiple potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp120, suggesting that inhibition is due to steric hindrance of CD4-binding-induced conformational changes.
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Song R, Pace C, Seaman MS, Fang Q, Sun M, Andrews CD, Wu A, Padte NN, Ho DD. Distinct HIV-1 Neutralization Potency Profiles of Ibalizumab-Based Bispecific Antibodies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73:365-73. [PMID: 27792681 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexposure prophylaxis using antiretroviral agents has been shown to effectively prevent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition in high-risk populations. However, the efficacy of these regimens is highly variable, which is thought to be largely due to the varying degrees of adherence to a daily intervention in the populations. Passive immunization using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1, with their relatively long half-life and favorable safety profile, could provide an alternative to daily preexposure prophylaxis. However, most bNAbs have a limited breadth, only neutralizing 70%-90% of all HIV-1 strains. METHODS To overcome the problem of limited antiviral breadth, we proposed that targeting human CD4 and HIV-1 envelope proteins simultaneously may improve virus-neutralization breadth and potency. Therefore, we constructed bispecific antibodies (biAbs) using single-chain variable fragments of anti-gp120 bNAbs fused to ibalizumab (iMab), a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds human CD4, the primary receptor for HIV-1. RESULTS Some of our biAbs neutralized 100% of HIV-1 strains tested in vitro at clinically achievable concentrations. Distinct neutralization patterns were observed in this panel of biAbs. Those biAbs with specificity for the CD4-binding site on gp120 demonstrated 100% breadth, as well as slightly improved potency compared with iMab. In contrast, biAbs with specificity for the V1-V2 apex epitope or the V3-glycan epitope on gp120 demonstrated dramatically improved potency; some showed limited gain in neutralization breadth, whereas others (eg, PGT128-LM52 and 123-iMab) improved to 100% breadth. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that this panel of iMab-based biAbs could be used to probe the parameters for potent HIV-1 neutralization. Moreover, a few of these biAbs warrant further studies and possibly clinical development.
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Duan LW, Zhang H, Zhao MT, Sun JX, Chen WL, Lin JP, Liu XQ. A non-canonical binding interface in the crystal structure of HIV-1 gp120 core in complex with CD4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46733. [PMID: 28429756 PMCID: PMC5399459 DOI: 10.1038/srep46733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous crystal structures of HIV gp120 have been reported, alone or with receptor CD4 and cognate antibodies; however, no sole gp120/CD4 complex without stabilization by an antibody is available. Here, we report a crystal structure of the gp120/CD4 complex without the aid of an antibody from HIV-1 CRF07_BC, a strain circulating in China. Interestingly, in addition to the canonical binding surface, a second interacting interface was identified. A mutagenesis study on critical residues revealed that the stability of this interface is important for the efficiency of Env-mediated membrane fusion. Furthermore, we found that a broad neutralizing antibody, ibalizumab, which targets CD4 in the absence of gp120, occupies the same binding surface as the second interface identified here on gp120. Therefore, we identified the possibility of the involvement of a second gp120-CD4 interaction interface during viral entry, and also provided a reasonable explanation for the broad activity of neutralizing antibody ibalizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Research Center for Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ji-Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Cai Y, Karaca-Griffin S, Chen J, Tian S, Fredette N, Linton CE, Rits-Volloch S, Lu J, Wagh K, Theiler J, Korber B, Seaman MS, Harrison SC, Carfi A, Chen B. Antigenicity-defined conformations of an extremely neutralization-resistant HIV-1 envelope spike. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4477-82. [PMID: 28396421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700634114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary genetic diversity of the HIV-1 envelope spike [Env; trimeric (gp160)3, cleaved to (gp120/gp41)3] poses challenges for vaccine development. Envs of different clinical isolates exhibit different sensitivities to antibody-mediated neutralization. Envs of difficult-to-neutralize viruses are thought to be more stable and conformationally homogeneous trimers than those of easy-to-neutralize viruses, thereby providing more effective concealment of conserved, functionally critical sites. In this study we have characterized the antigenic properties of an Env derived from one of the most neutralization-resistant HIV-1 isolates, CH120.6. Sequence variation at neutralizing epitopes does not fully account for its exceptional resistance to antibodies. The full-length, membrane-bound CH120.6 Env is indeed stable and conformationally homogeneous. Its antigenicity correlates closely with its neutralization sensitivity, and major changes in antigenicity upon CD4 engagement appear to be restricted to the coreceptor site. The CH120.6 gp140 trimer, the soluble and uncleaved ectodomain of (gp160)3, retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, consistent with a conformation close to that of Env spikes on a virion, whereas its monomeric gp120 exposes many nonneutralizing or strain-specific epitopes. Thus, trimer organization and stability are important determinants not only for occluding many epitopes but also for conferring resistance to neutralization by all but a small set of antibodies. Env preparations derived from neutralization-resistant viruses may induce irrelevant antibody responses less frequently than do other Envs and may be excellent templates for developing soluble immunogens.
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35
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Liu Q, Acharya P, Dolan MA, Zhang P, Guzzo C, Lu J, Kwon A, Gururani D, Miao H, Bylund T, Chuang GY, Druz A, Zhou T, Rice WJ, Wigge C, Carragher B, Potter CS, Kwong PD, Lusso P. Quaternary contact in the initial interaction of CD4 with the HIV-1 envelope trimer. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:370-378. [PMID: 28218750 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the gp120 envelope (Env) glycoprotein to the CD4 receptor is the first step in the HIV-1 infectious cycle. Although the CD4-binding site has been extensively characterized, the initial receptor interaction has been difficult to study because of major CD4-induced structural rearrangements. Here we used cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to visualize the initial contact of CD4 with the HIV-1 Env trimer at 6.8-Å resolution. A single CD4 molecule is embraced by a quaternary HIV-1-Env surface formed by coalescence of the previously defined CD4-contact region with a second CD4-binding site (CD4-BS2) in the inner domain of a neighboring gp120 protomer. Disruption of CD4-BS2 destabilized CD4-trimer interaction and abrogated HIV-1 infectivity by preventing the acquisition of coreceptor-binding competence. A corresponding reduction in HIV-1 infectivity occurred after the mutation of CD4 residues that interact with CD4-BS2. Our results document the critical role of quaternary interactions in the initial HIV-Env-receptor contact, with implications for treatment and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Dolan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacky Lu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepali Gururani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William J Rice
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoph Wigge
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clinton S Potter
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Zhang Z, Li S, Gu Y, Xia N. Antiviral Therapy by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing and Inhibitory Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111901. [PMID: 27869733 PMCID: PMC5133900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a global epidemic for more than three decades. HIV-1 replication is primarily controlled through antiretroviral therapy (ART) but this treatment does not cure HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, there is increasing viral resistance to ART, and side effects associated with long-term therapy. Consequently, there is a need of alternative candidates for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. Recent advances have discovered multiple broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. In this review, we describe the key epitopes on the HIV-1 Env protein and the reciprocal broadly neutralizing antibodies, and discuss the ongoing clinical trials of broadly neutralizing and inhibitory antibody therapy as well as antibody combinations, bispecific antibodies, and methods that improve therapeutic efficacy by combining broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with latency reversing agents. Compared with ART, HIV-1 therapeutics that incorporate these broadly neutralizing and inhibitory antibodies offer the advantage of decreasing virus load and clearing infected cells, which is a promising prospect in HIV-1 prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Claus M, Wingert S, Watzl C. Modulation of natural killer cell functions by interactions between 2B4 and CD48 in cis and in trans. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160010. [PMID: 27249817 PMCID: PMC4892432 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SLAM-related receptors (SRRs) are important modulators of immune cell function. While most SRRs are homophilic, 2B4 (CD244) interacts with CD48, a GPI-anchored protein expressed on many haematopoietic cells. Here we show that natural killer (NK) cell-expressed 2B4 not only binds in trans to CD48 on neighbouring cells but also interacts in cis with CD48 on the same cell. 2B4 uses the same binding site to interact with CD48 in cis and in trans and structural flexibility of 2B4 is necessary for the cis interaction. Furthermore, the cis interaction is sufficient to induce basal phosphorylation of 2B4. However, cis interaction reduces the ability of 2B4 to bind CD48 in trans. As a consequence, stimulation-dependent phosphorylation of 2B4 upon binding to CD48 positive target cells is reduced. Interfering with the cis interaction therefore enhanced the lysis of CD48-expressing tumour cells. These data show that the density of 2B4 and CD48 on both the NK cell and the potential target cell modulates NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Claus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wingert
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) Dortmund, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies constitute a valuable class of therapeutics owing to their ability to bind 2 distinct targets. Dual targeting is thought to enhance biological efficacy, limit escape mechanisms, and increase target selectivity via a strong avidity effect mediated by concurrent binding to both antigens on the surface of the same cell. However, factors that regulate the extent of target selectivity are not well understood. We show that dual targeting alone is not sufficient to promote efficient target selectivity, and report the substantial roles played by the affinity of the individual arms, overall avidity and valence. More particularly, various monovalent bispecific IgGs composed of an anti-CD70 moiety paired with variants of the anti-CD4 mAb ibalizumab were tested for preferential binding and selective depletion of CD4+/CD70+ T cells over cells expressing only one of the target antigens that resulted from antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Variants exhibiting reduced CD4 affinity showed a greater degree of target selectivity, while the overall efficacy of the bispecific molecule was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yariv Mazor
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering; MedImmune ; Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinically relevant monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to host cellular receptors have been generated to both the CD4 receptor and the CCR5 coreceptor, cell surface proteins critical for HIV-1 entry. Ibalizumab is a novel humanized mAb that binds to a conformational epitope on CD4 and blocks entry of HIV-1. It has broad and potent antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. PRO 140 is a humanized mAb that binds to the CCR5 coreceptor and inhibits CCR5-tropic HIV-1 by interfering with viral entry. Antiviral activity has been demonstrated both in vitro against R5 viruses and in vivo in HIV-1-infected individuals harboring CCR5-tropic virus. RECENT FINDINGS Both antibodies have been administered intravenously in early-phase clinical trials, and current emphasis is on the development of formulations that can be administered subcutaneously. Most recently, bispecific antibodies combining either ibalizumab or PRO 140 with anti-Env broadly neutralizing antibodies have been constructed with vastly improved in-vitro neutralizing profiles, and may offer substantial advantages in the clinic. SUMMARY mAb to host cellular receptors particularly when combined with broadly neutralizing antibodies in novel conformations may offer advances in both the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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40
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Killick MA, Grant ML, Cerutti NM, Capovilla A, Papathanasopoulos MA. Env-2dCD4 S60C complexes act as super immunogens and elicit potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies against clinically relevant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Vaccine 2015; 33:6298-306. [PMID: 26432912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to induce a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response following vaccination is regarded as a crucial aspect in developing an effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) which is exposed on the virus surface, thereby preventing cell entry. To date, conventional vaccine approaches such as the use of Env-based immunogens have been unsuccessful. We expressed, purified, characterized and evaluated the immunogenicity of several unique HIV-1 subtype C Env immunogens in small animals. Here we report that vaccine immunogens based on Env liganded to a two domain CD4 variant, 2dCD4(S60C) are capable of consistently eliciting potent, broadly neutralizing antibody responses in New Zealand white rabbits against a panel of clinically relevant HIV-1 pseudoviruses. This was irrespective of the Env protein subtype and context. Importantly, depletion of the anti-CD4 antibodies appeared to abrogate the neutralization activity in the rabbit sera. Taken together, this data suggests that the Env-2dCD4(S60C) complexes described here are "super" immunogens, and potentially immunofocus antibody responses to a unique epitope spanning the 2dCD4(60C). Recent data from the two available anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, Ibalizumab and CD4-Ig (and bispecific variants thereof) have highlighted that the use of these broad and potent entry inhibitors could circumvent the need for a conventional vaccine targeting HIV-1. Overall, the ability of the unique Env-2dCD4(S60C) complexes to elicit potent bNAb responses has not been described previously, reinforcing that further investigation for their utility in preventing and controlling HIV-1/SIV infection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Michelle L Grant
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Nichole M Cerutti
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedanjali Gogineni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Hou W, Fang C, Liu J, Yu H, Qi J, Zhang Z, Yuan R, Xiong D, Gao S, Adam Yuan Y, Li S, Gu Y, Xia N. Molecular insights into the inhibition of HIV-1 infection using a CD4 domain-1-specific monoclonal antibody. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:101-11. [PMID: 26259811 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An HIV-1 infection in a host cell occurs through an ordered process that involves HIV-1 attachment to the host's cellular CD4 receptor, co-receptor binding to CCR5 or CXCR4, and the subsequent fusion with the cellular membrane. The natural viral entry pathway into a host cell provides an opportunity to develop agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Several engineered monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting CD4 have shown antiviral activities in clinical trials. Here, we report on an anti-CD4 mAb (15A7) that displays a unique binding specificity for domain 1 of CD4, whose epitope partially overlaps with the gp120 binding region. Moreover, 15A7 displays a much stronger binding affinity to CD4(+) cell lines after HIV infection. 15A7 is able to block and neutralize a broad range of primary HIV-1 isolates and T cell-line passage strains. Notably, the bivalent F(ab')2 form of 15A7 is more effective than the Fab form in blocking HIV-1 infection, which is further supported by molecular docking analyses. Together, these results suggest that this novel antibody may exert its antiviral activity by blocking gp120 targeting to the CD4 receptor or competing with gp120 for CD4 receptor binding and might present post-attachment neutralization activity. This antibody could provide a new candidate to efficiently block HIV-1 infection or provide new starting materials for HIV treatment, especially when HIV-1-resistant strains against the current CD4 mAb treatments have already been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hai Yu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jialong Qi
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruixue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuangquan Gao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Y Adam Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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43
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Chen J, Kovacs JM, Peng H, Rits-Volloch S, Lu J, Park D, Zablowsky E, Seaman MS, Chen B. HIV-1 ENVELOPE. Effect of the cytoplasmic domain on antigenic characteristics of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Science 2015; 349:191-5. [PMID: 26113642 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major goal for HIV-1 vaccine development is the production of an immunogen to mimic native, functional HIV-1 envelope trimeric spikes (Env) on the virion surface. We lack a reliable description of a native, functional trimer, however, because of inherent instability and heterogeneity in most preparations. We describe here two conformationally homogeneous Envs derived from difficult-to-neutralize primary isolates. All their non-neutralizing epitopes are fully concealed and independent of their proteolytic processing. Most broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) recognize these native trimers. Truncation of their cytoplasmic tail has little effect on membrane fusion, but it diminishes binding to trimer-specific bnAbs while exposing non-neutralizing epitopes. These results yield a more accurate antigenic picture than hitherto possible of a genuinely untriggered and functional HIV-1 Env; they can guide effective vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James M Kovacs
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hanqin Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Rits-Volloch
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Donghyun Park
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elise Zablowsky
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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44
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Marin M, Du Y, Giroud C, Kim JH, Qui M, Fu H, Melikyan GB. High-Throughput HIV-Cell Fusion Assay for Discovery of Virus Entry Inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:155-66. [PMID: 25871547 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 initiates infection by merging its envelope membrane with the target cell membrane, a process that is mediated by the viral Env glycoprotein following its sequential binding to CD4 and coreceptors, CXCR4 or CCR5. Although HIV-1 fusion has been a target for antiviral therapy, the virus has developed resistance to drugs blocking the CCR5 binding or Env refolding steps of this process. This highlights the need for novel inhibitors. Here, we adapted and optimized an enzymatic HIV-cell fusion assay, which reports the transfer of virus-encapsulated β-lactamase into the cytoplasm, to high-throughput screening (HTS) with a 384-well format. The assay was robustly performed in HTS format and was validated by the pilot screen of a small library of pharmacologically active compounds. Several hits identified by screening included a prominent cluster of purinergic receptor antagonists. Functional studies demonstrated that P2X1 receptor antagonists selectively inhibited HIV-1 fusion without affecting the fusion activity of an unrelated virus that enters cells through an endocytic route. The inhibition of HIV-cell fusion by P2X1 antagonists was not through downmodulation of the cell surface expression of CD4 or coreceptors, thus implicating P2X1 receptor in the HIV-1 fusion step. The ability of these antagonists to inhibit viruses regardless of their coreceptor (CXCR4 or CCR5) preference indicates that fusion is blocked at a late step downstream of coreceptor binding. A future large-scale screening campaign for HIV-1 fusion inhibitors, using the above functional readout, will likely reveal novel classes of inhibitors and suggest potential targets for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marin
- 1 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University Children's Center , Atlanta, Georgia
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45
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Pegu A, Yang ZY, Boyington JC, Wu L, Ko SY, Schmidt SD, McKee K, Kong WP, Shi W, Chen X, Todd JP, Letvin NL, Huang J, Nason MC, Hoxie JA, Kwong PD, Connors M, Rao SS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 envelope protect more effectively in vivo than those to the CD4 receptor. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:243ra88. [PMID: 24990883 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection depends on effective viral entry mediated by the interaction of its envelope (Env) glycoprotein with specific cell surface receptors. Protective antiviral antibodies generated by passive or active immunization must prevent these interactions. Because the HIV-1 Env is highly variable, attention has also focused on blocking the HIV-1 primary cell receptor CD4. We therefore analyzed the in vivo protective efficacy of three potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HIV-1 Env compared to an antibody against the CD4 receptor. Protection was assessed after mucosal challenge of rhesus macaques with simian/HIV (SHIV). Despite its comparable or greater neutralization potency in vitro, the anti-CD4 antibody did not provide effective protection in vivo, whereas the HIV-1-specific mAbs VRC01, 10E8, and PG9, targeting the CD4 binding site, membrane-proximal, and V1V2 glycan Env regions, respectively, conferred complete protection, albeit at different relative potencies. These findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to the HIV-1 Env and suggest that targeting the HIV-1 Env is preferable to the cell surface receptor CD4 for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-yong Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, RE113, P. O. Box 15732, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chen Y, Radford SE, Brockwell DJ. Force-induced remodelling of proteins and their complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 30:89-99. [PMID: 25710390 PMCID: PMC4499843 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Force can drive conformational changes in proteins, as well as modulate their stability and the affinity of their complexes, allowing a mechanical input to be converted into a biochemical output. These properties have been utilised by nature and force is now recognised to be widely used at the cellular level. The effects of force on the biophysical properties of biological systems can be large and varied. As these effects are only apparent in the presence of force, studies on the same proteins using traditional ensemble biophysical methods can yield apparently conflicting results. Where appropriate, therefore, force measurements should be integrated with other experimental approaches to understand the physiological context of the system under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David J Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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47
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Bricault CA, Kovacs JM, Nkolola JP, Yusim K, Giorgi EE, Shields JL, Perry J, Lavine CL, Cheung A, Ellingson-Strouss K, Rademeyer C, Gray GE, Williamson C, Stamatatos L, Seaman MS, Korber BT, Chen B, Barouch DH. A multivalent clade C HIV-1 Env trimer cocktail elicits a higher magnitude of neutralizing antibodies than any individual component. J Virol 2015; 89:2507-19. [PMID: 25540368 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.03331-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sequence diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) presents a formidable challenge to the generation of an HIV-1 vaccine. One strategy to address such sequence diversity and to improve the magnitude of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is to utilize multivalent mixtures of HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Here we report the generation and characterization of three novel, acute clade C HIV-1 Env gp140 trimers (459C, 405C, and 939C), each with unique antigenic properties. Among the single trimers tested, 459C elicited the most potent NAb responses in vaccinated guinea pigs. We evaluated the immunogenicity of various mixtures of clade C Env trimers and found that a quadrivalent cocktail of clade C trimers elicited a greater magnitude of NAbs against a panel of tier 1A and 1B viruses than any single clade C trimer alone, demonstrating that the mixture had an advantage over all individual components of the cocktail. These data suggest that vaccination with a mixture of clade C Env trimers represents a promising strategy to augment vaccine-elicited NAb responses. IMPORTANCE It is currently not known how to generate potent NAbs to the diverse circulating HIV-1 Envs by vaccination. One strategy to address this diversity is to utilize mixtures of different soluble HIV-1 envelope proteins. In this study, we generated and characterized three distinct, novel, acute clade C soluble trimers. We vaccinated guinea pigs with single trimers as well as mixtures of trimers, and we found that a mixture of four trimers elicited a greater magnitude of NAbs than any single trimer within the mixture. The results of this study suggest that further development of Env trimer cocktails is warranted.
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Perez-Jimenez R, Alonso-Caballero A, Berkovich R, Franco D, Chen MW, Richard P, Badilla CL, Fernandez JM. Probing the effect of force on HIV-1 receptor CD4. ACS Nano 2014; 8:10313-10320. [PMID: 25299596 PMCID: PMC4212800 DOI: 10.1021/nn503557w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface proteins are central for the interaction of cells with their surroundings and are also associated with numerous diseases. These molecules are exposed to mechanical forces, but the exact relation between force and the functions and pathologies associated with cell-surface proteins is unclear. An important cell-surface protein is CD4, the primary receptor of HIV-1. Here we show that mechanical force activates conformational and chemical changes on CD4 that may be important during viral attachment. We have used single-molecule force spectroscopy and analysis on HIV-1 infectivity to demonstrate that the mechanical extension of CD4 occurs in a time-dependent manner and correlates with HIV-1 infectivity. We show that Ibalizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks HIV-1, prevents the mechanical extension of CD4 domains 1 and 2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that thiol/disulfide exchange in CD4 requires force for exposure of cryptic disulfide bonds. This mechanical perspective provides unprecedented information that can change our understanding on how viruses interact with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Perez-Jimenez
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- CIC nanoGUNE, San Sebastian, E-20018, Spain
| | | | - Ronen Berkovich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David Franco
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ming-Wei Chen
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Patricia Richard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Carmen L. Badilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Julio M. Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Wang YT, Chuang LY. Insight into the modified Ibalizumab-human CD4 receptor interactions: using a computational binding free energy approach. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:69-78. [PMID: 25342515 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drugs are very useful tools for the treatment of many chronic diseases. Recently, however, patients and doctors have encountered the problem of drug resistance. How to improve the affinity of antibody drugs has therefore become a pressing issue. Ibalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds human CD4, the primary receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This study investigates the mutation residues of the complementarity determining regions of Ibalizumab. We propose using the wild and mutations of Ibalizumab-human CD4 receptor complex structures, molecular dynamics techniques, alanine-scanning mutagenesis calculations and solvated interaction energies methods to predict the binding free energy of the Ibalizumab-human CD4 receptor complex structures. This work found that revealed three key positions (31th, 32th and 33th in HCDR-1) of the residues may play an important role in Ibalizumab-human CD4 receptor complex interactions. Therefore, bioengineering substitutions of the three key positions and increasing number of intermolecular interactions (HCDR-1 of Ibalizumab/human CD4 receptor) might improve the binding affinities of this complex structure.
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Sun M, Pace CS, Yao X, Yu F, Padte NN, Huang Y, Seaman MS, Li Q, Ho DD. Rational design and characterization of the novel, broad and potent bispecific HIV-1 neutralizing antibody iMabm36. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:473-83. [PMID: 24853313 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) have always been considered to be a potential therapeutic option for the prophylaxis and treatment of HIV infection, their lack of breadth against all HIV variants has been one of the limiting factors. To provide sufficient neutralization breadth and potency against diverse viruses, including neutralization escape mutants, strategies to combine different bNAbs have been explored recently. METHODS We rationally designed and engineered a novel bispecific HIV-1-neutralizing antibody (bibNAb), iMabm36. The potency and breadth of iMabm36 against HIV were extensively characterized in vitro. RESULTS iMabm36 comprises the anti-CD4 Ab ibalizumab (iMab) linked to 2 copies of the single-domain Ab m36, which targets a highly conserved CD4-induced epitope. iMabm36 neutralizes a majority of a large, multiclade panel of pseudoviruses (96%, n = 118) at an IC50 concentration of less than 10 µg/mL, with 83% neutralized at an IC50 concentration of less than 0.1 µg/mL. In addition, iMabm36 neutralizes a small panel of replication-competent transmitted-founder viruses to 100% inhibition at a concentration of less than 0.1 µg/mL in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based neutralizing assay. Mechanistically, the improved antiviral activity of iMabm36 is dependent on both the CD4-binding activity of the iMab component and the CD4i-binding activity of the m36 component. After characterizing that viral resistance to iMabm36 neutralization was due to mutations residing in the bridging sheet of gp120, an optimized m36 variant was engineered that, when fused to iMab, improved antiviral activity significantly. CONCLUSIONS The interdependency of this dual mechanism of action enables iMabm36 to potently inhibit HIV-1 entry. These results demonstrate that mechanistic-based design of bibNAbs can generate potential preventive and therapeutic candidates for HIV/AIDS.
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