1
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Ibrahim H, Balboa D, Saarimäki-Vire J, Montaser H, Dyachok O, Lund PE, Omar-Hmeadi M, Kvist J, Dwivedi OP, Lithovius V, Barsby T, Chandra V, Eurola S, Ustinov J, Tuomi T, Miettinen PJ, Barg S, Tengholm A, Otonkoski T. RFX6 haploinsufficiency predisposes to diabetes through impaired beta cell function. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06163-y. [PMID: 38743124 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Regulatory factor X 6 (RFX6) is crucial for pancreatic endocrine development and differentiation. The RFX6 variant p.His293LeufsTer7 is significantly enriched in the Finnish population, with almost 1:250 individuals as a carrier. Importantly, the FinnGen study indicates a high predisposition for heterozygous carriers to develop type 2 and gestational diabetes. However, the precise mechanism of this predisposition remains unknown. METHODS To understand the role of this variant in beta cell development and function, we used CRISPR technology to generate allelic series of pluripotent stem cells. We created two isogenic stem cell models: a human embryonic stem cell model; and a patient-derived stem cell model. Both were differentiated into pancreatic islet lineages (stem-cell-derived islets, SC-islets), followed by implantation in immunocompromised NOD-SCID-Gamma mice. RESULTS Stem cell models of the homozygous variant RFX6-/- predictably failed to generate insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells, mirroring the phenotype observed in Mitchell-Riley syndrome. Notably, at the pancreatic endocrine stage, there was an upregulation of precursor markers NEUROG3 and SOX9, accompanied by increased apoptosis. Intriguingly, heterozygous RFX6+/- SC-islets exhibited RFX6 haploinsufficiency (54.2% reduction in protein expression), associated with reduced beta cell maturation markers, altered calcium signalling and impaired insulin secretion (62% and 54% reduction in basal and high glucose conditions, respectively). However, RFX6 haploinsufficiency did not have an impact on beta cell number or insulin content. The reduced insulin secretion persisted after in vivo implantation in mice, aligning with the increased risk of variant carriers to develop diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our allelic series isogenic SC-islet models represent a powerful tool to elucidate specific aetiologies of diabetes in humans, enabling the sensitive detection of aberrations in both beta cell development and function. We highlight the critical role of RFX6 in augmenting and maintaining the pancreatic progenitor pool, with an endocrine roadblock and increased cell death upon its loss. We demonstrate that RFX6 haploinsufficiency does not affect beta cell number or insulin content but does impair function, predisposing heterozygous carriers of loss-of-function variants to diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY Ultra-deep bulk RNA-seq data for pancreatic differentiation stages 3, 5 and 7 of H1 RFX6 genotypes are deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus database with accession code GSE234289. Original western blot images are deposited at Mendeley ( https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/g75drr3mgw/2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Diego Balboa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hossam Montaser
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oleg Dyachok
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Lund
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jouni Kvist
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Om P Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Väinö Lithovius
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Barsby
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Solja Eurola
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Päivi J Miettinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian Barg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Hill TG, Hill DJ. The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4070. [PMID: 38612880 PMCID: PMC11012451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin 3, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Their availability can be modulated within the islet by pericyte-mediated regulation of microvascular blood flow. Within the islet, both endocrine progenitor cells and the ability of endocrine cells to trans-differentiate between phenotypes can alter endocrine cell mass to adapt to changed metabolic circumstances, regulated by the within-islet trophic environment. Optimal islet function is precariously balanced due to the high metabolic rate required by beta-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin, and they are susceptible to oxidative and endoplasmic reticular stress in the face of high metabolic demand. Resulting changes in paracrine dynamics within the islets can contribute to the emergence of Types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Hill
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada;
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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3
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Roy G, Syed R, Lazaro O, Robertson S, McCabe SD, Rodriguez D, Mawla AM, Johnson TS, Kalwat MA. Identification of type 2 diabetes- and obesity-associated human β-cells using deep transfer learning. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.18.576260. [PMID: 38328172 PMCID: PMC10849510 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes affects >10% of adults worldwide and is caused by impaired production or response to insulin, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. Pancreatic islet β-cells are the sole source of endogenous insulin and our understanding of β-cell dysfunction and death in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is incomplete. Single-cell RNA-seq data supports heterogeneity as an important factor in β-cell function and survival. However, it is difficult to identify which β-cell phenotypes are critical for T2D etiology and progression. Our goal was to prioritize specific disease-related β-cell subpopulations to better understand T2D pathogenesis and identify relevant genes for targeted therapeutics. To address this, we applied a deep transfer learning tool, DEGAS, which maps disease associations onto single-cell RNA-seq data from bulk expression data. Independent runs of DEGAS using T2D or obesity status identified distinct β-cell subpopulations. A singular cluster of T2D-associated β-cells was identified; however, β-cells with high obese-DEGAS scores contained two subpopulations derived largely from either non-diabetic or T2D donors. The obesity-associated non-diabetic cells were enriched for translation and unfolded protein response genes compared to T2D cells. We selected DLK1 for validation by immunostaining in human pancreas sections from healthy and T2D donors. DLK1 was heterogeneously expressed among β-cells and appeared depleted from T2D islets. In conclusion, DEGAS has the potential to advance our holistic understanding of the β-cell transcriptomic phenotypes, including features that distinguish β-cells in obese non-diabetic or lean T2D states. Future work will expand this approach to additional human islet omics datasets to reveal the complex multicellular interactions driving T2D.
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Mohsin S, Elabadlah H, Alotaiba MK, AlAmry S, Almehairbi SJ, Harara MMK, Almuhsin AMH, Tariq S, Howarth FC, Adeghate EA. High-Density Lipoprotein Is Located Alongside Insulin in the Islets of Langerhans of Normal and Rodent Models of Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:313. [PMID: 38276551 PMCID: PMC10818677 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated pre-beta and beta lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) in the etiopathogenesis of complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, alpha lipoprotein (HDL) is protective of the beta cells of the pancreas. This study examined the distribution of HDL in the islets of Langerhans of murine models of type 1 diabetic rats (streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in Wistar rats) and type 2 models of DM rats (Goto-Kakizaki (GK), non-diabetic Zucker lean (ZL), and Zucker diabetic and fatty (ZDF)). The extent by which HDL co-localizes with insulin or glucagon in the islets of the pancreas was also investigated. Pancreatic tissues of Wistar non-diabetic, diabetic Wistar, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats were processed for immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic samples of GK rats fed with either a low-fat or a high-fat diet were prepared for transmission immune-electron microscopy (TIEM) to establish the cytoplasmic localization of HDL in islet cells. HDL was detected in the core and periphery of pancreatic islets of Wistar non-diabetic and diabetic, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats. The average total of islet cells immune positive for HDL was markedly (<0.05) reduced in GK and ZDF rats in comparison to Wistar controls. The number of islet cells containing HDL was also remarkably (p < 0.05) reduced in Wistar diabetic rats and GK models fed on high-fat food. The co-localization study using immunofluorescence and TIEM techniques showed that HDL is detected alongside insulin within the secretory granules of β-cells. HDL did not co-localize with glucagon. This observation implies that HDL may contribute to the metabolism of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Haba Elabadlah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
- Cambridge Medical and Rehabilitation Center, Al Ain P.O. Box 222297, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariam K. Alotaiba
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Suhail AlAmry
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Shamma J. Almehairbi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Maha M. K. Harara
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Aisha M. H. Almuhsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ernest A. Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Huang JL, Pourhosseinzadeh MS, Lee S, Krämer N, Guillen JV, Cinque NH, Aniceto P, Momen AT, Koike S, Huising MO. Paracrine signalling by pancreatic δ cells determines the glycaemic set point in mice. Nat Metab 2024; 6:61-77. [PMID: 38195859 PMCID: PMC10919447 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
While pancreatic β and α cells are considered the main drivers of blood glucose homeostasis through insulin and glucagon secretion, the contribution of δ cells and somatostatin (SST) secretion to glucose homeostasis remains unresolved. Here we provide a quantitative assessment of the physiological contribution of δ cells to the glycaemic set point in mice. Employing three orthogonal mouse models to remove SST signalling within the pancreas or transplanted islets, we demonstrate that ablating δ cells or SST leads to a sustained decrease in the glycaemic set point. This reduction coincides with a decreased glucose threshold for insulin response from β cells, leading to increased insulin secretion to the same glucose challenge. Our data demonstrate that β cells are sufficient to maintain stable glycaemia and reveal that the physiological role of δ cells is to provide tonic feedback inhibition that reduces the β cell glucose threshold and consequently lowers the glycaemic set point in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Pourhosseinzadeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Niels Krämer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaresley V Guillen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Naomi H Cinque
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paola Aniceto
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ariana T Momen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shinichiro Koike
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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6
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Ren L, Charbord J, Chu L, Kemas AM, Bertuzzi M, Mi J, Xing C, Lauschke VM, Andersson O. Adjudin improves beta cell maturation, hepatic glucose uptake and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 2024; 67:137-155. [PMID: 37843554 PMCID: PMC10709271 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recovering functional beta cell mass is a promising approach for future diabetes therapies. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of adjudin, a small molecule identified in a beta cell screen using zebrafish, on pancreatic beta cells and diabetes conditions in mice and human spheroids. METHODS In zebrafish, insulin expression was examined by bioluminescence and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), glucose levels were examined by direct measurements and distribution using a fluorescent glucose analogue, and calcium activity in beta cells was analysed by in vivo live imaging. Pancreatic islets of wild-type postnatal day 0 (P0) and 3-month-old (adult) mice, as well as adult db/db mice (i.e. BKS(D)-Leprdb/JOrlRj), were cultured in vitro and analysed by qPCR, glucose stimulated insulin secretion and whole mount staining. RNA-seq was performed for islets of P0 and db/db mice. For in vivo assessment, db/db mice were treated with adjudin and subjected to analysis of metabolic variables and islet cells. Glucose consumption was examined in primary human hepatocyte spheroids. RESULTS Adjudin treatment increased insulin expression and calcium response to glucose in beta cells and decreased glucose levels after beta cell ablation in zebrafish. Adjudin led to improved beta cell function, decreased beta cell proliferation and glucose responsive insulin secretion by decreasing basal insulin secretion in in vitro cultured newborn mouse islets. RNA-seq of P0 islets indicated that adjudin treatment resulted in increased glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function, as well as downstream signalling pathways involved in insulin secretion. In islets from db/db mice cultured in vitro, adjudin treatment strengthened beta cell identity and insulin secretion. RNA-seq of db/db islets indicated adjudin-upregulated genes associated with insulin secretion, membrane ion channel activity and exocytosis. Moreover, adjudin promoted glucose uptake in the liver of zebrafish in an insulin-independent manner, and similarly promoted glucose consumption in primary human hepatocyte spheroids with insulin resistance. In vivo studies using db/db mice revealed reduced nonfasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance and strengthened beta cell identity after adjudin treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Adjudin promoted functional maturation of immature islets, improved function of dysfunctional islets, stimulated glucose uptake in liver and improved glucose homeostasis in db/db mice. Thus, the multifunctional drug adjudin, previously studied in various contexts and conditions, also shows promise in the management of diabetic states. DATA AVAILABILITY Raw and processed RNA-seq data for this study have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE235398 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE235398 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Ren
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérémie Charbord
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lianhe Chu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bertuzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiarui Mi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Xing
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Pasquier A, Pastore N, D'Orsi L, Colonna R, Esposito A, Maffia V, De Cegli R, Mutarelli M, Ambrosio S, Tufano G, Grimaldi A, Cesana M, Cacchiarelli D, Delalleau N, Napolitano G, Ballabio A. TFEB and TFE3 control glucose homeostasis by regulating insulin gene expression. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113928. [PMID: 37712288 PMCID: PMC10620765 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To fulfill their function, pancreatic beta cells require precise nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control insulin production. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) and its homolog TFE3 have emerged as crucial regulators of the adaptive response of cell metabolism to environmental cues. Here, we show that TFEB and TFE3 regulate beta-cell function and insulin gene expression in response to variations in nutrient availability. We found that nutrient deprivation in beta cells promoted TFEB/TFE3 activation, which resulted in suppression of insulin gene expression. TFEB overexpression was sufficient to inhibit insulin transcription, whereas beta cells depleted of both TFEB and TFE3 failed to suppress insulin gene expression in response to amino acid deprivation. Interestingly, ChIP-seq analysis showed binding of TFEB to super-enhancer regions that regulate insulin transcription. Conditional, beta-cell-specific, Tfeb-overexpressing, and Tfeb/Tfe3 double-KO mice showed severe alteration of insulin transcription, secretion, and glucose tolerance, indicating that TFEB and TFE3 are important physiological mediators of pancreatic function. Our findings reveal a nutrient-controlled transcriptional mechanism that regulates insulin production, thus playing a key role in glucose homeostasis at both cellular and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Pasquier
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | - Nunzia Pastore
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Luca D'Orsi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | - Rita Colonna
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | | | - Veronica Maffia
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | | | - Margherita Mutarelli
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent SystemsNational Research Council (ISASI‐CNR)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Gennaro Tufano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | | | - Marcella Cesana
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine ProgramUniversity of Naples "Federico II"NaplesItaly
| | | | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine ProgramUniversity of Naples "Federico II"NaplesItaly
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)NaplesItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine ProgramUniversity of Naples "Federico II"NaplesItaly
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTXUSA
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Olsen C, Wang C, Aizenshtadt A, Abadpour S, Lundanes E, Skottvoll FS, Golovin A, Busek M, Krauss S, Scholz H, Wilson SR. Simultaneous LC-MS determination of glucose regulatory peptides secreted by stem cell-derived islet organoids. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1682-1697. [PMID: 37574258 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
For studying stem cell-derived islet organoids (SC-islets) in an organ-on-chip (OoC) platform, we have developed a reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS) method allowing for simultaneous determination of insulin, somatostatin-14, and glucagon, with improved matrix robustness compared to earlier methodology. Combining phenyl/hexyl-C18 separations using 2.1 mm inner diameter LC columns and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, identification and quantification were secured with negligible variance in retention time and quantifier/qualifier ratios, negligible levels of carryover (<2%), and sufficient precision (±10% RSD) and accuracy (±15% relative error) with and without use of an internal standard. The obtained lower limits of quantification were 0.2 µg/L for human insulin, 0.1 µg/L for somatostatin-14, and 0.05 µg/L for glucagon. The here-developed RPLC-MS/MS method showed that the SC-islets have an insulin response dependent on glucose concentration, and the SC-islets produce and release somatostatin-14 and glucagon. The RPLC-MS/MS method for these peptide hormones was compatible with an unfiltered offline sample collection from SC-islets cultivated on a pumpless, recirculating OoC (rOoC) platform. The SC-islets background secretion of insulin was not significantly different on the rOoC device compared to a standard cell culture well-plate. Taken together, RPLC-MS/MS method is well suited for multi-hormone measurements of SC-islets on an OoC platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chencheng Wang
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Alexey Golovin
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Busek
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Mawla AM, van der Meulen T, Huising MO. Chromatin accessibility differences between alpha, beta, and delta cells identifies common and cell type-specific enhancers. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:202. [PMID: 37069576 PMCID: PMC10108528 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High throughput sequencing has enabled the interrogation of the transcriptomic landscape of glucagon-secreting alpha cells, insulin-secreting beta cells, and somatostatin-secreting delta cells. These approaches have furthered our understanding of expression patterns that define healthy or diseased islet cell types and helped explicate some of the intricacies between major islet cell crosstalk and glucose regulation. All three endocrine cell types derive from a common pancreatic progenitor, yet alpha and beta cells have partially opposing functions, and delta cells modulate and control insulin and glucagon release. While gene expression signatures that define and maintain cellular identity have been widely explored, the underlying epigenetic components are incompletely characterized and understood. However, chromatin accessibility and remodeling is a dynamic attribute that plays a critical role to determine and maintain cellular identity. RESULTS Here, we compare and contrast the chromatin landscape between mouse alpha, beta, and delta cells using ATAC-Seq to evaluate the significant differences in chromatin accessibility. The similarities and differences in chromatin accessibility between these related islet endocrine cells help define their fate in support of their distinct functional roles. We identify patterns that suggest that both alpha and delta cells are poised, but repressed, from becoming beta-like. We also identify patterns in differentially enriched chromatin that have transcription factor motifs preferentially associated with different regions of the genome. Finally, we not only confirm and visualize previously discovered common endocrine- and cell specific- enhancer regions across differentially enriched chromatin, but identify novel regions as well. We compiled our chromatin accessibility data in a freely accessible database of common endocrine- and cell specific-enhancer regions that can be navigated with minimal bioinformatics expertise. CONCLUSIONS Both alpha and delta cells appear poised, but repressed, from becoming beta cells in murine pancreatic islets. These data broadly support earlier findings on the plasticity in identity of non-beta cells under certain circumstances. Furthermore, differential chromatin accessibility shows preferentially enriched distal-intergenic regions in beta cells, when compared to either alpha or delta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Mawla
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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10
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Kim B, Park ES, Lee JS, Suh JG. Outbred Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Show Sex Differences in Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065210. [PMID: 36982285 PMCID: PMC10049093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbred mice (ICR) with different genotypes and phenotypes have been reported to be more suitable for scientific testing than inbred mice because they are more similar to humans. To investigate whether the sex and genetic background of the mice are important factors in the development of hyperglycemia, we used ICR mice and divided them into male, female, and ovariectomized female (FOVX) groups and treated them with streptozotocin (STZ) for five consecutive days to induce diabetes. Our results show that fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were significantly higher in diabetes-induced males (M-DM) and ovariectomized diabetes-induced females (FOVX-DM) than in diabetes-induced females (F-DM) at 3 and 6 weeks after STZ treatment. Furthermore, the M-DM group showed the most severe glucose tolerance, followed by the FOVX-DM and F-DM groups, suggesting that ovariectomy affects glucose tolerance in female mice. The size of pancreatic islets in the M-DM and FOVX-DM groups was significantly different from that of the F-DM group. The M-DM and FOVX-DM groups had pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction 6 weeks after STZ treatment. Urocortin 3 and somatostatin inhibited insulin secretion in the M-DM and FOVX-DM groups. Overall, our results suggest that glucose metabolism in mice is dependent on sex and/or genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Sun Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (E.-S.P.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jong-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (E.-S.P.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jun-Gyo Suh
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (E.-S.P.); (J.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2692
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11
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Tremmel DM, Mikat AE, Gupta S, Mitchell SA, Curran AM, Menadue JA, Odorico JS, Sackett SD. Validating expression of beta cell maturation-associated genes in human pancreas development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1103719. [PMID: 36846594 PMCID: PMC9945361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes associated with human pancreatic beta cell maturation could stimulate a better understanding of normal human islet development and function, be informative for improving stem cell-derived islet (SC-islet) differentiation, and facilitate the sorting of more mature beta cells from a pool of differentiated cells. While several candidate factors to mark beta cell maturation have been identified, much of the data supporting these markers come from animal models or differentiated SC-islets. One such marker is Urocortin-3 (UCN3). In this study, we provide evidence that UCN3 is expressed in human fetal islets well before the acquisition of functional maturation. When SC-islets expressing significant levels of UCN3 were generated, the cells did not exhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, indicating that UCN3 expression is not correlated with functional maturation in these cells. We utilized our tissue bank and SC-islet resources to test an array of other candidate maturation-associated genes, and identified CHGB, G6PC2, FAM159B, GLUT1, IAPP and ENTPD3 as markers with expression patterns that correlate developmentally with the onset of functional maturation in human beta cells. We also find that human beta cell expression of ERO1LB, HDAC9, KLF9, and ZNT8 does not change between fetal and adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Tremmel
- *Correspondence: Daniel M. Tremmel, ; Sara Dutton Sackett, ; Jon S. Odorico,
| | - Anna E. Mikat
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sakar Gupta
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samantha A. Mitchell
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew M. Curran
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jenna A. Menadue
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jon S. Odorico
- *Correspondence: Daniel M. Tremmel, ; Sara Dutton Sackett, ; Jon S. Odorico,
| | - Sara Dutton Sackett
- *Correspondence: Daniel M. Tremmel, ; Sara Dutton Sackett, ; Jon S. Odorico,
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12
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Goode RA, Hum JM, Kalwat MA. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Proliferation, Regeneration, and Replacement. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6836713. [PMID: 36412119 PMCID: PMC9923807 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results from insufficient insulin production by pancreatic islet β-cells or a loss of β-cells themselves. Restoration of regulated insulin production is a predominant goal of translational diabetes research. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in the fields of β-cell proliferation, regeneration, and replacement. The discovery of therapeutic targets and associated small molecules has been enabled by improved understanding of β-cell development and cell cycle regulation, as well as advanced high-throughput screening methodologies. Important findings in β-cell transdifferentiation, neogenesis, and stem cell differentiation have nucleated multiple promising therapeutic strategies. In particular, clinical trials are underway using in vitro-generated β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Significant challenges remain for each of these strategies, but continued support for efforts in these research areas will be critical for the generation of distinct diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Goode
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Kalwat
- Correspondence: Michael A. Kalwat, PhD, Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, 1210 Waterway Blvd, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. or
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13
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Beamish CA, Gaber AO, Fraga DW, Hamilton DJ, Sabek OM. Pretransplant HOMA-β Is Predictive of Insulin Independence in 7 Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis Undergoing Islet Autotransplantation. Transplant Direct 2022; 8:e1367. [PMID: 36204182 PMCID: PMC9529061 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet and β-cell function is intrinsic to glucose homeostasis. Pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (PIAT) for chronic pancreatitis (CP) treatment is a useful model for assessing islet function in the absence of immune-suppression and to perform extensive presurgical metabolic evaluations not possible from deceased donors. We recently showed that in CP-PIAT patients, preoperative islet identity loss presented with postoperative glycemic loss. Here, we examine presurgical islet function using Homeostatic Model Assessment-Beta Cell Function (%) (HOMA-β) and glycemic variables and compared them with postsurgical insulin independence and their predicted alignment with Secretory Unit of Islet Transplant Objects (SUITO) and beta cell score after transplantation (BETA-2) scores.
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14
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Grunddal KV, Trammell SAJ, Bæch-Laursen C, Andersen DB, Xu SFS, Andersen H, Gillum MP, Ghiasi SM, Novak I, Tyrberg B, Li C, Rosenkilde MM, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Kuhre RE. Opposing roles of the entero-pancreatic hormone urocortin-3 in glucose metabolism in rats. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1018-1031. [PMID: 35325259 PMCID: PMC9076751 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Urocortin-3 (UCN3) is a glucoregulatory peptide produced in the gut and pancreatic islets. The aim of this study was to clarify the acute effects of UCN3 on glucose regulation following an oral glucose challenge and to investigate the mechanisms involved. METHODS We studied the effect of UCN3 on blood glucose, gastric emptying, glucose absorption and secretion of gut and pancreatic hormones in male rats. To supplement these physiological studies, we mapped the expression of UCN3 and the UCN3-sensitive receptor, type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRHR2), by means of fluorescence in situ hybridisation and by gene expression analysis. RESULTS In rats, s.c. administration of UCN3 strongly inhibited gastric emptying and glucose absorption after oral administration of glucose. Direct inhibition of gastrointestinal motility may be responsible because UCN3's cognate receptor, CRHR2, was detected in gastric submucosal plexus and in interstitial cells of Cajal. Despite inhibited glucose absorption, post-challenge blood glucose levels matched those of rats given vehicle in the low-dose UCN3 group, because UCN3 concomitantly inhibited insulin secretion. Higher UCN3 doses did not further inhibit gastric emptying, but the insulin inhibition progressed resulting in elevated post-challenge glucose and lipolysis. Incretin hormones and somatostatin (SST) secretion from isolated perfused rat small intestine was unaffected by UCN3 infusion; however, UCN3 infusion stimulated secretion of somatostatin from delta cells in the isolated perfused rat pancreas which, unlike alpha cells and beta cells, expressed Crhr2. Conversely, acute antagonism of CRHR2 signalling increased insulin secretion by reducing SST signalling. Consistent with these observations, acute drug-induced inhibition of CRHR2 signalling improved glucose tolerance in rats to a similar degree as administration of glucagon-like peptide-1. UCN3 also powerfully inhibited glucagon secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas (perfused with 3.5 mmol/l glucose) in a SST-dependent manner, suggesting that UCN3 may be involved in glucose-induced inhibition of glucagon secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our combined data indicate that UCN3 is an important glucoregulatory hormone that acts through regulation of gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare V Grunddal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel A J Trammell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Bæch-Laursen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stella F S Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Andersen
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seyed M Ghiasi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chien Li
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark.
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15
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Abstract
The pancreatic β-cells are essential for regulating glucose homeostasis through the coordinated release of the insulin hormone. Dysfunction of the highly specialized β-cells results in diabetes mellitus, a growing global health epidemic. In this review, we describe the development and function of β-cells the emerging concept of heterogeneity within insulin-producing cells, and the potential of other cell types to assume β-cell functionality via transdifferentiation. We also discuss emerging routes to design cells with minimal β-cell properties and human stem cell differentiation efforts that carry the promise to restore normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanya Kerper
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sudipta Ashe
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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16
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Flisher MF, Shin D, Huising MO. Urocortin3: Local inducer of somatostatin release and bellwether of beta cell maturity. Peptides 2022; 151:170748. [PMID: 35065098 PMCID: PMC10881066 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin 3 (UCN3) is a peptide hormone expressed in pancreatic islets of Langerhans of both human alpha and human beta cells and solely in murine beta cells. UCN3 signaling acts locally within the islet to activate its cognate receptor, corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2), which is expressed by delta cells, to potentiate somatostatin (SST) negative feedback to reduce islet cell hormone output. The functional importance of UCN3 signaling in the islet is to modulate the amount of SST tone allowing for finely tuned regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion. UCN3 signaling is a hallmark of functional beta cell maturation, increasing the beta cell glucose threshold for insulin secretion. In doing so, UCN3 plays a relevant functional role in accurately maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Additionally, UCN3 acts as an indicator of beta cell maturation and health, as UCN3 is not expressed in immature beta cells and is downregulated in dedifferentiated and dysfunctional beta cell states. Here, we review the mechanistic underpinnings of UCN3 signaling, its net effect on islet cell hormone output, as well as its value as a marker for beta cell maturation and functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus F Flisher
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Donghan Shin
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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17
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Oppenländer L, Palit S, Stemmer K, Greisle T, Sterr M, Salinno C, Bastidas-Ponce A, Feuchtinger A, Böttcher A, Ansarullah, Theis FJ, Lickert H. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy triggers fast β-cell recovery upon overt diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101330. [PMID: 34500108 PMCID: PMC8487975 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effectiveness of bariatric surgery in restoring β-cell function has been described in type-2 diabetes (T2D) patients and animal models for years, whereas the mechanistic underpinnings are largely unknown. The possibility of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) to rescue far-progressed, clinically-relevant T2D and to promote β-cell recovery has not been investigated on a single-cell level. Nevertheless, characterization of the heterogeneity and functional states of β-cells after VSG is a fundamental step to understand mechanisms of glycaemic recovery and to ultimately develop alternative, less-invasive therapies. METHODS We performed VSG in late-stage diabetic db/db mice and analyzed the islet transcriptome using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Immunohistochemical analyses and quantification of β-cell area and proliferation complement our findings from scRNA-seq. RESULTS We report that VSG was superior to calorie restriction in late-stage T2D and rapidly restored normoglycaemia in morbidly obese and overt diabetic db/db mice. Single-cell profiling of islets of Langerhans showed that VSG induced distinct, intrinsic changes in the β-cell transcriptome, but not in that of α-, δ-, and PP-cells. VSG triggered fast β-cell redifferentiation and functional improvement within only two weeks of intervention, which is not seen upon calorie restriction. Furthermore, VSG expanded β-cell area by means of redifferentiation and by creating a proliferation competent β-cell state. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study reveals the superiority of VSG in the remission of far-progressed T2D and presents paths of β-cell regeneration and molecular pathways underlying the glycaemic benefits of VSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Oppenländer
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Subarna Palit
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Greisle
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ciro Salinno
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Core Facility Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anika Böttcher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ansarullah
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Nimkulrat SD, Bernstein MN, Ni Z, Brown J, Kendziorski C, Blum B. The Anna Karenina Model of β-Cell Maturation in Development and Their Dedifferentiation in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2058-2066. [PMID: 34417264 PMCID: PMC8576426 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mature β-cell function and identity, or β-cell dedifferentiation, is seen in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Two competing models explain β-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes. In the first model, β-cells dedifferentiate in the reverse order of their developmental ontogeny. This model predicts that dedifferentiated β-cells resemble β-cell progenitors. In the second model, β-cell dedifferentiation depends on the type of diabetogenic stress. This model, which we call the "Anna Karenina" model, predicts that in each type of diabetes, β-cells dedifferentiate in their own way, depending on how their mature identity is disrupted by any particular diabetogenic stress. We directly tested the two models using a β-cell-specific lineage-tracing system coupled with RNA sequencing in mice. We constructed a multidimensional map of β-cell transcriptional trajectories during the normal course of β-cell postnatal development and during their dedifferentiation in models of both type 1 diabetes (NOD) and type 2 diabetes (BTBR-Lepob/ob ). Using this unbiased approach, we show here that despite some similarities between immature and dedifferentiated β-cells, β-cell dedifferentiation in the two mouse models is not a reversal of developmental ontogeny and is different between different types of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutichot D Nimkulrat
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | | | - Zijian Ni
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jared Brown
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Barak Blum
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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19
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Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Meier M, Lickert H. Engineering islets from stem cells for advanced therapies of diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:920-940. [PMID: 34376833 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 460 million people worldwide. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by a hostile metabolic environment that leads to β-cell exhaustion and dysfunction. Currently, first-line medications treat the symptomatic insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, but do not prevent the progressive decline of β-cell mass and function. Thus, advanced therapies need to be developed that either protect or regenerate endogenous β-cell mass early in disease progression or replace lost β-cells with stem cell-derived β-like cells or engineered islet-like clusters. In this Review, we discuss the state of the art of stem cell differentiation and islet engineering, reflect on current and future challenges in the area and highlight the potential for cell replacement therapies, disease modelling and drug development using these cells. These efforts in stem cell and regenerative medicine will lay the foundations for future biomedical breakthroughs and potentially curative treatments for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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20
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Li F, Hu D, Dieter C, Ansong C, Sussel L, Orr G. Single Molecule-Based fliFISH Validates Radial and Heterogeneous Gene Expression Patterns in Pancreatic Islet β-Cells. Diabetes 2021; 70:1117-1122. [PMID: 33685924 PMCID: PMC8173798 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) technologies have greatly enhanced our understanding of islet cell transcriptomes and have revealed the existence of β-cell heterogeneity. However, comparison of scRNA-Seq data sets from different groups have highlighted inconsistencies in gene expression patterns, primarily due to variable detection of lower abundance transcripts. Furthermore, such analyses are unable to uncover the spatial organization of heterogeneous gene expression. In this study, we used fluctuation localization imaging-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (fliFISH) to quantify transcripts in single cells in mouse pancreatic islet sections. We compared the expression patterns of Insulin 2 (Ins2) with Mafa and Ucn3, two genes expressed in β-cells as they mature, as well as Rgs4, a factor with variably reported expression in the islet. This approach accurately quantified transcripts across a wide range of expression levels, from single copies to >100 copies/cell in one islet. Importantly, fliFISH allowed evaluation of transcript heterogeneity in the spatial context of an intact islet. These studies confirm the existence of a high degree of heterogeneous gene expression levels within the islet and highlight relative and radial expression patterns that likely reflect distinct β-cell maturation states along the radial axis of the islet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjia Li
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Cailin Dieter
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
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21
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Lee S, Zhang J, Saravanakumar S, Flisher MF, Grimm DR, van der Meulen T, Huising MO. Virgin β-Cells at the Neogenic Niche Proliferate Normally and Mature Slowly. Diabetes 2021; 70:1070-1083. [PMID: 33563657 PMCID: PMC8173805 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of pancreatic β-cells has long been known to reach its peak in the neonatal stages and decline during adulthood. However, β-cell proliferation has been studied under the assumption that all β-cells constitute a single, homogenous population. It is unknown whether a subpopulation of β-cells retains the capacity to proliferate at a higher rate and thus contributes disproportionately to the maintenance of mature β-cell mass in adults. We therefore assessed the proliferative capacity and turnover potential of virgin β-cells, a novel population of immature β-cells found at the islet periphery. We demonstrate that virgin β-cells can proliferate but do so at rates similar to those of mature β-cells from the same islet under normal and challenged conditions. Virgin β-cell proliferation rates also conform to the age-dependent decline previously reported for β-cells at large. We further show that virgin β-cells represent a long-lived, stable subpopulation of β-cells with low turnover into mature β-cells under healthy conditions. Our observations indicate that virgin β-cells at the islet periphery can divide but do not contribute disproportionately to the maintenance of adult β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Supraja Saravanakumar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Marcus F Flisher
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David R Grimm
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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22
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Sun ZY, Yu TY, Jiang FX, Wang W. Functional maturation of immature β cells: A roadblock for stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:193-207. [PMID: 33815669 PMCID: PMC8006013 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the specific destruction of pancreatic islet β cells and is characterized as the absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion. Current insulin replacement therapy supplies insulin in a non-physiological way and is associated with devastating complications. Experimental islet transplantation therapy has been proven to restore glucose homeostasis in people with severe T1DM. However, it is restricted by many factors such as severe shortage of donor sources, progressive loss of donor cells, high cost, etc. As pluripotent stem cells have the potential to give rise to all cells including islet β cells in the body, stem cell therapy for diabetes has attracted great attention in the academic community and the general public. Transplantation of islet β-like cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has the potential to be an excellent alternative to islet transplantation. In stem cell therapy, obtaining β cells with complete insulin secretion in vitro is crucial. However, after much research, it has been found that the β-like cells obtained by in vitro differentiation still have many defects, including lack of adult-type glucose stimulated insulin secretion, and multi-hormonal secretion, suggesting that in vitro culture does not allows for obtaining fully mature β-like cells for transplantation. A large number of studies have found that many transcription factors play important roles in the process of transforming immature to mature human islet β cells. Furthermore, PDX1, NKX6.1, SOX9, NGN3, PAX4, etc., are important in inducing hPSC differentiation in vitro. The absent or deficient expression of any of these key factors may lead to the islet development defect in vivo and the failure of stem cells to differentiate into genuine functional β-like cells in vitro. This article reviews β cell maturation in vivo and in vitro and the vital roles of key molecules in this process, in order to explore the current problems in stem cell therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting-Yan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fang-Xu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China.
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23
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Docherty FM, Sussel L. Islet Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073306. [PMID: 33804882 PMCID: PMC8037662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive loss of beta cell mass that contributes to impaired glucose homeostasis. Although an optimal treatment option would be to simply replace the lost cells, it is now well established that unlike many other organs, the adult pancreas has limited regenerative potential. For this reason, significant research efforts are focusing on methods to induce beta cell proliferation (replication of existing beta cells), promote beta cell formation from alternative endogenous cell sources (neogenesis), and/or generate beta cells from pluripotent stem cells. In this article, we will review (i) endogenous mechanisms of beta cell regeneration during steady state, stress and disease; (ii) efforts to stimulate endogenous regeneration and transdifferentiation; and (iii) exogenous methods of beta cell generation and transplantation.
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24
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Abstract
Insulin injection is currently the main therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) or late stage of severe type 2 diabetes (T2D). Human pancreatic islet transplantation confers a significant improvement in glycemic control and prevents life-threatening severe hypoglycemia in T1D patients. However, the shortage of cadaveric human islets limits their therapeutic potential. In addition, chronic immunosuppression, which is required to avoid rejection of transplanted islets, is associated with severe complications, such as an increased risk of malignancies and infections. Thus, there is a significant need for novel approaches to the large-scale generation of functional human islets protected from autoimmune rejection in order to ensure durable graft acceptance without immunosuppression. An important step in addressing this need is to strengthen our understanding of transplant immune tolerance mechanisms for both graft rejection and autoimmune rejection. Engineering of functional human pancreatic islets that can avoid attacks from host immune cells would provide an alternative safe resource for transplantation therapy. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a potentially limitless supply of cells because of their self-renewal ability and pluripotency. Therefore, studying immune tolerance induction in hPSC-derived human pancreatic islets will directly contribute toward the goal of generating a functional cure for insulin-dependent diabetes. In this review, we will discuss the current progress in the immune protection of stem cell-derived islet cell therapy for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Tahbaz
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eiji Yoshihara,
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25
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Yoshihara E, O'Connor C, Gasser E, Wei Z, Oh TG, Tseng TW, Wang D, Cayabyab F, Dai Y, Yu RT, Liddle C, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Immune-evasive human islet-like organoids ameliorate diabetes. Nature 2020; 586:606-611. [PMID: 32814902 PMCID: PMC7872080 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While stem cell-derived islets hold promise as a therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes, challenges remain in achieving this goal1–6. Here we generate human islet-like organoids (HILOs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and show that non-canonical WNT4 signaling drives the metabolic maturation necessary for robust ex vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These functionally mature HILOs contain endocrine-like cell types that, upon transplantation, rapidly re-establish glucose homeostasis in diabetic NOD-SCID mice. Overexpression of the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 protected HILO xenografts such that they were able to restore glucose homeostasis in immune-competent diabetic mice for 50 days. Furthermore, ex vivo interferon gamma stimulation induced endogenous PD-L1 expression and restricted T cell activation and graft rejection. The generation of glucose-responsive islet-like organoids able to avoid immune detection provides a promising alternative to cadaveric and device-dependent therapies in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zong Wei
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany W Tseng
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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26
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Huang JL, Lee S, Hoek P, van der Meulen T, Van R, Huising MO. Genetic deletion of Urocortin 3 does not prevent functional maturation of beta cells. J Endocrinol 2020; 246:69-78. [PMID: 32369775 PMCID: PMC7286360 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in generating functionally mature beta cells from stem cells, as loss of functional beta cell mass contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Identifying markers of beta cell maturity is therefore very helpful for distinguishing stem cells that have been successfully differentiated into fully mature beta cells from stem cells that did not. Urocortin 3 (UCN3) is a peptide hormone whose expression is associated with the acquisition of functional maturity in beta cells. The onset of its expression occurs after other beta cell maturity markers are already expressed and its loss marks the beginning of beta cell dedifferentiation. Its expression pattern is therefore tightly correlated with beta cell maturity. While this makes UCN3 an excellent marker of beta cell maturity, it is not established whether UCN3 is required for beta cell maturation. Here, we compared gene expression and function of beta cells from Ucn3-null mice relative to WT mice to determine whether beta cells are functionally mature in the absence of UCN3. Our results show that genetic deletion of Ucn3 does not cause a loss of beta cell maturity or an increase in beta cell dedifferentiation. Furthermore, virgin beta cells, first identified as insulin-expressing, UCN3-negative beta cells, can still be detected at the islet periphery in Ucn3-null mice. Beta cells from Ucn3-null mice also exhibit normal calcium response when exposed to high glucose. Collectively, these observations indicate that UCN3 is an excellent mature beta cell marker that is nevertheless not necessary for beta cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Pelle Hoek
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mark O. Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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27
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Yin Q, Ni Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li W, Nie A, Wang S, Gu Y, Wang Q, Ning G. Raptor determines β-cell identity and plasticity independent of hyperglycemia in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2538. [PMID: 32439909 PMCID: PMC7242325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised β-cell identity is emerging as an important contributor to β-cell failure in diabetes; however, the precise mechanism independent of hyperglycemia is under investigation. We have previously reported that mTORC1/Raptor regulates functional maturation in β-cells. In the present study, we find that diabetic β-cell specific Raptor-deficient mice (βRapKOGFP) show reduced β-cell mass, loss of β-cell identity and acquisition of α-cell features; which are not reversible upon glucose normalization. Deletion of Raptor directly impairs β-cell identity, mitochondrial metabolic coupling and protein synthetic activity, leading to β-cell failure. Moreover, loss of Raptor activates α-cell transcription factor MafB (via modulating C/EBPβ isoform ratio) and several α-cell enriched genes i.e. Etv1 and Tspan12, thus initiates β- to α-cell reprograming. The present findings highlight mTORC1 as a metabolic rheostat for stabilizing β-cell identity and repressing α-cell program at normoglycemic level, which might present therapeutic opportunities for treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Yin
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Aifang Nie
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Tyler SR, Rotti PG, Sun X, Yi Y, Xie W, Winter MC, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Tucker BA, Mullins RF, Norris AW, Engelhardt JF. PyMINEr Finds Gene and Autocrine-Paracrine Networks from Human Islet scRNA-Seq. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1951-1964.e8. [PMID: 30759402 PMCID: PMC6394844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toolsets available for in-depth analysis of scRNA-seq datasets by biologists with little informatics experience is limited. Here, we describe an informatics tool (PyMINEr) that fully automates cell type identification, cell type-specific pathway analyses, graph theory-based analysis of gene regulation, and detection of autocrine-paracrine signaling networks in silico. We applied PyMINEr to interrogate human pancreatic islet scRNA-seq datasets and discovered several features of co-expression graphs, including concordance of scRNA-seq-graph structure with both protein-protein interactions and 3D genomic architecture, association of high-connectivity and low-expression genes with cell type enrichment, and potential for the graph structure to clarify potential etiologies of enigmatic disease-associated variants. We further created a consensus co-expression network and autocrine-paracrine signaling networks within and across islet cell types from seven datasets. PyMINEr correctly identified changes in BMP-WNT signaling associated with cystic fibrosis pancreatic acinar cell loss. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the PyMINEr framework will be a valuable resource for scRNA-seq analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Pavana G Rotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; College of Engineering, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xingshen Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yaling Yi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Weiliang Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael C Winter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Miles J Flamme-Wiese
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Center for Gene Therapy, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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29
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Tremmel DM, Mitchell SA, Sackett SD, Odorico JS. Mimicking nature-made beta cells: recent advances towards stem cell-derived islets. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 24:574-81. [PMID: 31433306 DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell-derived islets are likely to be useful as a future treatment for diabetes. However, the field has been limited in the ability to generate β-like cells with both phenotypic maturation and functional glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that is similar to primary human islets. The field must also establish a reliable method of delivering the cells to patients while promoting rapid in-vivo engraftment and function. Overcoming these barriers to β cell differentiation and transplantation will be key to bring this therapy to the clinic. RECENT FINDINGS The ability to generate stem cell-derived β-like cells capable of dynamic glucose-responsive insulin secretion, as well as β-like cells expressing key maturation genes has recently been demonstrated by several groups. Other groups have explored the potential of vascularized subcutaneous transplant sites, as well as endothelial cell co-transplant to support β cell survival and function following transplantation. SUMMARY The generation of stem cell-derived islets with dynamic glucose-responsive insulin secretion has brought the field closer to clinical translation, but there is still need for improving insulin content and secretory capacity, as well as understanding the factors affecting variable consistency and heterogeneity of the islet-like clusters. Other questions remain regarding how to address safety, immunogenicity and transplantation site moving forward.
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30
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Lee H, Lee YS, Harenda Q, Pietrzak S, Oktay HZ, Schreiber S, Liao Y, Sonthalia S, Ciecko AE, Chen YG, Keles S, Sridharan R, Engin F. Beta Cell Dedifferentiation Induced by IRE1α Deletion Prevents Type 1 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:822-836.e5. [PMID: 32220307 PMCID: PMC7346095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells causes type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, how β cells participate in their own destruction during the disease process is poorly understood. Here, we report that modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) in β cells of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by deleting the UPR sensor IRE1α prior to insulitis induced a transient dedifferentiation of β cells, resulting in substantially reduced islet immune cell infiltration and β cell apoptosis. Single-cell and whole-islet transcriptomics analyses of immature β cells revealed remarkably diminished expression of β cell autoantigens and MHC class I components, and upregulation of immune inhibitory markers. IRE1α-deficient mice exhibited significantly fewer cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in their pancreata, and adoptive transfer of their total T cells did not induce diabetes in Rag1-/- mice. Our results indicate that inducing β cell dedifferentiation, prior to insulitis, allows these cells to escape immune-mediated destruction and may be used as a novel preventive strategy for T1D in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Quincy Harenda
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stefan Pietrzak
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hülya Zeynep Oktay
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sierra Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yian Liao
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shreyash Sonthalia
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ashley E Ciecko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics and Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rupa Sridharan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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31
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Zhao L, Wang L, Aierken R, Wang W, Wang X, Li M. Characterization of Insulin and Glucagon Genes and Their Producing Endocrine Cells From Pygmy Sperm Whale ( Kogia breviceps). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:174. [PMID: 32296396 PMCID: PMC7137828 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by pancreatic β and α cells, respectively, which together regulate glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation of insulin or glucagon can result in loss of blood glucose control, characterized by hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. To better understand the endocrine physiology of cetaceans, we cloned and characterized the insulin and glucagon genes from pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). We obtained the complete coding sequences of the preproinsulin and preproglucagon genes, which encodes the preproinsulin protein of 110 amino acid (aa) residues and encodes the preproglucagon protein of 179 aa residues, respectively. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that protein structures were similar to other mammalian orthologs. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining using insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin antibodies allowed analysis of pygmy sperm whale islet distribution, architecture, and composition. Our results showed the pygmy sperm whale islet was irregularly shaped and randomly distributed throughout the pancreas. The architecture of α, β, and δ cells of the pygmy sperm whale was similar to that of artiodactyls species. This is the first report about insulin and glucagon genes in cetaceans, which provides new information about the structural conservation of the insulin and glucagon genes. Furthermore, offers novel information on the properties of endocrine cells in cetacean for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Likun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Reyilamu Aierken
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianyan Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Xianyan Wang
| | - Mingyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Mingyu Li
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32
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Melnik BC. Milk exosomal miRNAs: potential drivers of AMPK-to-mTORC1 switching in β-cell de-differentiation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:85. [PMID: 31827573 PMCID: PMC6898964 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) steadily increases in prevalence since the 1950's, the period of widespread distribution of refrigerated pasteurized cow's milk. Whereas breastfeeding protects against the development of T2DM in later life, accumulating epidemiological evidence underlines the role of cow's milk consumption in T2DM. Recent studies in rodent models demonstrate that during the breastfeeding period pancreatic β-cells are metabolically immature and preferentially proliferate by activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Weaning determines a metabolic switch of β-cells from a proliferating, immature phenotype with low insulin secretion to a differentiated mature phenotype with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, less proliferation, reduced mTORC1- but increased AMPK activity. Translational evidence presented in this perspective implies for the first time that termination of milk miRNA transfer is the driver of this metabolic switch. miRNA-148a is a key inhibitor of AMPK and phosphatase and tensin homolog, crucial suppressors of mTORC1. β-Cells of diabetic patients return to the postnatal phenotype with high mTORC1 and low AMPK activity, explained by continuous transfer of bovine milk miRNAs to the human milk consumer. Bovine milk miRNA-148a apparently promotes β-cell de-differentiation to the immature mTORC1-high/AMPK-low phenotype with functional impairments in insulin secretion, increased mTORC1-driven endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced autophagy and early β-cell apoptosis. In contrast to pasteurized cow's milk, milk's miRNAs are inactivated by bacterial fermentation, boiling and ultra-heat treatment and are missing in current infant formula. Persistent milk miRNA signaling adds a new perspective to the pathogenesis of T2DM and explains the protective role of breastfeeding but the diabetogenic effect of continued milk miRNA signaling by persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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33
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Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a complex mini organ composed of a variety of endocrine cells and their support cells, which together tightly control blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in glucose concentration are commonly regarded as the chief signal controlling insulin-secreting beta cells, glucagon-secreting alpha cells and somatostatin-secreting delta cells. However, each of these cell types is highly responsive to a multitude of endocrine, paracrine, nutritional and neural inputs, which collectively shape the final endocrine output of the islet. Here, we review the principal inputs for each islet-cell type and the physiological circumstances in which these signals arise, through the prism of the insights generated by the transcriptomes of each of the major endocrine-cell types. A comprehensive integration of the factors that influence blood glucose homeostasis is essential to successfully improve therapeutic strategies for better diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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34
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Salinno C, Cota P, Bastidas-Ponce A, Tarquis-Medina M, Lickert H, Bakhti M. β-Cell Maturation and Identity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5417. [PMID: 31671683 PMCID: PMC6861993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase of patients with diabetes mellitus urges for novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the socioeconomic burden of this disease. The loss or dysfunction of insulin-producing β-cells, in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes respectively, put these cells at the center of the disease initiation and progression. Therefore, major efforts have been taken to restore the β-cell mass by cell-replacement or regeneration approaches. Implementing novel therapies requires deciphering the developmental mechanisms that generate β-cells and determine the acquisition of their physiological phenotype. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms that coordinate the postnatal maturation of β-cells and define their functional identity. Furthermore, we discuss different routes by which β-cells lose their features and functionality in type 1 and 2 diabetic conditions. We then focus on potential mechanisms to restore the functionality of those β-cell populations that have lost their functional phenotype. Finally, we discuss the recent progress and remaining challenges facing the generation of functional mature β-cells from stem cells for cell-replacement therapy for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Salinno
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Perla Cota
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Marta Tarquis-Medina
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
Urocortins (Ucns), peptides belonging to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family, are classified into Ucn1, Ucn2, and Ucn3. They are involved in regulating several body functions by binding to two G protein-coupled receptors: receptor type 1 (CRHR1) and type 2 (CRHR2). In this review, we provide a historical overview of research on Ucns and their receptors in the mammalian endocrine system. Although the literature on the topic is limited, we focused our attention particularly on the main role of Ucns and their receptors in regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and thyroid axes, reproductive organs, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and other tissues characterized by “diffuse” endocrine cells in mammals. The prominent function of these peptides in health conditions led us to also hypothesize an action of Ucn agonists/antagonists in stress and in various diseases with its critical consequences on behavior and physiology. The potential role of the urocortinergic system is an intriguing topic that deserves further in-depth investigations to develop novel strategies for preventing stress-related conditions and treating endocrine diseases.
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36
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the pancreatic microenvironment which regulates β cell proliferation, differentiation, and insulin secretion. Protocols have recently been developed for the decellularization of the human pancreas to generate functional scaffolds and hydrogels. In this work, we characterized human pancreatic ECM composition before and after decellularization using isobaric dimethylated leucine (DiLeu) labeling for relative quantification of ECM proteins. A novel correction factor was employed in the study to eliminate the bias introduced during sample preparation. In comparison to the commonly employed sample preparation methods (urea and FASP) for proteomic analysis, a recently developed surfactant and chaotropic agent assisted sequential extraction/on pellet digestion (SCAD) protocol has provided an improved strategy for ECM protein extraction of human pancreatic ECM matrix. The quantitative proteomic results revealed the preservation of matrisome proteins while most of the cellular proteins were removed. This method was compared with a well-established label-free quantification (LFQ) approach which rendered similar expressions of different categories of proteins (collagens, ECM glycoproteins, proteoglycans, etc.). The distinct expression of ECM proteins was quantified comparing adult and fetal pancreas ECM, shedding light on the correlation between matrix composition and postnatal β cell maturation. Despite the distinct profiles of different subcategories in the native pancreas, the distribution of matrisome proteins exhibited similar trends after the decellularization process. Our method generated a large data set of matrisome proteins from a single tissue type. These results provide valuable insight into the possibilities of constructing a bioengineered pancreas. It may also facilitate better understanding of the potential roles that matrisome proteins play in postnatal β cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Daniel M Tremmel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Sara Dutton Sackett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Jon S Odorico
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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37
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Beamish CA, Gaber AO, Afshar SF, Fraga DW, Hamilton DJ, Sabek OM. Variability in endocrine cell identity in patients with chronic pancreatitis undergoing islet autotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1568-1576. [PMID: 30372580 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Beta-cell dedifferentiation as shown by cellular colocalization of insulin with glucagon and/or vimentin, and decreased expression of MAFA and/or urocortin3 has been suggested to contribute to metabolic decompensation in type 2 diabetes, and was recently described postimplantation in islet allotransplant patients. Dysglycaemia and diabetes mellitus are often encountered preoperatively in patients undergoing pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (PIAT). In this series of case reports, we document variation in islet phenotypic identity in three patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) without diabetes or significant insulin resistance who subsequently underwent PIAT. Pancreas histology was examined using colocalization of endocrine hormones, mesenchymal and pan-endocrine markers in islets, and the relative expression of MAFA and urocortin3 in insulin-expressing cells as compared to that of nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic donors. We present results of pre- and posttransplant clinical metabolic testing. Varying degrees of islet-cell dedifferentiation are identified in nondiabetic patients with CP at the time of PIAT, and may need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Osama Gaber
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Solmaz F Afshar
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel W Fraga
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Omaima M Sabek
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Cell and Microbiology Biology, Weill Cornell Medical Biology, New York, New York
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38
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Wilson CS, Spaeth JM, Karp J, Stocks BT, Hoopes EM, Stein RW, Moore DJ. B lymphocytes protect islet β cells in diabetes prone NOD mice treated with imatinib. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125317. [PMID: 30964447 PMCID: PMC6538336 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib (Gleevec) reverses type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice and is currently in clinical trials in individuals with recent-onset disease. While research has demonstrated that imatinib protects islet β cells from the harmful effects of ER stress, the role the immune system plays in its reversal of T1D has been less well understood, and specific cellular immune targets have not been identified. In this study, we demonstrate that B lymphocytes, an immune subset that normally drives diabetes pathology, are unexpectedly required for reversal of hyperglycemia in NOD mice treated with imatinib. In the presence of B lymphocytes, reversal was linked to an increase in serum insulin concentration, but not an increase in islet β cell mass or proliferation. However, improved β cell function was reflected by a partial recovery of MafA transcription factor expression, a sensitive marker of islet β cell stress that is important to adult β cell function. Imatinib treatment was found to increase the antioxidant capacity of B lymphocytes, improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling in NOD islets. This study reveals a novel mechanism through which imatinib enables B lymphocytes to orchestrate functional recovery of T1D β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason M. Spaeth
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jay Karp
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Blair T. Stocks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emilee M. Hoopes
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roland W. Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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39
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Abstract
The role of beta and α-cells to glucose control are established, but the physiological role of δ-cells is poorly understood. Delta-cells are ideally positioned within pancreatic islets to modulate insulin and glucagon secretion at their source. We review the evidence for a negative feedback loop between delta and β-cells that determines the blood glucose set point and suggest that local δ-cell-mediated feedback stabilizes glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jessica L Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Mohammad S Pourhosseinzadeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
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40
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Kavalakatt S, Khadir A, Madhu D, Hammad M, Devarajan S, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F, Tuomilehto J, Tiss A. Urocortin 3 Levels Are Impaired in Overweight Humans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes and Modulated by Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:762. [PMID: 31781037 PMCID: PMC6851015 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin3 (UCN3) regulates metabolic functions and is involved in cellular stress response. Although UCN3 is expressed in human adipose tissue, the association of UCN3 with obesity and diabetes remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and increased body weight on the circulatory and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) levels of UCN3 and assessed UCN3 modulation by a regular physical exercise. Normal-weight (n = 37) and overweight adults with and without T2D (n = 98 and n = 107, respectively) were enrolled in the study. A subset of the overweight subjects (n = 39 for each group) underwent a supervised 3-month exercise program combining both moderate intensity aerobic exercise and resistance training with treadmill. UCN3 levels in SAT were measured by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Circulatory UCN3 in plasma was assessed by ELISA and was correlated with various clinical and metabolic markers. Our data revealed that plasma UCN3 levels decreased in overweight subjects without T2D compared with normal-weight controls [median; 11.99 (0.78-86.07) and 6.27 (0.64-77.04), respectively; p < 0.001], whereas plasma UCN3 levels increased with concomitant T2D [median; 9.03 (0.77-104.92) p < 0.001]. UCN3 plasma levels were independently associated with glycemic index; fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (r = 0.16 and r = 0.20, p < 0.05, respectively) and were significantly different between both overweight, with and without T2D, and normal-weight individuals (OR = 2.11 [1.84-4.11, 95% CI] and OR = 2.12 [1.59-3.10, 95% CI], p < 0.01, respectively). Conversely, the UCN3 patterns observed in SAT were opposite to those in circulation; UCN3 levels were significantly increased with body weight and decreased with T2D. After a 3-month supervised exercise protocol, UCN3 expression showed a significant reduction in SAT of both overweight groups (2.3 and 1.6-fold change; p < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, UCN levels are differentially dysregulated in obesity in a tissue-dependent manner and can be mitigated by regular moderate physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kavalakatt
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdelkrim Khadir
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Dhanya Madhu
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maha Hammad
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Jehad Abubaker
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Tiss
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Ali Tiss
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41
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Dedic N, Chen A, Deussing JM. The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors - Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:4-31. [PMID: 28260504 PMCID: PMC5930453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170302104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated stress neurocircuits, caused by genetic and/or environmental changes, underlie the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiological activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and conse-quently a primary regulator of the mammalian stress response. Together with its three family members, urocortins (UCNs) 1, 2, and 3, CRF integrates the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and behavioral responses to stress by activating its cognate receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2. Objective: Here we review the past and current state of the CRF/CRFR field, ranging from pharmacologi-cal studies to genetic mouse models and virus-mediated manipulations. Results: Although it is well established that CRF/CRFR1 signaling mediates aversive responses, includ-ing anxiety and depression-like behaviors, a number of recent studies have challenged this viewpoint by revealing anxiolytic and appetitive properties of specific CRF/CRFR1 circuits. In contrast, the UCN/CRFR2 system is less well understood and may possibly also exert divergent functions on physiol-ogy and behavior depending on the brain region, underlying circuit, and/or experienced stress conditions. Conclusion: A plethora of available genetic tools, including conventional and conditional mouse mutants targeting CRF system components, has greatly advanced our understanding about the endogenous mecha-nisms underlying HPA system regulation and CRF/UCN-related neuronal circuits involved in stress-related behaviors. Yet, the detailed pathways and molecular mechanisms by which the CRF/UCN-system translates negative or positive stimuli into the final, integrated biological response are not completely un-derstood. The utilization of future complementary methodologies, such as cell-type specific Cre-driver lines, viral and optogenetic tools will help to further dissect the function of genetically defined CRF/UCN neurocircuits in the context of adaptive and maladaptive stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
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Kalwat MA, Hwang IH, Macho J, Grzemska MG, Yang JZ, McGlynn K, MacMillan JB, Cobb MH. Chromomycin A 2 potently inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1747-1757. [PMID: 30352794 PMCID: PMC6279362 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that target insulin secretion are useful to understand β cell function and the pathogenesis of diabetes. Kalwat et al. investigate an aureolic acid that inhibits insulin secretion and reveal that it disrupts Wnt signaling, interferes with gene expression, and suppresses Ca2+ influx in β cells. Modulators of insulin secretion could be used to treat diabetes and as tools to investigate β cell regulatory pathways in order to increase our understanding of pancreatic islet function. Toward this goal, we previously used an insulin-linked luciferase that is cosecreted with insulin in MIN6 β cells to perform a high-throughput screen of natural products for chronic effects on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In this study, using multiple phenotypic analyses, we found that one of the top natural product hits, chromomycin A2 (CMA2), potently inhibited insulin secretion by at least three potential mechanisms: disruption of Wnt signaling, interference of β cell gene expression, and partial suppression of Ca2+ influx. Chronic treatment with CMA2 largely ablated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even after washout, but it did not inhibit glucose-stimulated generation of ATP or Ca2+ influx. However, by using the KATP channel opener diazoxide, we uncovered defects in depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx that may contribute to the suppressed secretory response. Glucose-responsive ERK1/2 and S6 phosphorylation were also disrupted by chronic CMA2 treatment. By querying the FUSION bioinformatic database, we revealed that the phenotypic effects of CMA2 cluster with a number of Wnt–GSK3 pathway-related genes. Furthermore, CMA2 consistently decreased GSK3β phosphorylation and suppressed activation of a β-catenin activity reporter. CMA2 and a related compound, mithramycin, are known to have DNA interaction properties, possibly abrogating transcription factor binding to critical β cell gene promoters. We observed that CMA2 but not mithramycin suppressed expression of PDX1 and UCN3. However, neither expression of INSI/II nor insulin content was affected by chronic CMA2. The mechanisms of CMA2-induced insulin secretion defects may involve components both proximal and distal to Ca2+ influx. Therefore, CMA2 is an example of a chemical that can simultaneously disrupt β cell function through both noncytotoxic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Future therapeutic applications of CMA2 and similar aureolic acid analogues should consider their potential effects on pancreatic islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - In Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Jocelyn Macho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Magdalena G Grzemska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jonathan Z Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kathleen McGlynn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Mahmoud AI, Galdos FX, Dinan KA, Jedrychowski MP, Davis JC, Vujic A, Rachmin I, Shigley C, Pancoast JR, Lee S, Hollister-Lock J, MacGillivray CM, Gygi SP, Melton DA, Weir GC, Lee RT. Apolipoprotein E is a pancreatic extracellular factor that maintains mature β-cell gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204595. [PMID: 30303984 PMCID: PMC6179231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo microenvironment of tissues provides myriad unique signals to cells. Thus, following isolation, many cell types change in culture, often preserving some but not all of their in vivo characteristics in culture. At least some of the in vivo microenvironment may be mimicked by providing specific cues to cultured cells. Here, we show that after isolation and during maintenance in culture, adherent rat islets reduce expression of key β-cell transcription factors necessary for β-cell function and that soluble pancreatic decellularized matrix (DCM) can enhance β-cell gene expression. Following chromatographic fractionation of pancreatic DCM, we performed proteomics to identify soluble factors that can maintain β-cell stability and function. We identified Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as an extracellular protein that significantly increased the expression of key β-cell genes. The ApoE effect on beta cells was mediated at least in part through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Together, these results reveal a role for ApoE as an extracellular factor that can maintain the mature β-cell gene expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Mahmoud
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Francisco X. Galdos
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Dinan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Jedrychowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Davis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ana Vujic
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Christian Shigley
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James R. Pancoast
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Samuel Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. MacGillivray
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ceasrine AM, Lin EE, Lumelsky DN, Iyer R, Kuruvilla R. Adrb2 controls glucose homeostasis by developmental regulation of pancreatic islet vasculature. eLife 2018; 7:39689. [PMID: 30303066 PMCID: PMC6200393 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of processes controlling the development and function of pancreatic islets is critical for diabetes prevention and treatment. Here, we reveal a previously unappreciated function for pancreatic β2-adrenergic receptors (Adrb2) in controlling glucose homeostasis by restricting islet vascular growth during development. Pancreas-specific deletion of Adrb2 results in glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion in mice, and unexpectedly, specifically in females. The metabolic phenotypes were recapitulated by Adrb2 deletion from neonatal, but not adult, β-cells. Mechanistically, Adrb2 loss increases production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) in female neonatal β-cells and results in hyper-vascularized islets during development, which in turn, disrupts insulin production and exocytosis. Neonatal correction of islet hyper-vascularization, via VEGF-A receptor blockade, fully rescues functional deficits in glucose homeostasis in adult mutant mice. These findings uncover a regulatory pathway that functions in a sex-specific manner to control glucose metabolism by restraining excessive vascular growth during islet development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Eugene E Lin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - David N Lumelsky
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
We recently discovered a novel subset of beta cells that resemble immature beta cells during pancreas development. We named these "virgin" beta cells as they do not stem from existing mature beta cells. Virgin beta cells are found exclusively at the islet periphery in areas that we therefore designated as the "neogenic niche." As beta cells are our only source of insulin, their loss leads to diabetes. Islets also contain glucagon-producing alpha cells and somatostatin-producing delta cells, that are important for glucose homeostasis and form a mantle surrounding the beta cell core. This 3D architecture is important and determines access to blood flow and innervation. We propose that the distinctive islet architecture may also play an important, but hitherto unappreciated role in generation of new endocrine cells, including beta cells. We discuss several predictions to further test the contribution of the neogenic niche to beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss advances in our understanding of beta-cell heterogeneity and the ramifications of this for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its therapy. RECENT FINDINGS A number of studies have challenged the long-standing dogma that the majority of beta cells are eliminated in T1D. As many as 80% are present in some T1D subjects. Why don't these cells function properly to release insulin in response to high glucose? Other findings deploying single-cell "omics" to study both healthy and diseased cells-from patients with both T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D)-have revealed cell subpopulations and heterogeneity at the transcriptomic/protein level between individual cells. Finally, our own and others' findings have demonstrated the importance of functional beta-cell subpopulations for insulin secretion. Heterogeneity may endow beta cells with molecular features that predispose them to failure/death during T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. P. Benninger
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Craig Dorrell
- 0000 0000 9758 5690grid.5288.7Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - David J. Hodson
- 0000 0004 1936 7486grid.6572.6Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
- COMPARE, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
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Stengel A, Taché Y. Gut-Brain Neuroendocrine Signaling Under Conditions of Stress-Focus on Food Intake-Regulatory Mediators. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:498. [PMID: 30210455 PMCID: PMC6122076 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis represents a bidirectional communication route between the gut and the central nervous system comprised of neuronal as well as humoral signaling. This system plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal as well as homeostatic functions such as hunger and satiety. Recent years also witnessed an increased knowledge on the modulation of this axis under conditions of exogenous or endogenous stressors. The present review will discuss the alterations of neuroendocrine gut-brain signaling under conditions of stress and the respective implications for the regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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49
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Adams MT, Gilbert JM, Hinojosa Paiz J, Bowman FM, Blum B. Endocrine cell type sorting and mature architecture in the islets of Langerhans require expression of Roundabout receptors in β cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10876. [PMID: 30022126 PMCID: PMC6052079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans display characteristic spatial architecture of their endocrine cell types. This architecture is critical for cell-cell communication and coordinated hormone secretion. Islet architecture is disrupted in type-2 diabetes. Moreover, the generation of architecturally correct islets in vitro remains a challenge in regenerative approaches to type-1 diabetes. Although the characteristic islet architecture is well documented, the mechanisms controlling its formation remain obscure. Here, we report that correct endocrine cell type sorting and the formation of mature islet architecture require the expression of Roundabout (Robo) receptors in β cells. Mice with whole-body deletion of Robo1 and conditional deletion of Robo2 either in all endocrine cells or selectively in β cells show complete loss of endocrine cell type sorting, highlighting the importance of β cells as the primary organizer of islet architecture. Conditional deletion of Robo in mature β cells subsequent to islet formation results in a similar phenotype. Finally, we provide evidence to suggest that the loss of islet architecture in Robo KO mice is not due to β cell transdifferentiation, cell death or loss of β cell differentiation or maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Adams
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer M Gilbert
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jesus Hinojosa Paiz
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Faith M Bowman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Barak Blum
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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50
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Buenafe AC, Streeter PR. Humanised recombinant antibody fragments bind human pancreatic islet cells. J Immunol Methods 2018; 459:20-28. [PMID: 29758224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the humanisation of two mouse monoclonal antibodies that bind to surface markers on human pancreatic islet endocrine cells. Monoclonal antibodies produced by the HIC1-2B4 and HIC0-4F9 mouse hybridomas bind distinct surface molecules expressed on endocrine cells and have been validated for a number of experimental methods including immunohistochemistry and live cell sorting by flow cytometry. Variable region framework and first constant region domain sequences were replaced with that from compatible human antibody sequences, and the resulting recombinant antigen-binding fragments were cloned and expressed in mouse myeloma cells. ELISA, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to assess the specificity of the humanised antibody fragments. Purification and binding analyses indicated that human islet endocrine cell binding was retained in the humanised antibody fragments. These humanised, recombinant antibody fragments have a lower risk of eliciting adverse responses from a patient's immune system and, therefore, have highly improved clinical potential. Thus, they may be used to image, target or carry cargo specifically to islet cells in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Buenafe
- Department of Pediatrics, Pape' Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Philip R Streeter
- Department of Pediatrics, Pape' Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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