1
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Barsby T, Vähäkangas E, Ustinov J, Montaser H, Ibrahim H, Lithovius V, Kuuluvainen E, Chandra V, Saarimäki-Vire J, Katajisto P, Hietakangas V, Otonkoski T. Aberrant metabolite trafficking and fuel sensitivity in human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112970. [PMID: 37556323 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets regulate blood glucose homeostasis through the controlled release of insulin; however, current metabolic models of glucose-sensitive insulin secretion are incomplete. A comprehensive understanding of islet metabolism is integral to studies of endocrine cell development as well as diabetic islet dysfunction. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) are a developmentally relevant model of human islet function that have great potential in providing a cure for type 1 diabetes. Using multiple 13C-labeled metabolic fuels, we demonstrate that SC-islets show numerous divergent patterns of metabolite trafficking in proposed insulin release pathways compared with primary human islets but are still reliant on mitochondrial aerobic metabolism to derive function. Furthermore, reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and glycolytic metabolite cycling occur in SC-islets, suggesting that non-canonical coupling factors are also present. In aggregate, we show that many facets of SC-islet metabolism overlap with those of primary islets, albeit with a retained immature signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Barsby
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eliisa Vähäkangas
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hossam Montaser
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Väinö Lithovius
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia Kuuluvainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Balboa D, Barsby T, Lithovius V, Saarimäki-Vire J, Omar-Hmeadi M, Dyachok O, Montaser H, Lund PE, Yang M, Ibrahim H, Näätänen A, Chandra V, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Kvist J, Ustinov J, Nieminen AI, Kuuluvainen E, Hietakangas V, Katajisto P, Lau J, Carlsson PO, Barg S, Tengholm A, Otonkoski T. Functional, metabolic and transcriptional maturation of human pancreatic islets derived from stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1042-1055. [PMID: 35241836 PMCID: PMC9287162 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells is a promising treatment for diabetes. Despite progress in the generation of stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets), no detailed characterization of their functional properties has been conducted. Here, we generated functionally mature SC-islets using an optimized protocol and benchmarked them comprehensively against primary adult islets. Biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion developed during in vitro maturation, associated with cytoarchitectural reorganization and the increasing presence of alpha cells. Electrophysiology, signaling and exocytosis of SC-islets were similar to those of adult islets. Glucose-responsive insulin secretion was achieved despite differences in glycolytic and mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Single-cell transcriptomics of SC-islets in vitro and throughout 6 months of engraftment in mice revealed a continuous maturation trajectory culminating in a transcriptional landscape closely resembling that of primary islets. Our thorough evaluation of SC-islet maturation highlights their advanced degree of functionality and supports their use in further efforts to understand and combat diabetes. Pancreatic islets derived from stem cells are benchmarked against primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom Barsby
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Väinö Lithovius
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Oleg Dyachok
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hossam Montaser
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Eric Lund
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Näätänen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Kvist
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni I Nieminen
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia Kuuluvainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Barg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Balboa D, Saarimäki-Vire J, Borshagovski D, Survila M, Lindholm P, Galli E, Eurola S, Ustinov J, Grym H, Huopio H, Partanen J, Wartiovaara K, Otonkoski T. Insulin mutations impair beta-cell development in a patient-derived iPSC model of neonatal diabetes. eLife 2018; 7:38519. [PMID: 30412052 PMCID: PMC6294552 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin gene mutations are a leading cause of neonatal diabetes. They can lead to proinsulin misfolding and its retention in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This results in increased ER-stress suggested to trigger beta-cell apoptosis. In humans, the mechanisms underlying beta-cell failure remain unclear. Here we show that misfolded proinsulin impairs developing beta-cell proliferation without increasing apoptosis. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from people carrying insulin (INS) mutations, engineered isogenic CRISPR-Cas9 mutation-corrected lines and differentiated them to beta-like cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis showed increased ER-stress and reduced proliferation in INS-mutant beta-like cells compared with corrected controls. Upon transplantation into mice, INS-mutant grafts presented reduced insulin secretion and aggravated ER-stress. Cell size, mTORC1 signaling, and respiratory chain subunits expression were all reduced in INS-mutant beta-like cells, yet apoptosis was not increased at any stage. Our results demonstrate that neonatal diabetes-associated INS-mutations lead to defective beta-cell mass expansion, contributing to diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mantas Survila
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia Galli
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Solja Eurola
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Grym
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Huopio
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirmo Wartiovaara
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Hakonen E, Chandra V, Fogarty CL, Yu NYL, Ustinov J, Katayama S, Galli E, Danilova T, Lindholm P, Vartiainen A, Einarsdottir E, Krjutškov K, Kere J, Saarma M, Lindahl M, Otonkoski T. MANF protects human pancreatic beta cells against stress-induced cell death. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2202-2214. [PMID: 30032427 PMCID: PMC6133171 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There is a great need to identify factors that could protect pancreatic beta cells against apoptosis or stimulate their replication and thus prevent or reverse the development of diabetes. One potential candidate is mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducible protein. Manf knockout mice used as a model of diabetes develop the condition because of increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation of beta cells, apparently related to ER stress. Given this novel association between MANF and beta cell death, we studied the potential of MANF to protect human beta cells against experimentally induced ER stress. METHODS Primary human islets were challenged with proinflammatory cytokines, with or without MANF. Cell viability was analysed and global transcriptomic analysis performed. Results were further validated using the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1. RESULTS There was increased expression and secretion of MANF in human beta cells in response to cytokines. Addition of recombinant human MANF reduced cytokine-induced cell death by 38% in human islets (p < 0.05). MANF knockdown in EndoC-βH1 cells led to increased ER stress after cytokine challenge. Mechanistic studies showed that the protective effect of MANF was associated with repression of the NF-κB signalling pathway and amelioration of ER stress. MANF also increased the proliferation of primary human beta cells twofold when TGF-β signalling was inhibited (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our studies show that exogenous MANF protein can provide protection to human beta cells against death induced by inflammatory stress. The antiapoptotic and mitogenic properties of MANF make it a potential therapeutic agent for beta cell protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Nancy Yiu-Lin Yu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emilia Galli
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana Danilova
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Vartiainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juha Kere
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mart Saarma
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Lindahl
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Dash SN, Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Otonkoski T, Andersson O, Lehtonen S. sept7b is required for the differentiation of pancreatic endocrine progenitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24992. [PMID: 27114183 PMCID: PMC4845001 DOI: 10.1038/srep24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection or restoration of pancreatic β-cell mass as a therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes requires understanding of the mechanisms that drive the specification and development of pancreatic endocrine cells. Septins are filamentous small GTPases that function in the regulation of cell division, cytoskeletal organization and membrane remodeling, and are involved in various tissue-specific developmental processes. However, their role in pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation remains unknown. Here we show by functional manipulation techniques in transgenic zebrafish lines that suppression of sept7b, the zebrafish ortholog of human SEPT7, profoundly increases the number of endocrine progenitors but limits their differentiation, leading to reduction in β- and α-cell mass. Furthermore, we discovered that shh (sonic hedgehog) expression in the endoderm, essential for the development of pancreatic progenitors of the dorsal pancreatic bud, is absent in larvae depleted of sept7b. We also discovered that sept7b is important for the differentiation of ventral pancreatic bud-derived cells: sept7b-depleted larvae exhibit downregulation of Notch receptors notch1a and notch1b and show precocious differentiation of NeuroD-positive endocrine cells in the intrapancreatic duct and gut epithelium. Collectively, this study provides a novel insight into the development of pancreatic endocrine progenitors, revealing an essential role for sept7b in endocrine progenitor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elina Hakonen
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lehtonen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Eizirik DL, Sariola H, Miettinen PJ, Otonkoski T. In vivo activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in mouse beta cells by the EGFR mutation L858R protects against diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:970-9. [PMID: 24493201 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS EGF receptor (EGFR) signalling is required for normal beta cell development and postnatal beta cell proliferation. We tested whether beta cell proliferation can be triggered by EGFR activation at any age and whether this can protect beta cells against apoptosis induced by diabetogenic insults in a mouse model. METHODS We generated transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of constitutively active EGFR (L858R) (CA-EGFR) under the insulin promoter. Mice were given doxycycline at various ages for different time periods, and beta cell proliferation and mass were analysed. Mice were also challenged with streptozotocin and isolated islets exposed to cytokines. RESULTS Expression of EGFR (L858R) led to increased phosphorylation of EGFR and Akt in pancreatic islets. CA-EGFR expression during pancreatic development (embryonic day [E]12.5 to postnatal day [P]1) increased beta cell proliferation and mass in newborn mice. However, CA-EGFR expression in adult mice did not affect beta cell mass. Expression of the transgene improved glycaemia and markedly inhibited beta cell apoptosis after a single high dose, as well as after multiple low doses of streptozotocin. In vitro mechanistic studies showed that CA-EGFR protected isolated islets from cytokine-mediated beta cell death, possibly by repressing the proapoptotic protein BCL2-like 11 (BIM). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings show that the expression of CA-EGFR in the developing, but not in the adult pancreas stimulates beta cell replication and leads to increased beta cell mass. Importantly, CA-EGFR protects beta cells against streptozotocin- and cytokine-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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7
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Lindahl M, Danilova T, Palm E, Lindholm P, Võikar V, Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Andressoo JO, Harvey BK, Otonkoski T, Rossi J, Saarma M. MANF is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of pancreatic β cells. Cell Rep 2014; 7:366-375. [PMID: 24726366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of diabetes mellitus (DM) are characterized by the loss of functional pancreatic β cell mass, leading to insufficient insulin secretion. Thus, identification of novel approaches to protect and restore β cells is essential for the development of DM therapies. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-inducible protein, but its physiological role in mammals has remained obscure. We generated MANF-deficient mice that strikingly develop severe diabetes due to progressive postnatal reduction of β cell mass, caused by decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Additionally, we show that lack of MANF in vivo in mouse leads to chronic unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in pancreatic islets. Importantly, MANF protein enhanced β cell proliferation in vitro and overexpression of MANF in the pancreas of diabetic mice enhanced β cell regeneration. We demonstrate that MANF specifically promotes β cell proliferation and survival, thereby constituting a therapeutic candidate for β cell protection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lindahl
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tatiana Danilova
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Palm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vootele Võikar
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Hakonen
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Rossi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Palgi J, Miettinen PJ, Otonkoski T. EGFR signaling promotes β-cell proliferation and survivin expression during pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93651. [PMID: 24695557 PMCID: PMC3973552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental lactogen (PL) induced serotonergic signaling is essential for gestational β-cell mass expansion. We have previously shown that intact Epidermal growth factor –receptor (EGFR) function is a crucial component of this pathway. We now explored more specifically the link between EGFR and pregnancy-induced β-cell mass compensation. Islets were isolated from wild-type and β-cell-specific EGFR-dominant negative mice (E1-DN), stimulated with PL and analyzed for β-cell proliferation and expression of genes involved in gestational β-cell growth. β-cell mass dynamics were analyzed both with traditional morphometrical methods and three-dimensional optical projection tomography (OPT) of whole-mount insulin-stained pancreata. Insulin-positive volume analyzed with OPT increased 1.4-fold at gestational day 18.5 (GD18.5) when compared to non-pregnant mice. Number of islets peaked by GD13.5 (680 vs 1134 islets per pancreas, non-pregnant vs. GD13.5). PL stimulated beta cell proliferation in the wild-type islets, whereas the proliferative response was absent in the E1-DN mouse islets. Serotonin synthesizing enzymes were upregulated similarly in both the wild-type and E1-DN mice. However, while survivin (Birc5) mRNA was upregulated 5.5-fold during pregnancy in the wild-type islets, no change was seen in the E1-DN pregnant islets. PL induced survivin expression also in isolated islets and this was blocked by EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and MEK inhibitor PD0325901. Our 3D-volumetric analysis of β-cell mass expansion during murine pregnancy revealed that islet number increases during pregnancy. In addition, our results suggest that EGFR signaling is required for lactogen-induced survivin expression via MAPK and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi J. Miettinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Shimomura K, Tusa M, Iberl M, Brereton MF, Kaizik S, Proks P, Lahmann C, Yaluri N, Modi S, Huopio H, Ustinov J, Otonkoski T, Laakso M, Ashcroft FM. A mouse model of human hyperinsulinism produced by the E1506K mutation in the sulphonylurea receptor SUR1. Diabetes 2013; 62:3797-806. [PMID: 23903354 PMCID: PMC3806602 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the KATP channel genes KCNJ11 and ABCC8 cause neonatal hyperinsulinism in humans. Dominantly inherited mutations cause less severe disease, which may progress to glucose intolerance and diabetes in later life (e.g., SUR1-E1506K). We generated a mouse expressing SUR1-E1506K in place of SUR1. KATP channel inhibition by MgATP was enhanced in both homozygous (homE1506K) and heterozygous (hetE1506K) mutant mice, due to impaired channel activation by MgADP. As a consequence, mutant β-cells showed less on-cell KATP channel activity and fired action potentials in glucose-free solution. HomE1506K mice exhibited enhanced insulin secretion and lower fasting blood glucose within 8 weeks of birth, but reduced insulin secretion and impaired glucose tolerance at 6 months of age. These changes correlated with a lower insulin content; unlike wild-type or hetE1506K mice, insulin content did not increase with age in homE1506K mice. There was no difference in the number and size of islets or β-cells in the three types of mice, or evidence of β-cell proliferation. We conclude that the gradual development of glucose intolerance in patients with the SUR1-E1506K mutation might, as in the mouse model, result from impaired insulin secretion due a failure of insulin content to increase with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenju Shimomura
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Maija Tusa
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michaela Iberl
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Melissa F. Brereton
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Stephan Kaizik
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Peter Proks
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Carolina Lahmann
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Nagendra Yaluri
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalem Modi
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Huopio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frances M. Ashcroft
- Henry Wellcome Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Corresponding author: Frances M. Ashcroft,
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Vuoristo S, Toivonen S, Weltner J, Mikkola M, Ustinov J, Trokovic R, Palgi J, Lund R, Tuuri T, Otonkoski T. A novel feeder-free culture system for human pluripotent stem cell culture and induced pluripotent stem cell derivation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76205. [PMID: 24098444 PMCID: PMC3788803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct interactions with extracellular matrix are essential to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to maintain their pluripotent self-renewal capacity during in vitro culture. hPSCs secrete laminin 511/521, one of the most important functional basement membrane components, and they can be maintained on human laminin 511 and 521 in defined culture conditions. However, large-scale production of purified or recombinant laminin 511 and 521 is difficult and expensive. Here we have tested whether a commonly available human choriocarcinoma cell line, JAR, which produces high quantities of laminins, supports the growth of undifferentiated hPSCs. We were able to maintain several human pluripotent stem cell lines on decellularized matrix produced by JAR cells using a defined culture medium. The JAR matrix also supported targeted differentiation of the cells into neuronal and hepatic directions. Importantly, we were able to derive new human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines on JAR matrix and show that adhesion of the early hiPSC colonies to JAR matrix is more efficient than to matrigel. In summary, JAR matrix provides a cost-effective and easy-to-prepare alternative for human pluripotent stem cell culture and differentiation. In addition, this matrix is ideal for the efficient generation of new hiPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Vuoristo
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Weltner
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Mikkola
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ras Trokovic
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Lund
- The Finnish Microarray and Sequencing Centre, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Toivonen S, Lundin K, Balboa D, Ustinov J, Tamminen K, Palgi J, Trokovic R, Tuuri T, Otonkoski T. Activin A and Wnt-dependent specification of human definitive endoderm cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2535-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Mathijs I, Palgi J, Bouwens L, Miettinen PJ, Otonkoski T. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor signalling is needed for murine beta cell mass expansion in response to high-fat diet and pregnancy but not after pancreatic duct ligation. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1735-43. [PMID: 21509441 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling is essential for the proper fetal development of pancreatic islets and in the postnatal formation of an adequate beta cell mass. In this study we investigated the role of EGFR signalling in the physiological states of beta cell mass expansion in adults during metabolic syndrome and pregnancy, as well as in regeneration after pancreatic duct ligation. METHODS Heterozygous Pdx1-EGFR-dominant-negative (E1-DN) mice, which have a kinase-negative EGFR under the Pdx1 promoter, and wild-type mice were both subjected to a high-fat diet, pregnancy and pancreatic duct ligation. RESULTS The beta cell mass of wild-type mice fed the high-fat diet increased by 70% and the mice remained normoglycaemic; the E1-DN mice became diabetic and failed to show any compensatory beta cell mass expansion. Similarly, pregnant wild-type mice had four times more proliferating beta cells and a 75% increase in beta cell mass at mid-gestation, in contrast to the pregnant E1-DN mice, which did not show any significant beta cell compensation and were hyperglycaemic in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. However, after pancreatic duct ligation, both the wild-type and E1-DN mice showed similar expression of Ngn3 (also known as Neurog3) and beta cell proliferation increased to a similar level in the ligated part of pancreas. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS EGFR signalling is essential in beta cell mass expansion during a high-fat diet and pregnancy where replication is the primary mechanism for compensatory beta cell mass expansion. In contrast, EGFR signalling appears not to be crucial to increased beta cell proliferation after pancreatic duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Kajanne R, Leppä S, Luukkainen P, Ustinov J, Thiel A, Ristimäki A, Miettinen PJ. Hydrocortisone and indomethacin negatively modulate EGF-R signaling in human fetal intestine. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:570-5. [PMID: 17805209 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318155ac3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant use of hydrocortisone and the nonspecific cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-inhibitor indomethacin increases the risk for intestinal perforations in preterm infants. We determined whether this was associated with insufficient epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) signaling. We tested the effect of EGF, hydrocortisone, and indomethacin on its activation, cell proliferation and migration, COX-2 expression, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Human small intestine epithelial cell line FHsInt74 and EGF-R-deficient mice [EGF-R (-/-)] were used as models. The data revealed that EGF-R signaling had a bimodal positive effect on fetal enterocyte: 1) it increased cell proliferation and migration synergistically with hydrocortisone and 2) up-regulated COX-2 mRNA expression and subsequent PGE2 production. Correlating with this, COX-2 protein expression was down-regulated in EGF-R (-/-) intestine. Despite a positive effect on cell proliferation with EGF, hydrocortisone blunted the stimulatory effect of EGF on COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. Addition of indomethacin even further inhibited the EGF-stimulated PGE2 synthesis. The data suggest that concomitant use of indomethacin and hydrocortisone on preterm infants, who physiologically synthesize only low levels of EGF-R ligands, may lead to intestinal problems related to failure in cytoprotective and regenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Kajanne
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
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14
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Gao R, Ustinov J, Korsgren O, Otonkoski T. Effects of immunosuppressive drugs on in vitro neogenesis of human islets: mycophenolate mofetil inhibits the proliferation of ductal cells. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1021-6. [PMID: 17391142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Assuming that neogenesis contributes to long-term function of islet grafts, it is important to study the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on precursor cell proliferation and differentiation. We examined the effects of low-dose immunosuppressive drugs on these processes in vitro. Immunosuppressive drugs, including sirolimus, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), daclizumab and their combinations were tested in parallel culture wells through either the expansion phase (5-7 days) or the entire culture period (4-5 weeks). MMF, alone or in combination with sirolimus or tacrolimus, severely hampered duct-cell proliferation by 8-fold during the expansion period, and significantly reduced the total DNA content by about 40% after 5-week culture. After 4-5 week exposure to different drugs, only sirolimus and daclizumab showed no adverse effects on insulin content, whereas significant reductions of 30-60% in insulin content were seen in all other experimental groups. Only tacrolimus decreased the insulin content per DNA, as well as the proportion of insulin-positive cells. In conclusion, MMF has a potent inhibitory effect on neogenesis primarily through an antiproliferative effect on the precursors, whereas tacrolimus mainly affects beta-cell differentiation. Sirolimus and daclizumab have no adverse effects on these parameters. The immunosuppressive protocol may be an important determinant of long-term clinical islet graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gao
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Gao R, Ustinov J, Korsgren O, Mikkola M, Lundin K, Otonkoski T. Maturation of in vitro-generated human islets after transplantation in nude mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 264:28-34. [PMID: 17116362 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The long-term function of human pancreatic islet grafts may depend on the neogenesis of beta cells from epithelial precursors within the grafted tissue. We have developed an in vitro model for human islet neogenesis. In this study, we have investigated the morphological signs of maturation in cultivated human islet buds (CHIBs) before and after transplantation. Clusterin is a molecule associated with beta-cell differentiation in rodents. In adult human islets, clusterin expression was located only in alpha- and PP-cells, but in CHIBs and human fetal islets, it was distributed in all four types of endocrine cells. Some immature endocrine cells in the CHIBs co-expressed insulin and glucagon. After transplantation, CHIBs became mature with one type of hormone per endocrine cell, and clusterin expression became restricted in alpha-cells. Cells co-expressing endocrine markers and cytokeratin 19, as a sign of ductal to endocrine cell transition, were frequently detected in both fresh islets and CHIBs after transplantation. We conclude that clusterin may be involved in the development of islets, and the in vitro-derived islets become mature after transplantation into nude mice. Ductal cell differentiation into endocrine cells may be an important factor in sustaining the long-term function of islet transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Gao
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Miettinen PJ, Ustinov J, Ormio P, Gao R, Palgi J, Hakonen E, Juntti-Berggren L, Berggren PO, Otonkoski T. Downregulation of EGF receptor signaling in pancreatic islets causes diabetes due to impaired postnatal beta-cell growth. Diabetes 2006; 55:3299-308. [PMID: 17130473 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) signaling is essential for proper fetal development and growth of pancreatic islets, and there is also evidence for its involvement in beta-cell signal transduction in the adult. To study the functional roles of EGF-R in beta-cell physiology in postnatal life, we have generated transgenic mice that carry a mutated EGF-R under the pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 promoter (E1-DN mice). The transgene was expressed in islet beta- and delta-cells but not in alpha-cells, as expected, and it resulted in an approximately 40% reduction in pancreatic EGF-R, extracellular signal-related kinase, and Akt phosphorylation. Homozygous E1-DN mice were overtly diabetic after the age of 2 weeks. The hyperglycemia was more pronounced in male than in female mice. The relative beta-cell surface area of E1-DN mice was highly reduced at the age of 2 months, while alpha-cell surface area was not changed. This defect was essentially postnatal, since the differences in beta-cell area of newborn mice were much smaller. An apparent explanation for this is impaired postnatal beta-cell proliferation; the normal surge of beta-cell proliferation during 2 weeks after birth was totally abolished in the transgenic mice. Heterozygous E1-DN mice were glucose intolerant in intraperitoneal glucose tests. This was associated with a reduced insulin response. However, downregulation of EGF-R signaling had no influence on the insulinotropic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 analog exendin-4. In summary, our results show that even a modest attenuation of EGF-R signaling leads to a severe defect in postnatal growth of the beta-cells, which leads to the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi J Miettinen
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Room B530b, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Mikkola M, Olsson C, Palgi J, Ustinov J, Palomaki T, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Knuutila S, Lundin K, Otonkoski T, Tuuri T. Distinct differentiation characteristics of individual human embryonic stem cell lines. BMC Dev Biol 2006; 6:40. [PMID: 16895598 PMCID: PMC1557488 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Individual differences between human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines are poorly understood. Here, we describe the derivation of five hESC lines (called FES 21, 22, 29, 30 and 61) from frozen-thawed human embryos and compare their individual differentiation characteristic. Results The cell lines were cultured either on human or mouse feeder cells. The cells grew significantly faster and could be passaged enzymatically only on mouse feeders. However, this was found to lead to chromosomal instability after prolonged culture. All hESC lines expressed the established markers of pluripotent cells as well as several primordial germ cell (PGC) marker genes in a uniform manner. However, the cell lines showed distinct features in their spontaneous differentiation patterns. The embryoid body (EB) formation frequency of FES 30 cell line was significantly lower than that of other lines and cells within the EBs differentiated less readily. Likewise, teratomas derived from FES 30 cells were constantly cystic and showed only minor solid tissue formation with a monotonous differentiation pattern as compared with the other lines. Conclusion hESC lines may differ substantially in their differentiation properties although they appear similar in the undifferentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Mikkola
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cia Olsson
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Family Federation of Finland, Infertility Clinic, Fredrikinkatu 47, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Palomaki
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sakari Knuutila
- Laboratory of Cytomolecular Genetics, Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karolina Lundin
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Family Federation of Finland, Infertility Clinic, Fredrikinkatu 47, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Gao R, Ustinov J, Korsgren O, Otonkoski T. In vitro neogenesis of human islets reflects the plasticity of differentiated human pancreatic cells. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2296-304. [PMID: 16193291 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The neogenesis of islets from cultured human adult pancreatic tissue has been reported. The islet progenitors have been thought to be ductal cells. Since previous experiments have been 'contaminated' by a number of pre-existing islet cells, we examined their involvement in islet cell neogenesis. METHODS Fresh human pancreatic cells with different purities of islet cells were grown in monolayer culture and labelled with bromodeoxyuridine. Transitional cells were analysed by double immunofluorescence staining. For purified ductal cell culture, pre-existing islets were eliminated on a magnetic cell separation system. RESULTS We confirmed that less than 1% of the endocrine cells proliferated, mainly during the first 48 h of culture. However, a 10-fold larger proportion of the cells acquired a transitional phenotype by starting to coexpress the ductal marker cytokeratin 19 (CK19). These cells represented more than 10% of all endocrine cells after 1 day in culture, and 6% at 5 days of culture. Using magnetic cell sorting, we eliminated cells expressing neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), after which we obtained 99.7% pure non-endocrine CK19-rich cell populations. These cell populations could be expanded in vitro. However, their endocrine differentiation capacity was severely reduced as compared with the original mixed cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that islet neogenesis in this culture system at least partly represents the de-differentiation of islet cells into a duct-cell-like phenotype, with further re-differentiation in appropriate conditions. The plasticity of differentiated human pancreatic cell types may thus be an important mechanism of human pancreas regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gao
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Gao R, Ustinov J, Pulkkinen MA, Lundin K, Korsgren O, Otonkoski T. Characterization of endocrine progenitor cells and critical factors for their differentiation in human adult pancreatic cell culture. Diabetes 2003; 52:2007-15. [PMID: 12882917 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.8.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have reproduced a previously described method for the in vitro generation of endocrine cells in adult human pancreatic tissue culture. The aim of this study was to characterize the nature of pancreatic progenitor cells and to identify the factors necessary for their differentiation in this model. During monolayer expansion, two types of cells proliferated sequentially; first cytokeratin 19 (CK19)-positive ductal epithelial cells and then nestin-positive fibroblastoid cells. After the bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells were traced in differentiated islet buds, some of the proliferating ductal cells had differentiated into endocrine cells, whereas nestin-positive cells could not give rise to endocrine tissue. Serum-free culture was found to be an absolute requirement for the endocrine differentiation to occur. Also, overlay of the cells with Matrigel was essential, whereas nicotinamide had a potentiating effect. The in vitro-generated islet buds released insulin in response to glucose nearly as efficiently as native islets. When transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice, only one of five grafts demonstrated further growth with foci of both endocrine and exocrine differentiation. Our results support the previous notion that pancreatic progenitor cells represent a subpopulation of ductal epithelial cells. No evidence was found for the development of endocrine cells from nestin-positive stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Gao
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Otonkoski T, Kaminen N, Ustinov J, Lapatto R, Meissner T, Mayatepek E, Kere J, Sipilä I. Physical exercise-induced hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is an autosomal-dominant trait characterized by abnormal pyruvate-induced insulin release. Diabetes 2003; 52:199-204. [PMID: 12502513 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.1.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have identified patients in whom strenuous physical exercise leads to hypoglycemia caused by inappropriate insulin release (exercise-induced hyperinsulinism [EIHI]). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the increased levels of lactate and/or pyruvate during anaerobic exercise would trigger the aberrant insulin secretion in these patients. A total of 12 patients (8 women and 4 men from two families) were diagnosed with EIHI, based on hypoglycemia and a more than threefold increase in plasma insulin induced by a 10-min bicycle exercise test. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant in these families. The acute response of insulin release to a bolus of intravenous pyruvate (13.9 mmol/1.73 m(2)) was studied in the patients and eight healthy control subjects. Insulin secretion did not respond to the pyruvate bolus in healthy control subjects. However, all EIHI patients responded to pyruvate, displaying a brisk increase in plasma insulin. The 1 + 3-min peak response was 5.6-fold in the patients and 0.9-fold in the control subjects (P < 0.001). To test the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of EIHI would involve monocarboxylate transport or metabolism in the beta-cell, we sequenced the genes encoding the known monocarboxylate transporter proteins and tested the transport of pyruvate into patient fibroblasts. The results revealed normal coding sequences and pyruvate transport. In conclusion, EIHI represents a new autosomal-dominant hyperinsulinemia syndrome that may be more common than has been realized. The pyruvate test provides a simple, safe, and specific diagnostic test for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Otonkoski
- Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Huotari MA, Miettinen PJ, Palgi J, Koivisto T, Ustinov J, Harari D, Yarden Y, Otonkoski T. ErbB signaling regulates lineage determination of developing pancreatic islet cells in embryonic organ culture. Endocrinology 2002; 143:4437-46. [PMID: 12399441 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuregulin (NRG)/epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors consists of several ligands that specifically activate four erbB receptor-tyrosine kinases, namely erbB-1 (EGF-R), erbB-2 (neu), erbB-3, and erbB-4. We have previously shown that islet morphogenesis is impaired and beta-cell differentiation delayed in mice lacking functional EGF-R [EGF-R (-/-)]. The present study aims to clarify which erbB ligands are important for islet development. Pancreatic expression of EGF, TGF-alpha, heparin-binding EGF, betacellulin (BTC), and NRG-4 was detected as early as embryonic d 13 (E13). Effects of these ligands were studied in E12.5 pancreatic explant cultures grown for 5 d ex vivo. None of the growth factors affected the ratio of endocrine to exocrine cells. However, significant effects within the endocrine cell populations were induced by EGF, BTC, and NRG-4. beta-Cell development was augmented by BTC, whereas the development of somatostatin-expressing delta-cells was stimulated by NRG-4. Both ligands decreased the numbers of glucagon-containing alpha-cells. The effect of BTC was abolished in the EGF-R (-/-) mice. A soluble erbB-4 binding fusion protein totally inhibited the effects of NRG-4 but not of BTC. Neutralization of endogenous NRG-4 activity in the model system effectively inhibited delta-cell development, indicating that this erbB4-ligand is an essential factor for delineation of the somatostatin-producing delta-cells. Our results suggest that ligands of the EGF-R/erbB-1 and erbB-4 receptors regulate the lineage determination of islet cells during pancreatic development. BTC, acting through EGF-R/erbB-1, is important for the differentiation of beta-cells. This could be applied in the targeted differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Anne Huotari
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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22
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Bondestam J, Huotari MA, Morén A, Ustinov J, Kaivo-Oja N, Kallio J, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Aaltonen J, Fujii M, Moustakas A, Ten Dijke P, Otonkoski T, Ritvos O. cDNA cloning, expression studies and chromosome mapping of human type I serine/threonine kinase receptor ALK7 (ACVR1C). Cytogenet Genome Res 2002; 95:157-62. [PMID: 12063393 DOI: 10.1159/000059339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily related growth factors signal by binding to transmembrane type I and type II receptor serine/threonine kinases (RSTK), which phosphorylate intracellular Smad transcription factors in response to ligand binding. Here we describe the cloning of the human type I RSTK activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7), an orthologue of the previously identified rat ALK7. Nodal, a TGF-beta member expressed during embryonic development and implicated in developmental events like mesoderm formation and left-right axis specification, was recently shown to signal through ALK7. We found ALK7 mRNA to be most abundantly expressed in human brain, pancreas and colon. A cDNA encoding the open reading frame of ALK7 was obtained from a human brain cDNA library. Furthermore, a P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) clone containing the human ALK7 gene was isolated and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on metaphase chromosomes identified the gene locus as chromosome 2q24.1-->q3. To test the functionality of the ALK7 signaling, we generated recombinant adenoviruses containing a constitutively active form of ALK7 (Ad-caALK7), which is capable of activating downstream targets in a ligand independent manner. Infection with Ad-caALK7 of MIN6 insulinoma cells, in which ALK7 has previously been shown to be endogenously expressed, led to a marked increase in the phosphorylation of Smad2, a signaling molecule also used by TGF-betas and activins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bondestam
- Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Abstract
Primary adult human insulin-producing beta-cells are susceptible to infection by prototype strains of coxsackieviruses (CV) and infection may result in impaired beta-cell function and/or cell death, as shown for coxsackie B virus (CVB) types 4 and 5, or have no apparent immediate adverse effects, as shown for CVA-9. Because of the limited availability of human pancreatic beta-cells, the aim of this study was to find out if foetal porcine pancreatic islets could be used as a substitute in enterovirus (EV) screening. These cells resemble human beta-cells in several biological properties. CVB infection resulted in a rapid progressive decline of insulin content and reponsiveness to insulin release. The amount of virus inoculum sufficient for this destruction was small, corresponding to only 55 infectious units per pancreas. In contrast to CVBs, CVA-9 replicated poorly, and sometimes not at all, in foetal porcine beta-cells. The first signs of functional impairment and cell destruction, if present at all, were seen only after 1-3 weeks of incubation. Furthermore, CVA-16, several strains of echoviruses and human parechovirus type 1 were unable to replicate in foetal porcine pancreatic beta-cells. Based on these results, foetal porcine islets are somewhat more sensitive to CVB infection than adult human islets, whereas many other human EV strains do not infect porcine beta-cells. Therefore, foetal porcine beta-cells cannot be used for systematic screening of human EV strains and isolates for beta-cell tropism, but they might provide a useful model for detailed studies on the interaction of CVBs with beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Roivainen
- Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland1
| | - Petri Ylipaasto
- Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland1
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland2
| | - Tapani Hovi
- Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland1
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland2
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24
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Ustinov J, Lahtinen T, Bruggeman C, Häyry P, Lautenschlager I. Induction of class II molecules by cytomegalovirus in rat heart endothelial cells is inhibited by ganciclovir. Transpl Int 2001; 7 Suppl 1:S381-2. [PMID: 11271258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1994.tb01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been demonstrated to induce class II antigen expression in endothelial cells. To study whether ganciclovir (DHPG) has an effect on CMV-induced class II expression, cultured rat heart endothelial cells were infected with rat CMV (RCMV) and treated with different DHPG concentrations. Class II antigens in endothelial cells were detected by a monoclonal antibody and immunoperoxidase technique. Control cells did not express class II antigen, but during RCMV infection 92% of cells were class II-positive. DHPG treatment (1, 10, 100 and 1000 microg/ml) decreased RCMV-induced class II expression from 73% to 59%, 6% and 0%, respectively. As DHPG inhibits CMV DNA polymerase, our present results suggest that DHPG affects RCMV-induced class II expression via the inhibition of RCMV DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ustinov
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Tyrberg B, Ustinov J, Otonkoski T, Andersson A. Stimulated endocrine cell proliferation and differentiation in transplanted human pancreatic islets: effects of the ob gene and compensatory growth of the implantation organ. Diabetes 2001; 50:301-7. [PMID: 11272140 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neogenesis is crucial for the maintenance of beta-cell mass in the human pancreas and possibly for the outcome of clinical islet transplantation. To date, no studies have reported a stimulation of human beta-cell neogenesis in vivo. Therefore, we investigated whether human alpha-, beta-, and duct cell growth can be stimulated when human islets are xenotransplanted to obese hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mice immunosuppressed with anti-lymphocyte serum. Moreover, we wanted to study whether beta-cell growth and duct-to-beta-cell differentiation were induced in the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-dependent compensatory kidney growth model. For that purpose, we evaluated human islets grafted to nude (nu/nu) mice before uninephrectomy of the contralateral kidney for DNA-synthesis and duct cell expression of the beta-cell-specific transcription factor Nkx 6.1 as an estimate of differentiation. Human islet grafts were well preserved after 2 weeks when transplanted to ob/ob mice during anti-lymphocyte immunosuppression. Both human beta-cells (P < 0.01) and duct cells (P < 0.001) were growth stimulated when islets were transplanted to ob/ob mice. We also observed a correlation between increased duct cell proliferation and increased organ donor age (P = 0.02). Moreover, duct (P < 0.05) and beta-cell (P < 0.05) proliferation, as well as duct cell Nkx 6.1 expression (P < 0.05), were enhanced by the compensatory kidney growth after uninephrectomy. We conclude that it is possible to stimulate human beta-cell neogenesis in vivo, provided that the recipient carries certain growth-stimulatory traits. Furthermore, it seems that duct cell proliferation increases with increasing organ donor age. Altogether, these data and previous results from our laboratory suggest that human beta-cell neogenesis becomes more dependent on differentiation and less dependent on proliferation with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tyrberg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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26
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Miettinen PJ, Huotari M, Koivisto T, Ustinov J, Palgi J, Rasilainen S, Lehtonen E, Keski-Oja J, Otonkoski T. Impaired migration and delayed differentiation of pancreatic islet cells in mice lacking EGF-receptors. Development 2000; 127:2617-27. [PMID: 10821760 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.12.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic acini and islets are believed to differentiate from common ductal precursors through a process requiring various growth factors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) is expressed throughout the developing pancreas. We have analyzed here the pancreatic phenotype of EGF-R deficient (−/−) mice, which generally die from epithelial immaturity within the first postnatal week. The pancreata appeared macroscopically normal. The most striking feature of the EGF-R (−/−) islets was that instead of forming circular clusters, the islet cells were mainly located in streak-like structures directly associated with pancreatic ducts. Based on BrdU-labelling, proliferation of the neonatal EGF-R (−/−) beta-cells was significantly reduced (2.6+/−0.4 versus 5.8+/−0.9%, P<0.01) and the difference persisted even at 7–11 days of age. Analysis of embryonic pancreata revealed impaired branching morphogenesis and delayed islet cell differentiation in the EGF-R (−/−) mice. Islet development was analyzed further in organ cultures of E12.5 pancreata. The proportion of insulin-positive cells was significantly lower in the EGF-R (−/−) explants (27+/−6 versus 48+/−8%, P<0.01), indicating delayed differentiation of the beta cells. Branching of the epithelium into ducts was also impaired. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity was reduced 20% in EGF-R (−/−) late-gestation pancreata, as measured by gelatinase assays. Furthermore, the levels of secreted plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were markedly higher, while no apparent differences were seen in the levels of active uPA and tPa between EGF-R (−/−) and wild-type pancreata. Our findings suggest that the perturbation of EGF-R-mediated signalling can lead to a generalized proliferation defect of the pancreatic epithelia associated with a delay in beta cell development and disturbed migration of the developing islet cells as they differentiate from their precursors. Upregulated PAI-1 production and decreased gelatinolytic activity correlated to this migration defect. An intact EGF-R pathway appears to be a prerequisite for normal pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Miettinen
- Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, The Haartman Institute, and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Roivainen M, Rasilainen S, Ylipaasto P, Nissinen R, Ustinov J, Bouwens L, Eizirik DL, Hovi T, Otonkoski T. Mechanisms of coxsackievirus-induced damage to human pancreatic beta-cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:432-40. [PMID: 10634421 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.1.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, either through direct beta-cell infection or as triggers of autoimmunity. In the present study we investigated the patterns of infection in adult human islet cell preparations (consisting of 56+/-14% beta-cells) by several coxsackieviruses. The cells were infected with prototype strains of coxsackievirus B (CBV) 3, 4, and 5 as well as coxsackievirus A9 (CAV-9). The previously characterized diabetogenic strain of coxsackievirus B4 (CBV-4-E2) was used as a reference. All viruses replicated well in beta-cells, but only CBVs caused cell death. One week after infection, the insulin response of the beta-cells to glucose or glucose plus theophylline was most severely impaired by CBV-3 and CBV-5 infections. CBV-4 also caused significant functional impairment, whereas CAV-9-infected cells responded like uninfected controls. After 2 days of infection, about 40% of CBV-5-infected cells had undergone morphological changes characteristic of pyknosis, i.e. highly distorted nuclei with condensed but intact chromatin. Both mitochondria and plasma membrane were intact in these cells. DNA fragmentation was found in 5.9+/-1.1% of CBV-5-infected beta-cell nuclei (2.1+/-0.3% in controls; P<0.01). CAV-9 infection did not induce DNA fragmentation. One week after infection the majority of infected cells showed characteristics of secondary necrosis. Medium nitrite and inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid levels were not significantly up-regulated by CBV infection. These results suggest that several enteroviruses may infect human beta-cells. The infection may result in functional impairment or death of the beta-cell or may have no apparent immediate adverse effects, as shown here for CAV-9. Coxsackie B viruses cause functional impairment and beta-cell death characterized by nuclear pyknosis. Apoptosis appears to play a minor role during a productive CBV infection in beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roivainen
- Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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28
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Otonkoski T, Ustinov J, Rasilainen S, Kallio E, Korsgren O, Häyry P. Differentiation and maturation of porcine fetal islet cells in vitro and after transplantation. Transplantation 1999; 68:1674-83. [PMID: 10609943 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199912150-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine fetal pancreas is a potential source of beta cells for transplantation. The immaturity of the cells is a problem. We have defined the optimal conditions for in vitro propagation of this tissue before transplantation. METHODS Porcine fetal pancreas tissue was obtained for tissue culture at various stages of development. Serum-containing and serum-free media and a variety of potential differentiation factors were tested. In vitro, the numbers of endocrine islet cells and their proliferation were quantified and functional maturity of the beta cells was assessed by perifusion. Growth and maturation of the cells was assessed 3 months after transplantation into nude mice. RESULTS Highest beta cell mass was obtained from end-gestational, as compared with early fetal or neonatal, pancreas. Nicotinamide and sodium butyrate effectively increased the insulin content and the number of endocrine cells in culture. In combination, these factors led up to a 90-fold increase in the insulin content of islet-like cell clusters (ICC) as compared with untreated controls. However, a high level of cell death through apoptosis was observed in these maximally stimulated endocrine cells, and they did not survive as grafts when transplanted into nude mice. Instead, a serum-free culture medium containing 10 mM nicotinamide and 0.1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine was found to support both differentiation and proliferation of endocrine cells as loose ICCs. Insulin release from these ICCs was sensitive to glucose. When transplanted under the kidney capsule of normoglycemic nude mice, a high level of beta cell differentiation and function was evident only in the ICCs cultured in the serum-free medium, and in freshly isolated ICCs. When transplanted to hyperglycemic nude recipients, the cells cultured in serum-free medium for 3 weeks reversed hyperglycemia more consistently and rapidly than freshly isolated ICCs. CONCLUSIONS Optimal maturation of porcine fetal pancreatic cells is obtained in serum-free medium supplemented with nicotinamide. Butyrate is a potent stimulus for beta cell differentiation but leads to increased apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Otonkoski
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Lefebvre VH, Otonkoski T, Ustinov J, Huotari MA, Pipeleers DG, Bouwens L. Culture of adult human islet preparations with hepatocyte growth factor and 804G matrix is mitogenic for duct cells but not for beta-cells. Diabetes 1998; 47:134-7. [PMID: 9421388 DOI: 10.2337/diab.47.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that human adult beta-cells proliferate during culture on an extracellular matrix prepared from rat 804G cells and in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The present study compares the mitogenic effect of this condition on human beta-cells and on neighboring non-endocrine duct cells. Islet cell-enriched fractions were prepared from adult human organ donors and cultured in suspension or on 804G matrix, with or without HGF. The combination of 804G matrix and HGF increased the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive (BrdU+) cells within 48 h reaching a maximum after 4 days. In sections, virtually all BrdU+ cells were negative for insulin or glucagon and for preproinsulin mRNA but expressed the ductal cell markers cytokeratin 19 and 7, carbonic anhydrase-II, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9. After 4 days of culture, the cytokeratin 19+ ductal cells exhibited a BrdU-labeling index of 30% (P < 0.01 vs. 2% without HGF and matrix), whereas <0.1% of insulin-positive and <1% of glucagon-positive cells were labeled. Formation of bilayers with ductal cells covering the endocrine cells may cause erroneous interpretation on double positivity in unsectioned tissue. It is concluded that culture of human islet cell preparations with HGF and 804G matrix stimulates the proliferation of the duct cells but not of the underlying beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Lefebvre
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Otonkoski T, Ustinov J, Huotari MA, Kallio E, Häyry P. Nicotinamide and sodium butyrate for the induction of fetal porcine beta-cell differentiation prior to transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:2045. [PMID: 9193518 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)00223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Otonkoski
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Tilly-Kiesi M, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Ustinov J, Myllärniemi M, Tikkanen MJ, Häyry P. Hyperlipidemia enhances chronic rejection in experimental rat model. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:582. [PMID: 7879107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Tilly-Kiesi
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Tilly-Kiesi M, Ustinov J, Mennander A, Paavonen T, Tikkanen MJ, Häyry P. Hyperlipidemia accelerates allograft arteriosclerosis (chronic rejection) in the rat. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14:2032-42. [PMID: 7981193 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.14.12.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of hyperlipidemia in allograft arteriosclerosis (chronic rejection) is controversial. Isolated hypercholesterolemia induced with cholesterol-cholic acid-diet (CC-diet) or hypertriglyceridemia induced with glycerol-diet (G-diet) had no or only a protective effect on aortic allograft arteriosclerosis in the rat. Combined hyperlipidemia with both diets (CC+G-diet) enhanced allograft arteriosclerosis by doubling intimal thickness and cellularity (P < .05) but had no effect on host arteries. Compared with normolipidemic controls, the CC+G-diet increased the total serum cholesterol concentration 4.8-fold (P < .05). Levels of VLDL2 and IDL increased 4.8- and 18.1-fold (P < .05), and their composition changed from triglyceride-rich to cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in an atherogenic direction. The CC+G-diet had no effect on the structure of inflammation in the vascular wall. Instead, significant lipid deposits were observed, and the expression of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 was significantly elevated in the vascular wall. Thus, elevations in VLDL and IDL lipoprotein levels and their cholesterol content associate with the generation of allograft arteriosclerosis in rats. Deposition of lipids in the vascular wall seems to induce local synthesis of certain growth factors, which ultimately leads to the induction of smooth muscle cell replication.
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Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is thought to trigger acute or chronic allograft rejection by inducing the expression of MHC class II antigens in the graft. This induction may be mediated by gamma-interferon or directly by CMV. In this study, we have investigated which structures in the rat kidney, liver, and heart are responsive to CMV-induced class II expression in vivo. Rats were infected with rat CMV, the organs were harvested during the acute phase of infection, and the virus was demonstrated by culture from each organ. Direct CMV antigen detection was performed on frozen sections to demonstrate the detailed localization of CMV in the organs. In the kidney, CMV antigens were found in the vascular endothelium, in tubular cells, and scattered in the glomeruli. In the liver, the vascular structures and parenchyma contained CMV antigens. In the heart, CMV antigens were seen only in the capillary endothelium. Class II antigen expression was demonstrated by a monoclonal antibody and immunoperoxidase techniques. The induction of class II molecules was recorded in exactly the same cellular structures as those in which CMV antigens were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ustinov
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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34
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Ustinov J, Bruggeman C, Häyry P, Lautenschlager I. Cytomegalovirus-induced class II expression in rat kidney. Transplant Proc 1994; 26:1729. [PMID: 8030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ustinov
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Häyry P, Isoniemi H, Yilmaz S, Mennander A, Lemström K, Räisänen A, Koskinen P, Ustinov J, Lautenschalger I, Taskinen E. Clinical and experimental chronic allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1994; 26:1702-3. [PMID: 8030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Räisänen A, Mennander A, Ustinov J, Paavonen T, Häyry P. Effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor blockers on smooth muscle cell replication in vitro and allograft arteriosclerosis in vivo. Transpl Int 1993; 6:251-7. [PMID: 8216700 DOI: 10.1007/bf00336023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) stimulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) replication both in vivo and in vitro. In this study we have investigated whether PAF receptor-blocking molecules modulate SMC replication in vitro and the generation of allograft arteriosclerosis in vivo. SMC cultures were established from baby rat aorta media and fibroblast control cultures from the adventitia. Identification of the cultured cell types was determined both by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Both cell types replicated in culture with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). The addition of PAF-C18 enhanced, and the addition of three PAF receptor inhibitors--WEB 2086, WEB 2170, and BN 50739--reduced, SMC replication and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro until toxic concentrations were reached. The most potent of these drugs, WEB 2170, was then delivered at the rate of 12 mg/kg per day to recipients of rat aortic allografts. The responses were quantitated by autoradiography after short-term labeling of the recipients with tritium-labeled thymidine (3H-TdR) and by quantitative morphology. Administration of the PAF receptor blocker had no impact on the replication of the inflammatory cells in the allograft adventitia nor on the replication of SMCs in the media and intima. Administration of the PAF receptor blocker delayed the generation of allograft arteriosclerosis slightly, but not significantly. These results suggest that PAF is not an essential component in the inflammatory cascade leading to allograft arteriosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/transplantation
- Arteriosclerosis/drug therapy
- Autoradiography
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Platelet Activating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet Activating Factor/pharmacology
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WF
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Triazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Räisänen
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Häyry P, Räisänen A, Ustinov J, Mennander A, Paavonen T. Somatostatin analog lanreotide inhibits myocyte replication and several growth factors in allograft arteriosclerosis. FASEB J 1993; 7:1055-60. [PMID: 8370476 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.7.11.8370476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rejection is the most common reason for late loss of a transplant. The molecular mechanism of chronic rejection is not known and there is no treatment for this disorder. The characteristic histological feature in chronic rejection is increased smooth muscle cell replication in the vascular wall, leading to allograft arteriosclerosis. In this study we demonstrate that nonimmunosuppressed rat aortic allografts undergoing chronic rejection synthesize increased quantities of several smooth muscle cell growth-promoting substances in the vascular wall including interleukin-1, eicosanoids, and several peptide growth factors. Administration of a stable somatostatin analog lanreotide, BIM 23014, strongly inhibits myocyte proliferation in the allograft in vivo. It has no inhibitory effect on the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in vitro. Concomitantly, the locally produced peptide growth factors, i.e., epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and BB-isomer of platelet-derived growth factor, but not other mediators of inflammation, are significantly reduced. The results suggest that growth factors are the main effector molecules leading to myocyte proliferation in allograft arteriosclerosis and that allograft arteriosclerosis (chronic rejection) may be specifically inhibited by lanreotide administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Mattila P, Ustinov J, Renkonen R. Interferon-gamma induces a phospholipase D-dependent release of arachidonic acid from endothelial cell membranes: a mechanism for protein kinase C activation. Scand J Immunol 1993; 38:197-200. [PMID: 8346419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces MHC class II expression on endothelial cells in a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent manner. Here we show that IFN-gamma induces a sixfold arachidonic acid (AA) release from cultured rat microvascular endothelial cell membranes compared with non-treated cells. Since this result suggests that AA could act as a second messenger for IFN-gamma, we analysed its capacity to directly activate PKC. We have previously shown that IFN-gamma induces a transient, multiphasic activation of PKC via the action of the phospholipase D (PLD) pathway. Here we show that AA is able to activate PKC. In an attempt to characterize the source of the liberated AA after IFN-gamma induction in endothelial cells we used a panel of enzyme inhibitors. The IFN-gamma-induced release of AA could not be modified by interfering either with the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway using bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), or with the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway using neomycin. The phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAPase) inhibitor propranolol, inhibiting the generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and further AA from phosphatidic acid (PA), could totally down-regulate the IFN-gamma-induced release of AA. Since PA is produced solely by the action of PLD from phosphatidylcholine (PC) we conclude that the AA originated from the cell membrane-associated PC. In summary, we show here that IFN-gamma causes the liberation of cell membrane-associated, PC-linked AA. This AA could directly activate PKC in a similar multiphasic manner to IFN-gamma, suggesting that it is a true second messenger for IFN-gamma in cultured endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Häyry P, Isoniemi H, Yilmaz S, Mennander A, Lemström K, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Koskinen P, Ustinov J, Lautenschlager I, Taskinen E. Chronic allograft rejection. Immunol Rev 1993; 134:33-81. [PMID: 8225374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Häyry P, Paavonen T, Mennander A, Ustinov J, Räisänen A, Lemström K. Pathophysiology of allograft arteriosclerosis. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:2070. [PMID: 8470274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Turunen JP, Ustinov J, Renkonen R. Adhesion molecules involved in protein kinase A- and C-dependent lymphocyte adherence to microvascular endothelial cells. Scand J Immunol 1993; 37:282-8. [PMID: 7680140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb02555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A twofold increase in lymphocyte adherence to rat microvascular endothelial cells (EC) was achieved by incubating EC for 4 h with IL-1 alpha or dibutyryl-cAMP (stimulators of protein kinase A, PKA) and PMA (stimulator of protein kinase C, PKC). Monoclonal antibodies anti-CD11a, anti-CD18 (LFA-1) and anti-CD49d (VLA-4 alpha) significantly inhibited the increased lymphocyte binding to IL-1 alpha-induced EC, anti-CD18 and to a lesser extent anti-CD11a and anti-CD49d to dibutyryl-cAMP-induced EC, whereas only anti-CD11a and anti-CD18 monoclonal antibodies inhibited PMA-induced lymphocyte binding. These findings suggest that stimulation of PKA and PKC induces lymphocyte binding to EC via different adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Turunen
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ustinov J, Loginov R, Bruggeman C, van der Meide P, Häyry P, Lautenschlager I. Direct induction of class II antigens by cytomegalovirus in rat heart endothelial cells. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:1143-4. [PMID: 8382852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ustinov
- Fourth Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Häyry P, Mennander A, Paavonen T, Räisänen A, Ustinov J. Role of thromboxane in the generation of allograft arteriosclerosis in chronic rejection. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:603-4. [PMID: 8438433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/physiology
- Aorta/transplantation
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Eicosanoids/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/transplantation
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Rats, Inbred WF
- Thromboxane B2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thromboxane B2/biosynthesis
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Transplantation, Isogeneic
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Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Lemström K, Persoons M, Bruggeman C, Ustinov J, Lautenschlager I, Häyry P. Cytomegalovirus infection enhances allograft arteriosclerosis in the rat. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:1406-7. [PMID: 8382862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Lemström
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Mennander A, Ustinov J, Paavonen T, Häyry P. Chronic rejection in rat aortic allograft: mechanism of angiopeptin (BIM 23014C) inhibition on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in chronic rejection. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:944-5. [PMID: 8095115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/transplantation
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Autoradiography
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Chronic Disease
- Eicosanoids/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/transplantation
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tritium
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Mennander A, Tikkanen MJ, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Paavonen T, Ustinov J, Häyry P. Chronic rejection in rat aortic allografts. IV. Effect of hypercholesterolemia in allograft arteriosclerosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993; 12:123-31; discussion 131-2. [PMID: 8443189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat aortic allografts transplanted across histoincompatible strains develop arteriosclerotic alterations in the vascular wall that are virtually indistinguishable from those observed in human heart allografts during chronic rejection. In this study we have investigated whether hypercholesterolemia in the recipient rat accelerates allograft arteriosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by a 4% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid diet, added to the normal rat diet. The cholesterol and cholic acid diet increased the level of serum total cholesterol from 1.3 +/- 0.0 to 4.8 +/- 0.9 (+/- SD) mmol/L and the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 0.3 +/- 0.0 to 2.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/L (p < 0.05) but caused no change in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.0 +/- 0.1 versus 0.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/L. The level of plasma triglycerides remained also unchanged. Quantitation of two major chronic rejection-associated eicosanoids from the allograft vascular wall showed a significant increase in the synthesis of thromboxane B2 in the hyperlipidemic animals from 6.0 +/- 5.0 to 8.0 +/- 5.0 ng/mg dry weight and a slight reduction in the synthesis of 6-keto-prostaglandins F1 alpha. In vivo labeling of the recipient rat with tritiated thymidine and autoradiography showed that hypercholesterolemia did not affect the proliferation of inflammatory cells in the allograft adventitia, slightly increased the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the media from 23 +/- 14 cells to 34 +/- 13 cells (+/- SEM) per cross section (p = ns), but slightly reduced the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima from 13 +/- 6 to 6.2 +/- 1.5 (p = ns). Hypercholesterolemic recipients did not show any significant enhancement but, in fact, showed a delay in the generation of arteriosclerotic changes in the allograft intima. We conclude that although hypercholesterolemia, in the absence of hypertriglyceridemia, induces significant alterations in the eicosanoid metabolism and minor alterations in smooth muscle cell proliferation in the transplant vascular wall, it does not enhance arteriosclerotic alterations in chronically rejecting rat aortic allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mennander
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Häyry P, Mennander A, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Ustinov J, Lemström K, Aho P, Yilmaz S, Lautenschlager I, Paavonen T. Pathophysiology of vascular wall changes in chronic allograft rejection. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-470x(05)80007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Häyry P, Mennander A, Yilmaz S, Ustinov J, Räisänen A, Lautenschlager I, Lemström K, Bruggeman CA, Paavonen T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in allograft arteriosclerosis. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:2359-61. [PMID: 1334582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Mennander A, Tiisala S, Ustinov J, Räisänen A, Paavonen T, Häyry P. Chronic rejection of rat aortic allografts. III. Synthesis of major eicosanoids by vascular wall components and effect of inhibition of the thromboxane cascade. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12:1380-6. [PMID: 1450170 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.12.12.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that rat aortic allografts from the DA (RT1a) to the WF (RT1v) strain develop chronic arteriosclerotic changes in the vascular wall after a short spontaneously reversible acute rejection episode. These changes, which are lacking in syngeneic DA-to-DA control grafts, are virtually identical with those observed in human allografts during chronic rejection. In this study we have investigated whether eicosanoids are involved in the generation of arteriosclerotic changes. Incubation of aortic wall rings in vitro and immunochemical assays demonstrated that the arteriosclerotic allografts synthesize significantly more thromboxane B2 (TxB2) but not 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) or leukotriene B4. The increased synthesis of TxB2 in the allografts persisted for at least 5 months after transplantation. Separate incubation of the two major components of the vascular wall, after microdissection of the intima and (media plus) adventitia, demonstrated that most of the synthesis of TxB2 during chronic rejection was due to the outer layer of aorta, presumably the inflammatory cells of the adventitia. In contrast, most of the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was synthesized by the inner layer of the aorta, presumably the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells of the intima. Administration of 1 mg.kg-1 x day-1 of a specific TxA2 receptor inhibitor, GR32191B, to the recipient rat reduced the proliferative response of inflammatory cells in the adventitia by 30%, as detected by in vivo tritiated-thymidine (3H-TdR) labeling and autoradiography, but did not reduce the proliferative response of smooth muscle cells in the media and intima.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mennander
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Häyry P, Mennander A, Yilmaz S, Ustinov J, Räisänen A, Miettinen A, Lautenschlager I, Lemström K, Bruggeman CA, Paavonen T. Towards understanding the pathophysiology of chronic rejection. Clin Investig 1992; 70:780-90. [PMID: 1450632 DOI: 10.1007/bf00180748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft rejection is the major reason why allografts are lost. While only 2%-3% of all allografts are lost during the first year to irreversible acute rejection, approximately 6%-7% are lost during each subsequent year to chronic rejection. The major manifestation of chronic rejection in all organs is persistent perivascular inflammation and allograft arteriosclerosis. Bearing this in mind, we have developed a model to investigate the pathophysiology of allograft arteriosclerosis using aortic transplantations between inbred rat strains. The results obtained thus far indicate that several different inflammatory cascades are operative within the vascular wall during allograft arteriosclerosis. The relative importance of these different cascades, and particularly the role of growth factors as final effectors, has not yet been defined. Attempts to suppress allograft arteriosclerosis under experimental conditions have already met with some success: under conditions where no immunosuppression is provided we have been able to delay the process by at least 3 months, though we have not been able to block it indefinitely. It may be expected, however, that once the inflammatory cascades leading to smooth muscle cell replication in the allograft media and their influx into the intima are better defined, more specific approaches to the inhibition of allograft arteriosclerosis will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Häyry
- Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki
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