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Bourgeois S, Coenen S, Degroote L, Willems L, Van Mulders A, Pierreux J, Heremans Y, De Leu N, Staels W. Harnessing beta cell regeneration biology for diabetes therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38644094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic scale of diabetes mellitus is alarming, its complications remain devastating, and current treatments still pose a major burden on those affected and on the healthcare system as a whole. As the disease emanates from the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, a real cure requires their restoration and protection. An attractive strategy is to regenerate β-cells directly within the pancreas; however, while several approaches for β-cell regeneration have been proposed in the past, clinical translation has proven challenging. This review scrutinizes recent findings in β-cell regeneration and discusses their potential clinical implementation. Hereby, we aim to delineate a path for innovative, targeted therapies to help shift from 'caring for' to 'curing' diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bourgeois
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Coenen
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Degroote
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Willems
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelore Van Mulders
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Pierreux
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Willem Staels
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Sionov RV, Ahdut-HaCohen R. A Supportive Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Insulin-Producing Langerhans Islets with a Specific Emphasis on The Secretome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37761001 PMCID: PMC10527322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a gradual destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the endocrine pancreas due to innate and specific immune responses, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. T1D patients usually require regular insulin injections after meals to maintain normal serum glucose levels. In severe cases, pancreas or Langerhans islet transplantation can assist in reaching a sufficient β-mass to normalize glucose homeostasis. The latter procedure is limited because of low donor availability, high islet loss, and immune rejection. There is still a need to develop new technologies to improve islet survival and implantation and to keep the islets functional. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells with high plasticity that can support human pancreatic islet function both in vitro and in vivo and islet co-transplantation with MSCs is more effective than islet transplantation alone in attenuating diabetes progression. The beneficial effect of MSCs on islet function is due to a combined effect on angiogenesis, suppression of immune responses, and secretion of growth factors essential for islet survival and function. In this review, various aspects of MSCs related to islet function and diabetes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ronit Ahdut-HaCohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
- Department of Science, The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
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3
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Ishii T, Miyasato Y, Ichijo M, Uchimura K, Furuya F. Membrane protease prostasin promotes insulin secretion by regulating the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9086. [PMID: 37277555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostasin (PRSS8) is a serine protease that metabolizes and moderates the effect of specific substrates. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which modulates insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation, is regulated via proteolytic shedding by PRSS8. We first detected PRSS8 expression in β-cells of pancreatic islets of mice. To better understand the molecular processes involved in PRSS8-associated insulin secretion, pancreatic β-cell-specific PRSS8 knockout (βKO) and PRSS8-overexpressing (βTG) male mice were generated. We found that glucose intolerance and reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion developed in βKO mice compared with the control subjects. A higher response to glucose was noted in islets retrieved from βTG mice. Erlotinib, a specific blocker of EGFR, blocks EGF- and glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin among MIN6 cells, and glucose improves EGF release from β-cells. After silencing PRSS8 in MIN6 cells, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion decreased, and EGFR signaling was impaired. Conversely, overexpression of PRSS8 in MIN6 cells induced higher concentrations of both basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and increased phospho-EGFR concentrations. Furthermore, short-term exposure to glucose improved the concentration of endogenous PRSS8 in MIN6 cells through inhibition of intracellular degradation. These findings suggest that PRSS8 is involved in glucose-dependent physiological regulation of insulin secretion via the EGF-EGFR signaling pathway in pancreatic β-cells.
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Grants
- 17K16145 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 19K17958 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 21K16367 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 17K16145 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 19K17958 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 21K16367 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 17K16145 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 19K17958 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 21K16367 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 17K16145 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 19K17958 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 21K16367 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 17K16145 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 19K17958 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
- 21K16367 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Ishii
- Division of Nephrology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Miyasato
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichijo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsumoto National Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Uchimura
- Division of Nephrology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Furuya
- Division of Nephrology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Chen YC, Lutkewitte AJ, Basavarajappa HD, Fueger PT. Glucolipotoxic Stress-Induced Mig6 Desensitizes EGFR Signaling and Promotes Pancreatic Beta Cell Death. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050627. [PMID: 37233668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A loss of functional beta cell mass is a final etiological event in the development of frank type 2 diabetes (T2D). To preserve or expand beta cells and therefore treat/prevent T2D, growth factors have been considered therapeutically but have largely failed to achieve robust clinical success. The molecular mechanisms preventing the activation of mitogenic signaling pathways from maintaining functional beta cell mass during the development of T2D remain unknown. We speculated that endogenous negative effectors of mitogenic signaling cascades impede beta cell survival/expansion. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that a stress-inducible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, mitogen-inducible gene 6 (Mig6), regulates beta cell fate in a T2D milieu. To this end, we determined that: (1) glucolipotoxicity (GLT) induces Mig6, thereby blunting EGFR signaling cascades, and (2) Mig6 mediates molecular events regulating beta cell survival/death. We discovered that GLT impairs EGFR activation, and Mig6 is elevated in human islets from T2D donors as well as GLT-treated rodent islets and 832/13 INS-1 beta cells. Mig6 is essential for GLT-induced EGFR desensitization, as Mig6 suppression rescued the GLT-impaired EGFR and ERK1/2 activation. Further, Mig6 mediated EGFR but not insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor nor hepatocyte growth factor receptor activity in beta cells. Finally, we identified that elevated Mig6 augmented beta cell apoptosis, as Mig6 suppression reduced apoptosis during GLT. In conclusion, we established that T2D and GLT induce Mig6 in beta cells; the elevated Mig6 desensitizes EGFR signaling and induces beta cell death, suggesting Mig6 could be a novel therapeutic target for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew J Lutkewitte
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Halesha D Basavarajappa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Patrick T Fueger
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Jiang Y, Chen A, Kline D, Liu Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Zhang T, Qian J, Nelson L, Prasadan K, Hu B, Gittes GK, Xiao X. Polarized macrophages promote gestational beta cell growth through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 signalling. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1721-1733. [PMID: 35546452 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To show that depletion of pancreatic macrophages impairs gestational beta cell proliferation and leads to glucose intolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic animal models were applied to study the effects of depletion of pancreatic macrophges on gestational beta-cell proliferaiton and glucose response. The crosstalk between macrophages and beta-cells was studied in vivo using beta-cell-specific extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) knockout and epidermal growth receptor (EGFR) knockout mice, and in vitro using a co-culture system. RESULTS Beta cell-derived placental growth factor (PlGF) recruited naïve macrophages and polarized them towards an M2-like phenotype. These macrophages then secreted epidermal growth factor (EGF), which activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) signalling in beta cells to promote gestational beta cell proliferation. On the other hand, activation of ERK5 signalling in beta cells likely, in turn, enhanced the production and secretion of PlGF by beta cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a regulatory loop between macrophages and beta cells through PlGF/EGF/ERK5 signalling cascades to regulate gestational beta cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Apeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Diana Kline
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jieqi Qian
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells within the islets of Langerhans respond to rising blood glucose levels by secreting insulin that stimulates glucose uptake by peripheral tissues to maintain whole body energy homeostasis. To different extents, failure of β-cell function and/or β-cell loss contribute to the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Chronically elevated glycaemia and high circulating free fatty acids, as often seen in obese diabetics, accelerate β-cell failure and the development of the disease. MiRNAs are essential for endocrine development and for mature pancreatic β-cell function and are dysregulated in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the different molecular mechanisms that control miRNA expression and function, including transcription, stability, posttranscriptional modifications, and interaction with RNA binding proteins and other non-coding RNAs. We also discuss which of these mechanisms are responsible for the nutrient-mediated regulation of the activity of β-cell miRNAs and identify some of the more important knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Maachi H, Ghislain J, Tremblay C, Poitout V. Pronounced proliferation of non-beta cells in response to beta-cell mitogens in isolated human islets of Langerhans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11283. [PMID: 34050242 PMCID: PMC8163757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential to treat diabetes by increasing beta-cell mass is driving a major effort to identify beta-cell mitogens. Demonstration of mitogen activity in human beta cells is frequently performed in ex vivo assays. However, reported disparities in the efficacy of beta-cell mitogens led us to investigate the sources of this variability. We studied 35 male (23) and female (12) human islet batches covering a range of donor ages and BMI. Islets were kept intact or dispersed into single cells and cultured in the presence of harmine, glucose, or heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and subsequently analyzed by immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry. Proliferating cells were identified by double labeling with EdU and Ki67 and glucagon, c-peptide or Nkx6.1, and cytokeratin-19 to respectively label alpha, beta, and ductal cells. Harmine and HB-EGF stimulated human beta-cell proliferation, but the effect of glucose was dependent on the assay and the donor. Harmine potently stimulated alpha-cell proliferation and both harmine and HB-EGF increased proliferation of insulin- and glucagon-negative cells, including cytokeratin 19-positive cells. Given the abundance of non-beta cells in human islet preparations, our results suggest that assessment of beta-cell mitogens requires complementary approaches and rigorous identification of cell identity using multiple markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Maachi
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Caroline Tremblay
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Lee SY, Yuk HG, Ko SG, Cho SG, Moon GS. Gut Microbiome Prolongs an Inhibitory Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Mouse Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030926. [PMID: 33809267 PMCID: PMC7999605 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the anti-obesity effect of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been revealed, its underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrate an involvement of gut microbiome in the inhibitory effect of Korean red ginseng on high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse obesity, and further provides information on the effects of saponin-containing red ginseng extract (SGE) and saponin-depleted red ginseng extract (GE). Mice were fed with either SGE or GE every third day for one month, and their food intakes, fat weights, plasma glucose, and insulin and leptin levels were measured. Immunofluorescence assays were conducted to measure pancreatic islet size. Stools from the mice were subjected to metagenomic analysis. Both SGE and GE attenuated HFD-induced gain of body weight, reducing HFD-induced increase of food intakes and fat weights. They also reduced HFD-increased plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels, decreased both fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations, and improved both insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that they blocked HFD-induced increase of pancreatic islet size. Our pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3 region from stools revealed that both SGE and GE modulated HFD-altered composition of gut microbiota. Therefore, we conclude that Korean red ginseng inhibits HFD-induced obesity and diabetes by altering gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.G.K.)
| | - Hyun Gyun Yuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong, Chungbuk 27909, Korea;
| | - Seong Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.G.K.)
| | - Sung-Gook Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong, Chungbuk 27909, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-G.C.); (G.-S.M.); Tel.: +82-43-820-5254 (S.-G.C.); +82-43-820-5272 (G.-S.M.)
| | - Gi-Seong Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, 61 Daehak-ro, Jeungpyeong, Chungbuk 27909, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-G.C.); (G.-S.M.); Tel.: +82-43-820-5254 (S.-G.C.); +82-43-820-5272 (G.-S.M.)
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Lien YC, Won KJ, Simmons RA. Transcriptomic and Quantitative Proteomic Profiling Reveals Signaling Pathways Critical for Pancreatic Islet Maturation. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5923720. [PMID: 33053583 PMCID: PMC7668240 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and reduced insulin secretion play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Fetal and neonatal islets are functionally immature and have blunted glucose responsiveness and decreased insulin secretion in response to stimuli and are far more proliferative. However, the mechanisms underlying functional immaturity are not well understood. Pancreatic islets are composed of a mixture of different cell types, and the microenvironment of islets and interactions between these cell types are critical for β-cell development and maturation. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomic data from intact islets isolated from fetal (embryonic day 19) and 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were integrated to compare their gene and protein expression profiles. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was also applied to elucidate pathways and upstream regulators modulating functional maturation of islets. By integrating transcriptome and proteomic data, 917 differentially expressed genes/proteins were identified with a false discovery rate of less than 0.05. A total of 411 and 506 of them were upregulated and downregulated in the 2-week-old islets, respectively. IPA revealed novel critical pathways associated with functional maturation of islets, such as AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, as well as the importance of lipid homeostasis/signaling and neuronal function. Furthermore, we also identified many proteins enriched either in fetal or 2-week-old islets related to extracellular matrix and cell communication, suggesting that these pathways play critical roles in islet maturation. Our present study identified novel pathways for mature islet function in addition to confirming previously reported mechanisms, and provided new mechanistic insights for future research on diabetes prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Lien
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Correspondence: Rebecca A. Simmons, MD, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, BRB II/III, 13th Fl, Rm 1308, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. E-mail:
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10
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Yang W, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu Q, Wang C, Swisher G, Wu N, Chao C, Prasadan K, Gittes GK, Xiao X. Placental growth factor in beta cells plays an essential role in gestational beta-cell growth. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000921. [PMID: 32144129 PMCID: PMC7059504 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic beta cells proliferate in response to metabolic requirements during pregnancy, while failure of this response may cause gestational diabetes. A member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family, placental growth factor (PlGF), typically plays a role in metabolic disorder and pathological circumstance. The expression and function of PlGF in the endocrine pancreas have not been reported and are addressed in the current study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS PlGF levels in beta cells were determined by immunostaining or ELISA in purified beta cells in non-pregnant and pregnant adult mice. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 8 carrying a shRNA for PlGF under the control of a rat insulin promoter (AAV-rat insulin promoter (RIP)-short hairpin small interfering RNA for PlGF (shPlGF)) was prepared and infused into mouse pancreas through the pancreatic duct to specifically knock down PlGF in beta cells, and its effects on beta-cell growth were determined by beta-cell proliferation, beta-cell mass and insulin release. A macrophage-depleting reagent, clodronate, was coapplied into AAV-treated mice to study crosstalk between beta cells and macrophages. RESULTS PlGF is exclusively produced by beta cells in the adult mouse pancreas. Moreover, PlGF expression in beta cells was significantly increased during pregnancy. Intraductal infusion of AAV-RIP-shPlGF specifically knocked down PlGF in beta cells, resulting in compromised beta-cell proliferation, reduced growth in beta-cell mass and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Mechanistically, PlGF depletion in beta cells reduced islet infiltration of trophic macrophages, which appeared to be essential for gestational beta-cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that increased expression of PlGF in beta cells may trigger gestational beta-cell growth through recruited macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of NanChang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaoban Wang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Grant Swisher
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nannan Wu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chelsea Chao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Maachi H, Fergusson G, Ethier M, Brill GN, Katz LS, Honig LB, Metukuri MR, Scott DK, Ghislain J, Poitout V. HB-EGF Signaling Is Required for Glucose-Induced Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation in Rats. Diabetes 2020; 69:369-380. [PMID: 31882563 PMCID: PMC7034189 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of β-cell compensation to metabolic stress are poorly understood. We previously observed that nutrient-induced β-cell proliferation in rats is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the EGFR ligand heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in the β-cell proliferative response to glucose, a β-cell mitogen and key regulator of β-cell mass in response to increased insulin demand. We show that exposure of isolated rat and human islets to HB-EGF stimulates β-cell proliferation. In rat islets, inhibition of EGFR or HB-EGF blocks the proliferative response not only to HB-EGF but also to glucose. Furthermore, knockdown of HB-EGF in rat islets blocks β-cell proliferation in response to glucose ex vivo and in vivo in transplanted glucose-infused rats. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that HB-EGF mRNA levels are increased in β-cells in response to glucose in a carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP)-dependent manner. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies identified ChREBP binding sites in proximity to the HB-EGF gene. Finally, inhibition of Src family kinases, known to be involved in HB-EGF processing, abrogated glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Our findings identify a novel glucose/HB-EGF/EGFR axis implicated in β-cell compensation to increased metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Maachi
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grace Fergusson
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melanie Ethier
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel N Brill
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lee B Honig
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Julien Ghislain
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Yang L, Zhu Y, Kong D, Gong J, Yu W, Liang Y, Nie Y, Teng CB. EGF suppresses the expression of miR-124a in pancreatic β cell lines via ETS2 activation through the MEK and PI3K signaling pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2561-2575. [PMID: 31754329 PMCID: PMC6854373 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.34985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Previous studies have indicated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and microRNA-124a (miR-124a) play opposite roles in insulin biosynthesis and secretion by beta cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that EGF could inhibit miR-124a expression in beta cell lines through downstream signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) cascades. Further, the transcription factor ETS2, a member of the ETS (E26 transformation-specific) family, was identified to be responsible for the EGF-mediated suppression of miR-124a expression, which was dependent on ETS2 phosphorylation at threonine 72. Activation of ETS2 decreased miR-124a promoter transcriptional activity through the putative conserved binding sites AGGAANA/TN in three miR-124a promoters located in different chromosomes. Of note, ETS2 played a positive role in regulating beta cell function-related genes, including miR-124a targets, Forkhead box a2 (FOXA2) and Neurogenic differentiation 1 (NEUROD1), which may have partly been through the inhibition of miR-124 expression. Knockdown and overexpression of ETS2 led to the prevention and promotion of insulin biosynthesis respectively, while barely affecting the secretion ability. These results suggest that EGF may induce the activation of ETS2 to inhibit miR-124a expression to maintain proper beta cell functions and that ETS2, as a novel regulator of insulin production, is a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuansen Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Delin Kong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiawei Gong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzhe Nie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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13
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Zhong F, Jiang Y. Endogenous Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration: A Potential Strategy for the Recovery of β Cell Deficiency in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30842756 PMCID: PMC6391341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pancreatic β cell regeneration is a potential strategy for β cell expansion or neogenesis to treat diabetes. Regeneration can occur through stimulation of existing β cell replication or conversion of other pancreatic cells into β cells. Recently, various strategies and approaches for stimulation of endogenous β cell regeneration have been evaluated, but they were not suitable for clinical application. In this paper, we comprehensively review these strategies, and further discuss various factors involved in regulation of β cell regeneration under physiological or pathological conditions, such as mediators, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and potential pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, we discuss possible reasons for the failure of regenerative medicines in clinical trials, and possible strategies for improving β cell regeneration. As β cell heterogeneity and plasticity determines their function and environmental adaptability, we focus on β cell subtype markers and discuss the importance of research evaluating the characteristics of new β cells. In addition, based on the autoimmunologic features of type 1 diabetes, NOD/Lt-SCID-IL2rg null (NSG) mice grafted with human immune cells and β cells are recommended for use in evaluation of antidiabetic regenerative medicines. This review will further understand current advances in endogenous β cell regeneration, and provide potential new strategies for the treatment of diabetes focused on cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Jiang
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Bell GI, Seneviratne AK, Nasri GN, Hess DA. Transplantation Models to Characterize the Mechanisms of Stem Cell–Induced Islet Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 26:2B.4.1-2B.4.35. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02b04s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian I. Bell
- Vascular Biology Research Group Robarts Research Institute Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Ayesh K. Seneviratne
- Vascular Biology Research Group Robarts Research Institute Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Grace N. Nasri
- Bachelors in Medical Sciences Program The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - David A. Hess
- Vascular Biology Research Group Robarts Research Institute Department of Physiology and Pharmacology The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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15
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Perone MJ, Gimeno ML, Fuertes F. Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Muse Cells Administration in Diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1103:115-129. [PMID: 30484226 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56847-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established the link between inflammation and the development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells mediated by autoreactive T lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory agents. Therefore, developing new strategies to efficiently control dysregulated inflammation could have substantial benefits in the treatment of diabetes. Recently, a novel population of non-tumorigenic pluripotent stem cells, named multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells, was discovered. Muse cells secrete significant amounts of TGF-β1, a key cytokine governing down-modulation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. In this chapter, we discuss the immunomodulatory properties of Muse cells as well as the molecular mechanism of TGF-β1 as mediator of Muse cell action. We also describe the role of certain cytokines/growth factors highly expressed in Muse cells as potential mediators of their effects. Finally, we provide evidence of the beneficial effects of adipose tissue-derived Muse cells in an experimental mice model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Javier Perone
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Laura Gimeno
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Fuertes
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Kuljanin M, Bell GI, Sherman SE, Lajoie GA, Hess DA. Proteomic characterisation reveals active Wnt-signalling by human multipotent stromal cells as a key regulator of beta cell survival and proliferation. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1987-1998. [PMID: 28710530 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Novel strategies to stimulate the expansion of beta cell mass in situ are warranted for diabetes therapy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the secretome of human bone marrow (BM)-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) with documented islet regenerative paracrine function. We hypothesised that regenerative MSCs will secrete a unique combination of protein factors that augment islet regeneration. METHODS Human BM-derived MSCs were examined for glucose-lowering capacity after transplantation into streptozotocin-treated NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and segregated into samples with regenerative (MSCR) vs nonregenerative (MSCNR) capacity. Secreted proteins associated with islet regenerative function were identified using stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics. To functionally validate the importance of active Wnt signalling, we stimulated the Wnt-signalling pathway in MSCNR samples during ex vivo expansion using glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition (CHIR99201), and the conditioned culture media (CM) generated was tested for the capacity to support cultured human islet cell survival and proliferation in vitro. RESULTS MSCR showed increased secretion of proteins associated with cell growth, matrix remodelling, immunosuppressive and proangiogenic properties. In contrast, MSCNR uniquely secreted proteins known to promote inflammation and negatively regulate angiogenesis. Most notably, MSCR maintained Wnt signalling via Wnt5A/B (~2.5-fold increase) autocrine activity during ex vivo culture, while MSCNR repressed Wnt signalling via Dickkopf-related protein (DKK)1 (~2.5-fold increase) and DKK3 secretion. Inhibition of GSK3 activity in MSCNR samples increased the accumulation of nuclear β-catenin and generated CM that augmented beta cell survival (13% increases) and proliferation when exposed to cultured human islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Maintenance of active Wnt signalling within human MSCs promotes the secretion of matricellular and proangiogenic proteins that formulate a niche for islet regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljan Kuljanin
- Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N5A 6C1, Canada
| | - Gillian I Bell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen E Sherman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Laboratories, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Gilles A Lajoie
- Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N5A 6C1, Canada.
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Molecular Medicine Laboratories, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada.
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17
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Fusco J, Xiao X, Prasadan K, Sheng Q, Chen C, Ming YC, Gittes G. GLP-1/Exendin-4 induces β-cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9100. [PMID: 28831150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exendin-4 is a long acting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue that is an agonist for the GLP-1 receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Exendin-4 is used to clinically improve glucose tolerance in diabetic patients due to its ability to enhance insulin secretion. In rodents, and possibly in humans, exendin-4 can stimulate β-cell proliferation. The exact mechanism of action to induce β-cell proliferation is not well understood. Here, using a β-cell specific epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) null mouse, we show that exendin-4 induced an increase in proliferation and β-cell mass through EGFR. Thus, our study sheds light on the role of EGFR signaling in the effects of exendin-4 on the control of blood glucose metabolism and β-cell mass.
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18
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Kulkarni S, Sharda S, Watve M. Bi-stability in type 2 diabetes mellitus multi-organ signalling network. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181536. [PMID: 28767672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is believed to be irreversible although no component of the pathophysiology is irreversible. We show here with a network model that the apparent irreversibility is contributed by the structure of the network of inter-organ signalling. A network model comprising all known inter-organ signals in T2DM showed bi-stability with one insulin sensitive and one insulin resistant attractor. The bi-stability was made robust by multiple positive feedback loops suggesting an evolved allostatic system rather than a homeostatic system. In the absence of the complete network, impaired insulin signalling alone failed to give a stable insulin resistant or hyperglycemic state. The model made a number of correlational predictions many of which were validated by empirical data. The current treatment practice targeting obesity, insulin resistance, beta cell function and normalization of plasma glucose failed to reverse T2DM in the model. However certain behavioural and neuro-endocrine interventions ensured a reversal. These results suggest novel prevention and treatment approaches which need to be tested empirically.
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19
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Song Z, Fusco J, Zimmerman R, Fischbach S, Chen C, Ricks DM, Prasadan K, Shiota C, Xiao X, Gittes GK. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Regulates β Cell Proliferation in Adult Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22630-22637. [PMID: 27587395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of β cell proliferation is an important initial step in restoring β cell mass in the diabetic patient. Here, we show that epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR) was significantly up-regulated in the islets of C57BL/6 mice after 50% partial pancreatectomy (PPx), a model for workload-induced β cell proliferation. Specific deletion of EGFR in the β cells of adult mice impaired β cell proliferation at baseline and after 50% PPx, suggesting that the EGFR signaling pathway plays an essential role in adult β cell proliferation. Further analyses showed that β cell-specific depletion of EGFR resulted in impaired expression of cyclin D1 and impaired suppression of p27 after PPx, both of which enhance β cell proliferation. These data highlight the importance of EGFR signaling and its downstream signaling cascade in postnatal β cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Song
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,Department of Oncology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, China, and
| | - Joseph Fusco
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Ray Zimmerman
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Shane Fischbach
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Congde Chen
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - David Matthew Ricks
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224,
| | - George K Gittes
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224,
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20
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Abstract
Pregnancy in placental mammals places unique demands on the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pancreas anticipates the increase in insulin resistance that occurs late in pregnancy by increasing β-cell numbers and function earlier in pregnancy. In rodents, this β-cell expansion depends on secreted placental lactogens that signal through the prolactin receptor. Then at the end of pregnancy, the β-cell population contracts back to its pre-pregnancy size. In the current review, we focus on how glucose metabolism changes during pregnancy, how β-cells anticipate these changes through their response to lactogens and what molecular mechanisms guide the adaptive compensation. In addition, we summarize current knowledge of β-cell adaptation during human pregnancy and what happens when adaptation fails and gestational diabetes ensues. A better understanding of human β-cell adaptation to pregnancy would benefit efforts to predict, prevent and treat gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baeyens
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - S Hindi
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - R L Sorenson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - M S German
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
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21
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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De Groef S, Renmans D, Cai Y, Leuckx G, Roels S, Staels W, Gradwohl G, Baeyens L, Heremans Y, Martens GA, De Leu N, Sojoodi M, Van de Casteele M, Heimberg H. STAT3 modulates β-cell cycling in injured mouse pancreas and protects against DNA damage. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2272. [PMID: 27336716 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Partial pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) of mouse pancreas induces a doubling of the β-cell mass mainly through proliferation of pre-existing and newly formed β-cells. The molecular mechanism governing this process is still largely unknown. Given the inflammatory nature of PDL and inflammation-induced signaling via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the activation and the role of STAT3 in PDL-induced β-cell proliferation were investigated. Duct ligation stimulates the expression of several cytokines that can act as ligands inducing STAT3 signaling and phosphorylation in β-cells. β-Cell cycling increased by conditional β-cell-specific Stat3 knockout and decreased by STAT3 activation through administration of interleukin-6. In addition, the level of DNA damage in β-cells of PDL pancreas increased after deletion of Stat3. These data indicate a role for STAT3 in maintaining a steady state in the β-cell, by modulating its cell cycle and protection from DNA damage.
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23
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Sun J, Xu M, Ortsäter H, Lundeberg E, Juntti-Berggren L, Chen YQ, Haeggström JZ, Gudmundsson GH, Diana J, Agerberth B. Cathelicidins positively regulate pancreatic β-cell functions. FASEB J 2015; 30:884-94. [PMID: 26527065 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are pleiotropic antimicrobial peptides largely described for innate antimicrobial defenses and, more recently, immunomodulation. They are shown to modulate a variety of immune or nonimmune host cell responses. However, how cathelicidins are expressed by β cells and modulate β-cell functions under steady-state or proinflammatory conditions are unknown. We find that cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is constitutively expressed by rat insulinoma β-cell clone INS-1 832/13. CRAMP expression is inducible by butyrate or phenylbutyric acid and its secretion triggered upon inflammatory challenges by IL-1β or LPS. CRAMP promotes β-cell survival in vitro via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and by modulating expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins: p-Bad, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. Also via EGFR, CRAMP stimulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion ex vivo by rat islets. A similar effect is observed in diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Additional investigation under inflammatory conditions reveals that CRAMP modulates inflammatory responses and β-cell apoptosis, as measured by prostaglandin E2 production, cyclooxygenases (COXs), and caspase activation. Finally, CRAMP-deficient cnlp(-/-) mice exhibit defective insulin secretion, and administration of CRAMP to prediabetic NOD mice improves blood glucose clearance upon glucose challenge. Our finding suggests that cathelicidins positively regulate β-cell functions and may be potentially used for intervening β-cell dysfunction-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Xu
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lundeberg
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Juntti-Berggren
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong Q Chen
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur H Gudmundsson
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Diana
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- *State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; **Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hyvönen ME, Dumont V, Tienari J, Lehtonen E, Ustinov J, Havana M, Jalanko H, Otonkoski T, Miettinen PJ, Lehtonen S. Early-onset diabetic E1-DN mice develop albuminuria and glomerular injury typical of diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:102969. [PMID: 26000279 DOI: 10.1155/2015/102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The transgenic E1-DN mice express a kinase-negative epidermal growth factor receptor in their pancreatic islets and are diabetic from two weeks of age due to impaired postnatal growth of β-cell mass. Here, we characterize the development of hyperglycaemia-induced renal injury in the E1-DN mice. Homozygous mice showed increased albumin excretion rate (AER) at the age of 10 weeks; the albuminuria increased over time and correlated with blood glucose. Morphometric analysis of PAS-stained histological sections and electron microscopy images revealed mesangial expansion in homozygous E1-DN mice, and glomerular sclerosis was observed in the most hyperglycaemic mice. The albuminuric homozygous mice developed also other structural changes in the glomeruli, including thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and widening of podocyte foot processes that are typical for diabetic nephropathy. Increased apoptosis of podocytes was identified as one mechanism contributing to glomerular injury. In addition, nephrin expression was reduced in the podocytes of albuminuric homozygous E1-DN mice. Tubular changes included altered epithelial cell morphology and increased proliferation. In conclusion, hyperglycaemic E1-DN mice develop albuminuria and glomerular and tubular injury typical of human diabetic nephropathy and can serve as a new model to study the mechanisms leading to the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Abstract
Newly generated insulin‐secreting cells for use in cell therapy for insulin‐deficient diabetes mellitus require properties similar to those of native pancreatic β‐cells. Pancreatic β‐cells are highly specialized cells that produce a large amount of insulin, and secrete insulin in a regulated manner in response to glucose and other stimuli. It is not yet explained how the β‐cells acquire this complex function during normal differentiation. So far, in vitro generation of insulin‐secreting cells from embryonic stem cells, induced‐pluripotent stem cells and adult stem/progenitor‐like cells has been reported. However, most of these cells are functionally immature and show poor glucose‐responsive insulin secretion compared to that of native pancreatic β‐cells (or islets). Strategies to generate functional β‐cells or a whole organ in vivo have also recently been proposed. Establishing a protocol to generate fully functional insulin‐secreting cells that closely resemble native β‐cells is a critical matter in regenerative medicine for diabetes. Understanding the physiological processes of differentiation, proliferation and regeneration of pancreatic β‐cells might open the path to cell therapy to cure patients with absolute insulin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Minami
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan ; Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan ; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) Japan Science and Technology Corp. Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
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26
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Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Eizirik DL, Sariola H, Miettinen PJ, Otonkoski T. In vivo activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in mouse beta cells by the EGFR mutation L858R protects against diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:970-9. [PMID: 24493201 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS EGF receptor (EGFR) signalling is required for normal beta cell development and postnatal beta cell proliferation. We tested whether beta cell proliferation can be triggered by EGFR activation at any age and whether this can protect beta cells against apoptosis induced by diabetogenic insults in a mouse model. METHODS We generated transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of constitutively active EGFR (L858R) (CA-EGFR) under the insulin promoter. Mice were given doxycycline at various ages for different time periods, and beta cell proliferation and mass were analysed. Mice were also challenged with streptozotocin and isolated islets exposed to cytokines. RESULTS Expression of EGFR (L858R) led to increased phosphorylation of EGFR and Akt in pancreatic islets. CA-EGFR expression during pancreatic development (embryonic day [E]12.5 to postnatal day [P]1) increased beta cell proliferation and mass in newborn mice. However, CA-EGFR expression in adult mice did not affect beta cell mass. Expression of the transgene improved glycaemia and markedly inhibited beta cell apoptosis after a single high dose, as well as after multiple low doses of streptozotocin. In vitro mechanistic studies showed that CA-EGFR protected isolated islets from cytokine-mediated beta cell death, possibly by repressing the proapoptotic protein BCL2-like 11 (BIM). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings show that the expression of CA-EGFR in the developing, but not in the adult pancreas stimulates beta cell replication and leads to increased beta cell mass. Importantly, CA-EGFR protects beta cells against streptozotocin- and cytokine-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Palgi J, Miettinen PJ, Otonkoski T. EGFR signaling promotes β-cell proliferation and survivin expression during pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93651. [PMID: 24695557 PMCID: PMC3973552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental lactogen (PL) induced serotonergic signaling is essential for gestational β-cell mass expansion. We have previously shown that intact Epidermal growth factor –receptor (EGFR) function is a crucial component of this pathway. We now explored more specifically the link between EGFR and pregnancy-induced β-cell mass compensation. Islets were isolated from wild-type and β-cell-specific EGFR-dominant negative mice (E1-DN), stimulated with PL and analyzed for β-cell proliferation and expression of genes involved in gestational β-cell growth. β-cell mass dynamics were analyzed both with traditional morphometrical methods and three-dimensional optical projection tomography (OPT) of whole-mount insulin-stained pancreata. Insulin-positive volume analyzed with OPT increased 1.4-fold at gestational day 18.5 (GD18.5) when compared to non-pregnant mice. Number of islets peaked by GD13.5 (680 vs 1134 islets per pancreas, non-pregnant vs. GD13.5). PL stimulated beta cell proliferation in the wild-type islets, whereas the proliferative response was absent in the E1-DN mouse islets. Serotonin synthesizing enzymes were upregulated similarly in both the wild-type and E1-DN mice. However, while survivin (Birc5) mRNA was upregulated 5.5-fold during pregnancy in the wild-type islets, no change was seen in the E1-DN pregnant islets. PL induced survivin expression also in isolated islets and this was blocked by EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and MEK inhibitor PD0325901. Our 3D-volumetric analysis of β-cell mass expansion during murine pregnancy revealed that islet number increases during pregnancy. In addition, our results suggest that EGFR signaling is required for lactogen-induced survivin expression via MAPK and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi J. Miettinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Zarrouki B, Benterki I, Fontés G, Peyot ML, Seda O, Prentki M, Poitout V. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation in response to nutrient excess in rats through mTOR and FOXM1. Diabetes 2014; 63:982-93. [PMID: 24194502 PMCID: PMC3931394 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the compensatory increase in β-cell mass in response to insulin resistance are essentially unknown. We previously reported that a 72-h coinfusion of glucose and Intralipid (GLU+IL) induces insulin resistance and a marked increase in β-cell proliferation in 6-month-old, but not in 2-month-old, Wistar rats. The aim of the current study was to identify the mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced β-cell proliferation in this model. A transcriptomic analysis identified a central role for the forkhead transcription factor FOXM1 and its targets, and for heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a ligand of the EGF receptor (EGFR), in nutrient-induced β-cell proliferation. Phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) target, was increased in islets from GLU+IL-infused 6-month-old rats. HB-EGF induced proliferation of insulin-secreting MIN6 cells and isolated rat islets, and this effect was blocked in MIN6 cells by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Coinfusion of either AG1478 or rapamycin blocked the increase in FOXM1 signaling, β-cell proliferation, and β-cell mass and size in response to GLU+IL infusion in 6-month-old rats. We conclude that chronic nutrient excess promotes β-cell mass expansion via a pathway that involves EGFR signaling, mTOR activation, and FOXM1-mediated cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Zarrouki
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isma Benterki
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ghislaine Fontés
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Line Peyot
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ondrej Seda
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Prentki
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Vincent Poitout,
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Bernal-Mizrachi E, Kulkarni RN, Scott DK, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Stewart AF, Garcia-Ocaña A. Human β-cell proliferation and intracellular signaling part 2: still driving in the dark without a road map. Diabetes 2014; 63:819-31. [PMID: 24556859 PMCID: PMC3931400 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing β-cell proliferation is a major goal for type 1 and type 2 diabetes research. Unraveling the network of β-cell intracellular signaling pathways that promote β-cell replication can provide the tools to address this important task. In a previous Perspectives in Diabetes article, we discussed what was known regarding several important intracellular signaling pathways in rodent β-cells, including the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt (IRS-PI3K-Akt) pathways, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) S6 kinase pathways, protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) pathways, and their downstream cell-cycle molecular targets, and contrasted that ample knowledge to the small amount of complementary data on human β-cell intracellular signaling pathways. In this Perspectives, we summarize additional important information on signaling pathways activated by nutrients, such as glucose; growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and Wnt; and hormones, such as leptin, estrogen, and progesterone, that are linked to rodent and human β-cell proliferation. With these two Perspectives, we attempt to construct a brief summary of knowledge for β-cell researchers on mitogenic signaling pathways and to emphasize how little is known regarding intracellular events linked to human β-cell replication. This is a critical aspect in the long-term goal of expanding human β-cells for the prevention and/or cure of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
- Corresponding authors: Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi, , and Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña,
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donald K. Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Andrew F. Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Corresponding authors: Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi, , and Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña,
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Stein J, Milewski WM, Dey A. The negative cell cycle regulators, p27(Kip1), p18(Ink4c), and GSK-3, play critical role in maintaining quiescence of adult human pancreatic β-cells and restrict their ability to proliferate. Islets 2013; 5:156-69. [PMID: 23896637 PMCID: PMC4049839 DOI: 10.4161/isl.25605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult human pancreatic β-cells are primarily quiescent (G0) yet the mechanisms controlling their quiescence are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate, by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, abundant levels of the critical negative cell cycle regulators, p27(Kip1) and p18(Ink4c), 2 key members of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor family, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a serine-threonine protein kinase, in islet β-cells of adult human pancreatic tissue. Our data show that p27(Kip1) localizes primarily in β-cell nuclei, whereas, p18(Ink4c) is mostly present in β-cell cytosol. Additionally, p-p27(S10), a phosphorylated form of p27(Kip1), which was shown to interact with and to sequester cyclinD-CDK4/6 in the cytoplasm, is present in substantial amounts in β-cell cytosol. Our immunofluorescence analysis displays similar distribution pattern of p27(Kip1), p-p27(S10), p18(Ink4c) and GSK-3 in islet β-cells of adult mouse pancreatic tissue. We demonstrate marked interaction of p27(Kip1) with cyclin D3, an abundant D-type cyclin in adult human islets, and vice versa as well as with its cognate kinase partners, CDK4 and CDK6. Likewise, we show marked interaction of p18(Ink4c) with CDK4. The data collectively suggest that inhibition of CDK function by p27(Kip1) and p18(Ink4c) contributes to human β-cell quiescence. Consistent with this, we have found by BrdU incorporation assay that combined treatments of small molecule GSK-3 inhibitor and mitogen/s lead to elevated proliferation of human β-cells, which is caused partly due to p27(Kip1) downregulation. The results altogether suggest that ex vivo expansion of human β-cells is achievable via increased proliferation for β-cell replacement therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Stein
- Section of Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Wieslawa M Milewski
- Section of Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Arunangsu Dey
- Section of Endocrinology; Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- College of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Correspondence to: Arunangsu Dey,
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31
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Suzuki T, Dai P, Hatakeyama T, Harada Y, Tanaka H, Yoshimura N, Takamatsu T. TGF-β Signaling Regulates Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation through Control of Cell Cycle Regulator p27 Expression. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2013; 46:51-8. [PMID: 23720603 PMCID: PMC3661777 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of pancreatic β-cells is an important mechanism underlying β-cell mass adaptation to metabolic demands. Increasing β-cell mass by regeneration may ameliorate or correct both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which both result from inadequate production of insulin by β-cells of the pancreatic islet. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is essential for fetal development and growth of pancreatic islets. In this study, we exposed HIT-T15, a clonal pancreatic β-cell line, to TGF-β signaling. We found that inhibition of TGF-β signaling promotes proliferation of the cells significantly, while TGF-β signaling stimulation inhibits proliferation of the cells remarkably. We confirmed that this proliferative regulation by TGF-β signaling is due to the changed expression of the cell cycle regulator p27. Furthermore, we demonstrated that there is no observed effect on transcriptional activity of p27 by TGF-β signaling. Our data show that TGF-β signaling mediates the cell-cycle progression of pancreatic β-cells by regulating the nuclear localization of CDK inhibitor, p27. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling reduces the nuclear accumulation of p27, and as a result this inhibition promotes proliferation of β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation and Regenerative Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Ping Dai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Tomoya Hatakeyama
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Yoshinori Harada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Norio Yoshimura
- Department of Transplantation and Regenerative Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Takamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Vecchio L, Seke Etet PF, Kipanyula MJ, Krampera M, Nwabo Kamdje AH. Importance of epigenetic changes in cancer etiology, pathogenesis, clinical profiling, and treatment: what can be learned from hematologic malignancies? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:90-104. [PMID: 23603458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations represent a key cancer hallmark, even in hematologic malignancies (HMs) or blood cancers, whose clinical features display a high inter-individual variability. Evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that inactivating DNA hypermethylation preferentially targets the subset of polycomb group (PcG) genes that are regulators of developmental processes. Conversely, activating DNA hypomethylation targets oncogenic signaling pathway genes, but outcomes of both events lead in the overexpression of oncogenic signaling pathways that contribute to the stem-like state of cancer cells. On the basis of recent evidence from population-based, clinical and experimental studies, we hypothesize that factors associated with risk for developing a HM, such as metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation, trigger epigenetic mechanisms to increase the transcriptional expression of oncogenes and activate oncogenic signaling pathways. Among others, signaling pathways associated with such risk factors include pro-inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and mitogenic, growth, and survival Janus kinase (JAK) intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase-triggered pathways, which include signaling pathways such as transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Ras GTPases/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and β-catenin pathways. Recent findings on epigenetic mechanisms at work in HMs and their importance in the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are herein summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the role of epigenetic processes in the determination of biological identity, the consequences for interindividual variability in disease clinical profile, and the potential of epigenetic drugs in HMs are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Vecchio
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNR, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
The mechanism that initiates regeneration of pancreatic β-cells is not clear at present. The vagal nerve is implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions, glucose metabolism and proliferation of pancreatic β-cells under physiological conditions. To elucidate the triggering mechanism of the regeneration of pancreatic β-cells, we examined the involvement of the vagal nerve. To this end, we employed a rat pancreatic duct ligation (DL) model, in which profound β-cell neogenesis and β-cell proliferation were observed within a week. We administered atropine to block the vagal nerve. Administration of atropine inhibited proliferation of β-cells in both islets and islet-like cell clusters (ICC), without affecting ductal cell proliferation in the ligated pancreas. The numbers of PDX-1 and MafB-positive cells in or attaching to the ducts were significantly reduced by atropine. MafB/glucagon and MafB/insulin double-positive cells were also decreased by atropine. Finally, atropine reduced the number of MafA-positive ductal cells, all of which were positive for insulin, by 50% on day 5. These results strongly suggest that the vagal nerve is involved in β-cell proliferation, induction of endocrine progenitors and neogenesis of α- and β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Medina
- Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan.
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Tu Z, Keller MP, Zhang C, Rabaglia ME, Greenawalt DM, Yang X, Wang IM, Dai H, Bruss MD, Lum PY, Zhou YP, Kemp DM, Kendziorski C, Yandell BS, Attie AD, Schadt EE, Zhu J. Integrative analysis of a cross-loci regulation network identifies App as a gene regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003107. [PMID: 23236292 PMCID: PMC3516550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases result from molecular changes induced by multiple genetic factors and the environment. To derive a systems view of how genetic loci interact in the context of tissue-specific molecular networks, we constructed an F2 intercross comprised of >500 mice from diabetes-resistant (B6) and diabetes-susceptible (BTBR) mouse strains made genetically obese by the Leptinob/ob mutation (Lepob). High-density genotypes, diabetes-related clinical traits, and whole-transcriptome expression profiling in five tissues (white adipose, liver, pancreatic islets, hypothalamus, and gastrocnemius muscle) were determined for all mice. We performed an integrative analysis to investigate the inter-relationship among genetic factors, expression traits, and plasma insulin, a hallmark diabetes trait. Among five tissues under study, there are extensive protein–protein interactions between genes responding to different loci in adipose and pancreatic islets that potentially jointly participated in the regulation of plasma insulin. We developed a novel ranking scheme based on cross-loci protein-protein network topology and gene expression to assess each gene's potential to regulate plasma insulin. Unique candidate genes were identified in adipose tissue and islets. In islets, the Alzheimer's gene App was identified as a top candidate regulator. Islets from 17-week-old, but not 10-week-old, App knockout mice showed increased insulin secretion in response to glucose or a membrane-permeant cAMP analog, in agreement with the predictions of the network model. Our result provides a novel hypothesis on the mechanism for the connection between two aging-related diseases: Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes are two common aging-related diseases. Numerous studies have shown that the two diseases are associated. However, the mechanisms of such connection are not clear. Both diseases are complex diseases that are induced by multiple genetic factors and the environment. To understand the molecular network regulated by complex genetic factors causing type 2 diabetes, we constructed an F2 intercross comprised of >500 mice from diabetes-resistant and diabetic mouse strains. We measured genotypes, clinical traits, and expression profiling in five tissues for each mouse. We then performed an integrative analysis to investigate the inter-relationship among genetic factors, expression traits, and plasma insulin, a hallmark diabetes trait, and developed a novel method for inferring key regulators for regulating plasma insulin. In islets, the Alzheimer's gene App was identified as a top candidate regulator. Islets from 17-week-old, but not 10-week-old, App knockout mice showed increased insulin secretion in response to glucose, in agreement with the predictions of the network model. Our result provides a novel hypothesis on the mechanism for the connection between two aging-related diseases: Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Tu
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chunsheng Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - I-Ming Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hongyue Dai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Bruss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pek Y. Lum
- Department of Genetics, Rosetta Inpharmatics, Merck, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yun-Ping Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Kemp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Yandell
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A major goal in diabetes research is to find ways to enhance the mass and function of insulin secreting β-cells in the endocrine pancreas to prevent and/or delay the onset or even reverse overt diabetes. In this Perspectives in Diabetes article, we highlight the contrast between the relatively large body of information that is available in regard to signaling pathways, proteins, and mechanisms that together provide a road map for efforts to regenerate β-cells in rodents versus the scant information in human β-cells. To reverse the state of ignorance regarding human β-cell signaling, we suggest a series of questions for consideration by the scientific community to construct a human β-cell proliferation road map. The hope is that the knowledge from the new studies will allow the community to move faster towards developing therapeutic approaches to enhance human β-cell mass in the long-term goal of preventing and/or curing type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding authors: Rohit N. Kulkarni, , and Andrew F. Stewart,
| | - Ernesto-Bernal Mizrachi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adolfo Garcia Ocana
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew F. Stewart
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding authors: Rohit N. Kulkarni, , and Andrew F. Stewart,
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Chintinne M, Stangé G, Denys B, Ling Z, In ‘t Veld P, Pipeleers D. Beta cell count instead of beta cell mass to assess and localize growth in beta cell population following pancreatic duct ligation in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43959. [PMID: 22952825 PMCID: PMC3431350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic-tail duct ligation (PDL) in adult rodents has been reported to induce beta cell generation and increase beta cell mass but increases in beta cell number have not been demonstrated. This study examines whether PDL increases beta cell number and whether this is caused by neogenesis of small clusters and/or their growth to larger aggregates. Methodology Total beta cell number and its distribution over small (<50 µm), medium, large (>100 µm) clusters was determined in pancreatic tails of 10-week-old mice, 2 weeks after PDL or sham. Principal findings PDL increased total beta cell mass but not total beta cell number. It induced neogenesis of small beta cell clusters (2.2-fold higher number) which contained a higher percent proliferating beta cells (1.9% Ki67+cells) than sham tails (<0.2%); their higher beta cell number represented <5% of total beta cell number and was associated with a similar increase in alpha cell number. It is unknown whether the regenerative process is causally related to the inflammatory infiltration in PDL-tails. Human pancreases with inflammatory infiltration also exhibited activation of proliferation in small beta cell clusters. Conclusions/significance The PDL model illustrates the advantage of direct beta cell counts over beta cell mass measurements when assessing and localizing beta cell regeneration in the pancreas. It demonstrates the ability of the adult mouse pancreas for neogenesis of small beta cell clusters with activated beta cell proliferation. Further studies should investigate conditions under which neoformed small beta cell clusters grow to larger aggregates and hence to higher total beta cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chintinne
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
- UZ Brussel, Department of Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Denys
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter In ‘t Veld
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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37
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Yu Y, Sun Y, He S, Yan C, Rui L, Li W, Liu Y. Neuronal Cbl controls biosynthesis of insulin-like peptides in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3610-23. [PMID: 22778134 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00592-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cbl family proteins function as both E3 ubiquitin ligases and adaptor proteins to regulate various cellular signaling events, including the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathways. These pathways play essential roles in growth, development, metabolism, and survival. Here we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila Cbl (dCbl) regulates longevity and carbohydrate metabolism through downregulating the production of Drosophila insulin-like peptides (dILPs) in the brain. We found that dCbl was highly expressed in the brain and knockdown of the expression of dCbl specifically in neurons by RNA interference increased sensitivity to oxidative stress or starvation, decreased carbohydrate levels, and shortened life span. Insulin-producing neuron-specific knockdown of dCbl resulted in similar phenotypes. dCbl deficiency in either the brain or insulin-producing cells upregulated the expression of dilp genes, resulting in elevated activation of the dILP pathway, including phosphorylation of Drosophila Akt and Drosophila extracellular signal-regulated kinase (dERK). Genetic interaction analyses revealed that blocking Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (dEGFR)-dERK signaling in pan-neurons or insulin-producing cells by overexpressing a dominant-negative form of dEGFR abolished the effect of dCbl deficiency on the upregulation of dilp genes. Furthermore, knockdown of c-Cbl in INS-1 cells, a rat β-cell line, also increased insulin biosynthesis and glucose-stimulated secretion in an ERK-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that neuronal dCbl regulates life span, stress responses, and metabolism by suppressing dILP production and the EGFR-ERK pathway mediates the dCbl action. Cbl suppression of insulin biosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved, raising the possibility that Cbl may similarly exert its physiological actions through regulating insulin production in β cells.
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Bell GI, Meschino MT, Hughes-Large JM, Broughton HC, Xenocostas A, Hess DA. Combinatorial human progenitor cell transplantation optimizes islet regeneration through secretion of paracrine factors. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:1863-76. [PMID: 22309189 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted human bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) progenitor cells activate islet-regenerative or revascularization programs depending on the progenitor subtypes administered. Using purification of multiple progenitor subtypes based on a conserved stem cell function, high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity (ALDH(hi)), we have recently shown that transplantation of BM-derived ALDH(hi) progenitors improved systemic hyperglycemia and augmented insulin secretion by increasing islet-associated proliferation and vascularization, without increasing islet number. Conversely, transplantation of culture-expanded multipotent-stromal cells (MSCs) derived from BM ALDH(hi) cells augmented total beta cell mass via formation of beta cell clusters associated with the ductal epithelium, without sustained islet vascularization. To identify paracrine effectors produced by islet-regenerative MSCs, culture-expanded BM ALDH(hi) MSCs were transplanted into streptozotocin-treated nonobese diabetic/severe combine immune deficient (SCID) mice and segregated into islet-regenerative versus nonregenerative cohorts based on hyperglycemia reduction, and subsequently compared for differential production of mRNA and secreted proteins. Regenerative MSCs showed increased expression of matrix metalloproteases, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating ligands, and downstream effectors of Wnt signaling. Regenerative MSC supernatant also contained increased levels of pro-angiogenic versus pro-inflammatory cytokines, and augmented the expansion of ductal epithelial but not beta cells in vitro. Conversely, co-culture with UCB ALDH(hi) cells induced beta cell but not ductal epithelial cell proliferation. Sequential transplantation of MSCs followed by UCB ALDH(hi) cells improved hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance by increasing beta cell mass associated with the ductal epithelium and by augmenting intra-islet capillary densities. Thus, combinatorial human progenitor cell transplantation stimulated both islet-regenerative and revascularization programs. Understanding the progenitor-specific pathways that modulate islet-regenerative and revascularization processes may provide new approaches for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian I Bell
- Program in Regenerative Medicine, Vascular Biology Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Kapur R, Højfeldt TW, Højfeldt TW, Rønn SG, Karlsen AE, Heller RS. Short-term effects of INGAP and Reg family peptides on the appearance of small β-cells clusters in non-diabetic mice. Islets 2012; 4:40-8. [PMID: 22395480 DOI: 10.4161/isl.18659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reg3 peptides INGAP-PP and human Reg3α/β (HIP) have been hypothesized to stimulate β-cell neogenesis in the pancreas. Administration of INGAP-PP has been shown to cause an increase in β-cell mass in multiple animal models, reverse streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in mice and reduces HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic humans. In this study, we have examined the ability of the INGAP-PP and HIP peptides to induce β-cell formation in vivo in normal mice through short-term administration of the peptides. We assessed the peptides ability to induce an increase in extra-islet insulin-positive cell clusters by looking at β-cell number by point counting morphometry on pancreata that had been randomized using the smooth fractionator principle in non-diabetic NMRI mice after short-term injections of the peptides (5 d). Five day continuous BrdU labeling was used to determine if the new β-cells were derived from replicating β-cells. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and immuno-histochemistry was used to analyze changes in pancreatic transcription factor expression. A 1.5- to 2-fold increase in the volume of small extra-islet insulin-positive clusters post 5 d treatment with INGAP-PP and HIP as compared with mice treated with a non-peptide control or scrambled peptide (p<0.05) (n = 7) was found. Five day continuous BrdU infusion during the 5 d period showed little or no incorporation in islets or small insulin clusters. Five days of treatment with INGAP-PP or HIP, showed a tendency toward increased levels of pancreatic progenitor markers such as Ngn3, Nkx6.1, Sox9 and Ins. These are the first studies to compare and indicate that the human Reg3 α/β (HIP) peptide has similar bioactivity in vivo as INGAP by causing formation of small β-cell clusters in extra-islet pancreatic tissue after only 5 d of treatment. Upregulation of pancreatic transcription factors may be part of the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kapur
- Department of Beta Cell Regeneration; Hagedorn Research Institute; Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sif Groth Rønn
- Department of Incretin Biology; Hagedorn Research Institute; Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Allan E Karlsen
- Department of Beta Cell Regeneration; Hagedorn Research Institute; Gentofte, Denmark
| | - R Scott Heller
- Department of Beta Cell Regeneration; Hagedorn Research Institute; Gentofte, Denmark
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Siddiqui S, Fang M, Ni B, Lu D, Martin B, Maudsley S. Central role of the EGF receptor in neurometabolic aging. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:739428. [PMID: 22754566 PMCID: PMC3382947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/739428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong connection between neuronal and metabolic health has been revealed in recent years. It appears that both normal and pathophysiological aging, as well as neurodegenerative disorders, are all profoundly influenced by this "neurometabolic" interface, that is, communication between the brain and metabolic organs. An important aspect of this "neurometabolic" axis that needs to be investigated involves an elucidation of molecular factors that knit these two functional signaling domains, neuronal and metabolic, together. This paper attempts to identify and discuss a potential keystone signaling factor in this "neurometabolic" axis, that is, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR has been previously demonstrated to act as a signaling nexus for many ligand signaling modalities and cellular stressors, for example, radiation and oxidative radicals, linked to aging and degeneration. The EGFR is expressed in a wide variety of cells/tissues that pertain to the coordinated regulation of neurometabolic activity. EGFR signaling has been highlighted directly or indirectly in a spectrum of neurometabolic conditions, for example, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and cardiorespiratory function. Understanding the positioning of the EGFR within the neurometabolic domain will enhance our appreciation of the ability of this receptor system to underpin highly complex physiological paradigms such as aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Siddiqui
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Meng Fang
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daoyuan Lu
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- *Stuart Maudsley:
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