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Debrah LB, Gyasi C, Ahiadorme M, Rahamani AA, Opoku VS, Obeng P, Osei-Mensah J, Obeng MA, Mensah DA, Debrah AY. Association of haemato-biochemical indices and blood composite ratios with microfilaridermia in Onchocerciasis patients. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:384. [PMID: 38589790 PMCID: PMC11003075 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onchocerciasis causes chronic systemic inflammation. Several studies have used markers such as haemato-biochemical indices to predict the occurrence of systemic inflammation. This study assessed the variability and predictability of haemato-biochemical indices and blood composite ratios (BCRs) in microfilariae positive (MF+) and microfilariae negative (MF-) subgroups of onchocercomata participants. METHODS One hundred and five (105) MF + and 34 MF- participants were retrospectively recruited into the study. Screening for the presence of O. volvulus microfilariae was done from skin snips taken from the left and right iliac crests of participants using established and approved protocols. Haematological and biochemical indices were measured using standard laboratory automated analyzers. Blood composite ratios (BCRs) were calculated as ratios of the absolute parameters involved. RESULTS A significantly increased total WBC, absolute eosinophil, eosinophil percent and absolute basophil were observed in the MF + participants compared to MF- participants. Reduced gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) with increased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly associated with MF + participants compared to MF- participants. BCRs were significantly higher for eosinophil-to-neutrophil ratio (ENR), eosinophil-to-monocyte ratio (EMR), eosinophil-to-basophil ratio (EBR) and eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (ELR) in MF + participants compared to MF- participants. After multivariate adjustment, onchocercomata participants with increased eosinophil counts (aOR = 13.86, 95% CI [2.07-92.90], p = 0.007), ENR x10 (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI [1.05-1.93], p = 0.025), EMR (aOR = 2.64, 95% CI [1.25-5.60], p = 0.011), EBR (aOR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.01-1.10], p = 0.020) and ELR x10 (aOR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.14-2.51], p = 0.009) were more likely to have microfilaridermia. CONCLUSIONS Elevated eosinophil counts with higher ENR, EMR, EBR and ELR levels are significantly associated with microfilaridermia in onchocercomata participants. Combining BCRs with eosinophil count significantly led to an improvement in the conventional model for predicting microfilaridermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Batsa Debrah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Charles Gyasi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Monica Ahiadorme
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Abu Abudu Rahamani
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Vera Serwaa Opoku
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Prince Obeng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Agyemang Obeng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Derrick Adu Mensah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Yaw Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Xiong L, Chen Y, Chen L, Hua R, Shen N, Yang G. Enhanced protective immunity against Baylisascaris schroederi infection in mice through a multi-antigen cocktail vaccine approach. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:20. [PMID: 38072876 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Baylisascaris schroederi is among the most severe intestinal nematodes affecting giant pandas. Developing effective and secure vaccines can be used as a novel strategy for controlling repeated roundworm infection and addressing drug resistance. In our previous study, three recombinant antigens (rBsHP2, rBsGAL, and rBsUP) exhibited promising effects against B. schroederi infection in the mice model. This study extends the findings by formulating four-form cocktail vaccines (GAL+UP, HP2+UP, GAL+HP2, and GAL+HP2+UP) using three B. schroederi recombinant antigens to improve protection in mice further. Additionally, the protective differences after immunizing mice with different doses of cocktail antigens (150 μg, 100 μg, and 50 μg) were analyzed. Administration of rBs(GAL+UP), rBs(HP2+UP), rBs(GAL+HP2), and rBs(GAL+HP2+UP) significantly reduced liver and lung lesions, along with a decrease in L3 larvae by 83.7%, 82.1%, 76.4%, and 75.1%, respectively. These vaccines induced a Th1/Th2 mixed immunity, evidenced by elevated serum antibody levels (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgE, and IgA) and splenocyte cytokines [interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-5, and IL-10]. Furthermore, varying cocktail vaccine dosages did not significantly affect protection. The results confirm that a 50 μg rBs(GAL+UP) dosage holds promise as a better candidate vaccine combination against B. schroederi infection, providing a basis for developing the B. schroederi vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China.
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Low SY, Lau SF, Ahmad NI, Sharma RSK, Rosli MZ, Mohd-Taib FS, Ajat MMM, Kamaludeen J, Syed Hussain SS, Wan KL, Salleh A, Aziz NAA. A cross-sectional study of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis in rats and gastropod hosts from recreational parks in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Detection, risk factors and pathology. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:636-646. [PMID: 37403513 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus malaysiensis is a potential zoonotic parasite, which reported to co-occur with A. cantonensis in human cerebrospinal fluid. It is a heteroxenous nematode that primarily develops through the early larval stages in gastropods and attains sexual maturity within rats. This study was conducted to determine the host species responsible for the reservoir of A. malaysiensis and investigate the risk factor for transmission among the hosts in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sampling was conducted in six recreational parks. The rats were trapped alive using steel wire traps with bait, while the gastropods were collected by active searching. The rats were euthanized and dissected to collect any adult worms observed. The molecular detection of A. malaysiensis was performed by PCR on gastropod tissue samples. Biotic and landscape factors were recorded for risk factor analysis. In total, 82 rats and 330 gastropods were collected throughout the study. Overall, 3.64% of gastropods and 32.9% of rats were infected with A. malaysiensis. Rattus tiomanicus (Malayan wood rat) and Parmarion martensi (Yellow-shelled semi-slug) were found as important hosts for A. malaysiensis. Host species, sampling site and macrohabitat type are risk factors associated with the prevalence of A. malaysiensis infection in rats. For gastropods, host species and sampling site are risk factors that correlate with the parasite detection. In total, 128 adult A. malaysiensis were recovered from the infected rats. The mean intensity of infection with adult A. malaysiensis was 4.65 for Rattus rattus complex and 4.90 for R. tiomanicus. Adult worms were found in the pulmonary artery or right ventricle, while eggs and first-stage larvae were found in capillaries of the caudal lung lobe. Infected lungs showed extravasated red blood cells in the alveolar spaces. The pulmonary arteries in the infected lung lobe were thickened. Kepong Metropolitan Park is the hotspot area for A. malaysiensis in Kuala Lumpur. These results provide essential information for public health officials to develop targeted interventions to reduce the transmission of A. malaysiensis in urban areas, particularly in recreational parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suey Yee Low
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Seng Fong Lau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Indah Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Reuben Sunil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zahin Rosli
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Farah Shafawati Mohd-Taib
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mokrish Md Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Juriah Kamaludeen
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Salmah Syed Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlina Abdul Aziz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, Giari L, Bosi G. Teleost innate immunity, an intricate game between immune cells and parasites of fish organs: who wins, who loses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250835. [PMID: 37908358 PMCID: PMC10613888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic infections and related diseases is well-established. Among all vertebrates, the digestive tract creates a remarkably favorable and nutrient-rich environment, which, in turn, renders it susceptible to microparasites and macroparasites. Consequently, metazoan parasites emerge as important disease agents, impacting both wild and farmed fish and resulting in substantial economic losses. Given their status as pathogenic organisms, these parasites warrant considerable attention. Helminths, a general term encompassing worms, constitute one of the most important groups of metazoan parasites in fish. This group includes various species of platyhelminthes (digeneans, cestodes), nematodes, and acanthocephalans. In addition, myxozoans, microscopic metazoan endoparasites, are found in water-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. It is worth noting that several innate immune cells within the fish alimentary canal and certain visceral organs (e.g., liver, spleen, and gonads) play active roles in the immune response against parasites. These immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, rodlet cells, and mast cells also known as eosinophilic granular cells. At the site of intestinal infection, helminths often impact mucous cells number and alter mucus composition. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art on the occurrence and characteristics of innate immune cells in the digestive tract and other visceral organs in different fish-parasite systems. The data, coming especially from studies employed immunohistochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses, provide evidence supporting the involvement of teleost innate immune cells in modulating inflammatory responses to metazoan and protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Pospekhova NA, Kusenko KV. Tegument Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Capsule Surrounding the Tetrathyridia of the Genus Mesocestoides Vaillant, 1863 in the Liver of the Root Vole. Dokl Biol Sci 2023; 511:213-221. [PMID: 37833575 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the tegument of encapsulated tetrathyridia of the genus Mesocestoides Vaillant, 1863 (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Mesocestoididae) from the liver of root voles Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776) and the structure of the three-layered capsule surrounding them were studied for the first time. Several types of extracellular structures were noted on the surface of the tetrathyridia tegument: vesicles, fine granular material, and vacuoles. In addition, the phenomenon of shedding microtriches, which have expanded parts, was found. Host cells in contact with extracellular material show signs of destruction. A characteristic feature of the capsules surrounding the tetrathyridia is the reticular structure of the fibrous layer containing both native and degenerating inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pospekhova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia.
| | - K V Kusenko
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
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Hrčková G, Mačak Kubašková T, Mudroňová D, Jurčacková Z, Ciglanová D. Co-Treatment with Human Leukocyte Extract and Albendazole Stimulates Drug's Efficacy and Th1 Biased Immune Response in Mesocestoides vogae (Cestoda) Infection via Modulation of Transcription Factors, Macrophage Polarization, and Cytokine Profiles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15. [PMID: 36839863 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The model flatworm Mesocestoides vogae proliferating stage of infection elicits immunosuppression in the host. It was used to investigate the effects of human leukocyte extract (DLE) alone and in combination with anthelmintic albendazole (ABZ) on the reduction in peritoneal infection, peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), their adherent counterparts, and peritoneal exudates after the termination of therapy. Balb/c mice were infected with the larvae of M. vogae. PECs and adherent macrophages were studied via flow cytometry, mRNA transcript levels, and immunofluorescence. The cytokine levels were measured via ELISA and larvae were counted. ABZ significantly reduced larval counts (581.2 ± 65, p < 0.001), but the highest reduction was observed after combined treatment with ABZ and DLE (389.2 ± 119, p < 0.001) in comparison with the control. Compared to an infected group, the proportions of CD11b+CD19- myeloid cells with suppressive ability decreased after albendazole (ABZ) in combination with DLE, which was the most effective in the elevation of B cells and CD11b+F4/80mid/highMHCIIhigh macrophages/monocytes (22.2 ± 5.4%). Transcripts of the M2 macrophage markers (arginase 1, FIZZ-1, and Ym-1) were downregulated after DLE and combined therapy but not after ABZ, and the opposite trend was seen for iNOS. This contrasts with reduced ex vivo NO production by LPS-stimulated PECs from DLE and ABZ+DLE groups, where adherent macrophages/monocytes had elevated transcripts of the INF-γ receptor and STAT1 and reduced expression of STAT3, STAT6, and IL-10. Each therapy differentially modulated transcription profiles and concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β cytokines. DLE strongly ameliorated ABZ-induced suppression of INF-γ and IL-12 and preserved downregulation for IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. Epigenetic study on adherent macrophages from infected mice showed that ABZ, ABZ-sulfoxide, and DLE could interact with the mRNA of examined markers in a dose-dependent pattern. Co-administration of DLE with ABZ seemed to augment the drug's larvicidal effect via modulation of immunity. In comparison with ABZ, combined therapy was the most effective in alleviating parasite-induced Th2/Treg/STAT3/STA6 directed immunosuppression by stimulating the Th1 cytokines, M1 macrophage polarization, and activation of the IFNγ/STAT1 signaling pathway.
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Hrabar J, Petrić M, Cavallero S, Salvemini M, D’Amelio S, Mladineo I. Rat and fish peripheral blood leukocytes respond distinctively to Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda, Anisakidae) crude extract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1042679. [PMID: 36590595 PMCID: PMC9797851 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode Anisakis pegreffii cause inflammation and clinical symptoms in humans, their accidental host, that subside and self-resolve in a couple of weeks after L3 die. To characterise the differences in an early immune response of a marine vs. terrestrial host, we stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of fish (paratenic host) and rat (accidental, human-model host) with A. pegreffii crude extract and analysed PBL transcriptomes 1 and 12 h post-stimulation. Fish and rat PBLs differentially expressed 712 and 493 transcripts, respectively, between 1 and 12 h post-stimulation (false discovery rate, FDR <0.001, logFC >2). While there was a difference in the highest upregulated transcripts between two time-points, the same Gene Ontologies, biological processes (intracellular signal transduction, DNA-dependent transcription, and DNA-regulated regulation of transcription), and molecular functions (ATP and metal ion binding) were enriched in the two hosts, showing an incrementing dynamic between 1 and 12 h. This suggests that the two distinct hosts employ qualitatively different transcript cascades only to achieve the same effect, at least during an early innate immunity response. Activation of later immunity elements and/or a combination of other host's intrinsic conditions may contribute to the death of L3 in the terrestrial host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirela Petrić
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia,*Correspondence: Ivona Mladineo,
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Ehrens A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Eosinophils in filarial infections: Inducers of protection or pathology? Front Immunol 2022; 13:983812. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariae are parasitic roundworms, which can cause debilitating diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, and onchocerciasis, commonly referred to as river blindness, can lead to stigmatizing pathologies and present a socio-economic burden for affected people and their endemic countries. Filariae typically induce a type 2 immune response, which is characterized by cytokines, i.e., IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 as well as type 2 immune cells including alternatively activated macrophages, innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells. However, the hallmark characteristic of filarial infections is a profound eosinophilia. Eosinophils are innate immune cells and pivotal in controlling helminth infections in general and filarial infections in particular. By modulating the function of other leukocytes, eosinophils support and drive type 2 immune responses. Moreover, as primary effector cells, eosinophils can directly attack filariae through the release of granules containing toxic cationic proteins with or without extracellular DNA traps. At the same time, eosinophils can be a driving force for filarial pathology as observed during tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in lymphatic filariasis, in dermatitis in onchocerciasis patients as well as adverse events after treatment of onchocerciasis patients with diethylcarbamazine. This review summarizes the latest findings of the importance of eosinophil effector functions including the role of eosinophil-derived proteins in controlling filarial infections and their impact on filarial pathology analyzing both human and experimental animal studies.
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Remion E, Gal J, Chaouch S, Rodrigues J, Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Alonso J, Kohl L, Hübner MP, Fercoq F, Martin C. Unbalanced Arginine pathway and altered maturation of pleural macrophages in Th2-deficient mice during Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866373. [PMID: 36353644 PMCID: PMC9637854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial parasites are tissue dwelling worms transmitted by hematophagous vectors. Understanding the mechanisms regulating microfilariae (the parasite offspring) development is a prerequisite for controlling transmission in filarial infections. Th2 immune responses are key for building efficient anti-parasite responses but have been shown to also lead to detrimental tissue damage in the presence of microfilariae. Litomosoides sigmodontis, a rodent filaria residing in the pleural cavity was therefore used to characterize pleuropulmonary pathology and associated immune responses in wild-type and Th2 deficient mice. Wild-type and Th2-deficient mice (Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/-) were infected with L. sigmodontis and parasite outcome was analyzed during the patent phase (when microfilariae are in the general circulation). Pleuropulmonary manifestations were investigated and pleural and bronchoalveolar cells were characterized by RNA analysis, imaging and/or flow cytometry focusing on macrophages. Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice were hypermicrofilaremic and showed an enhanced filarial survival but also displayed a drastic reduction of microfilaria-driven pleural cavity pathologies. In parallel, pleural macrophages from Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice lacked expression of prototypical alternative activation markers RELMα and Chil3 and showed an altered balance of some markers of the arginine metabolic pathway. In addition, monocytes-derived F4/80intermediate macrophages from infected Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice failed to mature into resident F4/80high large macrophages. Altogether these data emphasize that the presence of both microfilariae and IL-4R/IL-5 signaling are critical in the development of the pathology and in the phenotype of macrophages. In Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice, the balance is in favor of parasite development while limiting the pathology associated with the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Remion
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joséphine Gal
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Soraya Chaouch
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jules Rodrigues
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathaly Lhermitte-Vallarino
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joy Alonso
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Linda Kohl
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frédéric Fercoq
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Coralie Martin,
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10
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Costa M, Saravia A, Ubios D, Lores P, da Costa V, Festari MF, Landeira M, Rodríguez-Zraquia SA, Banchero G, Freire T. Liver function markers and haematological dynamics during acute and chronic phases of experimental Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle treated with triclabendazole. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108285. [PMID: 35654132 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, a worldwide-distributed liver fluke, is one of the causative agents of fasciolosis, a zoonotic disease that affects livestock and humans. In livestock, fasciolosis causes huge economic losses worldwide, reducing animal fertility, milk production, weight gain and condemnation of livers. In spite of the availability of drugs, such as triclabendazole (TCZ), for the treatment of fasciolosis, they do not necessarily prevent liver damage or parasite reinfection and can eventually increase parasite resistance. The aim of this research was to relate the hepatic function, haematological parameters, leukocyte counts in circulation and parasite egg shedding during F. hepatica acute and chronic phases of infection in cattle as well as to determine how these parameters change with TCZ-treatment of chronically infected cattle. Our results show that increased levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were detected in early stages of the experimental infection. Moreover, high circulating eosinophil count and plateletcrit levels were correlated with fluke number in livers from infected cattle. On the other hand, although TCZ-treatment in the chronic phase of infection reduced parasite burden and damage in the liver, it was not able to completely avoid them. In conclusion, our work sheds light into the physiopathological mechanisms induced during fluke infection in cattle, revealing the complexity of the host response to the infection, together with the effects of TCZ-treatment in chronically infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Costa
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anderson Saravia
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, km 11, Colonia, 70006, Uruguay
| | - Diego Ubios
- Programa de carne y lana, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, km 11, Colonia, 70006, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Lores
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria da Costa
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Florencia Festari
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes Landeira
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago A Rodríguez-Zraquia
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Georgget Banchero
- Programa de carne y lana, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, km 11, Colonia, 70006, Uruguay
| | - Teresa Freire
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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11
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Haddad EB, Cyr SL, Arima K, McDonald RA, Levit NA, Nestle FO. Current and Emerging Strategies to Inhibit Type 2 Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:1501-1533. [PMID: 35596901 PMCID: PMC9276864 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity evolved to combat helminth infections by orchestrating a combined protective response of innate and adaptive immune cells and promotion of parasitic worm destruction or expulsion, wound repair, and barrier function. Aberrant type 2 immune responses are associated with allergic conditions characterized by chronic tissue inflammation, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. Signature cytokines of type 2 immunity include interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-31, mainly secreted from immune cells, as well as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, mainly secreted from tissue cells, particularly epithelial cells. IL-4 and IL-13 are key players mediating the prototypical type 2 response; IL-4 initiates and promotes differentiation and proliferation of naïve T-helper (Th) cells toward a Th2 cell phenotype, whereas IL-13 has a pleiotropic effect on type 2 inflammation, including, together with IL-4, decreased barrier function. Both cytokines are implicated in B-cell isotype class switching to generate immunoglobulin E, tissue fibrosis, and pruritus. IL-5, a key regulator of eosinophils, is responsible for eosinophil growth, differentiation, survival, and mobilization. In AD, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 are associated with sensory nerve sensitization and itch, leading to scratching that further exacerbates inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Various strategies have emerged to suppress type 2 inflammation, including biologics targeting cytokines or their receptors, and Janus kinase inhibitors that block intracellular cytokine signaling pathways. Here we review type 2 inflammation, its role in inflammatory diseases, and current and future therapies targeting type 2 pathways, with a focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonya L Cyr
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Noah A Levit
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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12
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Ajendra J, Allen JE. Neutrophils: Friend or Foe in Filariasis? Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12918. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology University Hospital of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Centre for Cell‐Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Center University of Manchester Manchester UK
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13
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Priyadharisini J, Singh AR, Kumar P. Breast filariasis presenting fibroadenoma like nodules: a rare diagnosis. J Parasit Dis. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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14
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Abo-Zaid MA, Hamdi AA. Evaluation of Immune Response and Haematological Parameters in Infected Male Albino Rats by Giardiasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12908. [PMID: 35104007 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the effects of G. lamblia infection on immunological, haematological studies and to evaluate immunoglobulins and some cytokines. Fifty male albino rats were divided into six groups. The control group including 20 rats and the infected group includes 30 rats. All the estimations were checked all over five checkpoints (CP) (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-infection). Serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE. Cytokines INF-γ, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and haematological parameters were determined. Cyst and trophozoite were counted. A considerable increase in the level of immunoglobulins and cytokines in all infected groups compared to the control group was documented. Furthermore, a significant decrease in red blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels, whereas substantial increases in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and platelets were observed. Moreover, infected rats had a substantial rise in WBCs, lymphocytes, and eosinophil counts compared to the control group, whereas neutrophils and monocytes had a significant decrease. Number of trophozoites and cysts were significantly increased in infected groups before diminishing after day 28. The current results showed that Th1 and Th2 immune responses, which are characterized by the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10, are important for protection against Giardia infections and also verified the balance between these cytokines and the timing of their production was crucial in G. lamblia immune response. Giardia lamblia, Immunity, Antibodies, cytokines, eosinophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Biology department faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Ali Hamdi
- Biology department faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Akkaya I, Oylumlu E, Ozel I, Uzel G, Durmus L, Ciraci C. NLRC4 Inflammasome-Mediated Regulation of Eosinophilic Functions. Immune Netw 2022; 21:e42. [PMID: 35036029 PMCID: PMC8733190 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils play critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in innate and adaptive immunity. Although primarily known for their roles in parasitic infections and the development of Th2 cell responses, eosinophils also play complex roles in other immune responses ranging from anti-inflammation to defense against viral and bacterial infections. However, the contributions of pattern recognition receptors in general, and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in particular, to eosinophil involvement in these immune responses remain relatively underappreciated. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that NLRC4 deficient mice had a decreased number of eosinophils and impaired Th2 responses after induction of an allergic airway disease model. Our in vitro data, utilizing human eosinophilic EoL-1 cells, suggested that TLR2 induction markedly induced pro-inflammatory responses and inflammasome forming NLRC4 and NLRP3. Moreover, activation by their specific ligands resulted in caspase-1 cleavage and mature IL-1β secretion. Interestingly, Th2 responses such as secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 decreased after transfection of EoL-1 cells with short interfering RNAs targeting human NLRC4. Specific induction of NLRC4 with PAM3CSK4 and flagellin upregulated the expression of IL-5 receptor and expression of Fc epsilon receptors (FcεR1α, FcεR2). Strikingly, activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome also promoted expression of the costimulatory receptor CD80 as well as expression of immunoregulatory receptors PD-L1 and Siglec-8. Concomitant with NLRC4 upregulation, we found an increase in expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, but not MMP-2. Collectively, our results present new potential roles of NLRC4 in mediating a variety of eosinopilic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgin Akkaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Ece Oylumlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Irem Ozel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Goksu Uzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Lubeyne Durmus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Ceren Ciraci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.,Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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16
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Pionnier N, Furlong-Silva J, Colombo SAP, Marriott AE, Chunda VC, Ndzeshang BL, Sjoberg H, Archer J, Steven A, Wanji S, Taylor MJ, Turner JD. NKp46 + natural killer cells develop an activated/memory-like phenotype and contribute to innate immunity against experimental filarial infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969340. [PMID: 36238293 PMCID: PMC9551455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are major neglected tropical diseases affecting over 90 million people worldwide with painful and profoundly disfiguring pathologies (such as lymphoedema or blindness). Type 2 inflammation is a hallmark of filarial nematode tissue infection and is implicated both in eosinophil dependent immunity and lymphatic or ocular immunopathologies. Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are known to play an important role in the initiation of type 2 inflammation in helminth infection. We therefore tracked comparative IL-12Rβ2+ ILC1, ST2+ ILC2 and NKp46+ natural killer (NK) innate lymphoid cell population expansions during Brugia malayi experimental peritoneal filarial infections using either immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice. In immunocompetent BALB/c animals, NKp46+ NK cells rapidly expanded representing over 90% of the ILC population in the first week of infection, whereas, surprisingly, ST2+ ILC2 failed to expand. NKp46+ NK cell expansions were confirmed in RAG2 deficient mice lacking adaptive immunity. Ablation of the NKp46+ NK cell compartment in RAG2 common gamma chain (gc) mice led to increased susceptibility to chronic adult B. malayi infection. This data was recapitulated using an Onchocerca ochengi male worm peritoneal implant model. When NKp46+ NK cells were depleted in RAG2 deficient mice using anti-NKp46 or asialo GM1 antibody injections over the first five weeks of B. malayi infection, susceptibility to adult B. malayi infection was significantly increased by 2-3 fold with concomitant impairment in eosinophil or neutrophil recruitments. Finally, we demonstrate that in RAG2 deficient mice, drug clearance of a primary adult B. malayi infection followed by challenge infection leads to resistance against early larval B. malayi establishment. This innate resistance is associated with bolstered NK and eosinophils whereby NKp46+ NK cells express markers of memory-like/enhanced activation (increased expression of interferon gamma and Ly6C). Our data promotes a novel functional role for NKp46+ NK cells in immunoprotection against experimental primary and secondary filarial infection which can proceed in the absence of adaptive immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pionnier
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bioscience, John Dalton Building, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julio Furlong-Silva
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano A P Colombo
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Marriott
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valerine C Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Bertrand L Ndzeshang
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Hanna Sjoberg
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
Enteric fever and helminth infestation coinfection is commonly seen among children below the age of 5, living in areas with poor sanitation in Africa. These can be explained due to the fact that both enteric fever and ascariasis, are contracted via fecal-oral routes. Although the immune system of children is presumed to be stronger and capable of eliminating several infectious agents, it is not applicable to children below the age of 5. Balanced nutrition also plays a vital role in sustaining strong immunity in children of all age groups and so, it could be one of the contributing factors to high susceptibility to co-infectious diseases among children living in poor countries. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are very common in developing countries. They are caused by infection with roundworm, hookworm, or whipworm. Both typhoid fever and helminth infestation in children presents with almost similar clinical symptoms. We present a case of coinfection with typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and helminth in a 4-year-old child from Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnennaya Opara
- Emergency Medicine, Charleston Area Medical Center (CAMC) Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston, USA
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18
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Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens. Equipped with a large array of tools, these immune cells are highly efficient in eliminating bacterial and viral infections, yet their activity can at the same time be detrimental to the host itself - this is the broad consensus on these granulocytes. However, the last decade has proven that neutrophils are a much more sophisticated cell type with unexpected and underappreciated functions in health and disease. In this review, we look at the latest discoveries in neutrophil biology with a focus on their role during the hallmark setting of type 2 immunity - helminth infection. We discuss the involvement of neutrophils in various helminth infection models and summarize the latest findings regarding neutrophil regulation and effector function. We will show that neutrophils have much more to offer than previously thought and while studies of neutrophils in helminth infections are still in its infancy, recent discoveries highlight more than ever that these cells are a key cog of the immune system, even during type 2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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19
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Yousefi Y, Haq S, Banskota S, Kwon YH, Khan WI. Trichuris muris Model: Role in Understanding Intestinal Immune Response, Inflammation and Host Defense. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080925. [PMID: 34451389 PMCID: PMC8399713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parasites have evolved to survive in the human intestinal tract and over 1 billion people around the world, specifically in developing countries, are infected with enteric helminths. Trichuris trichiura is one of the world’s most common intestinal parasites that causes human parasitic infections. Trichuris muris, as an immunologically well-defined mouse model of T. trichiura, is extensively used to study different aspects of the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Studies on T. muris model offer insights into understanding host immunity, since this parasite generates two distinct immune responses in resistant and susceptible strains of mouse. Apart from the immune cells, T. muris infection also influences various components of the intestinal tract, especially the gut microbiota, mucus layer, epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Here, we reviewed the different immune responses generated by innate and adaptive immune components during acute and chronic T. muris infections. Furthermore, we discussed the importance of studying T. muris model in understanding host–parasite interaction in the context of alteration in the host’s microbiota, intestinal barrier, inflammation, and host defense, and in parasite infection-mediated modulation of other immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Yousefi
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Suhrid Banskota
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-521-2100 (ext. 22846)
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20
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Abdo AIK, Ngoh YY, Lew MH, Dass SA, Rahumatullah A, Noordin R, Tye GJ. Generation of human scFv-IgG1Fc antibodies for detection of lymphatic filarial recombinant antigens, BmR1 and BmSXP. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:70-76. [PMID: 33258152 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected parasitic disease that affects millions in tropical and subtropical countries and is caused by Wuchereria and Brugia species. Specific and sensitive detection methods are essential in mapping infected areas where rapid tests are needed to cover underdeveloped and remote regions, which facilitates eliminating the disease as a public health problem. A few commercialized rapid tests based on antigen or antibody detection are available, but the former only detects infection by Wuchereria species and cross-reacts with nonlymphatic filaria, whereas antibody detection might provide positive results of previous infection. Here, we report the production of three different recombinant immunoglobulin gamma (IgG)1 antibodies based on scFvs previously generated via human antibody phage display technology, that is, anti-BmR1 clone 4, anti-BmXSP clone 5B, and anti-BmXSP clone 2H2. The scFv sequences were cloned into a pCMV-IgG1 vector, then transfected into a HEK293F cell line. The generated antibodies were found to be able to bind to their respective targets even at relatively low concentration. Conjugation of Fc to scFv induces binder stability and provides multiple labeling sites for probes and signaling molecules that can be used in rapid tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ismail Khaled Abdo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ying Yuan Ngoh
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Min Han Lew
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Anizah Rahumatullah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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21
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Fercoq F, Remion E, Vallarino-Lhermitte N, Alonso J, Raveendran L, Nixon C, Le Quesne J, Carlin LM, Martin C. Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:551. [PMID: 33160409 PMCID: PMC7648300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary manifestations are regularly reported in both human and animal filariasis. In human filariasis, the main known lung manifestations are the tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome. Its duration and severity are correlated with the presence of microfilariae. Litomosoides sigmodontis is a filarial parasite residing in the pleural cavity of rodents. This model is widely used to understand the immune mechanisms that are established during infection and for the screening of therapeutic molecules. Some pulmonary manifestations during the patent phase of infection with L. sigmodontis have been described in different rodent hosts more or less permissive to infection. METHODS Here, the permissive Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was infected with L. sigmodontis. Prevalence and density of microfilariae and adult parasites were evaluated. Lungs were analyzed for pathological signatures using immunohistochemistry and 3D imaging techniques (two-photon and light sheet microscopy). RESULTS Microfilaremia in gerbils was correlated with parasite load, as amicrofilaremic individuals had fewer parasites in their pleural cavities. Fibrotic polypoid structures were observed on both pleurae of infected gerbils. Polyps were of variable size and developed from the visceral mesothelium over the entire pleura. The larger polyps were vascularized and strongly infiltrated by immune cells such as eosinophils, macrophages or lymphocytes. The formation of these structures was induced by the presence of adult filariae since small and rare polyps were observed before patency, but they were exacerbated by the presence of gravid females and microfilariae. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data emphasize the role of host-specific factors in the pathogenesis of filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Estelle Remion
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathaly Vallarino-Lhermitte
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joy Alonso
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lisy Raveendran
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Leo M Carlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1GH, UK
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
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Lins JGG, Almeida FA, Amarante AF. Haematological variables of Santa Ines and Ile de France suckling lambs: Influence of Haemonchus contortus infection. Pesq Vet Bras 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Haemonchus contortus is the major gastrointestinal parasite of sheep raised in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. This trial aimed to evaluate the influence of H. contortus infection on the bone marrow response of Santa Ines (SI) and Ile de France (IF) suckling lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus. Fourteen SI lambs and 12 IF lambs were randomized in four groups: infected SI (n=8), non-infected SI (n=6), infected IF (n=8) and non-infected IF (n=4). Lambs of infected groups were submitted to 27 infections, conducted every two days, from 14 to 68 days of age, and each lamb received a total of 5400 H. contortus infective larvae (L3). Ten blood samples were obtained during the experimental period to be used for erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, packed cell volume and total plasma protein estimation. Additionally, it was carried out a differential leukocyte count. Lambs from control groups did not shed eggs in faeces all over the experiment, while infected Santa Ines and Ile de France lambs presented means of 2963 EPG (Eggs Per Gram of faeces) and 8175 EPG in the last sampling (P<0.05), respectively. Infected Santa Ines lambs had an increase in eosinophil release, however differences (P<0.05) on circulation number in comparison with infected Ile de France lambs were identified only in the last sampling (54 days post first infection). The mild H. cortortus infection did not produce significant changes in the blood variables of the Ile de France and Santa Ines suckling lambs.
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Frigerio S, da Costa V, Costa M, Festari MF, Landeira M, Rodríguez-Zraquia SA, Härtel S, Toledo J, Freire T. Eosinophils Control Liver Damage by Modulating Immune Responses Against Fasciola hepatica. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579801. [PMID: 33042162 PMCID: PMC7530260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that participate in the defense against helminth parasites and in hypersensitivity reactions. More recently, eosinophils were shown to have other immunomodulatory functions, such as tissue reparation, metabolism regulation, and suppression of Th1 and Th17 immune responses. In the context of parasitic helminth infections, eosinophils have a controversial role, as they can be beneficial or detrimental for the host. In this work, we investigate the role of eosinophils in an experimental infection in mice with the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica, which causes substantial economical losses around the world due to the infection of livestock. We demonstrate that eosinophils are recruited to the peritoneal cavity and liver from F. hepatica-infected mice and this recruitment is associated with increased levels of CCL11, TSLP, and IL-5. Moreover, the characterization of peritoneal and hepatic eosinophils from F. hepatica-infected mice showed that they express distinctive molecules of activation and cell migration. Depletion of eosinophils with an anti-Siglec-F antibody provoked more severe clinical signs and increased liver damage than control animals which were accompanied by an increase in the production of IL-10 by hepatic and splenic CD4+ T cells. In addition, we also report that eosinophils participate in the modulation of humoral immune responses during F. hepatica infection, contributing to their degranulation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that eosinophils are beneficial for the host during F. hepatica infection, by limiting the production of IL-10 by specific CD4+ T cells and favoring eosinophil degranulation induced by specific antibodies. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of eosinophils in parasitic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Frigerio
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria da Costa
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Monique Costa
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Florencia Festari
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes Landeira
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago A Rodríguez-Zraquia
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratorio de Análisis Imágenes Científicas, SCIAN-lab, Instituto de Neurociencias Biomédicas (BNI), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Laboratorio de Análisis Imágenes Científicas, SCIAN-lab, Instituto de Neurociencias Biomédicas (BNI), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Freire
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pionnier N, Sjoberg H, Furlong-Silva J, Marriott A, Halliday A, Archer J, Steven A, Taylor MJ, Turner JD. Eosinophil-Mediated Immune Control of Adult Filarial Nematode Infection Can Proceed in the Absence of IL-4 Receptor Signaling. J Immunol 2020; 205:731-740. [PMID: 32571840 PMCID: PMC7372315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to chronic filarial worm infection is apparent in IL-4Rα–deficient mice. Delayed immunity in IL-4Rα−/− mice is due to suboptimal tissue eosinophilia. Eosinophil recruitment in the absence of IL-4R signaling requires CCR3 and IL-5.
Helminth infections are accompanied by eosinophilia in parasitized tissues. Eosinophils are effectors of immunity to tissue helminths. We previously reported that in the context of experimental filarial nematode infection, optimum tissue eosinophil recruitment was coordinated by local macrophage populations following IL-4R–dependent in situ proliferation and alternative activation. However, in the current study, we identify that control of chronic adult filarial worm infection is evident in IL-4Rα–deficient (IL-4Rα−/−) mice, whereby the majority of infections do not achieve patency. An associated residual eosinophilia was apparent in infected IL-4Rα−/− mice. By treating IL-4Rα−/− mice serially with anti-CCR3 Ab or introducing a compound deficiency in CCR3 within IL-4Rα−/− mice, residual eosinophilia was ablated, and susceptibility to chronic adult Brugia malayi infection was established, promoting a functional role for CCR3-dependent eosinophil influx in immune control in the absence of IL-4/IL-13–dependent immune mechanisms. We investigated additional cytokine signals involved in residual eosinophilia in the absence IL-4Rα signaling and defined that IL-4Rα−/−/IL-5−/− double-knockout mice displayed significant eosinophil deficiency compared with IL-4Rα−/− mice and were susceptible to chronic fecund adult filarial infections. Contrastingly, there was no evidence that either IL-4R–dependent or IL-4R–independent/CCR3/IL-5–dependent immunity influenced B. malayi microfilarial loads in the blood. Our data demonstrate multiplicity of Th2-cytokine control of eosinophil tissue recruitment during chronic filarial infection and that IL-4R–independent/IL-5– and CCR3-dependent pathways are sufficient to control filarial adult infection via an eosinophil-dependent effector response prior to patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pionnier
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Sjoberg
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Julio Furlong-Silva
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Marriott
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Halliday
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
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Salazar Garcés LF, Santiago LF, Santos SPO, Jaramillo Hernández DA, da Silva MB, Alves VDS, Silveira EF, Barrouin-Melo SM, Cooper PJ, Pacheco LGC, Pinheiro CDS, Alcantara-Neves NM. Immunogenicity and protection induced by recombinant Toxocara canis proteins in a murine model of toxocariasis. Vaccine 2020; 38:4762-72. [PMID: 32451213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis, a natural helminth infection of dogs and cats caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, respectively, that are transmitted to mammals, including humans. Infection control is based currently on periodic antihelmintic treatment and there is a need for the development of vaccines to prevent this infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight potential vaccine candidate T. canis recombinant proteins were identified by in silico (rTcGPRs, rTcCad, rTcVcan, rTcCyst) and larval proteomics (rTES26, rTES32, rMUC-3 and rCTL-4) analyses. Immunogenicity and protection against infectious challenge for seven of these antigens were determined in a murine model of toxocariasis. C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with each of or combinations of recombinant antigens prior to challenge with 500 T. canis embryonated eggs. Levels of specific antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgE) in sera and cytokines (IL-5, INF-ɣ and IL-10) produced by antigens-stimulated splenocytes, were measured. Presence of specific antibodies to the molecules was measured in sera of T. canis-seropositive dogs and humans. RESULTS All seven molecules were immunogenic in immunized mice; all stimulated significantly elevated levels of specific IgG, IgG1 or IgG2a and six were associated with elevated levels of specific IgE; all induced elevated production of IFN- ɣ and IL-10 by splenocytes, but only the in silico-identified membrane-associated recombinants (rTcCad, rTcVcan, and rTcCyst) induced significantly increased IL-5 production. Vaccination with two of the latter (rTcCad and rTcVcan) reduced larval loads in the T. canis challenged mice by 54.3% and 53.9% (P < 0.0001), respectively, compared to unimmunized controls. All seven recombinants were recognized by T. canis-seropositive dog and human sera. CONCLUSION The identification of vaccine targets by in silico analysis was an effective strategy to identify immunogenic T. canis proteins capable of reducing larval burdens following challenge with the parasite. Two recombinant proteins, rTcCad and rTcVcan, were identified as promising vaccine candidates for canine toxocariasis.
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Serradell MC, Guasconi L, Cervi L, Chiapello LS, Masih DT. Study of Eosinophil Apoptosis Induced by Fasciola hepatica Excretory-Secretory Products. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2137:133-48. [PMID: 32399926 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0475-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The excretory-secretory products released by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (FhESP) are in close contact with the immune system and have different immunomodulatory effects associated with the parasite virulence. The control of the early immune response is crucial for the establishment of the fluke in the host. Related to this, eosinophils (Eo) are implicated as effector cells in helminthic infections, and the induction of Eo apoptosis has been demonstrated to be a remarkable immunoevasion mechanism induced by the parasite. In this chapter, we describe different techniques to assay Eo apoptosis triggered by FhESP as well as the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.
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George PJ, Hess JA, Jain S, Patton JB, Zhan T, Tricoche N, Zhan B, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Abraham D, Lustigman S. Antibody responses against the vaccine antigens Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 are associated with protective immunity to Onchocerca volvulus infection in both mice and humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007730. [PMID: 31525197 PMCID: PMC6762197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current strategy for the elimination of onchocerciasis is based on annual or bi-annual mass drug administration with ivermectin. However, due to several limiting factors there is a growing concern that elimination of onchocerciasis cannot be achieved solely through the current strategy. Additional tools are critically needed including a prophylactic vaccine. Presently Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 are the most promising vaccine candidates against an Onchocerca volvulus infection. Methodology/Principal findings Protection induced by immunization of mice with the alum-adjuvanted Ov-103 or Ov-RAL-2 vaccines appeared to be antibody dependent since AID-/- mice that could not mount antigen-specific IgG antibody responses were not protected from an Onchocerca volvulus challenge. To determine a possible association between antigen-specific antibody responses and anti-larvae protective immunity in humans, we analyzed the presence of anti-Ov-103 and anti-Ov-RAL-2 cytophilic antibody responses (IgG1 and IgG3) in individuals classified as putatively immune, and in infected individuals who developed concomitant immunity with age. It was determined that 86% of putatively immune individuals and 95% individuals with concomitant immunity had elevated IgG1 and IgG3 responses to Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2. Based on the elevated chemokine levels associated with protection in the Ov-103 or Ov-RAL-2 immunized mice, the profile of these chemokines was also analyzed in putatively immune and infected individuals; both groups contained significantly higher levels of KC, IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1β in comparison to normal human sera. Moreover, human monospecific anti-Ov-103 antibodies but not anti-Ov-RAL-2 significantly inhibited the molting of third-stage larvae (L3) in vitro by 46% in the presence of naïve human neutrophils, while both anti-Ov-103 and anti-Ov-RAL-2 antibodies significantly inhibited the molting by 70–80% when cultured in the presence of naive human monocytes. Interestingly, inhibition of molting by Ov-103 antibodies and monocytes was only in part dependent on contact with the cells, while inhibition of molting with Ov-RAL-2 antibodies was completely dependent on contact with the monocytes. In comparison, significant levels of parasite killing in Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 vaccinated mice only occurred when cells enter the parasite microenvironment. Taken together, antibodies to Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 and cells are required for protection in mice as well as for the development of immunity in humans. Conclusions/Significance Alum-adjuvanted Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 vaccines have the potential of reducing infection and thus morbidity associated with onchocerciasis in humans. The development of cytophilic antibodies, that function in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, is essential for a successful prophylactic vaccine against this infection. Onchocerca volvulus is the causative agent of river blindness that infects approximately 17 million people, mostly in Africa. The current strategy for elimination of O. volvulus focuses on controlling transmission through ivermectin-based mass drug administration programs. Due to potential ivermectin resistance, the lack of macrofilaricidal activity by ivermectin, and the prolonged time (>20 years) needed for successful interruption of transmission in endemic areas, additional tools are critically needed including a vaccine against onchocerciasis. Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 are presently the most promising vaccine candidates for a prophylactic vaccine. The mechanism of protective immunity induced in mice by the alum-adjuvanted Ov-103 or Ov-RAL-2 vaccines appear to be multifactorial with essential roles for antibodies, chemokines and the specific effector cells they recruit. In this study, we show for the first time that, anti-Ov-103 and anti-Ov-RAL-2 antibodies, chemokines and innate cells also appear to be associated with protective immunity against O. volvulus infection in humans, similar to the vaccine studies observed in the O. volvulus mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica A. Hess
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sonia Jain
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John B. Patton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tingting Zhan
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy Tricoche
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bin Zhan
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatric Tropical Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatric Tropical Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatric Tropical Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Dong M, Song X, Wang M, Wang W, Zhang P, Liu Y, Li M, Wang L, Song L. CgAATase with specific expression pattern can be used as a potential surface marker for oyster granulocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 87:96-104. [PMID: 30633961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes are known as the main immunocompetent hemocytes that play important roles in the immune defense of oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present study, an alcohol acyltransferase (designed as CgAATase) with specific expression pattern was identified from oyster C. gigas, and it could be employed as a potential marker for the isolation of oyster granulocytes. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgAATase was of 1431 bp, encoding a peptide of 476 amino acids with a typically conserved AATase domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgAATase were highest expressed in hemocytes, lower expressed in hepatopancreas, mantle, gonad, gill, ganglion, adductor muscle, and labial palp. The mRNA expression level of CgAATase in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 3-12 h and reached the highest level (27.40-fold compared to control group, p < 0.05) at 6 h after Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The total hemocytes were sorted as granulocytes, semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes by Percoll® density gradient centrifugation. CgAATase transcripts were dominantly observed in granulocytes, which was 8.26-fold (p < 0.05) and 2.80-fold (p < 0.05) of that in agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes, respectively. The monoclonal antibody against CgAATase was produced and employed for the isolation of granulocytes with the immunomagnetic bead. CgAATase protein was mainly detected on the cytomembrane of granulocytes. About 85.7 ± 4.60% of the granulocytes were positive for CgAATase and they could be successfully separated by flow cytometry with immunomagnetic bead coated with anti-CgAATase monoclonal antibody, and 97.7 ± 1.01% of the rest hemocytes (agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes) were negative for CgAATase. The isolated primary granulocytes could maintain cell activity for more than one week in vitro culture that exhibited numerous filopodia. These results collectively suggested that CgAATase was a potential marker of oyster granulocytes, and the granulocytes could be effectively isolated from total circulating hemocytes by immunomagnetic bead coated with the anti-CgAATase monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Min Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Cosenza-Contreras M, de Oliveira E Castro RA, Mattei B, Campos JM, Gonçalves Silva G, de Paiva NCN, de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD, Carneiro CM, Afonso LCC, Castro-Borges W. The Schistosomiasis SpleenOME: Unveiling the Proteomic Landscape of Splenomegaly Using Label-Free Mass Spectrometry. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3137. [PMID: 30728824 PMCID: PMC6352917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected parasitic disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is caused by helminth parasites from the genus Schistosoma. When caused by S. mansoni, it is associated with the development of a hepatosplenic disease caused by an intense immune response to the important antigenic contribution of adult worms and to the presence of eggs trapped in liver tissue. Although the importance of the spleen for the establishment of immune pathology is widely accepted, it has received little attention in terms of the molecular mechanisms operating in response to the infection. Here, we interrogated the spleen proteome using a label-free shotgun approach for the potential discovery of molecular mechanisms associated to the peak of the acute phase of inflammation and the development of splenomegaly in the murine model. Over fifteen hundred proteins were identified in both infected and control individuals and 325 of those proteins were differentially expressed. Two hundred and forty-two proteins were found upregulated in infected individuals while 83 were downregulated. Functional enrichment analyses for differentially expressed proteins showed that most of them were categorized within pathways of innate and adaptive immunity, DNA replication, vesicle transport and catabolic metabolism. There was an important contribution of granulocyte proteins and antigen processing and presentation pathways were augmented, with the increased expression of MHC class II molecules but the negative regulation of cysteine and serine proteases. Several proteins related to RNA processing were upregulated, including splicing factors. We also found indications of metabolic reprogramming in spleen cells with downregulation of proteins related to mitochondrial metabolism. Ex-vivo imunophenotyping of spleen cells allowed us to attribute the higher abundance of MHC II detected by mass spectrometry to increased number of macrophages (F4/80+/MHC II+ cells) in the infected condition. We believe these findings add novel insights for the understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with the establishment of schistosomiasis and the processes of immune modulation implied in the host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cosenza-Contreras
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Mattei
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Marques Campos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gonçalves Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luis Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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30
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Abstract
Higher organisms are all born with general immunity as well as with, increasingly, more specific immune systems. All immune mechanisms function with the intent of aiding the body in defense against infection. Internal and external factors alike have varying effects on the immune system, and the immune response is tailored specifically to each one. Accompanying the components of the human innate and adaptive immune systems are the other intermingling systems of the human body. Increasing understanding of the body's immune interactions with other systems has opened new avenues of study, including that of the microbiome. The microbiome has become a highly active area of research over the last 10 to 20 years since the NIH began funding the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), which was established in 2007. Several publications have focused on the characterization, functions, and complex interplay of the microbiome as it relates to the rest of the body. A dysfunction between the microbiome and the host has been linked to various diseases including cancers, metabolic deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Further understanding of the microbiome and its interaction with the host in relation to diseases is needed in order to understand the implications of microbiome dysfunction and the possible use of microbiota in the prevention of disease. In this review, we have summarized information on the immune system, the microbiome, the microbiome's interplay with other systems, and the association of the immune system and the microbiome in diseases such as diabetes and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sohail Siraj
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Krishna Patel
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Umesh T. Sankpal
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Stephen Mathew
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Riyaz Basha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
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31
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Mendez J, Sun D, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Bovine neutrophils form extracellular traps in response to the gastrointestinal parasite Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17598. [PMID: 30514873 PMCID: PMC6279769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) is a widespread parasite that causes chronic infection in cattle and leads to annual losses of billions of dollars in the cattle industry. It remains unclear why cattle are unable to mount an effective immune response despite a large influx of immune cells to the infected abomasal mucosa and draining lymph nodes. Neutrophils, the immune system’s first responders, have the capacity to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to contain various pathogens, including some parasites. In the present study, the mechanisms by which O. ostertagi influences bovine NET formation were investigated. O. ostertagi larval soluble extract (OO extract) was able to induce typical NETs by purified neutrophils in vitro, confirmed by co-localization of extracellular DNA with typical NET-associated proteins histone and neutrophil elastase (NE). Consistent with existing literature, inhibition assays demonstrated that these OO extract-induced NETs were dependent upon the enzymes NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Live OO stage 4 larvae (L4) stimulated neutrophils to form NETs similar to those induced by OO extract. Bovine neutrophils also released NETs in response to Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living soil nematode, suggesting that bovine NET production may be a conserved mechanism against a broad range of nematodes. This is the first report demonstrating O. ostertagi-induced NET formation by bovine neutrophils, a potentially underappreciated mechanism in the early immune response against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Mendez
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Donglei Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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32
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Rainville JR, Tsyglakova M, Hodes GE. Deciphering sex differences in the immune system and depression. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:67-90. [PMID: 29288680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Certain mood disorders and autoimmune diseases are predominately female diseases but we do not know why. Here, we explore the relationship between depression and the immune system from a sex-based perspective. This review characterizes sex differences in the immune system in health and disease. We explore the contribution of gonadal and stress hormones to immune function at the cellular and molecular level in the brain and body. We propose hormonal and genetic sex specific immune mechanisms that may contribute to the etiology of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Rainville
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mariya Tsyglakova
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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33
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Islam R, Anisuzzaman, Hossain MS, Alam Z, Islam A, Khan AHNA, Kabir ME, Hatta T, Alim A, Tsuji N. Linguatula serrata, a food-borne zoonotic parasite, in livestock in Bangladesh: Some pathologic and epidemiologic aspects. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2018; 13:135-40. [PMID: 31014861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne parasitic zoonoses are major threats to human health and only next to the 'big three' such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Linguatula serrata is a food-borne zoonotic pentastomid that affects a wide range of animals including humans. Dogs and other carnivores are the final hosts while most herbivores, including domestic ruminants serve as intermediate hosts. Here, the study was conducted on some epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of L. serrata infection in cattle and goats through a slaughterhouse based survey. A total of 302 samples, consisting of 257 mesenteric, 26 hepatic and 19 pulmonary lymph nodes (LNs) of cattle and goats were collected. Out of 302 LNs, 136 (45.0%) were infected with the nymphal stage of L. serrata (50.7% of cattle and 31.0% of goats). Significantly, a higher (P = 0.002) rate of infection was detected in cattle. Sex, but not seasons, is a prominent determinant of the infection. The infection was mostly detected in the mesenteric LNs (MLNs) (50.9%) but the parasite was also detected in the hepatic (3.9%) and pulmonary (21.1%) LNs. Grossly, the affected LNs were enlarged, edematous and soft. Cut surface of the LNs showed spongy appearance, and sometimes nymphs were found to crawl out. Histopathological studies revealed severe damage in parenchyma of LNs, characterized by the loss of typical pattern of lymphatic follicles and trabecule. Massive infiltration with eosinophils was detected. Collectively, the data suggest that L. serrata infection is endemic in food animals and has significant pathological impacts on livestock, and people of the country are at high risk to linguatulosis.
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34
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Motran CC, Silvane L, Chiapello LS, Theumer MG, Ambrosio LF, Volpini X, Celias DP, Cervi L. Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 29670630 PMCID: PMC5893867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of helminths in the host over long periods of time is the result of a process of adaptation or dynamic co-evolution between the host and the parasite. However, infection with helminth parasites causes damage to the host tissues producing the release of danger signals that induce the recruitment of various cells, including innate immune cells such as macrophages (Mo), dendritic cells (DCs), eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. In this scenario, these cells are able to secrete soluble factors, which orchestrate immune effector mechanisms that depend on the different niches these parasites inhabit. Here, we focus on recent advances in the knowledge of excretory-secretory products (ESP), resulting from helminth recognition by DCs and Mo. Phagocytes and other cells types such as innate lymphocyte T cells 2 (ILC2), when activated by ESP, participate in an intricate cytokine network to generate innate and adaptive Th2 responses. In this review, we also discuss the mechanisms of innate immune cell-induced parasite killing and the tissue repair necessary to assure helminth survival over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristina Motran
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Silvane
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Silvina Chiapello
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martin Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernanda Ambrosio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ximena Volpini
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Pamela Celias
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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35
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Turner JD, Pionnier N, Furlong-Silva J, Sjoberg H, Cross S, Halliday A, Guimaraes AF, Cook DAN, Steven A, Van Rooijen N, Allen JE, Jenkins SJ, Taylor MJ. Interleukin-4 activated macrophages mediate immunity to filarial helminth infection by sustaining CCR3-dependent eosinophilia. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006949. [PMID: 29547639 PMCID: PMC5874077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are effectors in immunity to tissue helminths but also induce allergic immunopathology. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in non-mucosal tissues during infection remain unresolved. Here we identify a pivotal function of tissue macrophages (Mϕ) in eosinophil anti-helminth immunity using a BALB/c mouse intra-peritoneal Brugia malayi filarial infection model. Eosinophilia, via C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR)3, was necessary for immunity as CCR3 and eosinophil impairments rendered mice susceptible to chronic filarial infection. Post-infection, peritoneal Mϕ populations proliferated and became alternatively-activated (AAMϕ). Filarial AAMϕ development required adaptive immunity and interleukin-4 receptor-alpha. Depletion of Mϕ prior to infection suppressed eosinophilia and facilitated worm survival. Add back of filarial AAMϕ in Mϕ-depleted mice recapitulated a vigorous eosinophilia. Transfer of filarial AAMϕ into Severe-Combined Immune Deficient mice mediated immunological resistance in an eosinophil-dependent manner. Exogenous IL-4 delivery recapitulated tissue AAMϕ expansions, sustained eosinophilia and mediated immunological resistance in Mϕ-intact SCID mice. Co-culturing Brugia with filarial AAMϕ and/or filarial-recruited eosinophils confirmed eosinophils as the larvicidal cell type. Our data demonstrates that IL-4/IL-4Rα activated AAMϕ orchestrate eosinophil immunity to filarial tissue helminth infection. Helminths parasitize approximately one quarter of the global population. Medically-important helminths, including filariae responsible for elephantiasis and river blindness, are targeted for elimination as a public health problem. Currently there are no vaccines or immunotherapeutics available for filarial worms or other human helminth pathogens. Here we define a cellular mechanism whereby the interlukin-4 dependent activation of tissue macrophages are essential to sustain the recruitment of larvicidal eosinophil granulocytes, leading to immunity against filarial infection at a sterile tissue site of parasitism. This work delineates the relative non-redundant functional roles of both myeloid cell types in ‘type-2’ immunity to helminth infection. The study represents a mechanistic advance in our understanding of how immunity operates against metazoan macroparasites invading sterile tissues and may be used in the rational design of new therapeutics to limit helminth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Turner
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julio Furlong-Silva
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Sjoberg
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Cross
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Halliday
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ana F. Guimaraes
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Darren A. N. Cook
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Taylor
- Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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36
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Dezfuli BS, Manera M, DePasquale JA, Pironi F, Giari L. Liver of the fish Gymnotus inaequilabiatus and nematode larvae infection: Histochemical features and expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1765-1774. [PMID: 28493503 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological lesions due to third-larval stage of nematode Brevimulticaecum sp. within the liver of a subpopulation of 31 Gymnotus inaequilabiatus from the Pantanal Region (Brazil) were studied with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In 93.5% of fish, livers harboured nematode larvae and the intensity of infection ranged from 8 to 293. In livers with highest number of larvae, the hepatic tissue was occupied primarily by the nematodes. Each larva was encircled by focal inflammatory granulomatous reaction. Within the thickness of the granuloma, three concentric layers were recognized: an inner layer of densely packed epithelioid cells, a middle layer of mast cells (MCs) entrapped in a thin fibroblast-connective mesh and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue with fibroblasts. Epithelioid cells and fibroblasts within the thickness of the granuloma wall were positive for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, several hepatocytes in infected liver were immunoreactive to PCNA. Occurrence of rodlet cells and MCs in parenchyma, in close proximity to the encysted nematode larvae and near the blood vessel of infected liver, was observed. Macrophage aggregates (MAs) were numerous within the granulomas and scattered in parenchyma of the infected liver. High quantity of haemosiderin was encountered in MAs and hepatocytes of infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - F Pironi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a prominent cell type in particular host responses such as the response to helminth infection and allergic disease. Their effector functions have been attributed to their capacity to release cationic proteins stored in cytoplasmic granules by degranulation. However, eosinophils are now being recognized for more varied functions in previously underappreciated diverse tissue sites, based on the ability of eosinophils to release cytokines (often preformed) that mediate a broad range of activities into the local environment. In this Review, we consider evolving insights into the tissue distribution of eosinophils and their functional immunobiology, which enable eosinophils to secrete in a selective manner cytokines and other mediators that have diverse, 'non-effector' functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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38
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Aravindhan V, Anand G. Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1650-1661. [PMID: 29141759 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have documented an inverse relationship between the decreasing prevalence of helminth infections and the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases ("metabolic hygiene hypothesis"). Chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance (IR) has now been identified as a major etiological factor for a variety of metabolic diseases other than obesity and Type-2 diabetes (metainflammation). One way by which helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity (IS). This article provides evidence on how the cross talk between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses can modulate IR/sensitivity. The cross talk between innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, innate lymphoid cells, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) and adaptive (helper T [CD4+] cells, cytotoxic T [CD8+] cells and B cells) immune cells forms two opposing circuits, one associated with IR and the other associated with IS under the conditions of metabolic syndrome and helminth-mediated immunomodulation, respectively.
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39
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Abstract
Anisakis species are marine nematodes which can cause zoonotic infection in humans if consumed in raw, pickled or undercooked fish and seafood. Infection with Anisakis is associated with abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea and can lead to massive infiltration of eosinophils and formation of granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract if the larvae are not removed. Re-infection leads to systemic allergic reactions such as urticarial or anaphylaxis in some individuals, making Anisakis an important source of hidden allergens in seafood. This review summarizes the immunopathology associated with Anisakis infection. Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions can be prevented by consuming only fish that has been frozen to -20°C to the core for at least 24 hours before preparation. Sensitization to Anisakis proteins can also occur, primarily due to occupational exposure to infested fish, and can lead to dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. In this case, exposure to fish should be avoided.
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40
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Prodjinotho UF, von Horn C, Debrah AY, Batsa Debrah L, Albers A, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Adjobimey T. Pathological manifestations in lymphatic filariasis correlate with lack of inhibitory properties of IgG4 antibodies on IgE-activated granulocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005777. [PMID: 28742098 PMCID: PMC5542694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are known to be efficient modulators of their host’s immune system. To guarantee their own survival, they induce alongside the classical Th2 a strong regulatory response with high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and elevated plasma levels of IgG4. This particular antibody was shown in different models to exhibit immunosuppressive properties. How IgG4 affects the etiopathology of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is however not well characterized. Here we investigate the impact of plasma and affinity-purified IgG/IgG4 fractions from endemic normals (EN) and LF infected pathology patients (CP), asymptomatic microfilaraemic (Mf+) and amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) individuals on IgE/IL3 activated granulocytes. The activation and degranulation states were investigated by monitoring the expression of CD63/HLADR and the release of granule contents (neutrophil elastase (NE), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and histamine) respectively by flow cytometry and ELISA. We could show that the activation of granulocytes was inhibited in the presence of plasma from EN and Mf+ individuals whereas those of Mf- and CP presented no effect. This inhibitory capacity was impaired upon depletion of IgG in Mf+ individuals but persisted in IgG-depleted plasma from EN, where it strongly correlated with the expression of IgA. In addition, IgA-depleted fractions failed to suppress granulocyte activation. Strikingly, affinity-purified IgG4 antibodies from EN, Mf+ and Mf- individuals bound granulocytes and inhibited activation and the release of ECP, NE and histamine. In contrast, IgG4 from CP could not bind granulocytes and presented no suppressive capacity. Reduction of both the affinity to, and the suppressive properties of anti-inflammatory IgG4 on granulocytes was reached only when FcγRI and II were blocked simultaneously. These data indicate that IgG4 antibodies from Mf+, Mf- and EN, in contrast to those of CP, natively exhibit FcγRI/II-dependent suppressive properties on granulocytes. Our findings suggest that quantitative and qualitative alterations in IgG4 molecules are associated with the different clinical phenotypes in LF endemic regions. Lymphatic Filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, infects an estimated 39 million people in 73 tropical and sub-tropical countries. The most severe clinical manifestations of the disease include swelling of the scrotal area and lower limbs (hydrocele and lymphedema). It is well admitted that host immune reactivity plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Previous investigations have linked the non-cytolytic antibody IgG4 to the hyporesponsive states in filarial infections. However, few data exist on how this antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of human filariasis. Here we investigated the role of this antibody in disease pathogenesis by comparing the effect of plasma, IgG and IgG4 fractions from the four clinical categories of individuals; chronic pathology individuals (CP), asymptomatic microfilaria positive (Mf+) and negative (Mf-) and uninfected endemic normal individuals (EN) on activated granulocytes. We could show that granulocyte activation was significantly inhibited in the presence of plasma from EN and Mf+ and that, affinity-purified IgG4 antibodies from EN, Mf+ and Mf- individuals inhibited granulocyte activation in a dose-dependent manner via the immune receptors FcγRI and FcγRII. Our data also reveal significant functional differences between IgG4 molecules from EN, Mf+, Mf- and CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich F. Prodjinotho
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Horn
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alex Y. Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anna Albers
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
- * E-mail:
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41
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Xavier-elsas P, Vieira BM, Masid-de-brito D, Santos J, Barradas MG, de Luca B, Gaspar-elsas MI. Novel lineage- and stage-selective effects of retinoic acid on mouse granulopoiesis: Blockade by dexamethasone or inducible NO synthase inactivation. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 45:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Adams MB, Hayward CJ, Nowak BF. Branchial Pathomorphology of Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872) Infected by Helminth and Copepodan Parasites. Front Physiol 2017; 8:187. [PMID: 28424628 PMCID: PMC5372790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three metazoan parasites, a monogenean Hexostoma thynni and two species of copepods Pseudocycnus appendiculatus and Euryphorus brachypterus are known to parasitize the gills of ranched southern bluefin tuna (SBT) and other tuna species. However, there is no detailed information describing the pathological response to infection by these parasites in this species. Wild southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii (approximately 3 years of age), captured and towed to a grow-out site in the waters immediately south of Port Lincoln, South Australia were subsequently sampled (n = 10) monthly from March until August 2004 during commercial harvest operations. Longitudinal sections of gill hemibranchs with attached parasites were excised and fixed for routine histology and immunohistochemistry. Reference samples were also collected from fish displaying no signs of parasitism or other grossly observable anomalies. Two morphologically distinct granulocytes were observed and putatively identified as eosinophils and mast cells. Pathology was localized to filaments upon and immediately adjacent to parasite attachment sites. Branchial cellular responses, adjunct to the attachment of H. thynni by its opisthaptoral clamps, included hyperplasia and inflammation resulting in structural remodeling of branchial tissues. Inflammatory infiltrates were often dominated by putative eosinophils and lymphocytes when parasitized by H. thynni and P. appendiculatus. Gill associated lymphoid tissue infiltrated the lamellar regions particularly in response to helminth infection. A variable response ranging from hemorrhage with minor hyperplasia or fibroplasia and eosinophilic inflammation to a barely discernible change was seen for gill sections harboring P. appendiculatus and E. brachypterus. The magnitude of the host response to attachment by the latter was congruent with attachment proximity and parasite load. On the basis of the host responses reported here and the low intensity of infection observed in other associated studies these gill ectoparasites are currently considered a low risk for wild and ranched adult SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Adams
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaLaunceston, TAS, Australia
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Xavier-Elsas P, Masid-de-Brito D, Vieira BM, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Odd couple: The unexpected partnership of glucocorticoid hormones and cysteinyl-leukotrienes in the extrinsic regulation of murine bone-marrow eosinopoiesis. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:11-24. [PMID: 28261551 PMCID: PMC5316900 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulopoiesis in murine bone-marrow is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (including hormones, drugs, inflammatory mediators and cytokines). Eosinophils, a minor subpopulation of circulating leukocytes, which remains better understood in its contributions to tissue injury in allergic disease than in its presumably beneficial actions in host defense, provide a striking example of joint regulation of granulopoiesis within murine bone-marrow by all of these classes of extrinsic factors. We first described the upregulation of eosinopoiesis in bone-marrow of allergen-sensitized mice following airway allergen challenge. Over the last decade, we were able to show a critical role for endogenous glucocorticoid hormones and cytokines in mediating this phenomenon through modification of cytokine effects, thereby supporting a positive association between stress hormones and allergic reactions. We have further shown that cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLT), a major proinflammatory class of lipid mediators, generated through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, upregulate bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in vivo and in vitro. CysLT mediate the positive effects of drugs (indomethacin and aspirin) and of proallergic cytokines (eotaxin/CCL11 and interleukin-13) on in vitro eosinopoiesis. While these actions of endogenous GC and CysLT might seem unrelated and even antagonistic, we demonstrated a critical partnership of these mediators in vivo, shedding light on mechanisms linking stress to allergy: GC are required for CysLT-mediated upregulation of bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in vivo, but also attenuate subsequent ex vivo responses to CysLT. GC and CysLT therefore work together to induce eosinophilia, but through subtle regulatory mechanisms also limit the magnitude of subsequent bone-marrow responses to allergen.
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Fernandes CE, Galindo GM, Castaldelli G, Manera M, DePasquale JA, Lorenzoni M, Bertin S, Giari L. Nematode infection in liver of the fish Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Pantanal Region in Brazil: pathobiology and inflammatory response. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:473. [PMID: 27576434 PMCID: PMC5006381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A survey on endoparasitic helminths from freshwater fishes in the Pantanal Region (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) revealed the occurrence of third-larval stage of the nematode Brevimulticaecum sp. (Heterocheilidae) in most organs of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Gymnotidae) also known by the local name tuvira. The aim of the present study was to examine Brevimulticaecum sp.-infected tuvira liver at the ultrastructural level and clarify the nature of granulomas and the cellular elements involved in the immune response to nematode larvae. METHODS Thirty-eight adult specimens of tuvira from Porto Morrinho, were acquired in January and March 2016. Infected and uninfected liver tissues were fixed and prepared for histological and ultrastructure investigations. RESULTS The prevalence of infection of tuvira liver by the nematode larvae was 95 %, with an intensity of infection ranging from 4 to 343 larvae (mean ± SD: 55.31 ± 73.94 larvae per liver). In livers with high numbers of nematode larvae, almost entire hepatic tissue was occupied by the parasites. Hepatocytes showed slight to mild degenerative changes and accumulation of pigments. Parasite larvae were surrounded by round to oval granulomas, the result of focal host tissue response to the infection. Each granuloma was typically formed by three concentric layers: an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue with thin elongated fibroblasts; a middle layer of mast cells entrapped in a thin fibroblast-connective mesh; and an inner layer of densely packed epithelioid cells, displaying numerous desmosomes between each other. Numerous macrophage aggregates occurred in the granulomas and in the parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS Our results in tuvira showed that the larvae were efficiently sequestered within the granulomas, most of the inflammatory components were confined within the thickness of the granuloma, and the parenchyma was relatively free of immune cells and without fibrosis. Presumably this focal encapsulation of the parasites permits uninfected portions of liver to maintain its functions and allows the survival of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlos E. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCBS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gizela M. Galindo
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCBS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manera
- Department of Food Science, University of Teramo, St. Crispi 212, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Cellular and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, St. Elce di Sotto 5, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Bertin
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Percopo CM, Brenner TA, Ma M, Kraemer LS, Hakeem RMA, Lee JJ, Rosenberg HF. SiglecF+Gr1hi eosinophils are a distinct subpopulation within the lungs of allergen-challenged mice. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:321-328. [PMID: 27531929 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0416-166r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although eosinophils as a group are readily identified by their unique morphology and staining properties, flow cytometry provides an important means for identification of subgroups based on differential expression of distinct surface Ags. Here, we characterize an eosinophil subpopulation defined by high levels of expression of the neutrophil Ag Gr1 (CD45+CD11c-SiglecF+Gr1hi). SiglecF+Gr1hi eosinophils, distinct from the canonical SiglecF+Gr1- eosinophil population, were detected in allergen-challenged wild-type and granule protein-deficient (EPX-/- and MBP-1-/-) mice, but not in the eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA strain. In contrast to Gr1+ neutrophils, which express both cross-reacting Ags Ly6C and Ly6G, SiglecF+Gr1hi eosinophils from allergen-challenged lung tissue are uniquely Ly6G+ Although indistinguishable from the more-numerous SiglecF+Gr1- eosinophils under light microscopy, FACS-isolated populations revealed prominent differences in cytokine contents. The lymphocyte-targeting cytokines CXCL13 and IL-27 were identified only in the SiglecF+Gr1hi eosinophil population (at 3.9 and 4.8 pg/106 cells, respectively), as was the prominent proinflammatory mediator IL-13 (72 pg/106 cells). Interestingly, bone marrow-derived (SiglecF+), cultured eosinophils include a more substantial Gr1+ subpopulation (∼50%); Gr1+ bmEos includes primarily a single Ly6C+ and a smaller, double-positive (Ly6C+Ly6G+) population. Taken together, our findings characterize a distinct SiglecF+Gr1hi eosinophil subset in lungs of allergen-challenged, wild-type and granule protein-deficient mice. SiglecF+Gr1hi eosinophils from wild-type mice maintain a distinct subset of cytokines, including those active on B and T lymphocytes. These cytokines may facilitate eosinophil-mediated immunomodulatory responses in the allergen-challenged lung as well as in other distinct microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd A Brenner
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura S Kraemer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Reem M A Hakeem
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; and
| | | | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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Pionnier N, Brotin E, Karadjian G, Hemon P, Gaudin-Nomé F, Vallarino-Lhermitte N, Nieguitsila A, Fercoq F, Aknin ML, Marin-Esteban V, Chollet-Martin S, Schlecht-Louf G, Bachelerie F, Martin C. Neutropenic Mice Provide Insight into the Role of Skin-Infiltrating Neutrophils in the Host Protective Immunity against Filarial Infective Larvae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004605. [PMID: 27111140 PMCID: PMC4844152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge and control of the pathogenesis induced by the filariae remain limited due to experimental obstacles presented by parasitic nematode biology and the lack of selective prophylactic or curative drugs. Here we thought to investigate the role of neutrophils in the host innate immune response to the infection caused by the Litomosoides sigmodontis murine model of human filariasis using mice harboring a gain-of-function mutation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and characterized by a profound blood neutropenia (Cxcr4+/1013). We provided manifold evidence emphasizing the major role of neutrophils in the control of the early stages of infection occurring in the skin. Firstly, we uncovered that the filarial parasitic success was dramatically decreased in Cxcr4+/1013 mice upon subcutaneous delivery of the infective stages of filariae (infective larvae, L3). This protection was linked to a larger number of neutrophils constitutively present in the skin of the mutant mice herein characterized as compared to wild type (wt) mice. Indeed, the parasitic success in Cxcr4+/1013 mice was normalized either upon depleting neutrophils, including the pool in the skin, or bypassing the skin via the intravenous infection of L3. Second, extending these observations to wt mice we found that subcutaneous delivery of L3 elicited an increase of neutrophils in the skin. Finally, living L3 larvae were able to promote in both wt and mutant mice, an oxidative burst response and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). This response of neutrophils, which is adapted to the large size of the L3 infective stages, likely directly contributes to the anti-parasitic strategies implemented by the host. Collectively, our results are demonstrating the contribution of neutrophils in early anti-filarial host responses through their capacity to undertake different anti-filarial strategies such as oxidative burst, degranulation and NETosis. Filariases are chronic debilitating diseases caused by parasitic nematodes affecting more than 150 million people worldwide. None of the current drugs are selective, neither able to eliminate the parasites nor to prevent new infections once the drug pressure has waned. Therefore, blocking the entry and the migration of the infective larvae (L3) could be an efficient way to control the infection. In the present study we investigated the early interaction between the host and the L. sigmodontis murine filariasis with a focus on the neutrophils in the innate host responses. We uncovered a key role of neutrophils in the control of infection provided by the CXCR4-gain-of-function mice (Cxcr4+/1013) that display a blood neutropenia as well as an accumulation of skin-infiltrating neutrophils. Overall, we reveal that in the early phase of filariasis, i.e. after L3 are delivered into the skin and before they reach their site for reproduction, neutrophils are critical elements of the host innate protective response arsenal. A better understanding of their indirect and/or effector role(s) may provide mechanistic clues to host factors implicated in parasitic nematode entry and potentially lead to the identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pionnier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, Paris, France
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Emilie Brotin
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gregory Karadjian
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Hemon
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
- US31-UMS3679 -Plateforme PLAIMMO, Institut Paris-Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), Inserm, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Françoise Gaudin-Nomé
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
- US31-UMS3679 -Plateforme PLAIMMO, Institut Paris-Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), Inserm, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Nathaly Vallarino-Lhermitte
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, Paris, France
| | - Adélaïde Nieguitsila
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Aknin
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Viviana Marin-Esteban
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvie Chollet-Martin
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- UMR996—Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart and Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail: (FB); (CM)
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FB); (CM)
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Mourglia-Ettlin G, Merlino A, Capurro R, Dematteis S. Susceptibility and resistance to Echinococcus granulosus infection: Associations between mouse strains and early peritoneal immune responses. Immunobiology 2015; 221:418-26. [PMID: 26658113 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In helminth infections, there are no easy associations between host susceptibility and immune responses. Interestingly, immunity to cestodes - unlike most helminths - seems to require Th1-type effectors. In this sense, we reported recently that Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice are high and low susceptible strains, respectively, to experimental infection by Echinococcus granulosus. However, the role of the early cellular peritoneal response in such differential susceptibility is unknown. Here, we analyzed the kinetics of cytokines expression and cellular phenotypes in peritoneal cells from infected Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice. Additionally, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were conducted to highlight the most relevant differences between strains. Finally, the anti-parasite activities of peritoneal cells were assessed through in vitro systems. PCAs clustered C57Bl/6 mice by their early mixed IL-5/TNF-α responses and less intense expression of Th2-type cytokines. Moreover, they exhibited lower counts of eosinophils and higher numbers of macrophages and B cells. Functional studies showed that peritoneal cells from infected C57Bl/6 mice displayed greater anti-parasite activities, in accordance with higher rates of NO production and more efficient ADCC responses. In conclusion, mild Th2-responses and active cellular mechanisms are key determinants in murine resistance to E. granulosus infection, supporting the cestode immune exception among helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Avda. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Alicia Merlino
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rafael Capurro
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Avda. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Avda. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Estrada-Reyes ZM, López-Reyes AG, Lagunas-Martínez A, Ramírez- Vargas G, Olazarán-Jenkins S, Hernández-Romano J, Mendoza-de-Gives P, López-Arellano ME. Relative expression analysis ofIL-5andIL-6genes in tropical sheep breed Pelibuey infected withHaemonchus contortus. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:446-52. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G. Ramírez- Vargas
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias; Jiutepec Morelos Mexico
| | - S. Olazarán-Jenkins
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias; Jiutepec Morelos Mexico
| | | | - P. Mendoza-de-Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias; Jiutepec Morelos Mexico
| | - M. E. López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias; Jiutepec Morelos Mexico
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Evans H, Killoran KE, Mitre BK, Morris CP, Kim SY, Mitre E. Ten Weeks of Infection with a Tissue-Invasive Helminth Protects against Local Immune Complex-Mediated Inflammation, but Not Cutaneous Type I Hypersensitivity, in Previously Sensitized Mice. J Immunol 2015; 195:2973-84. [PMID: 26324775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect chronic helminth infection has on allergic disease in mice previously sensitized to OVA. Ten weeks of infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis reduced immunological markers of type I hypersensitivity, including OVA-specific IgE, basophil activation, and mast cell degranulation. Despite these reductions, there was no protection against immediate clinical hypersensitivity following intradermal OVA challenge. However, late-phase ear swelling, due to type III hypersensitivity, was significantly reduced in chronically infected animals. Levels of total IgG2a, OVA-specific IgG2a, and OVA-specific IgG1 were reduced in the setting of infection. These reductions were most likely due to increased Ab catabolism as ELISPOT assays demonstrated that infected animals do not have suppressed Ab production. Ear histology 24 h after challenge showed infected animals have reduced cellular infiltration in the ear, with significant decreases in numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. Consistent with this, infected animals had less neutrophil-specific chemokines CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 in the ear following challenge. Additionally, in vitro stimulation with immune complexes resulted in significantly less CXCL-1 and CXCL-2 production by eosinophils from chronically infected mice. Expression of FcγRI was also significantly reduced on eosinophils from infected animals. These data indicate that chronic filarial infection suppresses eosinophilic responses to Ab-mediated activation and has the potential to be used as a therapeutic for pre-existing hypersensitivity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | | | - Blima K Mitre
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Passavant Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - C Paul Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - So-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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