Current status of assisted reproductive technology in Korea, 2009

Great advances have been made in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) since the first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby was born in Korea in the year of 1985. However, it deserve to say that the invaluable data from fertility centers may serve as a useful source to find out which factors affect successful IVF outcome and to offer applicable information to infertile patients and fertility clinics. This article intended to report the status of ART in 2009 Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology surveyed. The current survey was performed to assess the status and success rate of ART performed in Korea, between January 1 and December 31, 2009. Reporting forms had been sent out to IVF centers via e-mail, and collected by e-mail as well in 2012. With International Committee Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies recommendation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and non-ICSI cases have been categorized and also IVF-ET cases involving frozen embryo replacement have been surveyed separately. Seventy-four centers have reported the treatment cycles initiated in the year of 2009, and had performed a total of 27,947 cycles of ART treatments. Among a total of 27,947 treatment cycles, IVF and ICSI cases added up to 22,049 (78.9%), with 45.3% IVF without ICSI and 54.7% IVF with ICSI, respectively. Among the IVF and ICSI patients, patients confirmed to have achieved clinical pregnancy was 28.8% per cycle with oocyte retrieval, and 30.9% per cycle with embryo transfer. The most common number of embryos transferred in 2009 is three embryos (40.4%), followed by 2 embryos (28.4%) and a single embryo transferred (13.6%). Among IVF and ICSI cycles that resulted in multiple live births, twin pregnancy rate was 45.3% and triple pregnancy rate was 1.1%. A total of 191 cases of oocyte donation had been performed to result in 25.0% of live birth rate. Meanwhile, a total of 5,619 cases of frozen embryo replacement had been performed with 33.7% of clinical pregnancy rate per cycle with embryo transfer. When comparing with international registry data, clinical pregnancy rate per transfer from fresh IVF cycles including ICSI (34.1%,) was comparable to clinical pregnancy rate per transfer in European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology report was 32.5% though lower than 45.0% for USA data. There was no remarkable difference in status of assisted reproductive technology in Korea between the current report and the data reported in 2008. The age of women trying to get pregnant was reconfirmed to be the most important factor that may have impact on success of ART treatment.

A randomized, multi-center, open-label, phase II study of once-per-cycle DA-3031, a biosimilar pegylated G-CSF, compared with daily filgrastim in patients receiving TAC chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer

BACKGROUNDS

A pegylated form of recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was developed for prophylactic use in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-per-cycle DA-3031 in patients receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer.

METHODS

A total of 61 patients receiving docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (TAC) chemotherapy were randomized in cycle 1 to receive daily injections of filgrastim (100 μg/m(2)) or a single subcutaneous injection of pegylated filgrastim DA-3031 at a dose of either 3.6 mg or 6 mg.

RESULTS

The mean duration of grade 4 neutropenia in cycle 1 was comparable among the treatment groups (2.48, 2.20, and 2.05 days for filgrastim, DA-3031 3.6 mg and 6 mg, respectively; P=0.275). No statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of febrile neutropenia between the treatment groups (9.5 %, 15.0 %, and 5.0 % for filgrastim, DA-3031 3.6 mg and 6 mg, respectively; P=0.681) in cycle 1. The incidences of adverse events attributable to G-CSF were similar among the treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Fixed doses of 3.6 mg or 6 mg DA-3031 have an efficacy comparable to that of daily injections of filgrastim in ameliorating grade 4 neutropenia in patients receiving TAC chemotherapy.

Human insulin secreted from insulinogenic xenograft restores normoglycemia in type 1 diabetic mice without immunosuppression

In the present study, we examined the therapeutic potential of human amnion-derived insulin-secreting cells for type 1 diabetes. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMs) were isolated from amnion and cultivated to differentiate into insulin-secreting cells in vitro. After culture in vitro, the differentiated cells (hAM-ISCs) were intensively stained with dithizone and secreted insulin and c-peptide in a high-glucose-dependent manner. They expressed mRNAs of pancreatic cell-related genes, including INS, PDX1, Nkx6-1, NEUROG3, ISL1, NEUROD1, GLUT1, GLUT2, PC1/3, PC2, GCK, PPY, SST, and GC, and were positive for human insulin and c-peptide. Transplantation of hAM-ISCs into the kidneys of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes restored body weight and normalized the blood glucose levels, which lasted for 210 days. Only human insulin and c-peptide were detected in the blood of normalized mice after 2 months of transplantation, but little mouse insulin and c-peptide. Removal of graft-bearing kidneys from these mice resulted in causing hyperglycemia again. Human cell-specific gene, hAlu, and human pancreatic cell-specific genes, insulin, PDX1, GLUT1, GLP1R, Nkx6-1, NEUROD1, and NEUROG3, were detected in the graft-bearing kidneys. Colocalization of human insulin and human nuclei antigen was also observed. These results demonstrate that hAMs could differentiate into functional insulin-secreting cells in vitro, and human insulin secreted from hAM-ISCs following transplantation into type 1 diabetic mice could normalize hyperglycemia, overcoming immune rejection for a long period.

Sorafenib in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors who failed two or more prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a phase II study of Korean gastrointestinal stromal tumors study group

PURPOSE

To evaluated the efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) who failed to previous standard treatments.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Thirty-one patients with measurable metastatic GIST who failed both imatinib and sunitinib were accrued. Sorafenib was administered orally at 400 mg twice daily until disease progression or development of intolerance. The primary endpoint was disease control rate (response + stable disease, DCR) at 24 weeks.

RESULTS

Sorafenib was well tolerated, with hand-foot skin reaction, fatigue, hypertension, and abdominal pain being the most frequent adverse events. The relative dose intensity of sorafenib during the first 6 months was >80%. Four patients achieved partial response (response rate 13%, 95% CI 1-25%), and 16 (52%) had stable disease. DCR at 24 weeks was measured as 36% (95% CI 19-52%). Median progression-free and overall survivals were 4.9 and 9.7 months, respectively. Progression-free survival of patients with prior use of nilotinib (P = .0085) and with primary genotypes other than KIT exon 11 mutation (P = .0341) was significantly shorter than that of patients without.

CONCLUSIONS

Sorafenib showed antitumor activity in this population of imatinib and sunitinib pretreated GIST. With sorafenib, about one third of patients can maintain disease control for more than 24 weeks.

Feasibility of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma for intracoronal bleaching

AIM

To investigate the effect of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma on intracoronal tooth bleaching in blood stained human teeth.

METHODOLOGY

Forty extracted single-root and blood stained human teeth were used. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n=20): group 1 received 30% HP activated by nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma in the pulp chamber for 30 min, whilst group 2 received 30% HP alone in the pulp chamber for 30 min. The overall colour changes (ΔE) were assessed using the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) Lab Colour System. The data were analysed using Student's t-test to determine the significant differences.

RESULTS

The temperature of all teeth was maintained at approximately 37 °C during plasma bleaching. The plasma treatment with 30% HP resulted in significantly higher bleaching efficacy compared to 30% HP alone in discoloured teeth (P<0.05). The average ΔE values of group 1 and group 2 were 9.24 (0.37) and 4.47 (1.62), respectively, at 30 min.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma to intracoronal bleaching could be a novel and efficient therapy in the bleaching of haemorrhagically stained teeth.

Ex vivo characteristics of human amniotic membrane-derived stem cells

Cells were isolated from four human amniotic membranes, and their biological characteristics analyzed during ex vivo expansion. Morphologically homogenous populations of fibroblast-like cells were obtained from the second or third passage. Under the appropriate culture conditions, these human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells (HAM) were shown to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes and neuronal cells, as visualized by Oil Red O, von Kossa, alcian blue, anti-Neu N, and anti-Gal C antibody staining, respectively. Immunophenotype analysis of HAM cells revealed the presence of antigens for SSEA-3, SSEA-4, collagen type-I, -II, -III, -IV, -XII, fibronectin, alpha-SMA, vimentin, desmin, cytokeratin18 (CK18), HCAM-1, fibroblast surface protein, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ABC. ICAM-1 protein was weakly detectable, and proteins of TRA-1-60, VCAM-1, von Willebrand factor, PECAM-1, and HLA DR were not detected. HAM cells reached senescence after 14.5+/-0.9 passages, over a period of 146.8+/-8.9 days, and underwent an average of 36.9 4.7 population doublings. RT-PCR analysis showed that all four HAM cell lines consistently expressed genes of Oct-4, Rex-1, SCF, NCAM, nestin, BMP-4, GATA-4, HNF-4alpha, vimentin, and CK18, regardless of the passage number. The genes of Brachyury, FGF-5, Pax-6, and BMP2 were never expressed. Strikingly, alpha-fetoprotein (alphaFP), HLA ABC, and HLA DR genes were expressed in an earlier passage but not expressed in later passages. Telomerase activity of two HAM lines was discernable upon the third passage. These observations strongly suggest that HAM might be immune-privileged and, thus, advantageous as therapeutic cells.

Selective processing of a follicular matrix metalloproteinase-2 isoform by human oviducal fluid

The present study demonstrates that a unique isoform of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 present in human follicular fluid (FF) can be processed selectively by human oviducal fluid (OF). A gelatin zymogram of untreated FF showed distinct 88-, 84- and 62-kDa gelatinases. Treatment of FF with EDTA resulted in the appearance of 110-kDa gelatinase (GA110). Most gelatinases, except for the 88- and 84-kDa gelatinases, were abolished by pretreatment with EDTA or phenanthroline, but not by pretreatment with a serine/threonine protease inhibitor. When EDTA-pretreated FF was mixed with OF, the GA110 of the FF was specifically reduced. The reduction in GA110 was dependent upon the amount of OF protein and the incubation period after mixing. Treatment of FF with aminophenylmercuric acetate reduced GA110 activity, but this reduction was accompanied by a concomitant increase of 62-kDa gelatinase activity. Anti-human MMP-2 antibody strongly reacted with both GA110 and 62-kDa gelatinases of FF, but only GA110 immunoreactivity was abolished when FF was mixed with OF. The results suggest that the GA110 of FF is an MMP-2 isoform that can be processed selectively by OF.

Consideration of aggressive therapeutic strategies for primary testicular lymphoma

To evaluate the clinical features and treatment of primary testicular lymphoma, 45 cases were retrospectively evaluated. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range, 40-81) and most patients (76%) presented with Stages I-II. All patients underwent an orchiectomy, after which various treatments were given, chemotherapy alone in 37 patients (60%) and chemotherapy with involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) in 15 patients (33%). Prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy was given to six patients; cranial irradiation was given in two patients. Eleven patients (24%) received prophylactic irradiation or surgery on the contralateral testis. In 40 patients able to be evaluated, complete response (CR) rate was 78%; 11 of 31 CR patients (36%) had relapsed. Relapse or disease progression was observed in 21 patients. The most frequent site (44%) was in the CNS. The median progression free survival and overall survival were 16 and 34 months, respectively. Ten patients who received prophylactic radiation to the contralateral testis had no relapse in this site. In six patients who received prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy, there was no leptomeningeal progression, but brain parenchymal relapse occurred in two patients. In multivariate analysis, Stage I (P = 0.02) and additional IFRT after orchiectomy (P = 0.01) were found to be good prognostic factors. In conclusion, orchiectomy followed by intensive chemotherapy and IFRT including prophylaxis to the CNS and contralateral testis, should be considered as initial treatment in primary testicular lymphoma.

Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stem cells

OBJECTIVES

To characterize mesenchymal stem cell-like cells isolated from human amniotic fluid for a new source of therapeutic cells.

MATERIALS

Fibroblastoid-type cells obtained from amniotic fluid at the time of birth.

METHODS

The ability of ex vivo expansion was investigated until senescence, and stem cell-like characteristics were analyzed by examining differentiation potential, messenger RNA expression and immunophenotypes.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A morphologically homogenous population of fibroblastoid-type (HAFFTs) cells, similar to mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow (BM-MSCs), was obtained at the third passage. The cells became senescent after 27 passages over a period of 8 months while undergoing 66 population doublings. Under appropriate culture conditions, by the 8th passage they differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes and neuronal cells, as revealed by oil red O, von Kossa, Alcian blue and anti-NeuN antibody staining, respectively. Immunophenotype analyses at the 17th passage demonstrated the presence of TRA-1-60; SSEA-3 and-4; collagen types I, II, III, IV and XII; fibronectin; alpha-SMA; vimentin; desmin; CK18; CD44; CD54; CD106; FSP; vWF; CD31; and HLA ABC. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the HAFFTs from passages 6-20 showed consistent expression of Rex-1, SCF, GATA-4, vimentin, CK18, FGF-5 and HLA ABC genes. Oct-4 gene expression was observed up to the 19th passage but not at the 20th passage. HAFFTs showed telomerase activity at the 5th passage with a decreased level by the 21st passage. Interestingly, BMP-4, AFP, nestin and HNF-4alpha genes showed differential gene expression during ex vivo expansion. Taken together, these observations suggest that HAFFTs are pluripotent stem cells that are less differentiated than BM-MSCs, and that their gene expression profiles vary with passage number during ex vivo expansion.

Number of megakaryocytic progenitors and adhesion molecule expression of stem cells predict platelet engraftment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND

The mechanism of platelet recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the factors that influence its time-course are not fully understood. Rapid hematopoietic recovery results in a reduction of transplantation-related complications. In the present study, we questioned and analyzed whether there were important factors predicting the speed of platelet engraftment.

METHODS

Thirty-seven patients with various hematologic diseases transplanted with allogeneic BM between January 2002 and December 2005 were included. We investigated the differences in mononuclear cell counts (MNC), numbers of infused CD34(+), CD34(+) CD41(+) and CD34(+) CD61(+) cells and phenotypic analysis of homing-associated cell adhesion molecules (CXCR4, CD49d and CD49e). The number of megakaryocytes formed in vitro (colony-forming unit-megakaryocytes; CFU-Mk) was also measured.

RESULTS

Median days of ANC >/=0.5x10(9)/L and platelet count >/=20x10(9)/L were 14.8 and 17.3, respectively. The number of infused CD34(+) CD41(+) and CD34(+) CD61(+) cells correlated much better with the time to platelet engraftment than that of infused CD34(+)cells (P<0.05 each). Rapid platelet recovery also occurred in patients receiving both higher homing-associated cell adhesion molecule doses and CFU-Mk (P<0.05 each).

DISCUSSION

Rapid platelet recovery has several advantages, including reducing the cost of supportive therapy and reducing the risk of fatal bleeding as a result of severe thrombocytopenia. Our findings suggest that phenotypic and clonogenic assessment of infused progenitor cells can identify patients in whom platelet engraftment is likely to be significantly delayed, and new strategies to overcome related problems might be employed in the very near future.

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective comparison with non-transplantation cases

To determine the role of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT) in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma patients, we conducted a retrospective analysis. In our previous study, we searched for patients who had received HDC/ASCT and identified 16 eligible patients and compared the treatment outcome with historical control group (n=246). Nine patients received HDC/ASCT in the first (CR1) or second complete remission (CR2), while seven patients received HDC/ASCT as salvage. Twelve of 16 patients achieved or maintained CR after HDC/ASCT. Among the 12 patients, five patients relapsed. Estimated 2-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) rates were 71.3+/-12.4% and 25.8+/-14.3%, respectively. There was a tendency of better survival in patients who received HDC/ASCT as compared to those who did not (P=0.091). In subset analysis, patients who underwent HDC/ASCT at CR (P=0.049) and patients with stage III or IV (P=0.001) had a favorable outcome. Patients with NKIPI 3,4 or EUNKTL, who underwent HDC/ASCT had more prolonged survival without statistical significance (P=0.055 and 0.056). In conclusion, HDC/ASCT may be considered as a treatment option for patients with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, especially those in CR, with advanced disease (stage III/IV or EUNKTL) and high NKIPI scores.

Pioglitazone, a synthetic ligand for PPARγ, induces apoptosis in RB-deficient human colorectal cancer cells

No published data are available about the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and the role of PPARgamma in retinoblastoma protein (RB)-deficient human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (SNU-C4 and SNU-C2A). Our aim was to investigate whether PPARgamma is expressed in SNU-C4 and SNU-C2A cells and to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of pioglitazone, a synthetic ligand for PPARgamma, on cell growth in these cell lines. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that both human CRC cell lines expressed PPARgamma mRNA and protein. Pioglitazone inhibited the cell growth of both cell lines through G2/M phase block and apoptosis. In addition, pioglitazone caused a down-regulation of the X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), Bcl-2, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) under conditions leading to PPARgamma down-regulation. These results suggest that pioglitazone may have therapeutic relevance or significance in the treatment of human CRC, and the down-regulation of XIAP, Bcl-2, and COX-2 may contribute to pioglitazone-induced apoptosis in these and other RB-deficient cell lines and tumors.

Mechanism of histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells

Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as a promising new treatment strategy in malignancy, how they exert their effect on osteosarcoama cells is as yet unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the underlying mechanism of a HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA)-induced apoptosis in a osteosarcoma cell line HOS. We observed that TSA treatment decreased the viability of the cells and prominently increased acetylation of histone H3. Evidence was obtained indicating that TSA induced apoptosis of HOS cells as follows: (1) Generation of DNA fragmentation; (2) activation of procaspase-3; (3) cleavage of PARP; and (4) increase of DNA hypoploidy. The reduction of MMP and the release of cytochrome c to cytosol were also shown, indicating that TSA induces apoptosis in HOS cells in a histone acetylation- and mitochondria-dependent fashions. We also examined whether TSA can sensitize HOS cells to the action of an antitumor agent genistein. The combination therapy of TSA and genistein showed synergistic anticancer effect indicating that TSA can be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma not only from its direct apoptosis-inducing activity but also from the possibility of sensitization to other antitumor agents.

A well-defined in vitro three-dimensional culture of human endometrium and its applicability to endometrial cancer invasion

A three-dimensional (3-D) endometrium culture was established, in which human endometrial stromal cells embedded in a mixture of collagen I, a major component of extracellular matrix, and matrigel, a basement membrane material, supports the epithelial cells seeded on top of the collagen/matrigel matrix. The biological growth and differentiation of the epithelial cells were studied microscopically and immunohistochemically. Transmission electron microscopy showed a polarized columnar epithelium in monolayer with basally positioned nuclei. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a confluent epithelium with an abundance of microvilli and cilia as well as pinopodes on the apical surface. An immunohistochemical staining showed that integrin alpha1, alpha4, and beta3 were co-localized with cytokeratin, confirming the epithelial origin of the cells. In contrast, immunoreactivity against cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 was positive in both epithelial and stromal cells. When epithelial cells were replaced by KLE cells, an endometrial cancer cell of epithelial origin, invasion of KLE cells into the stromal fraction was observed. The invasion was closely correlated to expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in a manner consistent with paracrine fashion. The present 3-D culture imitates the normal endometrium physiologically as well as morphologically, thus provides an excellent in vitro tissue suitable for reproducing in vivo physiological processes, including endometrial cancer invasion.

Amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of two-cell mouse embryos after freezing and thawing by the high frequency liquid nitrogen infusion

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) infusions are currently used in a slow controlled-rate freezing during cryopreservation. The effects of two different LN2 infusion frequencies (conventional, slow 50 infusions/min and high 120 infusions/min) were studied with frozen-thawed two-cell mouse embryos and their subsequent development to blastocysts. The embryos that were subjected to the high frequency LN2 infusion (HFLI) showed a significantly higher survival rate over the low frequency LN2 infusion (LFLI) (50.7 vs. 34.6%, P < 0.05). The blastocyst formation was also higher in HFLI (76.7%) than LFLI (44.0%, P < 0.05) with respective to the number of cells in a blastocyst of 71.6 8.0 (n = 20) and 62.5 +/- 4.7 (n = 20) (P < 0.05). The relative amount of H2O2 in an embryo that was assessed by a fluorescence intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorecein (DCF) showed a difference between the procedures with 16.6 +/- 1.6 (n = 21) and 23.4 +/- 1.8 (n = 24) for HFLI and LFLI, respectively (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial staining by Rhodamine 123 showed that the number and distribution of viable mitochondria were similar in both procedures, but fewer mitochondria were observed with a marked aggregation in the arrested embryos, indicating a mitochondrial disintegration. The mitochondrial membrane potential was visualized by a membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent probe, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). There was a decrease in the number of mitochondria that had a high membrane potential, and they showed a peripheral redistribution along the cell membrane in LFLI. A fluorescent staining of the actin filaments revealed a discontinuity that was noticeably at the peripheral "actin band" in LFLI. The DNA fragmentation was assessed by the dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). The results showed a higher DNA fragmentation of blastocyst nuclei in LFLI compared to HFLI (65.6 vs. 36.0%, P < 0.05). Based on these observations, it was concluded that HFLI was better than LFLI in the case of freezing the mouse 2-cell embryos for preserving cytoskeletons and mitochondrial integrities. This could subsequently lead to a higher survival and developmental rate of the cryopreserved mouse embryos.

Characteristics of the cell membrane fluidity, actin fibers, and mitochondrial dysfunctions of frozen-thawed two-cell mouse embryos

Physical and chemical alterations caused by the freezing and thawing and their effects on survivals/developments in vitro were investigated. Of a total of 452 two-cell mouse embryos, the overall survival rate of the frozen-thawed embryos was 76.1% (344/452). The blastocyst formation of the frozen-thawed embryos was 32.6% (44/136) compared to 74.5% (117/157) in the fresh embryos (P<0.05). The total number of cells in a blastocyst also decreased from 96.0 +/- 19.0 (n=26) in the fresh embryos to 42.0 +/- 11 .34 (n=30) in the frozen-thawed embryos (P<0.05). Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurement revealed about 5-fold decrease in the cell membrane fluidity with a characteristic time constant (tau) of 1.46 +/- 0.13 sec (n=5) in the frozen-thawed embryos as opposed to 0.28 +/- 0.04 sec (n=5) in the fresh embryos (P<0.05). The relative amount of H(2)O(2) in an embryo as quantified by the fluorescence intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) showed 62.8 +/- 23.5 (n=24) and 34.2 +/- 14.5 (n=20) in the frozen-thawed embryos and in the fresh embryos, respectively (P<0.05). The distribution of actin filaments in the frozen-thawed embryos revealed an uneven distribution, particularly discontinuities at the "actin band," which contrasted to an even distribution shown in the fresh embryos. Mitochondrial staining by Rhodamine 123 showed that there was no significant difference between the two treatments in the number and in the distribution of viable mitochondria, but a marked aggregation was seen in the arrested embryos. No Annexin V binding was detected in two-cell or four-cell embryos while the binding was positive in the arrested embryos. The mitochondrial membrane potential measured by a membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent probe 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol- carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) revealed a marked depolarization in the frozen-thawed embryos. Finally, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was employed to quantify the DNA fragmentation. In 75.0% cells of blastocysts (n=24) in the frozen-thawed embryos, the DNA fragmentation was detected as opposed to 37.0% in the fresh embryos (n=20) (P<0.05). Taken together, it is proposed that during the cryopreservation, two-cell mouse embryos are subjected to physical and chemical alterations, including destruction of the cell membrane integrity, redistribution of actin fibers, mitochondrial depolarizations, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions, which then may trigger the apoptotic cascade leading to a decrease in the survival rate and in the developmental rate of the embryos.

Potential of adenoviral p53 gene therapy and irradiation for the treatment of malignant gliomas

We investigated the combined effects of p53 gene transfer and irradiation and its still unclear interaction mechanism in human gliomas. Four human glioma cell lines expressing mutant type p53 (U373 and A172) and wild-type p53 (D54MG and EFC-2) were transfected by adenoviral vectors bearing p53 gene at 50 multiplicity of infection. Two days after transfection, cells were irradiated (3, 6, and 9 Gy). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by clonogenic assay. The quantitative analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were performed using flow cytometry. Irradiation combined with adenoviral p53 transfection significantly increased cytotoxicity, which was additive in cell lines with wild-type p53 and more than additive in cell lines with mutant p53. The combination of two modalities increased the apoptotic population by 14% in A172 cells and 20% in D54 MG cells, which were the sum of apoptosis from each modality. Adenoviral p53 transfection increased the G1 phase fraction and concomitant decrease of radioresistant S phase fraction in A172 and D54MG cells. Our study demonstrated that p53 gene transfer combined with irradiation increased absolute cytotoxicity in human glioma cells used in this experiment. The interaction mechanism for increased cytotoxicity involved, in part, increased apoptosis and change of cell cycle profile.

Neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of quinic acids from Aster scaber in PC12 cells

Aster scaber T. (Asteraceae) has been used to treat bruises, snakebite, headache, and dizziness in traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of four quinic acid derivatives from A. scaber on amyloid Abeta-induced PC12 cell toxicity was investigated. When cells were treated with quinic acid derivatives prior to Abeta, cell toxicity was significantly diminished. Among quinic acid derivatives, (-)4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (1) gave the highest protection against Abeta-induced cell toxicity. In addition, the neurotrophic effects of compounds were evaluated by microscopically monitoring their potency to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Four quinic acid derivatives from A. scaber promoted neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Interestingly, a novel quinic acid, (-)3,5-dicaffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (2) was more effective than the other compounds in promoting neurite outgrowth. Unlike nerve growth factor, the withdrawal of quinic acids did not result in any significant decrease in cell viability. The results suggest that quinic acid derivatives from A. scaber might potentially be used as a therapeutic agent in Alzheimer disease.

Phytochemical constituents of Artemisia stolonifera

Repeated column chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2 extract of Artemisia stolonifera (Asteraceae) led to the isolation of a triterpene (I), a sesquiterpene (II), two aromatic compounds (III and IV) and a benzoquinone (V). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means to be simiarenol (I), (1S,7S)-1beta-hydroxygermacra-4(15),5,10(14)-triene (II), 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde (III), vanillin (IV) and 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (V), respectively. Among these products, compound V showed significant cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines in vitro, A549 (non small cell lung adenocarcinoma), SK-OV-3 (ovarian), SK-MEL-2 (skin melanoma), XF498 (CNS) and HCT15 (colon) with ED50 values ranging from 1.33-4.22 microg/ml.

Two new monoterpene peroxide glycosides from Aster scaber

The aerial part of Aster scaber Thunb. (Asteraceae) yielded two new monoterpene peroxide glycosides, (3S)-3-O-(3',4'-diangeloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-diene (1) and (3S)-3-O-(3',4'-diangeloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-1,7-diene (2), and five known compounds, alpha-spinasterol (3), germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-triene-1-beta-ol (4), 7-methoxy-4(15)-oppositen-1-beta-ol (5), 6alpha-methoxy-4(15)-eudesmane-1beta-ol (6) and alpha-spinasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7). The structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods.

An acetylene and a monoterpene glycoside from Adenocaulon himalaicum

The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Adenocaulon himalaicum (Asteraceae) has yielded a new acetylene, 1-O-feruloyl-tetradeca-4E,6E,12E-triene-8,10-diyne (1), a new monoterpene glycoside, 9-hydroxylinaloyl-3-O-(4-O-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), and eight known compounds. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Phytochemical constituents of Artemisia japonica ssp. littoricola

The phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Artemisia japonica ssp. littoricola (Asteraceae) led to the isolation of two acetylenic compounds, (3R)-dehydrofalcarinol (2) and (3R)-dehydrofalcarindiol (6), two sesquiterpenes, 1beta, 6alpha-dihydroxy-4(15)-eudesmene (5) and oplodiol (8), and four phenolic compounds, eugenol (1), vanillin (3), 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde (4) and p-hydroxyacetophenone (7). Their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Generation of fusion genes carrying drug resistance, green fluorescent protein, and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes in a single cistron

We generated new fusion genes carrying positive- and negative-selection markers, and a reporter gene in a single reading frame. The new genes were constructed by sequentially linking the coding sequences of drug-resistance genes (hygro, or puro), a green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene (gfp), and the thymidine kinase gene (tk). The new synthetic genes (hygro/gfp/tk and puro/ gfp/tk) were inserted into retroviral vectors to test their usefulness as selective markers and reporters. The genes were functional in a positive selection in the presence of hygromycin (hygro/gfp/tk) or puromycin (puro/gfp/ tk). In addition, cells expressing the new fusion genes were clearly identifiable by their green fluorescence emitted from GFP. At the same time, these cells were sensitive to a gancyclovir treatment, allowing efficient removal of the transduced cells. The presently described synthetic genes will be valuable tools in both gene therapy and basic gene transfer studies, where positive selection of the transduced cells, monitoring gene expression, and negative selection of the transduced cells are simultaneously required.

In vivo antitumor effect of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene therapy in rat hepatocellular carcinoma: feasibility of adenovirus-mediated intra-arterial gene delivery

Transfer of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene, followed by the administration of ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV), has been a major approach for cancer gene therapy. We investigated the antitumor effect of the HSV-tk/GCV strategy with the rat orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model and the tumor-selective gene delivery by an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer through the hepatic artery. The complete antitumor effect was demonstrated, after the treatment with GCV in rat HCC established by the implantation of HSV-tk transferred rat HCC cells. The in vivo bystander effect was also observed. The marked infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells were found in the tumor area. After the injection of adenovirus carrying the LacZ gene into the hepatic artery, the selective expression of transgene in the tumor cell was achieved. These findings indicate that the HSV-tk/GCV strategy, using an adenoviral vector, could be a promising avenue for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Growth-inhibitory effect of adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer on medulloblastoma cell line, Daoy, harboring mutant p53

To improve the survival rate, gene therapy, such as the replacement of inactivated tumor suppressor genes, has become a new investigational adjuvant treatment modality for human malignancies. We investigated the effect of adenovirus(Ad)-mediated transfer of wildtype p53 tumor suppressor gene on the medulloblastoma cell line, Daoy, which harbors mutant-type p53 gene. At 50 multiplicity of infection (moi), immunohistochemical staining with p53 monoclonal antibody showed positive staining in all cells 2 days after Ad-CMV-p53 infection. The high expression of wild-type p53 protein was detected in Ad-CMV-p53-infected cells, and expression of wild-type p53 protein peaked on day 2 after the infection. The growth of Ad-CMV-p53-infected cells was greatly suppressed in vitro, and the Ad-CMV-p53 treatment significantly reduced the tumor mass in vivo. The mean weight of Ad-CMV- infected tumors was only 16% of those which were mock infected, and 25% of those which were Ad-CMV-beta-gal infected. On microscopic examination, Ad-CMV-p53-infected tumors showed numerous apoptotic bodies. This Ad-CMV-p53 gene transfer showed high transduction efficacy and expression, resulting in significant growth inhibition of Daoy harboring mutant type p53.

Growth inhibitory effect on glioma cells of adenovirus-mediated p16/INK4a gene transfer in vitro and in vivo

The tumour suppressor gene p16/INK4a encodes a specific inhibitor of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. p16/INK4a prevents the association of CDK4 with cyclin D1, and subsequently inhibits phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein (pRb), thus preventing exit from the G1 phase. In human cancers, the estimated frequency of genetic alteration involving the p16/INK4a locus is believed to be second only to alteration of p53. A high frequency (greater than 50%) of homozygous p16/INK4a gene deletion has been demonstrated in glioblastoma tissues and p16/INK4a is altered in 80% of glioma cell lines. Therefore, restoration of p16/INK4a would suppress cell proliferation and induce cell growth arrest. We showed here that restoration of p16/INK4a expression in p16 negative U87MG, U251MG and partially deleted U373MG by Ad-CMV-p16/INK4a induced growth suppression in vitro and in vivo. Expression of p16 transferred by Ad-CMV-p16/INK4a in glioma cells was highly efficient and maintained for more than seven days. In addition, we found that the endogenous status of p16 and Rb might affect the expression of exogenous p16/INK4a gene and inhibitory effect of cell proliferation. Even though, there were several factors affecting the efficiency of Ad-CMV-p16/INK4 gene transfer, our results suggest that Ad-CMV-p16 gene therapy strategy is potentially useful and warrants further clinical investigation for the treatment of gliomas.

A new caffeoyl quinic acid from aster scaber and its inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase

The phytochemical study of the aerial parts of Aster scaber Thunb. (Asteraceae) yielded a new caffeoyl quinic acid, (-) 3,5-dicaffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (2) and three known compounds, (-) 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (1), (-) 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid (3), (-) 5-caffeoyl quinic acid (4). The structures were established by high resolution spectroscopic methods. The antiviral effects against HIV-1 integrase of the compounds was evaluated. (-) 3,5-Dicaffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (2) exhibited potent antiviral activity with an IC50 value of 7.0 +/- 1.3 microg/ml.

Growth inhibitory effect on glioma cells of adenovirus-mediated p16/INK4a gene transfer in vitro and in vivo

The tumour suppressor gene p16/INK4a encodes a specific inhibitor of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. p16/INK4a prevents the association of CDK4 with cyclin D1, and subsequently inhibits phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein (pRb), thus preventing exit from the G1 phase. In human cancers, the estimated frequency of genetic alteration involving the p16/INK4a locus is believed to be second only to alteration of p53. A high frequency (greater than 50%) of homozygous p16/INK4a gene deletion has been demonstrated in glioblastoma tissues and p16/INK4a is altered in 80% of glioma cell lines. Therefore, restoration of p16/INK4a would suppress cell proliferation and induce cell growth arrest. We showed here that restoration of p16/INK4a expression in p16 negative U87MG, U251MG and partially deleted U373MG by Ad-CMV-p16/INK4a induced growth suppression in vitro and in vivo. Expression of p16 transferred by Ad-CMV-p16/INK4a in glioma cells was highly efficient and maintained for more than seven days. In addition, we found that the endogenous status of p16 and Rb might affect the expression of exogenous p16/INK4a gene and inhibitory effect of cell proliferation. Even though, there were several factors affecting the efficiency of Ad-CMV-p16/INK4 gene transfer, our results suggest that Ad-CMV-p16 gene therapy strategy is potentially useful and warrants further clinical investigation for the treatment of gliomas.

Effect of pentoxifylline on radiation response of non-small cell lung cancer: a phase III randomized multicenter trial

PURPOSES

The objectives of this prospective clinical trial were to determine whether pentoxifylline improves the radiation response and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From July 1993 through October 1994, 64 patients with histologically confirmed Stage I, II and III non-small cell lung cancer were randomly divided into pentoxifylline (Pento)+Radiotherapy (RT) group and RT alone group. Out of the 64 patients, only 47 patients who had measurable tumors on chest X-ray views were analyzed and divided into Pento+RT group (n=27) and RT alone group (n=20). Total tumor dose of 65-70 Gy was delivered as conventional fractionated radiation schedules. Pento was given to the patients 3 x 400 mg/day with a daily dose of 1200 mg during RT.

RESULTS

Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and stable in Pento+RT group were three (11%), 13 (48%), and 11 (41%), respectively, as compared with corresponding values of three (15%), 13 (65%), and four (20%) in the RT alone group. The median time to relapse in the Pento+RT group was 11 months which was 2 months longer than for the RT alone group (P>0.05). All the patients in both groups showed lower than or equal to grade 2 dysphagia, odynophagia, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonitis. The median survival was 18 months in the Pento+RT group and 7 months in the RT alone group. The 1-year survival rate was 60% in the Pento+RT group and 35% in the RT alone group, the 2-year survival rate was 18% in the Pento+RT group and 12% in the RT alone group. But these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

We concluded that Pento is a modestly effective radiation response modifier and provide benefit in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

New cytotoxic butanolides from Lindera obtusiloba BLUME

Three new butanolides, 2-(1-methoxy-11-dodecenyl)-penta-2,4-dien-4-olide (1), (2Z,3S,4S)-2-(11-dodecenylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutano lide (2) and (2E,3R,4R)-2-(11-dodecenylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4-methylbu tanolide (3), were isolated from the stems of Lindera obtusiloba BLUME. Their chemical structures were assigned by spectroscopic evidence. They exhibited cytotoxicity against cultured human tumor cell lines with their ED50 values ranging from 3.19 to 14.63 microg/ml.

Cytotoxic peroxides from Artemisia stolonifera

Two sesquiterpene endoperoxides, 1S, 4R, 6R-1, 4-endoperoxy-bisabola-2, 10-diene (I), 1R, 4S, 6R-1, 4-endoperoxy-bisabola-2, 10-diene (II), and a sesquiterpene hydroperoxide, 1beta-hydroperoxygermacra-4 (15), 5, 10 (14)-triene (III) were isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia stolonifera (Compositae). Their chemical structures were assigned by spectral evidences. Compounds I and II exhibited cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines with their ED50 values ranging from 0.20 to 5.43 microg/ml and from <0.1 to 0.87 microg/ml, respectively.

High cyclooxygenase-2 expression in stage IB cervical cancer with lymph node metastasis or parametrial invasion

OBJECTIVE

The enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 are necessary for the synthesis of prostaglandins. COX-2 is usually absent in normal cells and is upregulated and expressed as a product of the "immediate early" gene during inflammatory processes. In previous studies, the expression of COX-2 has been shown to be induced by proinflammatory cytokines, and suggestions have been made that overexpression of COX-2 suppresses apoptosis and is directly related to tumor growth. We have attempted to determine a relationship between tumor invasion and metastasis of uterine cervical cancer and COX and apoptosis by comparing the protein expression of apoptosis, COX-1, and COX-2 in tumor tissues.

METHODS

The subjects were 36 patients who were FIGO stage IB uterine cervical cancer patients who underwent surgery at Ajou University Hospital. There were 12 cases with lymph node or parametrial involvement. All tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for COX-1, -2, and TUNEL method for apoptosis detection, and the following results were obtained.

RESULTS

Tumor tissues confirmed by cytokeratin were separated into tumor surface, tumor stroma, and invasion site portions, in which decreased apoptosis was observed in the invasion sites. COX-2 expression was observed in all tumor tissues and was especially strong in the tumor invasion site. Therefore, it is suggested that COX-2 expression may suppress cell apoptosis at the tumor invasion site. When COX-2 expression was investigated according to the groups with regard to the presence of lymph node or parametrial involvement, there was a statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U test) COX-2 expression difference in the tumor invasion site (P value = 0.040) and the tumor stroma (P value = 0. 028).

CONCLUSIONS

In surgically treated stage IB cervical cancer patients, COX-2 was significantly expressed when lymph node or parametrial involvement was present. These results suggest that the expression of COX-2 in stage IB cervical cancer may downregulate apoptotic processes and thus enhance tumor invasion and metastasis.

Expression of leptin receptor (Ob-R) in human atherosclerotic lesions: potential role in intimal neovascularization

Neovascularization of the adventitial vasa vasorum with extension into the intima of atherosclerotic lesions is frequently observed, but its pathophysiological significance is still subject to debate. Recently, leptin, the product of the Ob gene, was identified. Leptin, via activation of the endothelial receptor (Ob-R), generates a growth signal involving a tyrosine kinase-dependent intracellular pathway and promotes angiogenic processes. We hypothesized that a high concentration of leptin within vasa vasorum and plaque itself, may influence inflammatory and vascular neovascularization coupling with functional upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Microscopic computerized tomography was utilized for the spatial distribution of vasa vasorum and intimal neovascularization from atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Atherosclerotic coronary arteries showed a dense plexus of microvessels in the adventitia and plaque itself. Microscopic analysis from human atherosclerotic aortas revealed an increase in the intimal thickness with neovascularization. The immunoreactivity for Ob-R, VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) increased in atherosclerotic plaque, predominantly in the endothelial lining of the intimal neovessel and macrophages/foam cells. Our observation of a prominent colocalization between Ob-R, VEGF and MMP supports this hypothesis and these factors participate in the neovascularization of atherosclerotic lesions. The present study is the first report on vascular tissue and it opens a promising perspective concerning future investigations of leptin-dependent modulation of atherogenesis and vascular neovascularization under pathophysiolgical conditions.

Coexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions

Inflammation appears to have a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the inflammatory response via the generation of prostanoids that, in turn, are involved in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study aimed to investigate atherosclerosis in human aortas for in situ tissue distribution of COX-2, MMPs including MMP-9 and membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). Immunohistochemical studies were performed on atherosclerotic lesions of aortas from patients with aortic aneurysms (n = 4) and dissections (n = 3) by using antibodies to COX-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, and TIMP-2. Control tissues were obtained from traumatically dissected aortas (n = 2). All specimens from diseased aortas had atherosclerotic lesions ranging from fatty streak to atheromatous plaques. In control, there was no expression of COX-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP in all aortic layers. Immunoreactivity for COX-2 was predominantly noted in macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the intima including atherosclerotic plaque itself and the medial layer of the plaque base, as well as in SMCs and endothelial lining of the vasa vasorum in the adventitia. Immunoreactivity for MMP-9 and MT1-MMP was found in the same distribution as that of COX-2. Additionally, the expression of TIMP-2 increased in relation to MMP-9 expression. This study demonstrates that COX-2 is coexpressed with MMP-9 and MT1-MMP, not only by macrophages and SMCs in atherosclerotic lesions, but also in endothelial lining of the vasa vasorum of human aortas. Thus, vascular inflammatory reactions may influence extracellular matrix remodeling by coactivation of MMPs in the development of atherosclerosis and, in turn, the progression of disease.

Effects of low oxygen condition on the generation of reactive oxygen species and the development in mouse embryos cultured in vitro

OBJECTIVE(S)

To elucidate the relationship between intracellular H2O2 production and embryo development in different oxygen culture conditions.

METHODS

Pronuclear stage embryos were obtained from C57BL/CBA F1 and ICR mice. Measurement of H2O2 level was performed with 2',7'-dichlorodihydroflourescein diacetate and the number of blastomeres was counted after staining with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole.

RESULTS

Regardless of strains, H2O2 level reached a peak at the 2-cell stage in 20% O2. But in embryos cultured in 5% O2 it was significantly lower at the 2-cell and 4-cell stages compared to those from 20% O2. The embryos cultured in 20% O2 showed developmental delay or block, but in 5% O2 these phenomena were overcome and the development was significantly increased with an infrequent fragmentation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that the 5% O2 decreases the relative concentration of H2O2 and results in improved embryo development in terms of quantity and quality without regard to type of strains.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors from Melia azedarach var. japonica

In bioassay-guided search for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitory compounds from higher plants of South Korea, two beta-carboline alkaloids, 4-methoxy-1-vinyl-beta-carboline (1) and 4,8-dimethoxy-l-vinyl-beta-carboline (2) have been isolated from the cortex of Melia azedarach var. japonica. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 showed marked inhibitory activity of iNOS on LPS- and interferon-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

Two new lignans from Lindera obtusiloba blume

Two new furanolignans (3, 5), together with three known lignans (1, 2, 4), were isolated from the stem of Lindera obtusiloba (Lauraceae). The structures of the compounds were determined as actifolin (1), pluviatilol (2), 5,6-dihydroxymatairesinol (3), (+)-syringaresinol (4), and (+)-9'-O-trans-feruloyl-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol (5) on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic evidences. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 showed cytotoxicity against a small panel of human tumor cell lines with ED50 values of 3.40 to approximately 19.27 microg/ml.

A new epoxynaphthoquinol from Rumex japonicus

A new epoxynaphthoquinol derivative, 3-acetyl-2-methyl-1, 5-dihydroxy-2,3-epoxynaphthoquinol (I), was isolated from the root of Rumex japonicus. The structure was elucidated by high field 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

Two new monogalactosylacylglycerols from Hydrocotyle ramiflora

Two new monogalactosylmonoacylglycerols ( 1, 2) and two known compounds ( 3, 4) were isolated from Hydrocotyle ramiflora. Based on physicochemical evidence and spectral data, the structures of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were determined as (2 S)-1- O-(7 Z,10 Z,13 Z-hexadecatrienoyl)-3- O-beta-galactopyranosylglycerol, (2 S)-1- O-(9 Z,12 Z-octadecadienoly)-3- O-beta-galactopyranosyl-glycerol, alpha-spinasterol, and capsidiol 3-acetate, respectively.

Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in human fragmented embryos

In human in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer, the in-vitro culture environment differs from in-vivo conditions in that the oxygen concentration is higher, and in such conditions the mouse embryos show a higher concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in simple culture media. ROS are believed to cause damage to cell membranes and DNA fragmentation in somatic cells. This study was conducted to ascertain the level of H2O2 concentration within embryos and the morphological features of cell damage induced by H2O2. A total of 62 human oocytes and embryos (31 fragmented, 15 non-fragmented embryos, 16 unfertilized oocytes) was obtained from the IVF-embryo transfer programme. The relative intensity of H2O2 concentrations within embryos was measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate by Quanti cell 500 fluorescence imaging and DNA fragmentation was observed with transmission electron microscopy and an in-situ apoptosis detection kit. The H2O2 concentrations were significantly higher in fragmented embryos (72.21 +/- 9.62, mean +/- SEM) compared to non-fragmented embryos (31.30 +/- 3.50, P < 0.05) and unfertilized oocytes (30.75 +/- 2.67, P < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed only in fragmented embryos, and was absent in non-fragmented embryos. Electron microscopic findings confirmed apoptotic bodies and cytoplasmic condensation in the fragmented blastomeres. We conclude that there is a direct relationship between increased H2O2 concentration and apoptosis, and that further studies should be undertaken to confirm these findings.

Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in human fragmented embryos

In human in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer, the in-vitro culture environment differs from in-vivo conditions in that the oxygen concentration is higher, and in such conditions the mouse embryos show a higher concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in simple culture media. ROS are believed to cause damage to cell membranes and DNA fragmentation in somatic cells. This study was conducted to ascertain the level of H2O2 concentration within embryos and the morphological features of cell damage induced by H2O2. A total of 62 human oocytes and embryos (31 fragmented, 15 non-fragmented embryos, 16 unfertilized oocytes) was obtained from the IVF-embryo transfer programme. The relative intensity of H2O2 concentrations within embryos was measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate by Quanti cell 500 fluorescence imaging and DNA fragmentation was observed with transmission electron microscopy and an in-situ apoptosis detection kit. The H2O2 concentrations were significantly higher in fragmented embryos (72.21 +/- 9.62, mean +/- SEM) compared to non-fragmented embryos (31.30 +/- 3.50, P < 0.05) and unfertilized oocytes (30.75 +/- 2.67, P < 0.05). Apoptosis was observed only in fragmented embryos, and was absent in non-fragmented embryos. Electron microscopic findings confirmed apoptotic bodies and cytoplasmic condensation in the fragmented blastomeres. We conclude that there is a direct relationship between increased H2O2 concentration and apoptosis, and that further studies should be undertaken to confirm these findings.

Diagnosis of ovarian torsion with color Doppler sonography: depiction of twisted vascular pedicle

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of ultrasonography for the detection of twisted vascular pedicle in ovarian torsion and to verify whether the blood flow alterations in the twisted vascular pedicle on color Doppler sonography can predict the viability of adnexal structures. In 28 of 32 patients with surgically proved torsion, the twisted vascular pedicle was detected preoperatively by ultrasonography, which shows a diagnostic accuracy of 87%. Arterial and venous flows were present in the twisted vessels on color Doppler sonography in 16 of 28 patients with a visible twisted vascular pedicle. In 11 patients who underwent adnexectomy, the pathologic findings revealed nonnecrotic ovaries in 10 patients. Untwisting of the twisted vascular pedicle was performed in five patients, and follow-up ultrasonography showed normal follicular development and ovulation. All 12 patients who showed no blood flow within the twisted vascular pedicle had necrotic ovaries. In conclusion, identification of the twisted vascular pedicle through ultrasonography is suggestive of ovarian torsion, and color Doppler sonography could be helpful in predicting the viability of adnexal structures by depicting blood flow within the twisted vascular pedicle.

Conservative therapy of adnexal torsion employing color Doppler sonography

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To ascertain if color Doppler sonography (CDS) can detect viability of adnexa in torsion.

DESIGN

Concurrent, nonrandomized study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).

SETTING

Tertiary medical care center in a university hospital.

PATIENTS

Twenty-seven women suspected of having torsion of the ovary in which a benign tumor was present.

INTERVENTIONS

Color Doppler sonography of the ovarian pedicle suggested torsion. Laparoscopy or laparotomy was performed in 19 patients and confirmed the diagnosis.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

We identified a twisted vascular pedicle of the ovarian tumor by CDS in 24 (88%) of 27 women. Pedicle arterial and venous blood flow was observed in 10 women; pathology specimens revealed normal tissue, edema with congestion, or early hemorrhage. In all nine in whom only arterial blood flow or no blood flow was observed, pathology revealed hemorrhagic necrosis. In five women with arterial and venous blood flow the tumor was managed conservatively, either by detorsion or cystectomy, after which no embolism or tumor recurrence was seen at follow-up ultrasonography. Normal follicular development and ovulation occurred in these patients.

CONCLUSION

For women of childbearing age in whom torsion of benign adnexal tumors is suspected, CDS should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and ascertain whether or not pedicle arterial and venous blood flow is present. If such blood flow is detected, the adnexa is considered to be viable and detorsion or cystectomy may be performed, thus preserving the ovary. It is recommended that further studies with a larger group be undertaken to provide a basis for statistical analysis.

Identification of ovarian enhancer-binding factors which bind to ovarian enhancer 1 of the Drosophila genes yp1 and yp2

It has been reported that three different DNA regions-the fat body enhancer and ovarian enhancers 1 and 2-direct the tissue-specific expression of yp1 and yp2 in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, we identified ovarian enhancer 1-specific binding proteins. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that these proteins are present in the adult ovary, but not in adult testis or fat body. Southwestern blot analysis showed that about 130 kDa and 40 kDa proteins, designated OEF1 and OEF2, respectively, from ovarian nuclear or crude extracts bind specifically to the ovarian enhancer 1. The two proteins were partially purified by streptavidin/agarose-DNA affinity chromatography, and their binding activity was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. These ovarian enhancer factors may play an important role in the regulation of transcription of yp1 and yp2 in the ovary.