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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Lack JB, Woods TA, Peterson KE. C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 and 7 synergistically control inflammatory monocyte recruitment but the infecting virus dictates monocyte function in the brain. Commun Biol 2024; 7:494. [PMID: 38658802 PMCID: PMC11043336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes (iMO) are recruited from the bone marrow to the brain during viral encephalitis. C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 2 deficiency substantially reduces iMO recruitment for most, but not all encephalitic viruses. Here we show CCR7 acts synergistically with CCR2 to control this process. Following Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), or La Crosse virus (LACV) infection, we find iMO proportions are reduced by approximately half in either Ccr2 or Ccr7 knockout mice compared to control mice. However, Ccr2/Ccr7 double knockouts eliminate iMO recruitment following infection with either virus, indicating these receptors together control iMO recruitment. We also find that LACV induces a more robust iMO recruitment than HSV-1. However, unlike iMOs in HSV-1 infection, LACV-recruited iMOs do not influence neurological disease development. LACV-induced iMOs have higher expression of proinflammatory and proapoptotic but reduced mitotic, phagocytic and phagolysosomal transcripts compared to HSV-1-induced iMOs. Thus, virus-specific activation of iMOs affects their recruitment, activation, and function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/virology
- Mice, Knockout
- Brain/virology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- La Crosse virus/genetics
- La Crosse virus/physiology
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Encephalitis, California/virology
- Encephalitis, California/genetics
- Encephalitis, California/metabolism
- Encephalitis, California/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/virology
- Female
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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Halabicky OM, Giang CW, Miller AL, Peterson KE. Lead exposure, glucocorticoids, and physiological stress across the life course: A systematic review. Environ Pollut 2024; 345:123329. [PMID: 38281572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The biological pathways linking lead exposure to adverse outcomes are beginning to be understood. Rodent models suggest lead exposure induces dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid regulation, a primary physiological stress response system. Over time, HPA axis and glucocorticoid dysfunction has been associated with adverse neurocognitive and cardiometabolic health, much like lead exposure. This systematic review utilized PRISMA guidelines to synthesize the literature regarding associations between lead exposure and downstream effector hormones of the HPA axis, including cortisol, a glucocorticoid, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a glucocorticoid antagonist. We additionally determined the state of the evidence regarding lead exposure and allostatic load, a measure of cumulative body burden resultant of HPA axis and glucocorticoid dysfunction. A total of 18 articles were included in the review: 16 assessed cortisol or DHEA and 3 assessed allostatic load. Generally, the few available child studies suggest a significant association between early life lead exposure and altered cortisol, potentially suggesting the impact of developmental exposure. In adulthood, only cross sectional studies were available. These reported significant associations between lead and reduced cortisol awakening response and increased cortisol reactivity, but few associations with fasting serum cortisol. Two studies reported significant associations between increasing lead exposure and allostatic load in adults and another between early life lead exposure and adolescent allostatic load. The paucity of studies examining associations between lead exposure and allostatic load or DHEA and overall heterogeneity of allostatic load measurements limit conclusions. However, these findings cautiously suggest associations between lead and dysregulation of physiological stress pathways (i.e., glucocorticoids) as seen through cortisol measurement in children and adults. Future research would help to elucidate these associations and could further examine the physiological stress pathway as a mediator between lead exposure and detrimental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Halabicky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - C W Giang
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - A L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - K E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Halabicky OM, Téllez-Rojo MM, Goodrich JM, Dolinoy DC, Mercado-García A, Hu H, Peterson KE. Prenatal and childhood lead exposure is prospectively associated with biological markers of aging in adolescence. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169757. [PMID: 38176546 PMCID: PMC10823594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have related early life lead exposure to adolescent biological aging, a period characterized by marked increases in maturational tempo. We examined associations between prenatal and childhood lead exposure and adolescent biological age (mean 14.5 years) utilizing multiple epigenetic clocks including: intrinsic (IEAA), extrinsic (EEAA), Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, GrimAge, Skin-Blood, Wu, PedBE, as well as DNA methylation derived telomere length (DNAmTL). Epigenetic clocks and DNAmTL were calculated via adolescent blood DNA methylation measured by Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips. We constructed general linear models (GLMs) with individual lead measures predicting biological age. We additionally examined sex-stratified models and lead by sex interactions, adjusting for adolescent age and lead levels, maternal smoking and education, and proportion of cell types. We also estimated effects of lead exposure on biological age using generalized estimating equations (GEE). First trimester blood lead was positively associated with a 0.14 increase in EEAA age in the GLMs though not the GEE models (95%CI 0.03, 0.25). First and 2nd trimester blood lead levels were associated with a 0.02 year increase in PedBE age in GLM and GEE models (1st trimester, 95%CI 0.004, 0.03; 2nd trimester, 95%CI 0.01, 0.03). Third trimester and 24 month blood lead levels were associated with a -0.06 and -0.05 decrease in Skin-Blood age, respectively, in GLM models. Additionally, 3rd trimester blood lead levels were associated with a 0.08 year decrease in Hannum age in GLM and GEE models (95%CI -0.15, -0.01). There were multiple significant results in sex-stratified models and significant lead by sex interactions, where males experienced accelerated biological age, compared to females who saw a decelerated biological age, with respect to IEAA, EEAA, Horvath, Hannum, and PedBE clocks. Further research is needed to understand sex-specific relationships between lead exposure and measures of biological aging in adolescence and the trajectory of biological aging into young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Halabicky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - M M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J M Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D C Dolinoy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Mercado-García
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - H Hu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Schneider CA, Leung JM, Valenzuela-Leon PC, Golviznina NA, Toso EA, Bosnakovski D, Kyba M, Calvo E, Peterson KE. Skin muscle is the initial site of viral replication for arboviral bunyavirus infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1121. [PMID: 38321047 PMCID: PMC10847502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The first step in disease pathogenesis for arboviruses is the establishment of infection following vector transmission. For La Crosse virus (LACV), the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in North America, and other orthobunyaviruses, the initial course of infection in the skin is not well understood. Using an intradermal (ID) model of LACV infection in mice, we find that the virus infects and replicates nearly exclusively within skin-associated muscle cells of the panniculus carnosus (PC) and not in epidermal or dermal cells like most other arbovirus families. LACV is widely myotropic, infecting distal muscle cells of the peritoneum and heart, with limited infection of draining lymph nodes. Surprisingly, muscle cells are resistant to virus-induced cell death, with long term low levels of virus release progressing through the Golgi apparatus. Thus, skin muscle may be a key cell type for the initial infection and spread of arboviral orthobunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Schneider
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Erik A Toso
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Darko Bosnakovski
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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5
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Halabicky OM, Téllez-Rojo MM, Miller AL, Goodrich JM, Dolinoy DC, Hu H, Peterson KE. Associations of prenatal and childhood Pb exposure with allostatic load in adolescence: Findings from the ELEMENT cohort study. Environ Res 2023; 235:116647. [PMID: 37442254 PMCID: PMC10839745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The biological pathways which link lead (Pb) and long-term outcomes are unclear, though rodent models and a few human studies suggest Pb may alter the body's stress response systems, which over time, can elicit dysregulated stress responses with cumulative impacts. This study examined associations between prenatal and early childhood Pb exposure and adolescent allostatic load, an index of an individual's body burden of stress in multiple biological systems, and further examined sex-based associations. Among 391 (51% male) participants in the ELEMENT birth cohort, we related trimester-specific maternal blood Pb, 1-month postpartum maternal tibia and patella Pb, and child blood Pb at 12-24 months to an allostatic load index in adolescence comprised of biomarkers of cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function. The results were overall mixed, with prenatal exposure, particularly maternal bone Pb, being positively associated with allostatic load, and early childhood Pb showing mixed results for males and females. In adjusted Poisson regression models, 1 mcg/g increase in tibia Pb was associated with a 1% change in expected allostatic load (IRR = 1.01; 95%CI 0.99, 1.02). We found a significant Pb × sex interaction (IRR = 1.05; 95%CI 1.01, 1.10); where males saw an increasing percent change in allostatic load as 12 month Pb levels increased compared to females who saw a decreasing allostatic load. Further examination of allostatic load will facilitate the determination of potential mechanistic pathways between developmental toxicant exposures and later-in-life cardiometabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Halabicky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - M M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - A L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J M Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D C Dolinoy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Hu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Evans AB, Winkler CW, Anzick SL, Ricklefs SM, Sturdevant DE, Peterson KE. Zika virus diversity in mice is maintained during early vertical transmission from placenta to fetus, but reduced in fetal bodies and brains at late stages of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011657. [PMID: 37796973 PMCID: PMC10581492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since emerging in French Polynesia and Brazil in the 2010s, Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with fetal congenital disease. Previous studies have compared ancestral and epidemic ZIKV strains to identify strain differences that may contribute to vertical transmission and fetal disease. However, within-host diversity in ZIKV populations during vertical transmission has not been well studied. Here, we used the established anti-interferon treated Rag1-/- mouse model of ZIKV vertical transmission to compare genomic variation within ZIKV populations in matched placentas, fetal bodies, and fetal brains via RNASeq. At early stages of vertical transmission, the ZIKV populations in the matched placentas and fetal bodies were similar. Most ZIKV single nucleotide variants were present in both tissues, indicating little to no restriction in transmission of ZIKV variants from placenta to fetus. In contrast, at later stages of fetal infection there was a sharp reduction in ZIKV diversity in fetal bodies and fetal brains. All fetal brain ZIKV populations were comprised of one of two haplotypes, containing either a single variant or three variants together, as largely homogenous populations. In most cases, the dominant haplotype present in the fetal brain was also the dominant haplotype present in the matched fetal body. However, in two of ten fetal brains the dominant ZIKV haplotype was undetectable or present at low frequencies in the matched placenta and fetal body ZIKV populations, suggesting evidence of a strict selective bottleneck and possible selection for certain variants during neuroinvasion of ZIKV into fetal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B. Evans
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Neuroimmunology Section; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Clayton W. Winkler
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Neuroimmunology Section; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stacy M. Ricklefs
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Dan E. Sturdevant
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Neuroimmunology Section; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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7
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Ojha D, Jessop F, Bosio CM, Peterson KE. Effective inhibition of HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 by phytochemicals in vitro and in vivo. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106893. [PMID: 37339711 PMCID: PMC10277159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), can cause respiratory infections in humans. To address the need for reliable anti-coronavirus therapeutics, we screened 16 active phytochemicals selected from medicinal plants used in traditional applications for respiratory-related illnesses. METHODS An initial screen was completed using HCoV-OC43 to identify compounds that inhibit virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell death inhibition. Then the top hits were validated in vitro against both HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 by determining virus titer in cell supernatant and virus-induced cell death. Finally, the most active phytochemical was validated in vivo in the SARS-CoV-2-infected B6.Cg-Tg(K18-ACE2)2Prlmn/J mouse model. RESULTS The phytochemicals lycorine (LYC), capsaicin, rottlerin (RTL), piperine and chebulinic acid (CHU) inhibited HCoV-OC43-induced cytopathic effect and reduced viral titres by up to 4 log. LYC, RTL and CHU also suppressed virus replication and cell death following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vivo, RTL significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced mortality by ∼40% in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing K18 mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, these studies indicate that RTL and other phytochemicals have therapeutic potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Forrest Jessop
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, USA.
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8
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Ojha D, Hill CS, Zhou S, Evans AB, Leung JM, Lewis CS, Amblard F, Schinazi RF, Baric RS, Peterson KE, Swanstrom R. N4 -Hydroxycytidine/Molnupiravir Inhibits RNA-Virus Induced Encephalitis by Producing Mutated Viruses with Reduced Fitness. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.22.554316. [PMID: 37662274 PMCID: PMC10473592 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A diverse group of RNA viruses including Rabies, Polio, La Crosse, West Nile, Zika, Nipah, Eastern and Western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses have the ability to gain access to and replicate in the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe neurological disease. Current treatment for these patients is generally limited to supportive care. To address the need for a generalizable antiviral, we utilized a strategy of mutagenesis to limit virus replication. We evaluated ribavirin (RBV), favipiravir (FAV) and N 4 -hydroxycytidine (NHC) against La Crosse virus (LACV) which is the primary cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis cases in North America. NHC was more potent than RBV or FAV in neuronal cells. Oral administration of molnupiravir (MOV), the 5'-isobutyryl prodrug of NHC, decreased neurological disease development by 32% following intraperitoneal (IP) infection of LACV. MOV also reduced disease by 23% when virus was administered intranasally (IN). NHC and MOV produced less fit viruses by incorporating predominantly G-to-A or C-to-U mutations. Furthermore, NHC also inhibited two other orthobunyaviruses, Jamestown Canyon virus and Cache Valley virus. Collectively, these studies indicate that NHC/MOV has therapeutic potential to inhibit virus replication and subsequent neurological disease caused by this neurotropic RNA virus.
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Basu R, Ganesan S, Winkler CW, Anzick SL, Martens C, Peterson KE, Fraser IDC. Identification of age-specific gene regulators of La Crosse virus neuroinvasion and pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2836. [PMID: 37202395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key events in viral encephalitis is the ability of virus to enter the central nervous system (CNS). Several encephalitic viruses, including La Crosse Virus (LACV), primarily induce encephalitis in children, but not adults. This phenomenon is also observed in LACV mouse models, where the virus gains access to the CNS of weanling animals through vascular leakage of brain microvessels, likely through brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). To examine age and region-specific regulatory factors of vascular leakage, we used genome-wide transcriptomics and targeted siRNA screening to identify genes whose suppression affected viral pathogenesis in BCECs. Further analysis of two of these gene products, Connexin43 (Cx43/Gja1) and EphrinA2 (Efna2), showed a substantial effect on LACV pathogenesis. Induction of Cx43 by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) inhibited neurological disease in weanling mice, while Efna2 deficiency increased disease in adult mice. Thus, we show that Efna2 and Cx43 expressed by BCECs are key mediators of LACV-induced neuroinvasion and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Basu
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Disease, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Clayton W Winkler
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Disease, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, MT 59840, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, MT 59840, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Disease, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA.
| | - Iain D C Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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10
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Ojha D, Basu R, Peterson KE. Therapeutic targeting of organelles for inhibition of Zika virus replication in neurons. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105464. [PMID: 36396026 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Since 2015, ZIKV infection has emerged as a leading cause of virus-induced placental insufficiency, microcephaly and other neuronal complications. Currently, no therapeutics have been approved to treat ZIKV infection. In this study, we examined how targeted inhibition of cellular organelles or trafficking processes affected ZIKV infection and replication in neural progenitor cells. We found that blocking endocytosis, Golgi function or structural filaments like actin or microtubules had moderate effects on virus replication. However, inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by treatment with Thapsigargin substantially inhibited virus production, suggesting the ER might be a candidate cellular target. Further analysis showed that sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCA) was important for ZIKV inhibition. Collectively, these studies indicate that targeting the SERCA-dependent ER stress pathway may be useful to develop antivirals to inhibit ZIKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Rahul Basu
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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11
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Stein SR, Ramelli SC, Grazioli A, Chung JY, Singh M, Yinda CK, Winkler CW, Sun J, Dickey JM, Ylaya K, Ko SH, Platt AP, Burbelo PD, Quezado M, Pittaluga S, Purcell M, Munster VJ, Belinky F, Ramos-Benitez MJ, Boritz EA, Lach IA, Herr DL, Rabin J, Saharia KK, Madathil RJ, Tabatabai A, Soherwardi S, McCurdy MT, Peterson KE, Cohen JI, de Wit E, Vannella KM, Hewitt SM, Kleiner DE, Chertow DS. SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy. Nature 2022; 612:758-763. [PMID: 36517603 PMCID: PMC9749650 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 during acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with some patients experiencing prolonged symptoms, termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (refs. 4,5). However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance are not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. Here we carried out complete autopsies on 44 patients who died with COVID-19, with extensive sampling of the central nervous system in 11 of these patients, to map and quantify the distribution, replication and cell-type specificity of SARS-CoV-2 across the human body, including the brain, from acute infection to more than seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, predominantly among patients who died with severe COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple respiratory and non-respiratory tissues, including the brain, early in infection. Further, we detected persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including throughout the brain, as late as 230 days following symptom onset in one case. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA throughout the body, we observed little evidence of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside the respiratory tract. Our data indicate that in some patients SARS-CoV-2 can cause systemic infection and persist in the body for months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R. Stein
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sabrina C. Ramelli
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Alison Grazioli
- grid.419635.c0000 0001 2203 7304Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Manmeet Singh
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Clayton W. Winkler
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - James M. Dickey
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sung Hee Ko
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Andrew P. Platt
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Peter D. Burbelo
- grid.419633.a0000 0001 2205 0568National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Martha Quezado
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Madeleine Purcell
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Frida Belinky
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.280785.00000 0004 0533 7286Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Eli A. Boritz
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Izabella A. Lach
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Daniel L. Herr
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Medicine and Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Joseph Rabin
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Surgery and Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kapil K. Saharia
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ronson J. Madathil
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ali Tabatabai
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Shahabuddin Soherwardi
- grid.417209.90000 0004 0429 3816Hospitalist Department, TidalHealth Peninsula Regional, Salisbury, MD USA
| | - Michael T. McCurdy
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.416700.40000 0004 0440 9540Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center, Towson, MD USA
| | | | - Karin E. Peterson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Kevin M. Vannella
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - David E. Kleiner
- grid.417768.b0000 0004 0483 9129Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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Ward A, Jessop F, Faris R, Shoup D, Bosio CM, Peterson KE, Priola SA. Lack of the immune adaptor molecule SARM1 accelerates disease in prion infected mice and is associated with increased mitochondrial respiration and decreased expression of NRF2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267720. [PMID: 35507602 PMCID: PMC9067904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases of mammals. In the brain, axonal loss and neuronal death are prominent in prion infection, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Sterile alpha and heat/Armadillo motif 1 (SARM1) is a protein expressed in neurons of the brain that plays a critical role in axonal degeneration. Following damage to axons, it acquires an NADase activity that helps to regulate mitochondrial health by breaking down NAD+, a molecule critical for mitochondrial respiration. SARM1 has been proposed to have a protective effect in prion disease, and we hypothesized that it its role in regulating mitochondrial energetics may be involved. We therefore analyzed mitochondrial respiration in SARM1 knockout mice (SARM1KO) and wild-type mice inoculated either with prions or normal brain homogenate. Pathologically, disease was similar in both strains of mice, suggesting that SARM1 mediated axonal degradation is not the sole mechanism of axonal loss during prion disease. However, mitochondrial respiration was significantly increased and disease incubation time accelerated in prion infected SARM1KO mice when compared to wild-type mice. Increased levels of mitochondrial complexes II and IV and decreased levels of NRF2, a potent regulator of reactive oxygen species, were also apparent in the brains of SARM1KO mice when compared to wild-type mice. Our data suggest that SARM1 slows prion disease progression, likely by regulating mitochondrial respiration, which may help to mitigate oxidative stress via NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ward
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Forrest Jessop
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Robert Faris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shoup
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Suzette A. Priola
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Winkler CW, Clancy CS, Rosenke R, Peterson KE. Zika virus vertical transmission in interferon receptor1-antagonized Rag1 -/- mice results in postnatal brain abnormalities and clinical disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:46. [PMID: 35379362 PMCID: PMC8981715 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which vertically transmitted Zika virus (ZIKV) causes postnatal brain development abnormalities and congenital disease remain poorly understood. Here, we optimized the established anti-IFNAR1 treated, Rag1-/- (AIR) mouse model of ZIKV infection to examine the consequence of vertical transmission on neonate survival and postnatal brain development. We found that modulating the infectious dose and the frequency of anti-IFNAR1 treatment of pregnant mice (termed AIRlow mice) prolonged neonatal survival allowing for pathogenesis studies of brain tissues at critical postnatal time points. Postnatal AIRlow mice all had chronic ZIKV infection in the brain that was associated with decreased cortical thickness and cerebellar volume, increased gliosis, and higher levels of cell death in many brain areas including cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum when compared to controls. Interestingly, despite active infection and brain abnormalities, the neurodevelopmental program remained active in AIRlow mice as indicated by elevated mRNA expression of critical neurodevelopmental genes in the brain and enlargement of neural-progenitor rich regions of the cerebellum at a developmental time point analogous to birth in humans. Nevertheless, around the developmental time point when the brain is fully populated by neurons, AIRlow mice developed neurologic disease associated with persistent ZIKV infection in the brain, gliosis, and increased cell death. Together, these data show that vertically transmitted ZIKV infection in the brain of postnatal AIRlow mice strongly influences brain development resulting in structural abnormalities and cell death in multiple regions of the brain.
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14
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Evans AB, Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Differences in neuroinvasion and protective innate immune pathways between encephalitic California Serogroup orthobunyaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010384. [PMID: 35245345 PMCID: PMC8926202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The California serogroup (CSG) of Orthobunyaviruses comprises several members capable of causing neuroinvasive disease in humans, including La Crosse orthobunyavirus (LACV), Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus (JCV), and Inkoo orthobunyavirus (INKV). Despite being genetically and serologically closely related, their disease incidences and pathogenesis in humans and mice differ. We have previously shown that following intraperitoneal inoculation of weanling mice, LACV was highly pathogenic while JCV and INKV were not. To determine why there were differences, we examined the ability of these viruses to invade the CNS and compared the host innate immune responses that regulated viral pathogenesis. We found that LACV was always neuroinvasive, which correlated with its high level of neuroinvasive disease. Interestingly, JCV was not neuroinvasive in any mice, while INKV was neuroinvasive in most mice. The type I interferon (IFN) response was critical for protecting mice from both JCV and INKV disease, although in the periphery JCV induced little IFN expression, while INKV induced high IFN expression. Despite their differing neuroinvasive abilities, JCV and INKV shared innate signaling components required for protection. The presence of either cytoplasmic Rig-I-Like Receptor signaling or endosomal Toll-Like Receptor signaling was sufficient to protect mice from JCV or INKV, however, inhibition of both pathways rendered mice highly susceptible to neurological disease. Comparison of IFN and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) responses to INKV in the brains of resistant wild type (WT) mice and susceptible immune knockout mice showed similar IFN responses in the brain, but WT mice had higher ISG responses, suggesting induction of key ISGs in the brain is critical for protection of mice from INKV. Overall, these results show that the CSG viruses differ in neuroinvasiveness, which can be independent from their neuropathogenicity. The type I IFN response was crucial for protecting mice from CSG virus-induced neurological disease, however, the exact correlates of protection appear to vary between CSG viruses. The California Serogroup (CSG) of Orthobunyaviruses contains several viruses that can cause encephalitis in humans, primarily in children, with different disease incidences. Mouse studies also showed differences between these viruses. La Crosse orthobunyavirus (LACV), the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA, is highly pathogenic in mice, while Inkoo orthobunyavirus (INKV) and Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus (JCV) caused only limited disease under certain conditions. In the current study, we analyzed the differences in neuroinvasion and host responses to these viruses. LACV entered the brain in all mice (highly neuroinvasive). INKV was able to invade the brain but was cleared and did not cause disease. JCV did not enter the CNS and was controlled in the periphery. Analysis of the early innate immune response showed that both INKV and JCV were controlled by type I interferon responses induced through either cytoplasmic or endosomal pattern recognition receptors. These studies show substantial differences between CSG viruses in their ability to invade the brain, cause neurological disease and the immune responses needed for the body to control these virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B. Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Clayton W. Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ojha D, Winkler CW, Leung JM, Woods TA, Chen CZ, Nair V, Taylor K, Yeh CD, Tawa GJ, Larson CL, Zheng W, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Rottlerin inhibits La Crosse virus-induced encephalitis in mice and blocks release of replicating virus from the Golgi body in neurons. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1398-1409. [PMID: 34675384 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus that causes approximately 60 to 80 hospitalized pediatric encephalitis cases in the United States yearly. The primary treatment for most viral encephalitis, including LACV, is palliative care, and specific antiviral therapeutics are needed. We screened the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences library of 3,833 FDA-approved and bioactive small molecules for the ability to inhibit LACV-induced death in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. The top three hits from the initial screen were validated by examining their ability to inhibit virus-induced cell death in multiple neuronal cell lines. Rottlerin consistently reduced LACV-induced death by 50% in multiple human and mouse neuronal cell lines with an effective concentration of 0.16-0.69 µg ml-1 depending on cell line. Rottlerin was effective up to 12 hours post-infection in vitro and inhibited virus particle trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to trans-Golgi vesicles. In human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids, rottlerin reduced virus production by one log and cell death by 35% compared with dimethyl sulfoxide-treated controls. Administration of rottlerin in mice by intraperitoneal or intracranial routes starting at 3 days post-infection decreased disease development by 30-50%. Furthermore, rottlerin also inhibited virus replication of other pathogenic California serogroup orthobunyaviruses (Jamestown Canyon and Tahyna virus) in neuronal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Clayton W Winkler
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Charles D Yeh
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gregory J Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles L Larson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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16
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Schneider CA, Calvo E, Peterson KE. Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179173. [PMID: 34502092 PMCID: PMC8431069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses, referred to collectively as arboviruses, infect millions of people worldwide each year and have the potential to cause severe disease. They are predominately transmitted to humans through blood-feeding behavior of three main groups of biting arthropods: ticks, mosquitoes, and sandflies. The pathogens harbored by these blood-feeding arthropods (BFA) are transferred to animal hosts through deposition of virus-rich saliva into the skin. Sometimes these infections become systemic and can lead to neuro-invasion and life-threatening viral encephalitis. Factors intrinsic to the arboviral vectors can greatly influence the pathogenicity and virulence of infections, with mounting evidence that BFA saliva and salivary proteins can shift the trajectory of viral infection in the host. This review provides an overview of arbovirus infection and ways in which vectors influence viral pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on how saliva and salivary gland extracts from the three dominant arbovirus vectors impact the trajectory of the cellular immune response to arbovirus infection in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Schneider
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Evans AB, Peterson KE. Cross reactivity of neutralizing antibodies to the encephalitic California Serogroup orthobunyaviruses varies by virus and genetic relatedness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16424. [PMID: 34385513 PMCID: PMC8361150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The California Serogroup (CSG) of Orthobunyaviruses comprises several viruses capable of causing neuroinvasive disease in humans, including La Crosse (LACV), Snowshoe Hare (SSHV), Tahyna (TAHV), Jamestown Canyon (JCV), and Inkoo (INKV) viruses. Diagnosis of specific CSG viruses is complicated by the high degree of antibody cross-reactivity between them, with laboratory standards requiring a fourfold higher titer of neutralizating antibody (NAb) activity to positively identify the etiologic virus. To help elucidate NAb relationships between neuroinvasive CSG viruses, we directly compared the cross-reactivity of NAb between LACV, SSHV, TAHV, JCV, and INKV. Mice were inoculated with individual viruses and the NAb activity of plasma samples was compared by plaque reduction neutralization tests against all five viruses. Overall, the results from these studies show that the CSG viruses induced high levels of NAb against the inoculum virus, and differing amounts of cross-reactive NAb against heterologous viruses. LACV, SSHV, and INKV elicited the highest amount of cross-reactive NAb. Interestingly, a fourfold difference in NAb titer between the inoculum virus and the other CSG viruses was not always observed. Thus, NAb titers, which are the gold-standard for diagnosing the etiologic agent for viral encephalitis, may not clearly differentiate between different CSG viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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18
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Vannella KM, Stein S, Connelly M, Swerczek J, Amaro-Carambot E, Coyle EM, Babyak A, Winkler CW, Saturday G, Gai ND, Hammoud DA, Dowd KA, Valencia LP, Ramos-Benitez MJ, Kindrachuk J, Pierson TC, Peterson KE, Brenchley JM, Whitehead SS, Khurana S, Herbert R, Chertow DS. Nonhuman primates exposed to Zika virus in utero are not protected against reinfection at 1 year postpartum. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/567/eaaz4997. [PMID: 33115950 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information about the impact of Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure in utero on the anti-ZIKV immune responses of offspring. We infected six rhesus macaque dams with ZIKV early or late in pregnancy and studied four of their offspring over the course of a year postpartum. Despite evidence of ZIKV exposure in utero, we observed no structural brain abnormalities in the offspring. We detected infant-derived ZIKV-specific immunoglobulin A antibody responses and T cell memory responses during the first year postpartum in the two offspring born to dams infected with ZIKV early in pregnancy. Critically, although the infants had acquired some immunological memory of ZIKV, it was not sufficient to protect them against reinfection with ZIKV at 1 year postpartum. The four offspring reexposed to ZIKV at 1 year postpartum all survived but exhibited acute viremia and viral tropism to lymphoid tissues; three of four reexposed offspring exhibited spinal cord pathology. These data suggest that macaque infants born to dams infected with ZIKV during pregnancy remain susceptible to postnatal infection and consequent neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vannella
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sydney Stein
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connelly
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joanna Swerczek
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Emerito Amaro-Carambot
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Coyle
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ashley Babyak
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Neville D Gai
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luis Perez Valencia
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcos J Ramos-Benitez
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steve S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. .,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Basu R, Nair V, Winkler CW, Woods TA, Fraser IDC, Peterson KE. Age influences susceptibility of brain capillary endothelial cells to La Crosse virus infection and cell death. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:125. [PMID: 34082753 PMCID: PMC8173794 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A key factor in the development of viral encephalitis is a virus crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have previously shown that age-related susceptibility of mice to the La Crosse virus (LACV), the leading cause of pediatric arbovirus encephalitis in the USA, was associated with the ability of the virus to cross the BBB. LACV infection in weanling mice (aged around 3 weeks) results in vascular leakage in the olfactory bulb/tract (OB/OT) region of the brain, which is not observed in adult mice aged > 6–8 weeks. Thus, we studied age-specific differences in the response of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) to LACV infection. Methods To examine mechanisms of LACV-induced BBB breakdown and infection of the CNS, we analyzed BCECs directly isolated from weanling and adult mice as well as established a model where these cells were infected in vitro and cultured for a short period to determine susceptibility to virus infection and cell death. Additionally, we utilized correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) to examine whether changes in cell morphology and function were also observed in BCECs in vivo. Results BCECs from weanling, but not adult mice, had detectable infection after several days in culture when taken ex vivo from infected mice suggesting that these cells could be infected in vitro. Further analysis of BCECs from uninfected mice, infected in vitro, showed that weanling BCECs were more susceptible to virus infection than adult BCECs, with higher levels of infected cells, released virus as well as cytopathic effects (CPE) and cell death. Although direct LACV infection is not detected in the weanling BCECs, CLEM analysis of brain tissue from weanling mice indicated that LACV infection induced significant cerebrovascular damage which allowed virus-sized particles to enter the brain parenchyma. Conclusions These findings indicate that BCECs isolated from adult and weanling mice have differential viral load, infectivity, and susceptibility to LACV. These age-related differences in susceptibility may strongly influence LACV-induced BBB leakage and neurovascular damage allowing virus invasion of the CNS and the development of neurological disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02173-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Basu
- Research and Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA.,Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Research and Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA
| | - Clayton W Winkler
- Research and Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Research and Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA
| | - Iain D C Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Research and Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 S. 4th Street, MT, 59840, Hamilton, USA.
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20
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Peterson KE. Placental Myeloid Cells Protect against Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in a Rag1-Deficient Mouse Model. J Immunol 2020; 205:143-152. [PMID: 32493813 PMCID: PMC8328348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cross the placenta and infect the fetus is a key mechanism by which ZIKV causes microcephaly. How the virus crosses the placenta and the role of the immune response in this process remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how ZIKV infection affected innate immune cells within the placenta and fetus and whether these cells influenced virus vertical transmission (VTx). We found myeloid cells were elevated in the placenta of pregnant ZIKV-infected Rag1-/- mice treated with an anti-IFNAR Ab, primarily at the end of pregnancy as well as transiently in the fetus several days before birth. These cells, which included maternal monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, and fetal myeloid cells contained viral RNA and infectious virus, suggesting they may be infected and contributing to viral replication and VTx. However, depletion of monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells from the dam during ZIKV infection resulted in increased ZIKV infection in the fetus. Myeloid cells in the fetus were not depleted in this experiment, likely because of an inability of liposome particles containing the cytotoxic drug to cross the placenta. Thus, the increased virus infection in the fetus was not the result of an impaired fetal myeloid response or breakdown of the placental barrier. Collectively, these data suggest that monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells in the placenta play a significant role in inhibiting ZIKV VTx to the fetus, possibly through phagocytosis of virus or virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
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21
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Peterson KE. Placental myeloid cells protect against Zika virus vertical transmission in a murine model. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.248.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cross the placenta and infect the fetus is a key mechanism by which ZIKV causes microcephaly. How the virus crosses the placenta and the role of the immune response in this process remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how ZIKV infection affected the immune cells within the placenta and developing fetus and whether these cells influenced virus vertical transmission (VTx). We found myeloid cells were elevated in the placenta of pregnant mice infected with ZIKV, primarily at the end of pregnancy, as well as in the fetus several days before birth. These cells, which included maternal monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and fetal myeloid cells contained high levels of viral RNA suggesting they may be infected and contributing to viral replication and VTx. However, depletion of monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells from the dam during ZIKV infection resulted in increased ZIKV infection in the fetus. Myeloid cells were not depleted in the fetus in this experiment, so the increased virus infection was not the result of an impaired fetal myeloid response. Collectively, these data suggest that monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells in the placenta play a significant role in inhibiting ZIKV VTx to the fetus, possibly through phagocytosis of virus or virus infected cells.
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22
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Cantoral A, Montoya A, Luna-Villa L, Roldán-Valadez EA, Hernández-Ávila M, Kershenobich D, Perng W, Peterson KE, Hu H, Rivera JA, Téllez-Rojo MM. Overweight and obesity status from the prenatal period to adolescence and its association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young adults: cohort study. BJOG 2020; 127:1200-1209. [PMID: 32145139 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of maternal and child overweight status across multiple time-points with liver fat content in the offspring during young adulthood. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING ELEMENT Cohort in Mexico City. POPULATION Pregnant women with singleton births (n = 97). METHODS We quantified hepatic triglyceride content (liver fat content) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and conventional T2-weighted MRIs (3T scanner) in 97 young adults from the ELEMENT birth cohort in Mexico City. Historical records of the cohort were used as a source of pregnancy, and childhood and adolescence anthropometric information, overweight and obesity (OWOB) were defined. Adjusted structural equation models were run to identify the association between OWOB in different life stages with liver fat content (log-transformed) in young adulthood. MAIN OUTCOME Maternal OWOB at the time of delivery was directly and indirectly associated with the liver fat content in the offspring at young adulthood. RESULTS Seventeen percent of the participants were classified as having NAFLD. We found a strong association of OWOB between all periods assessed. Maternal OWOB at time of delivery (β = 1.97, 95% CI 1.28-3.05), and OWOB status in the offspring at young adulthood (β = 3.17, 95% CI 2.10-4.77) were directly associated with the liver fat content in the offspring. Also, maternal OWOB was indirectly associated with liver fat content through offspring OWOB status. CONCLUSION We found that maternal OWOB status is related to fatty liver content in the offspring as young adults, even after taking into account OWOB status and lifestyle factors in the offspring. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT There was an association between pre-pregnancy overweight and the development of NAFLD in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cantoral
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - A Montoya
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - L Luna-Villa
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - E A Roldán-Valadez
- Hospital General de México 'Dr. Eduardo Liceaga', Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Radiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - D Kershenobich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico City, Mexico
| | - W Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K E Peterson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Hu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J A Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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23
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Abstract
The California serogroup of orthobunyaviruses comprises a group of mosquitoborne viruses, including La Crosse (LACV), snowshoe hare (SSHV), Tahyna (TAHV), Jamestown Canyon (JCV), and Inkoo (INKV) viruses, that cause neurologic disease in humans of differing ages with varying incidences. To determine how the pathogenesis of these viruses differs, we compared their ability to induce disease in mice and replicate and induce cell death in vitro. In mice, LACV, TAHV, and SSHV induced neurologic disease after intraperitoneal and intranasal inoculation, and JCV induced disease only after intranasal inoculation. INKV rarely induced disease, which correlated with less viral antigen in the brain than the other viruses. In vitro, all viruses replicated to high titers; however, LACV, SSHV, and TAHV induced high cell death, whereas JCV and INKV did not. Results demonstrated that CSG viruses differ in neuropathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with the differences in pathogenesis reported in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, California/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, California/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, California/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, California/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, California/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, California/virology
- Genes, Viral
- Geography, Medical
- Global Health
- Humans
- Incidence
- Mice
- Public Health Surveillance
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serogroup
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24
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Pitchford EA, Hasson RE, Hornyak JE, Lumeng JC, Peterson KE, Ulrich DA. Diurnal cortisol and obesity in adolescents with and without Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res 2019; 63:1401-1412. [PMID: 31441183 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) far exceeds that in the general population. Cortisol, an adrenal hormone, can be obesogenic when dysregulated. However, the diurnal patterns of this hormone have not been examined among individuals with DS. Variations in adiposity may also mediate cortisol regulation. This study sought to examine diurnal cortisol patterns in adolescents with DS as well as associations between cortisol function and obesity. METHOD A total of 32 adolescents, including 16 with DS and 16 controls with typical development (TD) of similar sex, age and Tanner pubertal stage (P > 0.05), participated in this preliminary study. Participants completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan to measure body composition and collected saliva samples for cortisol measurements in the morning, afternoon and night. Linear mixed models with random intercepts and repeated measures were used to examine the daily trajectory of log-transformed cortisol concentrations between adolescents with and without DS. A second model examined the interaction between DS and presence of elevated body fatness. RESULTS Adolescents with DS had higher morning cortisol concentrations (intercept = 0.37 μg/dL), but this was not significantly different than in TD (0.35 μg/dL, P = 0.16). Cortisol significantly declined across hours (b = -0.026 μg/dL/h, P < 0.001), but this decline also did not differ from that observed in TD (b = -0.024 μg/dL/h, P = 0.43). While cortisol levels were slightly higher among adolescents with elevated body fatness, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05; d = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine diurnal cortisol in DS but is limited in sample size. These preliminary findings suggest that diurnal cortisol patterns are not significantly different between adolescents with DS and TD and that cortisol levels are not associated with adiposity in this population. Despite these non-significant differences, youth with DS continue to be an 'at-risk' population for paediatric obesity in need of clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pitchford
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - R E Hasson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J E Hornyak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K E Peterson
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D A Ulrich
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Groveman BR, Carmody AB, Speranza EE, Martens CA, Best SM, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Neuronal maturation reduces the type I IFN response to orthobunyavirus infection and leads to increased apoptosis of human neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:229. [PMID: 31739796 PMCID: PMC6862864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA. LACV encephalitis can result in learning and memory deficits, which may be due to infection and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. Despite neurons being the primary cell infected in the brain by LACV, little is known about neuronal responses to infection. METHODS Human cerebral organoids (COs), which contain a spectrum of developing neurons, were used to examine neuronal responses to LACV. Plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) PCR were used to determine the susceptibility of COs to LACV infection. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell transcriptomics were used to determine specific neuronal subpopulation responses to the virus. RESULTS Overall, LACV readily infected COs causing reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. However, it was determined that neurons at different stages of development had distinct responses to LACV. Both neural progenitors and committed neurons were infected with LACV, however, committed neurons underwent apoptosis at a higher rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that committed neurons expressed fewer interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved IFN signaling in response to infection compared to neural progenitors. Furthermore, induction of interferon signaling in LACV-infected COs by application of recombinant IFN enhanced cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that neuronal maturation increases the susceptibility of neurons to LACV-induced apoptosis. This susceptibility is likely due, at least in part, to mature neurons being less responsive to virus-induced IFN as evidenced by their poor ISG response to LACV. Furthermore, exogenous administration of recombinant IFN to LACV COs rescued cellular viability suggesting that increased IFN signaling is overall protective in this complex neural tissue. Together these findings indicate that induction of IFN signaling in developing neurons is an important deciding factor in virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Emily E Speranza
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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26
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Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Using immunocompromised mice to identify mechanisms of Zika virus transmission and pathogenesis. Immunology 2018; 153:443-454. [PMID: 29266213 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for a recent global epidemic that has been associated with congenital brain malformations in fetuses and with Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Within the last 2 years, a major effort has been made to develop murine models to study the mechanism of viral transmission, pathogenesis and the host immune response. Here, we discuss the findings from these models regarding the role that the innate and adaptive immune responses have in controlling ZIKV infection and pathogenesis. Additionally, we examine how innate and adaptive immune responses influence sexual and vertical transmission of ZIKV infection as well as how these responses can influence the ability of ZIKV to cross the placenta and to induce damage in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
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27
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Robertson SJ, McNally KL, Carmody AB, Best SM, Peterson KE. Cutting Edge: CCR2 Is Not Required for Ly6C hi Monocyte Egress from the Bone Marrow but Is Necessary for Migration within the Brain in La Crosse Virus Encephalitis. J Immunol 2017; 200:471-476. [PMID: 29246952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory monocyte (iMO) recruitment to the brain is a hallmark of many neurologic diseases. Prior to entering the brain, iMOs must egress into the blood from the bone marrow through a mechanism, which for known encephalitic viruses, is CCR2 dependent. In this article, we show that during La Crosse Virus-induced encephalitis, egress of iMOs was surprisingly independent of CCR2, with similar percentages of iMOs in the blood and brain of heterozygous and CCR2-/- mice following infection. Interestingly, CCR2 was required for iMO trafficking from perivascular areas to sites of virus infection within the brain. Thus, CCR2 was not essential for iMO trafficking to the blood or the brain but was essential for trafficking within the brain parenchyma. Analysis of other orthobunyaviruses showed that Jamestown Canyon virus also induced CCR2-independent iMO egress to the blood. These studies demonstrate that the CCR2 requirement for iMO egress to the blood is not universal for all viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
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28
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, McNally KL, Scott DP, Hasenkrug KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Adaptive immune responses to Zika virus are important for controlling virus infection and preventing infection in brain and testes. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.122.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurological complications including Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses highlights the urgency to understand the immunological mechanisms controlling this emerging infection. Studies have indicated that ZIKV evades the human type I IFN response suggesting a role for the adaptive immune response in resolving infection. However, the inability of ZIKV to antagonize the mouse IFN response renders the virus highly susceptible to circulating IFN in murine models. Thus, as we show here, although wild type C57BL/6 mice mount both cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to ZIKV, these responses were not required to prevent disease. However, when the type I IFN response of mice was suppressed, then the adaptive immune responses became critical. For example, when type I IFN signaling was blocked by antibodies in Rag1−/− immunodeficient mice, the mice showed dramatic weight loss and ZIKV infection in the brain and testes. This phenotype was not observed in Rag1−/− mice or mice treated with anti-IFNAR alone. Furthermore, we found that the CD8+ T cell responses of pregnant mice to ZIKV infection were diminished compared to non-pregnant mice. It is possible that diminished cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy could increase virus spread to the fetus. These results demonstrate an important role for the adaptive immune response in control of ZIKV infection, and imply that vaccination may prevent ZIKV-related disease, particularly when the type I IFN response is suppressed as it is in humans.
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Taylor KG, Peterson KE. Lymphocytes have a role in protection, but not in pathogenesis, during La Crosse Virus infection in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:62. [PMID: 28340587 PMCID: PMC5364665 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse Virus (LACV) is a primary cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the USA and can result in severe clinical outcomes. Almost all cases of LACV encephalitis occur in children 16 years or younger, indicating an age-related susceptibility. This susceptibility is recapitulated in a mouse model where weanling (3 weeks old or younger) mice are susceptible to LACV-induced disease, and adults (greater than 6 weeks) are resistant. Disease in mice and humans is associated with infiltrating leukocytes to the CNS. However, what cell types are infiltrating into the brain during virus infection and how these cells influence pathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS In the current study, we analyzed lymphocytes recruited to the CNS during LACV-infection in clinical mice, using flow cytometry. We analyzed the contribution of these lymphocytes to LACV pathogenesis in weanling mice using knockout mice or antibody depletion. Additionally, we studied at the potential role of these lymphocytes in preventing LACV neurological disease in resistant adult mice. RESULTS In susceptible weanling mice, disease was associated with infiltrating lymphocytes in the CNS, including NK cells, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, depletion of these cells did not impact neurological disease, suggesting these cells do not contribute to virus-mediated damage. In contrast, in disease-resistant adult animals, depletion of both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells or depletion of B cells increased neurological disease, with higher levels of virus in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our current results indicate that lymphocytes do not influence neurological disease in young mice, but they have a critical role protecting adult animals from LACV pathogenesis. Although LACV is an acute virus infection, these studies indicate that the innate immune response in adults is not sufficient for protection and that components of the adaptive immune response are necessary to prevent virus from invading the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katherine G Taylor
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, McNally KL, Scott DP, Hasenkrug KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Adaptive Immune Responses to Zika Virus Are Important for Controlling Virus Infection and Preventing Infection in Brain and Testes. J Immunol 2017; 198:3526-3535. [PMID: 28330900 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurologic complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses, highlights the importance in understanding the immunological mechanisms controlling this emerging infection. Studies have indicated that ZIKV evades the human type I IFN response, suggesting a role for the adaptive immune response in resolving infection. However, the inability of ZIKV to antagonize the mouse IFN response renders the virus highly susceptible to circulating IFN in murine models. Thus, as we show in this article, although wild-type C57BL/6 mice mount cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to ZIKV, these responses were not required to prevent disease. However, when the type I IFN response of mice was suppressed, then the adaptive immune responses became critical. For example, when type I IFN signaling was blocked by Abs in Rag1-/- mice, the mice showed dramatic weight loss and ZIKV infection in the brain and testes. This phenotype was not observed in Ig-treated Rag1-/- mice or wild-type mice treated with anti-type I IFNR alone. Furthermore, we found that the CD8+ T cell responses of pregnant mice to ZIKV infection were diminished compared with nonpregnant mice. It is possible that diminished cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy could increase virus spread to the fetus. These results demonstrate an important role for the adaptive immune response in the control of ZIKV infection and imply that vaccination may prevent ZIKV-related disease, particularly when the type I IFN response is suppressed as it is in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
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Bauler TJ, Starr T, Nagy TA, Sridhar S, Scott D, Winkler CW, Steele-Mortimer O, Detweiler CS, Peterson KE. Salmonella Meningitis Associated with Monocyte Infiltration in Mice. Am J Pathol 2016; 187:187-199. [PMID: 27955815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to infect the central nervous system and cause meningitis following the natural route of infection in mice. C57BL/6J mice are extremely susceptible to systemic infection by Salmonella Typhimurium because of loss-of-function mutations in Nramp1 (SLC11A1), a phagosomal membrane protein that controls iron export from vacuoles and inhibits Salmonella growth in macrophages. Therefore, we assessed the ability of Salmonella to disseminate to the central nervous system (CNS) after oral infection in C57BL/6J mice expressing either wild-type (resistant) or mutant (susceptible) alleles of Nramp1. In both strains, oral infection resulted in focal meningitis and ventriculitis with recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the CNS. In susceptible Nramp1-/- mice, there was a direct correlation between bacteremia and the number of bacteria in the brain, which was not observed in resistant Nramp1+/+ mice. A small percentage of Nramp1+/+ mice developed severe ataxia, which was associated with high bacterial loads in the CNS as well as clear histopathology of necrotizing vasculitis and hemorrhage in the brain. Thus, Nramp1 is not essential for Salmonella entry into the CNS or neuroinflammation, but may influence the mechanisms of CNS entry as well as the severity of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bauler
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Tregei Starr
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Toni A Nagy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Corrella S Detweiler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana.
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Carroll JA, Striebel JF, Rangel A, Woods T, Phillips K, Peterson KE, Race B, Chesebro B. Prion Strain Differences in Accumulation of PrPSc on Neurons and Glia Are Associated with Similar Expression Profiles of Neuroinflammatory Genes: Comparison of Three Prion Strains. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005551. [PMID: 27046083 PMCID: PMC4821575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of host proteins are important features of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia and prion diseases. In all these diseases, the misfolded protein increases in amount by a mechanism involving seeded polymerization. In prion diseases, host prion protein is misfolded to form a pathogenic protease-resistant form, PrPSc, which accumulates in neurons, astroglia and microglia in the CNS. Here using dual-staining immunohistochemistry, we compared the cell specificity of PrPSc accumulation at early preclinical times post-infection using three mouse scrapie strains that differ in brain regional pathology. PrPSc from each strain had a different pattern of cell specificity. Strain 22L was mainly associated with astroglia, whereas strain ME7 was mainly associated with neurons and neuropil. In thalamus and cortex, strain RML was similar to 22L, but in substantia nigra, RML was similar to ME7. Expression of 90 genes involved in neuroinflammation was studied quantitatively using mRNA from thalamus at preclinical times. Surprisingly, despite the cellular differences in PrPSc accumulation, the pattern of upregulated genes was similar for all three strains, and the small differences observed correlated with variations in the early disease tempo. Gene upregulation correlated with activation of both astroglia and microglia detected in early disease prior to vacuolar pathology or clinical signs. Interestingly, the profile of upregulated genes in scrapie differed markedly from that seen in two acute viral CNS diseases (LaCrosse virus and BE polytropic Friend retrovirus) that had reactive gliosis at levels similar to our prion-infected mice. Accumulation of aggregates of misfolded protein in brain is a common feature of the damage seen in several neurodegenerative diseases including prion disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In the present work three strains of prion disease differed in accumulation of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) on neurons and astroglial cells. These patterns were first detectable in the thalamus at 40–60 days after inoculation. This coincided with initial detection of gliosis and PrPSc deposition, but was far in advance of clinical signs or spongiform pathology. In spite of the different patterns of cellular PrPSc deposition, these three strains had similar patterns of expression of a large number of genes known to be active during neuroinflammatory responses and gliosis. However, the gene upregulation in scrapie differed markedly from that seen in two neurovirulent viral diseases, which also had abundant glial responses similar to those observed with prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - James F. Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Rangel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tyson Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Katie Phillips
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gibbert K, Lavender KJ, Peterson KE, Münch J, Piehler J, Santiago ML, Verheyen J, Hasenkrug K, Dittmer U. ID: 41. Cytokine 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mukherjee P, Winkler CW, Taylor KG, Woods TA, Nair V, Khan BA, Peterson KE. SARM1, Not MyD88, Mediates TLR7/TLR9-Induced Apoptosis in Neurons. J Immunol 2015; 195:4913-21. [PMID: 26423149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is a key aspect of many different neurologic diseases, but the mechanisms remain unresolved. Recent studies have suggested a mechanism of innate immune-induced neuronal apoptosis through the stimulation of endosomal TLRs in neurons. TLRs are stimulated both by pathogen-associated molecular patterns as well as by damage-associated molecular patterns, including microRNAs released by damaged neurons. In the present study, we identified the mechanism responsible for TLR7/TLR9-mediated neuronal apoptosis. TLR-induced apoptosis required endosomal localization of TLRs but was independent of MyD88 signaling. Instead, apoptosis required the TLR adaptor molecule SARM1, which localized to the mitochondria following TLR activation and was associated with mitochondrial accumulation in neurites. Deficiency in SARM1 inhibited both mitochondrial accumulation in neurites and TLR-induced apoptosis. These studies identify a non-MyD88 pathway of TLR7/ TLR9 signaling in neurons and provide a mechanism for how innate immune responses in the CNS directly induce neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Katherine G Taylor
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Vinod Nair
- Research Technologies Branch, Microscopy Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Burhan A Khan
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
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Madeddu S, Woods TA, Mukherjee P, Sturdevant D, Butchi NB, Peterson KE. Identification of Glial Activation Markers by Comparison of Transcriptome Changes between Astrocytes and Microglia following Innate Immune Stimulation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214311 PMCID: PMC4516330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of astrocytes and microglia is often associated with diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding how activation alters the transcriptome of these cells may offer valuable insight regarding how activation of these cells mediate neurological damage. Furthermore, identifying common and unique pathways of gene expression during activation may provide new insight into the distinct roles these cells have in the CNS during infection and inflammation. Since recent studies indicate that TLR7 recognizes not only viral RNA but also microRNAs that are released by damaged neurons and elevated during neurological diseases, we first examined the response of glial cells to TLR7 stimulation using microarray analysis. Microglia were found to generate a much stronger response to TLR7 activation than astrocytes, both in the number of genes induced as well as fold induction. Although the primary pathways induced by both cell types were directly linked to immune responses, microglia also induced pathways associated with cellular proliferation, while astrocytes did not. Targeted analysis of a subset of the upregulated genes identified unique mRNA, including Ifi202b which was only upregulated by microglia and was found to be induced during both retroviral and bunyavirus infections in the CNS. In addition, other genes including Birc3 and Gpr84 as well as two expressed sequences AW112010 and BC023105 were found to be induced in both microglia and astrocytes and were upregulated in the CNS following virus infection. Thus, expression of these genes may a useful measurement of glial activation during insult or injury to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Madeddu
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tyson A. Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Piyali Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Dan Sturdevant
- Research Technologies Branch, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | | | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gershburg S, Geltz J, Peterson KE, Halford WP, Gershburg E. The UL13 and US3 Protein Kinases of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Cooperate to Promote the Assembly and Release of Mature, Infectious Virions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131420. [PMID: 26115119 PMCID: PMC4482649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes two bona fide serine/threonine protein kinases, the US3 and UL13 gene products. HSV-1 ΔUS3 mutants replicate with wild-type efficiency in cultured cells, and HSV-1 ΔUL13 mutants exhibit <10-fold reduction in infectious viral titers. Given these modest phenotypes, it remains unclear how the US3 and UL13 protein kinases contribute to HSV-1 replication. In the current study, we designed a panel of HSV-1 mutants, in which portions of UL13 and US3 genes were replaced by expression cassettes encoding mCherry protein or green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively, and analyzed DNA replication, protein expression, and spread of these mutants in several cell types. Loss of US3 function alone had largely negligible effect on viral DNA accumulation, gene expression, virion release, and spread. Loss of UL13 function alone also had no appreciable effects on viral DNA levels. However, loss of UL13 function did result in a measurable decrease in the steady-state levels of two viral glycoproteins (gC and gD), release of total and infectious virions, and viral spread. Disruption of both genes did not affect the accumulation of viral DNA, but resulted in further reduction in gC and gD steady-state levels, and attenuation of viral spread and infectious virion release. These data show that the UL13 kinase plays an important role in the late phase of HSV-1 infection, likely by affecting virion assembly and/or release. Moreover, the data suggest that the combined activities of the US3 and UL13 protein kinases are critical to the efficient assembly and release of infectious virions from HSV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gershburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794–9626, United States of America
| | - Joshua Geltz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794–9626, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States of America
| | - William P. Halford
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794–9626, United States of America
| | - Edward Gershburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794–9626, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grasperge BJ, Morgan TW, Paddock CD, Peterson KE, Macaluso KR. Feeding by Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) enhances Rickettsia parkeri (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) infection in the skin. J Med Entomol 2014; 51:855-863. [PMID: 25118419 PMCID: PMC4214552 DOI: 10.1603/me13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia parkeri Luckman (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), a member of the spotted fever group of Rickettsia, is the tick-borne causative agent of a newly recognized, eschar-associated rickettsiosis. Because of its relatively recent designation as a pathogen, few studies have examined the pathogenesis of transmission of R. parkeri to the vertebrate host. To further elucidate the role of tick feeding in rickettsial infection of vertebrates, nymphal Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) were fed on C3H/HeJ mice intradermally inoculated with R. parkeri (Portsmouth strain). The ticks were allowed to feed to repletion, at which time samples were taken for histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for rickettsial quantification, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of Itgax, Mcp1, and Il1beta. The group of mice that received intradermal inoculation of R. parkeri with tick feeding displayed significant increases in rickettsial load and IHC staining, but not in cytokine expression, when compared with the group of mice that received intradermal inoculation of R. parkeri without tick feeding. Tick feeding alone was associated with histopathologic changes in the skin, but these changes, and particularly vascular pathology, were more pronounced in the skin of mice inoculated previously with R. parkeri and followed by tick feeding. The marked differences in IHC staining and qPCR for the R. parkeri with tick feeding group strongly suggest an important role for tick feeding in the early establishment of rickettsial infection in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton J. Grasperge
- Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Timothy W. Morgan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Christopher D. Paddock
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kevin R. Macaluso
- Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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Abstract
Extracellular let-7b, a microRNA found in the central nervous system, affects neurons through its interaction with Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), but with divergent outcomes in different neurons. Lehmann et al. found that let-7b stimulation of cortical and hippocampal neurons led to neuronal apoptosis, whereas Park et al. report that let-7b activation of TLR7 stimulated the cation channel transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) on dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons and induced pain responses. The primary difference that may influence these distinct responses to let-7b is the localization of TLR7 to the endosome in the cortical and hippocampal neurons or the plasma membrane in the sensory neurons. These studies suggest that different types of neurons traffic TLR7 to distinct membrane locations, affecting the functional response of neurons to let-7b stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Katherine G Taylor
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Christensen LB, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Caughey B, Peterson KE. Age-related differences in neuroinflammatory responses associated with a distinct profile of regulatory markers on neonatal microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:70. [PMID: 24708744 PMCID: PMC4234188 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The perinatal period is one in which the mammalian brain is particularly vulnerable to immune-mediated damage. Early inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is linked with long-term impairment in learning and behavior, necessitating a better understanding of mediators of neuroinflammation. We therefore directly examined how age affected neuroinflammatory responses to pathogenic stimuli. Methods In mice, susceptibility to neurological damage changes dramatically during the first few weeks of life. Accordingly, we compared neuroinflammatory responses to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of neonatal (two day-old) and weanling (21 day-old) mice. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with PAMPs and the cellular and molecular changes in the neuroinflammatory response were examined. Results Of the 12 cytokines detected in the CNS following toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, ten were significantly higher in neonates compared with weanling mice. A similar pattern of increased cytokines in neonates was also observed with TLR9 stimulation. Analysis of cellular responses indicated a difference in microglial activation markers in the CNS of neonatal mice and increased expression of proteins known to modulate cellular activation including CD11a, F4/80 and CD172a. We also identified a new marker on microglia, SLAMF7, which was expressed at higher levels in neonates compared with weanlings. Conclusions A unique neuroinflammatory profile, including higher expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and differential expression of microglial markers, was observed in brain tissue from neonates following TLR stimulation. This increased neuroinflammatory response to PAMPs may explain why the developing brain is particularly sensitive to infection and why infection or stress during this time can lead to long-term damage in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, Canada.
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Evans LH, Boi S, Malik F, Wehrly K, Peterson KE, Chesebro B. Analysis of two monoclonal antibodies reactive with envelope proteins of murine retroviruses: one pan specific antibody and one specific for Moloney leukemia virus. J Virol Methods 2014; 200:47-53. [PMID: 24556162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with various proteins of murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) have been developed. In this report two additional MAbs with differing and unusual specificities are described. MAb 573 is reactive with the envelope protein of all MuLVs tested including viruses in the ecotropic, xenotropic, polytropic and amphotropic classes. Notably, MAb 573 is one of only two reported MAbs that react with the envelope protein of amphotropic MuLVs. This MAb appears to recognize a conformational epitope within the envelope protein, as it reacts strongly with live virus and live infected cells, but does not react with formalin-fixed or alcohol-fixed infected cells or denatured viral envelope protein in immunoblots. In contrast, Mab 538 reacts only with an epitope unique to the envelope protein of the Moloney (Mo-) strain of MuLV, a prototypic ecotropic MuLV that is the basis for many retroviral tools used in molecular biology. MAb 538 can react with live cells and viruses, or detergent denatured or fixed envelope protein. The derivation of these antibodies as well as their characterization with regard to their isotype, range of reactivity with different MuLVs and utility in different immunological procedures are described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States.
| | - Stefano Boi
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Frank Malik
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Kathy Wehrly
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
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Snook ER, Fisher-Perkins JM, Sansing HA, Lee KM, Alvarez X, MacLean AG, Peterson KE, Lackner AA, Bunnell BA. Innate immune activation in the pathogenesis of a murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy. Am J Pathol 2013; 184:382-96. [PMID: 24316110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the loss of galactocerebrosidase. Galactocerebrosidase loss leads to the accumulation of psychosine and subsequent oligodendrocyte cell death, demyelination, macrophage recruitment, and astroglial activation and proliferation. To date, no studies have elucidated the mechanism of glial cell activation and cytokine and chemokine up-regulation and release. We explored a novel explanation for the development of the pathological changes in the early stages of globoid cell leukodystrophy associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 up-regulation in the hindbrain and cerebellum as a response to dying oligodendrocytes. TLR2 up-regulation on microglia/macrophages coincided with morphological changes consistent with activation at 2 and 3 weeks of age. TLR2 up-regulation on activated microglia/macrophages resulted in astrocyte activation and marked up-regulation of cytokines/chemokines. Because oligodendrocyte cell death is an important feature of globoid cell leukodystrophy, we tested the ability of TLR2 reporter cells to respond to oligodendrocyte cell death. These reporter cells responded in vitro to medium conditioned by psychosine-treated oligodendrocytes, indicating the likelihood that oligodendrocytes release a TLR2 ligand during apoptosis. TLRs are a member of the innate immune system and initiate immune and inflammatory events; therefore, the identification of TLR2 as a potential driver in the activation of central nervous system glial activity in globoid cell leukodystrophy may provide important insight into its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Snook
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Jeanne M Fisher-Perkins
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Hope A Sansing
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kim M Lee
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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42
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Lopez JE, Wilder HK, Hargrove R, Brooks CP, Peterson KE, Beare PA, Sturdevant DE, Nagarajan V, Raffel SJ, Schwan TG. Development of genetic system to inactivate a Borrelia turicatae surface protein selectively produced within the salivary glands of the arthropod vector. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2514. [PMID: 24205425 PMCID: PMC3814808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borrelia turicatae, an agent of tick-borne relapsing fever, is an example of a pathogen that can adapt to disparate conditions found when colonizing the mammalian host and arthropod vector. However, little is known about the genetic factors necessary during the tick-mammalian infectious cycle, therefore we developed a genetic system to transform this species of spirochete. We also identified a plasmid gene that was up-regulated in vitro when B. turicatae was grown in conditions mimicking the tick environment. This 40 kilodalton protein was predicted to be surface localized and designated the Borrelia repeat protein A (brpA) due to the redundancy of the amino acid motif Gln-Gly-Asn-Val-Glu. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using RNA from B. turicatae infected ticks and mice indicated differential regulation of brpA during the tick-mammalian infectious cycle. The surface localization was determined, and production of the protein within the salivary glands of the tick was demonstrated. We then applied a novel genetic system for B. turicatae to inactivate brpA and examined the role of the gene product for vector colonization and the ability to establish murine infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate the complexity of protein production in a population of spirochetes within the tick. Additionally, the development of a genetic system is important for future studies to evaluate the requirement of specific B. turicatae genes for vector colonization and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job E. Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah K. Wilder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Reid Hargrove
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Brooks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Sturdevant
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Raffel
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tom G. Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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43
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Taylor KG, Peterson KE. Innate immune response to La Crosse virus infection. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:150-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arthur AE, Peterson KE, Hebert JR, Chepeha DB, Duffy SA, Bellile EL, Taylor JMG, Wolf GT, Rozek LS. Characterization and stability of dietary patterns in the year following head and neck cancer diagnosis. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.372.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Arthur
- Environmental Health SciencesThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - K E Peterson
- Environmental Health SciencesThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - J R Hebert
- Epidemiology and BiostatisticsThe University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC
| | - D B Chepeha
- OtolaryngologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - S A Duffy
- OtolaryngologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - E L Bellile
- BiostatisticsThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - J MG Taylor
- BiostatisticsThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - G T Wolf
- OtolaryngologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - L S Rozek
- Environmental Health SciencesThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- OtolaryngologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
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45
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Mukherjee P, Woods TA, Moore RA, Peterson KE. Activation of the innate signaling molecule MAVS by bunyavirus infection upregulates the adaptor protein SARM1, leading to neuronal death. Immunity 2013; 38:705-16. [PMID: 23499490 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV), a zoonotic Bunyavirus, is a major cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the United States. A hallmark of neurological diseases caused by LACV and other encephalitic viruses is the induction of neuronal cell death. Innate immune responses have been implicated in neuronal damage, but no mechanism has been elucidated. By using in vitro studies in primary neurons and in vivo studies in mice, we have shown that LACV infection induced the RNA helicase, RIG-I, and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) signaling pathway, resulting in upregulation of the sterile alpha and TIR-containing motif 1 (SARM1), an adaptor molecule that we found to be directly involved in neuronal damage. SARM1-mediated cell death was associated with induced oxidative stress response and mitochondrial damage. These studies provide an innate-immune signaling mechanism for virus-induced neuronal death and reveal potential targets for development of therapeutics to treat encephalitic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Mukherjee
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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46
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Baker DG, Woods TA, Butchi NB, Morgan TM, Taylor RT, Sunyakumthorn P, Mukherjee P, Lubick KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Toll-like receptor 7 suppresses virus replication in neurons but does not affect viral pathogenesis in a mouse model of Langat virus infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:336-347. [PMID: 23136362 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) recognizes guanidine-rich viral ssRNA and is an important mediator of peripheral immune responses to several ssRNA viruses. However, the role that TLR7 plays in regulating the innate immune response to ssRNA virus infections in specific organs such as the central nervous system (CNS) is not as clear. This study examined the influence of TLR7 on the neurovirulence of Langat virus (LGTV), a ssRNA tick-borne flavivirus. TLR7 deficiency did not substantially alter the onset or incidence of LGTV-induced clinical disease; however, it did significantly affect virus levels in the CNS with a log(10) increase in virus titres in brain tissue from TLR7-deficient mice. This difference in virus load was also observed following intracranial inoculation, indicating a direct effect of TLR7 deficiency on regulating virus replication in the brain. LGTV-induced type I interferon responses in the CNS were not dependent on TLR7, being higher in TLR7-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL13 were dependent on TLR7. Thus, although TLR7 is not essential in controlling LGTV pathogenesis, it is important in controlling virus infection in neurons in the CNS, possibly by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Baker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Niranjan B Butchi
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Timothy M Morgan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Piyali Mukherjee
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kirk J Lubick
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Dyer KD, Garcia-Crespo KE, Percopo CM, Bowen AB, Ito T, Peterson KE, Gilfillan AM, Rosenberg HF. Defective eosinophil hematopoiesis ex vivo in inbred Rocky Mountain White (IRW) mice. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1101-9. [PMID: 21878543 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow (BM) progenitors from inbred Rocky Mountain White (IRW) mice, a strain used primarily for retrovirus infection studies. In contrast to findings with BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains, IRW BM cells cannot proliferate or generate pure eosinophil cultures ex vivo in response to a defined cytokine regimen. Analysis of IRW BM at baseline was unremarkable, including 0.08 ± 0.03% Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+) (LSK) hematopoietic stem cells and 5.2 ± 0.3% eosinophils; the percentage of eosinophil progenitors (EoPs; Lin(-)Sca-1(-)c-kit(+)CD34(+)IL-5Rα(+)) was similar in all three mouse strains. Transcripts encoding GM-CSFRα and the IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF common β chain were detected at equivalent levels in IRW and BALB/c BM, whereas expression of transcripts encoding IL-5Rα, IL-3Rα, and GATA-2 was diminished in IRW BM compared with BALB/c. Expression of membrane-bound IL-5Rα and intracellular STAT5 proteins was also diminished in IRW BM cells. Diminished expression of transcripts encoding IL-5Rα and GATA-2 and immunoreactive STAT5 in IRW BM persisted after 4 days in culture, along with diminished expression of GATA-1. Western blot revealed that cells from IRW BM overexpress nonsignaling soluble IL-5Rα protein. Interestingly, OVA sensitization and challenge resulted in BM and airway eosinophilia in IRW mice; however, the responses were significantly blunted. These results suggest that IRW mice have diminished capacity to generate eosinophils in culture and in vivo, likely as a result of diminished signaling via IL-5Rα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Dyer
- Eosinophil Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy andInfectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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48
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Du M, Butchi NB, Woods T, Peterson KE. Poly-thymidine oligonucleotides mediate activation of murine glial cells primarily through TLR7, not TLR8. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22454. [PMID: 21811614 PMCID: PMC3141064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional role of murine TLR8 in the inflammatory response of the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. Murine TLR8 does not appear to respond to human TLR7/8 agonists, due to a five amino acid deletion in the ectodomain. However, recent studies have suggested that murine TLR8 may be stimulated by alternate ligands, which include vaccinia virus DNA, phosphothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) or the combination of phosphothioate poly-thymidine oligonucleotides (pT-ODNs) with TLR7/8 agonists. In the current study, we analyzed the ability of pT-ODNs to induce activation of murine glial cells in the presence or absence of TLR7/8 agonists. We found that TLR7/8 agonists induced the expression of glial cell activation markers and induced the production of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mixed glial cultures. In contrast, pT-ODNs alone induced only low level expression of two cytokines, CCL2 and CXCL10. The combination of pT-ODNs along with TLR7/8 agonists induced a synergistic response with substantially higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to CL075. This enhancement was not due to cellular uptake of the agonist, indicating that the pT-ODN enhancement of cytokine responses was due to effects on an intracellular process. Interestingly, this response was also not due to synergistic stimulation of both TLR7 and TLR8, as the loss of TLR7 abolished the activation of glial cells and cytokine production. Thus, pT-ODNs act in synergy with TLR7/8 agonists to induce strong TLR7-dependent cytokine production in glial cells, suggesting that the combination of pT-ODNs with TLR7 agonists may be a useful mechanism to induce pronounced glial activation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Niranjan B. Butchi
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tyson Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Butchi NB, Woods T, Du M, Morgan TW, Peterson KE. TLR7 and TLR9 trigger distinct neuroinflammatory responses in the CNS. Am J Pathol 2011; 179:783-94. [PMID: 21801870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 recognize nucleic acid determinants from viruses and bacteria and elicit the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. TLR7 and TLR9 are similar regarding localization and signal transduction mechanisms. However, stimulation of these receptors has differing effects in modulating viral pathogenesis and in direct toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we examined the potential of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod and the TLR9 agonist cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) to induce neuroinflammation after intracerebroventricular inoculation. CpG-ODN induced a more robust inflammatory response than did imiquimod after inoculation into the CNS, with higher levels of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The increase in cytokines and chemokines correlated with breakdown of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and recruitment of peripheral cells to the CNS in CpG-ODN-inoculated mice. In contrast, TLR7 agonists induced a strong interferon β response in the CNS but only low levels of other cytokines. The difference in response to these agonists was not due to differences in distribution or longevity of the agonists but rather was correlated with cytokine production by choroid plexus cells. These results indicate that despite the high similarity of TLR7 and TLR9 in binding nucleic acids and inducing similar downstream signaling, the neuroinflammation response induced by these receptors differs dramatically due, at least in part, to activation of cells in the choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan B Butchi
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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50
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Lewis SD, Butchi NB, Khaleduzzaman M, Morgan TW, Du M, Pourciau S, Baker DG, Akira S, Peterson KE. Toll-like receptor 7 is not necessary for retroviral neuropathogenesis but does contribute to virus-induced neuroinflammation. J Neurovirol 2010; 14:492-502. [PMID: 19016073 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802345723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) recognizes guanidine-rich single-stranded (ss) viral RNA and is an important mediator of peripheral immune responses to several ssRNA viruses. However, the role that TLR7 plays in regulating the innate immune response to ssRNA virus infections in specific organs is not as clear. This is particularly true in the central nervous system (CNS) where microglia and astrocytes are often the first cells responding to virus infection instead of dendritic cells. In the current study, we examined the mechanism by which TLR7 contributes to ssRNA virus-induced neuroinflammation using a mouse model of polytropic retrovirus infection. The authors found that TLR7 was necessary for the early production of certain cytokines and chemokines, including CCL2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and was also involved in the early activation of astrocytes. However, TLR7 was not necessary for cytokine production and astrocyte activation at later stages of infection and did not alter viral pathogenesis or viral replication in the brain. This suggests that other pathogen recognition receptors may be able to compensate for the lack of TLR7 during retrovirus infection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Lewis
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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