1
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Agbayani G, Akache B, Renner TM, Tran A, Stuible M, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Duque D, Bavananthasivam J, Deschatelets L, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Durocher Y, McCluskie MJ. Intranasal administration of unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen boosts antigen-specific immune responses induced by parenteral protein subunit vaccine prime in mice and hamsters. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350620. [PMID: 38561974 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across widely vaccinated populations, it remains important to develop new vaccines and vaccination strategies capable of providing protective immunity and limiting the spread of disease. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination based on the selection of different vaccine formulations and administration routes for priming and booster doses presents a promising strategy for inducing broader immune responses in key systemic and respiratory mucosal compartments. Intranasal vaccination can induce mucosal immune responses at the site of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, the lack of clinically approved mucosal adjuvants makes it difficult to induce robust immune responses with protein subunit vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens in mice and hamsters based on a parenteral vaccination of the antigen in combination with sulfated lactosylarchaeol (SLA) archaeosomes, a liposome adjuvant comprised of a single semisynthetic archaeal lipid, followed by an intranasally administered unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Intranasal administration of unadjuvanted spike to mice and hamsters increased serum spike-specific IgG titers and spike-neutralizing activity compared with nonboosted animals. Spike-specific IgA responses were also detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the lungs of mice that received an intranasal boost. In hamsters, the intranasal boost showed high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection by protecting from body weight loss and reducing viral titers in the lungs and nasal turbinate. Overall, our heterologous intramuscular prime-intranasal boost with SLA-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted spike, respectively, demonstrated the potential of protein subunit formulations to promote antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Tran
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Duque
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Alpuche-Lazcano SP, Stuible M, Akache B, Tran A, Kelly J, Hrapovic S, Robotham A, Haqqani A, Star A, Renner TM, Blouin J, Maltais JS, Cass B, Cui K, Cho JY, Wang X, Zoubchenok D, Dudani R, Duque D, McCluskie MJ, Durocher Y. Preclinical evaluation of manufacturable SARS-CoV-2 spike virus-like particles produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Commun Med (Lond) 2023; 3:116. [PMID: 37612423 PMCID: PMC10447459 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, novel vaccines need to be developed that are readily manufacturable and provide clinical efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Virus-like particles (VLPs) presenting the spike antigen at their surface offer remarkable benefits over other vaccine antigen formats; however, current SARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccines candidates in clinical development suffer from challenges including low volumetric productivity, poor spike antigen density, expression platform-driven divergent protein glycosylation and complex upstream/downstream processing requirements. Despite their extensive use for therapeutic protein manufacturing and proven ability to produce enveloped VLPs, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are rarely used for the commercial production of VLP-based vaccines. METHODS Using CHO cells, we aimed to produce VLPs displaying the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike. Affinity chromatography was used to capture VLPs released in the culture medium from engineered CHO cells expressing spike. The structure, protein content, and glycosylation of spikes in VLPs were characterized by several biochemical and biophysical methods. In vivo, the generation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was tested in mouse and hamster models. RESULTS We demonstrate that spike overexpression in CHO cells is sufficient by itself to generate high VLP titers. These VLPs are evocative of the native virus but with at least three-fold higher spike density. In vivo, purified VLPs elicit strong humoral and cellular immunity at nanogram dose levels which grant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that CHO cells are amenable to efficient manufacturing of high titers of a potently immunogenic spike protein-based VLP vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio P Alpuche-Lazcano
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Anh Tran
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sabahudin Hrapovic
- Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Arsalan Haqqani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Alexandra Star
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Julie Blouin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Maltais
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Brian Cass
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Kai Cui
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jae-Young Cho
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Daria Zoubchenok
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Diana Duque
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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3
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Akache B, Read AJ, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Williams D, Deschatelets L, Jia Y, Chandan V, Stark FC, Agbayani G, Makinen SR, Hemraz UD, Lam E, Régnier S, Zou W, Kirkland PD, McCluskie MJ. Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosome-Adjuvanted Vaccine Formulations Targeting Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Are Immunogenic and Efficacious. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1043. [PMID: 37376432 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines play an important role in maintaining human and animal health worldwide. There is continued demand for effective and safe adjuvants capable of enhancing antigen-specific responses to a target pathogen. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly contagious calicivirus that often induces high mortality rates in rabbits. Herein, we evaluated the activity of an experimental sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) archaeosome adjuvant when incorporated in subunit vaccine formulations targeting RHDV. The subunit antigens consisted of RHDV-CRM197 peptide conjugates or recombinant RHDV2 VP60. SLA was able to enhance antigen-specific antibody titers and cellular responses in mice and rabbits. Three weeks following immunization, antigen-specific antibody levels in rabbits vaccinated with RHDV2 VP60 + SLA were significantly higher than those immunized with antigen alone, with geomean titers of 7393 vs. 117. In addition, the SLA-adjuvanted VP60-based formulations were highly efficacious in a rabbit RHDV2 challenge model with up to 87.5% animals surviving the viral challenge. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of SLA adjuvants in veterinary applications and highlight its activity in different types of mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andrew J Read
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Renu Dudani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Dean Williams
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yimei Jia
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Vandana Chandan
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Shawn R Makinen
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Wei Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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4
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Renner TM, Agbayani G, Dudani R, McCluskie MJ, Akache B. Blood-Based Immune Protein Markers of Disease Progression in Murine Models of Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010140. [PMID: 36672648 PMCID: PMC9855888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic ailment afflicting millions of people worldwide, with the majority of recognized cases within industrialized countries. The impacts of IBD at the individual level are long-lasting with few effective treatments available, resulting in a large burden on the health care system. A number of existing animal models are utilized to evaluate novel treatment strategies. Two commonly used models are (1) acute colitis mediated by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) treatment of wild-type mice and (2) chronic colitis mediated by the transfer of proinflammatory T cells into immunodeficient mice. Despite the wide use of these particular systems to evaluate IBD therapeutics, the typical readouts of clinical disease progression vary depending on the model used, which may be reflective of mechanistic differences of disease induction. The most reliable indicator of disease in both models remains intestinal damage which is typically evaluated upon experimental endpoint. Herein, we evaluated the expression profile of a panel of cytokines and chemokines in both DSS and T cell transfer models in an effort to identify a number of inflammatory markers in the blood that could serve as reliable indicators of the relative disease state. Out of the panel of 25 markers tested, 6 showed statistically significant shifts with the DSS model, compared to 11 in the T cell transfer model with IL-6, IL-13, IL-22, TNF-α and IFN-γ being common markers of disease in both models. Our data highlights biological differences between animal models of IBD and helps to guide future studies when selecting efficacy readouts during the evaluation of experimental IBD therapeutics.
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5
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Renner TM, Akache B, Stuible M, Rohani N, Cepero-Donates Y, Deschatelets L, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Baardsnes J, Koyuturk I, Hill JJ, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Lenferink AEG, Durocher Y, McCluskie MJ. Tuning the immune response: sulfated archaeal glycolipid archaeosomes as an effective vaccine adjuvant for induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity towards the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182556. [PMID: 37122746 PMCID: PMC10140330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) have been shown to be a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant with a multitude of antigens in preclinical studies. In particular, SLA-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines based on trimeric spike protein antigens were shown to be immunogenic and efficacious in mice and hamsters. With the continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, we sought to evaluate next-generation vaccine formulations with an updated antigenic identity. This was of particular interest for the widespread Omicron variant, given the abundance of mutations and structural changes observed within its spike protein compared to other variants. An updated version of our resistin-trimerized SmT1 corresponding to the B.1.1.529 variant was successfully generated in our Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell-based antigen production platform and characterized, revealing some differences in protein profile and ACE2 binding affinity as compared to reference strain-based SmT1. We next evaluated this Omicron-based spike antigen for its immunogenicity and ability to generate robust antigen-specific immune responses when paired with SLA liposomes or AddaS03 (a mimetic of the AS03 oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant system found in commercialized SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccines). Immunization of mice with vaccine formulations containing this updated antigen with either adjuvant stimulated neutralizing antibody responses favouring Omicron over the reference strain. Cell-mediated responses, which play an important role in the neutralization of intracellular infections, were induced to a much higher degree with the SLA adjuvant relative to the AddaS03-adjuvanted formulations. As such, updated vaccines that are better capable of targeting towards SARS-CoV-2 variants can be generated through an optimized combination of antigen and adjuvant components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Renner
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nazanin Rohani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lise Deschatelets
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Izel Koyuturk
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Hill
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne E. G. Lenferink
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Michael J. McCluskie,
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6
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Jia Y, Agbayani G, Chandan V, Iqbal U, Dudani R, Qian H, Jakubek Z, Chan K, Harrison B, Deschatelets L, Akache B, McCluskie MJ. Evaluation of Adjuvant Activity and Bio-Distribution of Archaeosomes Prepared Using Microfluidic Technology. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2291. [PMID: 36365110 PMCID: PMC9697222 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes, composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) glycolipids, have been proven to be an effective vaccine adjuvant in multiple preclinical models of infectious disease or cancer. They have classically been prepared using a thin-film hydration method with an average particle size of 100-200 nm. In this study, we developed methods to generate SLA archaeosomes at different sizes, i.e., 30 nm and 100 nm, via microfluidic mixing technology and evaluated their physicochemical characteristics, as well as adjuvant activity and in vivo biodistribution in mice. Archaeosomes, prepared using thin-film and microfluidic mixing techniques, had similar nanostructures and physicochemical characteristics, with both appearing stable during the course of this study when stored at 4 °C or 37 °C. They also demonstrated similar adjuvant activity when admixed with ovalbumin antigen and used to immunize mice, generating equivalent antigen-specific immune responses. Archaeosomes, labeled with CellVueTM NIR815, had an equivalent biodistribution with both sizes, namely the highest signal at the injection site at 24 h post injection, followed by liver, spleen and inguinal lymph node. The presence of SLA archaeosomes of either size helped to retain OVA antigen (OVA-Cy5.5) longer at the injection site than unadjuvanted OVA. Overall, archaeosomes of two sizes (30 nm and 100 nm) prepared using microfluidic mixing maintained similar physicochemical properties, adjuvant activity and biodistribution of antigen, in comparison to those compared by the conventional thin film hydration method. This suggests that microfluidics based approaches could be applied to generate consistently sized archaeosomes for use as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Hui Qian
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB T6G2M9, Canada
| | - Zygmunt Jakubek
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Blair Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
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7
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Régnier S, Lam E, Vasquez V, Martinez-Farina CF, Stark FC, Agbayani G, Deschatelets L, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Akache B, McCluskie MJ, Hemraz UD. Effect of Chiral Purity on Adjuvanticity of Archaeol-Based Glycolipids. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8332-8344. [PMID: 35658102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Archaeosomes composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) glycolipids from stereoisomerically pure archaeol (1) are vaccine adjuvants that can boost immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy in preclinical models. Herein, we report a new synthesis of 2,3-bis((3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl)oxy) propan-1-ol (3) by treating (±)-3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanediol with a mesylated phytol derivative through a double nucleophilic substitution reaction, followed by reductive debenzylation. Three SLA archaeosomes from archaeols of different chiral purities were prepared, and the effect of stereochemistry on their adjuvanticity toward ovalbumin was investigated. It was found that all SLA archaeosomes induced strong humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses following immunization of C57BL/6NCrl mice, with no significant differences, irrespective of the chiral purities. The responses were comparable or better than those obtained using mimetics of approved adjuvants. The performance of SLA archaeosomes during immunization and their lack of dependence on the stereochemistry of archaeol points toward a promising, safe, scalable, and economically viable vaccine adjuvant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Vinicio Vasquez
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Camilo F Martinez-Farina
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Adjuvants are key components of many vaccines, used to enhance the level and breadth of the immune response to a target antigen, thereby enhancing protection from the associated disease. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems have allowed for the development of a number of novel adjuvants with differing mechanisms of action. Herein, we review adjuvants currently approved for human and veterinary use, describing their use and proposed mechanisms of action. In addition, we will discuss additional promising adjuvants currently undergoing preclinical and/or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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9
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Akache B, Jia Y, Chandan V, Deschatelets L, McCluskie MJ. Generation of a Liposomal Vaccine Adjuvant Based on Sulfated S-Lactosylarchaeol (SLA) Glycolipids. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:255-267. [PMID: 34918249 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine formulations utilize adjuvants to enhance the level and breadth of the immune response to a target antigen. Liposomes composed of sulfated S-lactosylarchaeol (SLA) glycolipids can induce strong humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses to co-administered antigens in mice. This has been demonstrated with a variety of protein antigens, where the protein is either encapsulated within or simply admixed with the archaeal liposomes (archaeosomes). In this process, a dried film of SLA glycolipid is hydrated in water or antigen solution to generate a large multilamellar (ML) liposomal suspension which is then size reduced by sonication to form unilamellar vesicles (UL) with a narrower size distribution. Herein, we describe the generation of liposomes based on the archaeal-based lipid SLA for use as an adjuvant in vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Akache B, Renner TM, Tran A, Deschatelets L, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Duque D, Haukenfrers J, Rossotti MA, Gaudreault F, Hemraz UD, Lam E, Régnier S, Chen W, Gervais C, Stuible M, Krishnan L, Durocher Y, McCluskie MJ. Immunogenic and efficacious SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on resistin-trimerized spike antigen SmT1 and SLA archaeosome adjuvant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21849. [PMID: 34750472 PMCID: PMC8576046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The huge worldwide demand for vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated the continued development of novel improved formulations capable of reducing the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we evaluated novel protein subunit vaccine formulations containing a resistin-trimerized spike antigen, SmT1. When combined with sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) archaeosome adjuvant, formulations induced robust antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Antibodies had strong neutralizing activity, preventing viral spike binding and viral infection. In addition, the formulations were highly efficacious in a hamster challenge model reducing viral load and body weight loss even after a single vaccination. The antigen-specific antibodies generated by our vaccine formulations had stronger neutralizing activity than human convalescent plasma, neutralizing the spike proteins of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of concern. As such, our SmT1 antigen along with SLA archaeosome adjuvant comprise a promising platform for the development of efficacious protein subunit vaccine formulations for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Anh Tran
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Diana Duque
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Julie Haukenfrers
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Martin A Rossotti
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Francis Gaudreault
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Christian Gervais
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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11
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Akache B, Agbayani G, Stark FC, Jia Y, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Deschatelets L, Chandan V, Lam E, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosomes Synergize with Poly(I:C) to Enhance the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Synthetic Long Peptide-Based Vaccine in a Melanoma Tumor Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020257. [PMID: 33673382 PMCID: PMC7918940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While novel treatments have improved survival outcomes for some patients, new treatment modalities/platforms are needed to combat a wider variety of tumor types. Cancer vaccines harness the power of the immune system to generate targeted tumor-specific immune responses. Liposomes composed of glycolipids derived from archaea (i.e., archaeosomes) have been shown to be potent adjuvants, inducing robust, long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a variety of antigens. Herein, we evaluated the ability of archaeosomes composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA), a semi-synthetic archaeal glycolipid, to enhance the immunogenicity of a synthetic long peptide-based vaccine formulation containing the dominant CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, from the weakly immunogenic model antigen ovalbumin. One advantage of immunizing with long peptides is the ability to include multiple epitopes, for example, the long peptide antigen was also designed to include the immediately adjacent CD4+ epitope, TEWTSSNVMEER. SLA archaeosomes were tested alone or in combination with the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist Poly(I:C). Overall, SLA archaeosomes synergized strongly with Poly(I:C) to induce robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses, which were highly functional in an in vivo cytolytic assay. Furthermore, immunization with this vaccine formulation suppressed tumor growth and extended mouse survival in a mouse melanoma tumor model. Overall, the combination of SLA archaeosomes and Poly(I:C) appears to be a promising adjuvant system when used along with long peptide-based antigens targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Felicity C. Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (E.L.); (U.D.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (B.A.); (G.A.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (V.C.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-9774
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12
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Jia Y, Akache B, Agbayani G, Chandan V, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Deschatelets L, Hemraz UD, Lam E, Régnier S, Stark FC, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. The Synergistic Effects of Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosomes When Combined with Different Adjuvants in a Murine Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020205. [PMID: 33540932 PMCID: PMC7913188 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes, composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) glycolipids, have been proven to be an effective vaccine adjuvant in multiple preclinical models of infectious disease or cancer. SLA archaeosomes are a promising adjuvant candidate due to their ability to strongly stimulate both humoral and cytotoxic immune responses when simply admixed with an antigen. In the present study, we evaluated whether the adjuvant effects of SLA archaeosomes could be further enhanced when combined with other adjuvants. SLA archaeosomes were co-administered with five different Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonists or the saponin QS-21 using ovalbumin as a model antigen in mice. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were greatly enhanced compared to either adjuvant alone when SLA archaeosomes were combined with either the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) or the TLR9 agonist CpG. These results were also confirmed in a separate study using Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and support the further evaluation of these adjuvant combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (U.D.H.); (E.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (U.D.H.); (E.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (U.D.H.); (E.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Felicity C. Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-9774
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13
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Abstract
Herein, a method to measure in vivo CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity in a murine model is presented. The activation of a strong CD8+ T cell response is paramount when designing vaccines to tackle intracellular infections and for cancer therapy. CD8+ T cells can directly kill infected and transformed cells and are directly associated with beneficial protection in many disease models. CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity can be measured using multiple methods including measuring IFNγ production by ELISPOT or measuring intracellular cytokines or cytotoxic granules by flow cytometry. However, to determine the ability of CD8+ T cells to kill their target in the context of its cognate receptor and in their native environment, the in vivo cytotoxic T cell assay (in vivo CTL) is ideal. The in vivo CTL assay provides a snapshot of the whole ability of the host to kill "Target" cells by measuring the loss of injected target cells relative to "Non-target" cells. The assay involves isolating splenocytes from donor mice, forming "Target" and "Non-target" cellular samples and injecting them intravenously into naïve and experimental mice at a chosen time-point in the experiment. Mice are humanely sacrificed 20 h later, and their spleens are excised and processed for flow cytometric analysis. The extent of "Target" cell killing relative to "Non-target" cells is determined by comparing the surviving proportions of these cells among experimental mice relative to naïve mice. The in vivo CTL assay is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method to measure the potency of CD8+ T cells in their host to kill their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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14
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Abstract
The enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot) assay allows for the quantification of the number of cells producing a particular secreted analyte. As T lymphocytes secrete cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ upon binding of the T cell receptor with its cognate antigen epitope, IFN-γ ELISpot allows for the measurement of antigen-specific T cells in an immune sample. Immune cells are isolated from the vaccinated subject and incubated with the epitope/antigen of interest on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-lined microplates precoated with a capture antibody to IFN-γ. Cytokine spots are then detected utilizing an IFN-γ-specific detection antibody and an enzyme-linked conjugate. Here, we describe the quantification of OVA-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells from mouse splenocytes to measure vaccine-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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15
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Perera DJ, Hassan AS, Jia Y, Ricciardi A, McCluskie MJ, Weeratna RD, Ndao M. Adjuvanted Schistosoma mansoni-Cathepsin B With Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosomes or AddaVax™ Provides Protection in a Pre-Clinical Schistosomiasis Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605288. [PMID: 33304354 PMCID: PMC7701121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis threatens 800 million people worldwide. Chronic pathology manifests as hepatosplenomegaly, and intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and blood in the stool. To assist the only FDA-approved drug, praziquantel, in parasite elimination, the development of a vaccine would be of high value. S. mansoni Cathepsin B (SmCB) is a well-documented vaccine target for intestinal schistosomiasis. Herein, we test the increased efficacy and immunogenicity of SmCB when combined with sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) archaeosomes or AddaVax™ (a squalene based oil-in-water emulsion). Both vaccine formulations resulted in robust humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Impressively, both formulations were able to reduce parasite burden greater than 40% (WHO standard), with AddaVax™ reaching 86.8%. Additionally, SmCB with both adjuvants were able to reduce granuloma size and the amount of larval parasite hatched from feces, which would reduce transmission. Our data support SmCB as a target for S. mansoni vaccination; especially when used in an adjuvanted formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adam S Hassan
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandra Ricciardi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Risini D Weeratna
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,National Reference Center for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Agbayani G, Jia Y, Akache B, Chandan V, Iqbal U, Stark FC, Deschatelets L, Lam E, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Mechanistic insight into the induction of cellular immune responses by encapsulated and admixed archaeosome-based vaccine formulations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2183-2195. [PMID: 32755430 PMCID: PMC7553676 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1788300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes are liposomes formulated using total polar lipids (TPLs) or semi-synthetic glycolipids derived from archaea. Conventional archaeosomes with entrapped antigen exhibit robust adjuvant activity as demonstrated by increased antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses and enhanced protective immunity in various murine infection and cancer models. However, antigen entrapment efficiency can vary greatly resulting in antigen loss during formulation and variable antigen:lipid ratios. In order to circumvent this, we recently developed an admixed archaeosome formulation composed of a single semi-synthetic archaeal lipid (SLA, sulfated lactosylarchaeol) which can induce similarly robust adjuvant activity as an encapsulated formulation. Herein, we evaluate and compare the mechanisms involved in the induction of early innate and antigen-specific responses by both admixed (Adm) and encapsulated (Enc) SLA archaeosomes. We demonstrate that both archaeosome formulations result in increased immune cell infiltration, enhanced antigen retention at injection site and increased antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells and other immune cell types, including neutrophils and monocytes following intramuscular injection to mice using ovalbumin as a model antigen. In vitro studies demonstrate SLA in either formulation is preferentially taken up by macrophages. Although the encapsulated formulation was better able to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activation by dendritic cells in vitro, both encapsulated and admixed formulations gave equivalently enhanced protection from tumor challenge when tested in vivo using a B16-OVA melanoma model. Despite some differences in the immunostimulatory profile relative to the SLA (Enc) formulation, SLA (Adm) induces strong in vivo immunogenicity and efficacy, while offering an ease of formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Jia Y, Chandan V, Akache B, Qian H, Jakubek ZJ, Vinogradov E, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Jamshidi MP, Stark FC, Deschatelets L, Sauvageau J, Williams D, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Assessment of stability of sulphated lactosyl archaeol archaeosomes for use as a vaccine adjuvant. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:237-245. [PMID: 32583693 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1786115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Archaeosomes, composed of sulphated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) glycolipids, have been proven to be an effective vaccine adjuvant in multiple preclinical models of infectious disease or cancer. In addition to efficacy, the stability of vaccine components including the adjuvant is an important parameter to consider when developing novel vaccine formulations. To properly evaluate the potential of SLA glycolipids to be used as vaccine adjuvants in a clinical setting, a comprehensive evaluation of their stability is required. Herein, we evaluated the long term stability of preformed empty SLA archaeosomes prior to admixing with antigen at 4 °C or 37 °C for up to 6 months. In addition, the stability of adjuvant and antigen was evaluated for up to 1 month following admixing. Multiple analytical parameters evaluating the molecular integrity of SLA and the liposomal profile were assessed. Following incubation at 4 °C or 37 °C, the SLA glycolipid did not show any pattern of degradation as determined by mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). In addition, SLA archaeosome vesicle characteristics, such as size, zeta potential, membrane fluidity and vesicular morphology, were largely consistent throughout the course of the study. Importantly, following storage for 6 months at both 4 °C and 37 °C, the adjuvant properties of empty SLA archaeosomes were unchanged, and following admixing with antigen, the immunogenicity of the vaccine formulations was also unchanged when stored at both 4 °C and 37 °C for up to 1 month. Overall this indicates that SLA archaeosomes are highly stable adjuvants that retain their activity over an extended period of time even when stored at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hui Qian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zygmunt J Jakubek
- Metrology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Evguenii Vinogradov
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad P Jamshidi
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janelle Sauvageau
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dean Williams
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Akache B, Deschatelets L, Harrison BA, Dudani R, Stark FC, Jia Y, Landi A, Law JLM, Logan M, Hockman D, Kundu J, Tyrrell DL, Krishnan L, Houghton M, McCluskie MJ. Effect of Different Adjuvants on the Longevity and Strength of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to the HCV Envelope Glycoproteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040204. [PMID: 31816920 PMCID: PMC6963754 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to liver cirrhosis/hepatocellular carcinoma and remains a major cause of serious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, current treatment regimens remain inaccessible to most patients, particularly in developing countries, and, therefore, the development of a novel vaccine capable of protecting subjects from chronic infection by HCV could greatly reduce the rates of HCV infection, subsequent liver pathogenesis, and in some cases death. Herein, we evaluated two different semi-synthetic archaeosome formulations as an adjuvant to the E1/E2 HCV envelope protein in a murine model and compared antigen-specific humoral (levels of anti-E1/E2 IgG and HCV pseudoparticle neutralization) and cellular responses (numbers of antigen-specific cytokine-producing T cells) to those generated with adjuvant formulations composed of mimetics of commercial adjuvants including a squalene oil-in-water emulsion, aluminum hydroxide/monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and liposome/MPLA/QS-21. In addition, we measured the longevity of these responses, tracking humoral, and cellular responses up to 6 months following vaccination. Overall, we show that the strength and longevity of anti-HCV responses can be influenced by adjuvant selection. In particular, a simple admixed sulfated S-lactosylarchaeol (SLA) archaeosome formulation generated strong levels of HCV neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional antigen-specific CD4 T cells producing multiple cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. While liposome/MPLA/QS-21 as adjuvant generated superior cellular responses, the SLA E1/E2 admixed formulation was superior or equivalent to the other tested formulations in all immune parameters tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Renu Dudani
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Felicity C. Stark
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Yimei Jia
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Amir Landi
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - John L. M. Law
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Logan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Darren Hockman
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Juthika Kundu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (A.L.); (J.L.M.L.); (M.L.); (D.H.); (J.K.); (D.L.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1T 0H1, Canada; (B.A.); (L.D.); (B.A.H.); (R.D.); (F.C.S.); (Y.J.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Stark FC, Akache B, Ponce A, Dudani R, Deschatelets L, Jia Y, Sauvageau J, Williams D, Jamshidi MP, Agbayani G, Wachholz K, Harrison BA, Li X, Krishnan L, Chen W, McCluskie MJ. Archaeal glycolipid adjuvanted vaccines induce strong influenza-specific immune responses through direct immunization in young and aged mice or through passive maternal immunization. Vaccine 2019; 37:7108-7116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Haq K, Jia Y, Elahi SM, MacLean S, Akache B, Gurnani K, Chattopadhyay A, Nazemi-Moghaddam N, Gilbert R, McCluskie MJ, Weeratna RD. Evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vectors and adjuvanted protein as a heterologous prime-boost strategy using HER2 as a model antigen. Vaccine 2019; 37:7029-7040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Jia Y, Akache B, Deschatelets L, Qian H, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Stark FC, Chandan V, Jamshidi MP, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. A comparison of the immune responses induced by antigens in three different archaeosome-based vaccine formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:187-196. [PMID: 30836154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Archaeosomes are liposomes composed of natural or synthetic archaeal lipids that can be used as adjuvants to induce strong long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against entrapped antigen. However, the entrapment efficiency of antigen within archaeosomes constituted using standard liposome forming methodology is often only 5-40%. In this study, we evaluated different formulation methods using a simple semi-synthetic archaeal lipid (SLA, sulfated lactosyl archaeol) and two different antigens, ovalbumin (OVA) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Antigen was entrapped within archaeosomes using the conventional thin film hydration-rehydration method with or without removal of non-entrapped antigen, or pre-formed empty archaeosomes were simply admixed with an antigen solution. Physicochemical characteristics were determined (size distribution, zeta potential, vesicle morphology and lamellarity), as well as location of antigen relative to bilayer using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We demonstrate that antigen (OVA or HBsAg) formulated with SLA lipid adjuvants using all the different methodologies resulted in a strong antigen-specific immune response. Nevertheless, the advantage of using a drug substance process that comprises of simply admixing antigen with pre-formed empty archaeosomes, represents a simple, efficient and antigenic dose-sparing formulation for adjuvanting and delivering vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Hui Qian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Blair A Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Mohammad P Jamshidi
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Akache B, Stark FC, Iqbal U, Chen W, Jia Y, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Safety and biodistribution of sulfated archaeal glycolipid archaeosomes as vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1746-1759. [PMID: 29336668 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1423154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes are liposomes comprised of ether lipids derived from various archaea. Unlike conventional ester-linked liposomes, archaeosomes exhibit high pH and thermal stability. As adjuvants, archaeosomes can induce robust, long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and enhance protection in murine models of infectious disease and cancer. Archaeosomes constituted with total polar lipids (TPL) of various archaea are relatively complex, comprising >10 different lipid compounds. Archaeosomes can be constituted with semi-synthetic glycerolipids built on ether-linked isoprenoid phytanyl cores with varied synthetic glycol- and amino-head groups. However, such semi-synthetic archaeosomes involve many synthetic steps to arrive at the final desired glycolipid composition. We have developed a novel archaeosome formulation comprising a sulfated saccharide group covalently linked to the free sn-1 hydroxyl backbone of an archaeal core lipid (sulfated S-lactosylarchaeol, SLA) mixed with uncharged glycolipid (lactosylarchaeol, LA). This new class of adjuvants can be easily synthesized and retains strong immunostimulatory activity for induction of cell-mediated immunity following systemic immunization. Herein, we demonstrate the safety of SLA/LA archaeosomes following intramuscular injection to mice and evaluate the immunogenicity, in vivo distribution and cellular uptake of antigen (ovalbumin) encapsulated into SLA/LA archaeosomes. Overall, we have found that semi-synthetic sulfated glycolipid archaeosomes are a safe and effective novel class of adjuvants capable of inducing strong antigen-specific immune responses in mice and protection against subsequent B16 melanoma tumor challenge. A key step in their mechanism of action appears to be the recruitment of immune cells to the injection site and the subsequent trafficking of antigen to local draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Umar Iqbal
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Yimei Jia
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- a Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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Stark FC, Weeratna RD, Deschatelets L, Gurnani K, Dudani R, McCluskie MJ, Krishnan L. An Archaeosome-Adjuvanted Vaccine and Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Combination Significantly Enhances Protection from Murine Melanoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040038. [PMID: 29072624 PMCID: PMC5748605 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes constitute archaeal lipid vesicle vaccine adjuvants that evoke a strong CD8+ T cell response to antigenic cargo. Therapeutic treatment of murine B16-ovalbumin (B16-OVA) melanoma with archaeosome-OVA eliminates small subcutaneous solid tumors; however, they eventually resurge despite an increased frequency of circulating and tumor infiltrating OVA-CD8+ T cells. Herein, a number of different approaches were evaluated to improve responses, including dose number, interval, and the combination of vaccine with checkpoint inhibitors. Firstly, we found that tumor protection could not be enhanced by repetitive and/or delayed boosting to maximize the CD8+ T cell number and/or phenotype. The in vivo cytotoxicity of vaccine-induced OVA-CD8+ T cells was impaired in tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, tumor-infiltrating OVA-CD8+ T cells had an increased expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) compared to other organ compartments, suggesting impaired function. Combination therapy of tumor-bearing mice with the vaccine archaeosome-OVA, and α-CTLA-4 administered concurrently as well as α-PD-1 and an α-PD-L1 antibody administered starting 9 days after tumor challenge given on a Q3Dx4 schedule (days 9, 12, 15 and 18), significantly enhanced survival. Following multi-combination therapy ~70% of mice had rapid tumor recession, with no detectable tumor mass after >80 days in comparison to a median survival of 17–22 days for untreated or experimental groups receiving single therapies. Overall, archaeosomes offer a powerful platform for delivering cancer antigens when used in combination with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity C Stark
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Risini D Weeratna
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Komal Gurnani
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Renu Dudani
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Jia Y, McCluskie MJ, Zhang D, Monette R, Iqbal U, Moreno M, Sauvageau J, Williams D, Deschatelets L, Jakubek ZJ, Krishnan L. In vitro evaluation of archaeosome vehicles for transdermal vaccine delivery. J Liposome Res 2017; 28:305-314. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2017.1376683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Monette
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maria Moreno
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Janelle Sauvageau
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dean Williams
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zygmunt J. Jakubek
- Department of Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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McCluskie MJ, Deschatelets L, Krishnan L. Sulfated archaeal glycolipid archaeosomes as a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant for induction of cell-mediated immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2772-2779. [PMID: 28537465 PMCID: PMC5718820 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1316912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes are liposomal vesicles composed of ether glycerolipids unique to the domain of Archaea. Unlike conventional ester-linked liposomes, archaeosomes exhibit high stability and possess strong adjuvant and immunostimulatory properties making them an attractive vaccine delivery vehicle. Traditionally comprised of total polar lipids (TPL) or semi-synthetic phospho-glycerolipids of ether-linked isoprenoid phytanyl cores with varied glycol- and amino-head groups, archaeosomes can induce robust and long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against antigenic cargo and provide protection in murine models of infectious disease and cancer. However, traditional TPL archaeosome formulations are relatively complex comprising several lipid species. Semi-synthetic archaeosomes tested previously contain a combination of several phospho-glycolipids (negative and neutral charged) to produce a stable, uniform-sized liposome formulation. Moreover, they involve many synthetic steps to arrive at the final desired glycolipid composition. Herein, we present a novel adjuvant formulation comprising a sulfated saccharide group covalently linked to the free sn-1 hydroxyl backbone of an archaeal core lipid (sulfated S-lactosylarchaeol, SLA). SLA individually or mixed with uncharged glyolipid (lactosylarchaeol, LA) constituted efficacious carrier vesicles for entrapped antigens (ovalbumin or melanoma associated tyrosinase-related protein 2 [TRP-2]) and induction of strong cell-mediated responses in mice and protection against subsequent B16 melanoma tumor challenge. Thus, semi-synthetic sulfated glycolipid archaeosomes represent a new class of adjuvants that will potentially ease manufacturing and scale-up, while retaining immunostimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCluskie
- a Human Health Therapeutics , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- a Human Health Therapeutics , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- a Human Health Therapeutics , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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Jia Y, Omri A, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. Potential applications of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:63-74. [PMID: 27870598 PMCID: PMC5287329 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1245251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years considerable progress has been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy whereby treatments that modulate the body's own immune system are used to combat cancer. This has the potential to not only elicit strong anti-cancer immune responses which can break pre-existing tolerance and help promote tumor regression, but could also induce immunological memory which may help prevent tumor recurrence. In order to ensure effective delivery of immunotherapeutic agents, such as vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents and nucleic acids, a safe and effective delivery system is often required. One such approach is the use of multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs), such as liposomes, polymers, micelles, dendrimers, inorganic NPs, and hybrid NPs, which have the potential to combine the delivery of a diverse range of therapeutic immunomodulators thereby increasing the efficacy of tumor cell killing. This review focuses on recent progress in NP-mediated immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Stark FC, McCluskie MJ, Krishnan L. Homologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with OVA Entrapped in Self-Adjuvanting Archaeosomes Induces High Numbers of OVA-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells that Protect Against Subcutaneous B16-OVA Melanoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040044. [PMID: 27869670 PMCID: PMC5192364 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous prime-boost vaccinations with live vectors typically fail to induce repeated strong CD8+ T cell responses due to the induction of anti-vector immunity, highlighting the need for alternative delivery vehicles. The unique ether lipids of archaea may be constituted into liposomes, archaeosomes, which do not induce anti-carrier responses, making them an ideal candidate for use in repeat vaccination systems. Herein, we evaluated in mice the maximum threshold of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses that may be induced by multiple homologous immunizations with ovalbumin (OVA) entrapped in archaeosomes derived from the ether glycerolipids of the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii (MS-OVA). Up to three immunizations with MS-OVA administered in optimized intervals (to allow for sufficient resting of the primed cells prior to boosting), induced a potent anti-OVA CD8+ T cell response of up to 45% of all circulating CD8+ T cells. Additional MS-OVA injections did not add any further benefit in increasing the memory of CD8+ T cell frequency. In contrast, OVA expressed by Listeria monocytogenes (LM-OVA), an intracellular bacterial vector failed to evoke a boosting effect after the second injection, resulting in significantly reduced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies. Furthermore, repeated vaccination with MS-OVA skewed the response increasingly towards an effector memory (CD62low) phenotype. Vaccinated animals were challenged with B16-OVA at late time points after vaccination (+7 months) and were afforded protection compared to control. Therefore, archaeosomes constituted a robust particulate delivery system to unravel the kinetics of CD8+ T cell response induction and memory maintenance and constitute an efficient vaccination regimen optimized for tumor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Weeratna RD, Chikh G, Zhang L, Fraser JD, Thorn JM, Merson JR, McCluskie MJ, Champion BR, Davis HL. Immunogenicity of a peptide-based anti-IgE conjugate vaccine in non-human primates. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:135-147. [PMID: 27957325 PMCID: PMC4879460 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-human immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody, omalizumab (Xolair®, Genentech, South San Fransisco, CA), is effective in the treatment of poorly controlled moderate to severe allergic asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It acts by specifically binding to the constant domain (Cϵ3) of free human IgE in the blood and interstitial fluid. Although efficacious, use of omalizumab is limited due to restrictions on patient weight and pre-existing IgE levels, and frequent dosing (q2-4 weeks). A vaccine inducing anti-IgE antibodies has the potential for similar clinical benefits with less frequent dosing and relatively lower cost of goods. We developed a vaccine containing two IgE peptide-conjugates targeting the Cϵ3 domain of human IgE. As part of preclinical evaluation of the vaccine to optimize formulation and dose prior to initiating clinical studies, we evaluated the vaccine in non-human primates, and demonstrate the induction of anti-peptide antibodies that can bind to conformationally intact human IgE and are capable, at least in some animals, of substantial lowering circulating IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghania Chikh
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lu Zhang
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - James R. Merson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Heather L. Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
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McCluskie MJ, Evans DM, Zhang N, Benoit M, McElhiney SP, Unnithan M, DeMarco SC, Clay B, Huber C, Deora A, Thorn JM, Stead DR, Merson JR, Davis HL. The effect of preexisting anti-carrier immunity on subsequent responses to CRM197 or Qb-VLP conjugate vaccines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:184-96. [PMID: 27121368 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2016.1165246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Certain antigens, such as haptens (small molecules), short peptides, and carbohydrates (e.g. bacterial polysaccharides) are non- or poorly immunogenic unless conjugated to a carrier molecule that provides a structural scaffold for antigen presentation as well as T cell help required for B-cell activation and maturation. However, the carriers themselves are immunogenic and resulting carrier-specific immune responses may impact the immunogenicity of other conjugate vaccines using the same carrier that are administered subsequently. OBJECTIVE Herein, using two different carriers (cross-reactive material 197, CRM and Qb-VLP), we examined in mice the impact that preexisting anti-carrier antibodies (Ab) had on subsequent immune responses to conjugates with either the same or a different carrier. METHOD For this purpose, we used two nicotine hapten conjugates (NIC7-CRM or NIC-Qb), two IgE peptide conjugates (Y-CRM or Y-Qb), and a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate (Prevnar 13(®)). RESULTS Prior exposure to CRM or Qb-VLP significantly reduced subsequent responses to the conjugated antigen having the homologous carrier, with the exception of Prevnar 13® where anti-polysaccharide responses were similar to those in animals without preexisting anti-carrier Ab. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data suggest that the relative sizes of the antigen and carrier, as well as the conjugation density for a given conjugate impact the extent of anti-carrier suppression. All animals developed anti-carrier responses with repeat vaccination and the differences in Ab titer between groups with and without preexisting anti-carrier responses became less apparent; however, anti-carrier effects were more durable for Ab function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCluskie
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Dana M Evans
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Ningli Zhang
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Michelle Benoit
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Susan P McElhiney
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Manu Unnithan
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Suzanne C DeMarco
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Bryan Clay
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | | | - Aparna Deora
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - David R Stead
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - James R Merson
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
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Evans DM, Thorn JM, Arch-Douglas K, Sperry JB, Thompson B, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ. Support for the revocation of general safety test regulations in biologics license applications. Biologicals 2016; 44:178-81. [PMID: 26996102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration recently removed the requirement for a General Safety Test (GST) for biologics in the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 610.11). The GST, as well as abnormal toxicity (European Pharmacopeia) and innocuity tests (World Health Organization), were designed to test for extraneous toxic contaminants on each product lot intended for human use. Tests require one-week observations for general health and weight following injection of specified volumes of product batches into guinea pigs and mice. At the volumes specified, dose-related toxicity may result when the product is pharmacologically active in rodents. With vaccines, required doses may be > 3 logs higher than intended human dose on a weight-adjusted basis and if an immune modulatory adjuvant is included, systemic immune hyperactivation may cause toxicity. Herein, using the CpG/alum adjuvant combination we evaluated the different test protocols and showed their unsuitability for this adjuvant combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Evans
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Justin B Sperry
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce Thompson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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McCluskie MJ, Thorn J, Gervais DP, Stead DR, Zhang N, Benoit M, Cartier J, Kim IJ, Bhattacharya K, Finneman JI, Merson JR, Davis HL. Anti-nicotine vaccines: Comparison of adjuvanted CRM197 and Qb-VLP conjugate formulations for immunogenicity and function in non-human primates. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:663-671. [PMID: 26404190 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-nicotine vaccines comprise nicotine-like haptens conjugated to a carrier protein plus adjuvant(s). Unfortunately, those tested clinically have failed to improve overall long term quit rates. We had shown in mice that carrier, hapten, linker, hapten load (number of haptens per carrier molecule), aggregation and adducts, as well as adjuvants influence the function of antibodies (Ab) induced. Herein, we tested an optimized antigen, NIC7-CRM, comprised of 5-aminoethoxy-nicotine (NIC7) conjugated to genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin (CRM197), with hapten load of ~16, no aggregation (~100% monomer) and minimal adducts. NIC7-CRM was tested in non-human primates (NHP) and compared to NIC-VLP, which has the same hapten and carrier as the clinical-stage CYT002-NicQb but a slightly different linker and lower hapten load. With alum as sole adjuvant, NIC7-CRM was superior to NIC-VLP for Ab titer, avidity and ex vivo function (83% and 27% nicotine binding at 40ng/mL respectively), but equivalent for in vivo function after intravenous [IV] nicotine challenge (brain levels reduced ~10%). CpG adjuvant added to NIC7-CRM/alum further enhanced the Ab responses and both ex vivo function (100% bound) and in vivo function (~80% reduction in brain). Thus, both optimal antigen design and CpG adjuvant were required to achieve a highly functional vaccine. The compelling NHP data with NIC7-CRM with alum/CpG supported human testing, currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Thorn
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - David R Stead
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ningli Zhang
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Benoit
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janna Cartier
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - In-Jeong Kim
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jari I Finneman
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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McCluskie MJ, Pryde DC, Gervais DP, Stead DR, Zhang N, Benoit M, Robertson K, Kim IJ, Tharmanathan T, Merson JR, Davis HL. Enhancing immunogenicity of a 3'aminomethylnicotine-DT-conjugate anti-nicotine vaccine with CpG adjuvant in mice and non-human primates. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:50-6. [PMID: 23562759 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is one of the most preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, but current smoking cessation treatments have relatively poor long term efficacy. Anti-nicotine vaccines offer a novel mechanism of action whereby anti-nicotine antibodies (Ab) in circulation prevent nicotine from entering the brain, thus avoiding the reward mechanisms that underpin nicotine addiction. Since antibody responses are typically long lasting, such vaccines could potentially lead to better long-term smoking cessation outcomes. Clinical trials of anti-nicotine vaccines to date have not succeeded, although there was evidence that very high anti-nicotine Ab titers could lead to improved smoking cessation outcomes, suggesting that achieving higher titers in more subjects might result in better efficacy overall. In this study, we evaluated CpG (TLR9 agonist) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) adjuvants with a model anti-nicotine antigen comprising trans-3'aminomethylnicotine (3'AmNic) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (DT). Anti-nicotine Ab titers were significantly higher in both mice and non-human primates (NHP) when 3'AmNic-DT was administered with CpG/Al(OH)3 than with Al(OH)3 alone, and affinity was enhanced in mice. CpG also improved functional responses, as measured by nicotine brain levels in mice after intravenous administration of radiolabeled nicotine (30% versus 3% without CpG), or by nicotine binding capacity of NHP antisera (15-fold higher with CpG). Further improvement should focus on maximizing Ab function, which takes into account both titer and avidity, and this may require improved conjugate design in addition to adjuvants.
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system-with its remarkable ability to generate antigen-specific antibodies and T lymphocytes against pathogens never before "seen" by an organism-is one of the marvels of evolution. However, to generate these responses, the adaptive immune system requires activation by the innate immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are perhaps the best-understood family of innate immune receptors for detecting infections and stimulating adaptive immune responses. TLR9 appears to have evolved to recognize infections by a subtle structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic/viral DNA; only the former frequently methylates CpG dinucleotides. Used as vaccine adjuvants, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) ligands for TLR9--CpG ODN--greatly enhance the speed and strength of the immune responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCluskie
- Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc., 93 Worcester Street, Suite 101, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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Abstract
Treatment with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing CPG motifs (CpG ODN 7909) was found to protect BALB/c mice from lung infection or death after aerosol challenge with Burkholderia mallei. Protection was associated with enhanced levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10, interleukin-12 (IL-12), IFN-gamma, and IL-6. Preexposure therapy with CpG ODNs may protect victims of a biological attack from glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Payette PJ, Ma X, Weeratna RD, McCluskie MJ, Shapiro M, Engle RE, Davis HL, Purcell RH. Testing of CpG-optimized protein and DNA vaccines against the hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees for immunogenicity and protection from challenge. Intervirology 2006; 49:144-51. [PMID: 16428890 DOI: 10.1159/000089375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence for some time of effective prophylactic vaccines, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an important global concern. Improvements on existing vaccines could be beneficial, especially in situations where it is desirable or necessary to induce protective immunity more rapidly or with fewer doses. We have compared, in chimpanzees, a current HBV vaccine that contains recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg) adsorbed to alum, with two novel vaccine strategies that have proven superior to the current vaccine in mice. The first approach was the use of oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) as an adjuvant to Engerix-B, a commercial HBV vaccine. The addition of CpG ODN to Engerix-B greatly improved the kinetics and magnitude of the humoral response, suggesting that CpG ODN might allow induction of protective immunity in humans more quickly and with fewer vaccine doses. All animals receiving either control or CpG-containing subunit vaccines at 0 and 4 weeks attained titers of HBsAg-specific antibody (anti-HBs) considered protective (> or =10 mIU/ml) and were indeed protected from challenge at 8 weeks with 10(3.5) 50% chimp infectious doses (CID(50)) of intravenous HBV. The second approach was a DNA vaccine with a plasmid vector optimized for content of immunostimulatory CpG motifs. Despite the fact that earlier studies had shown four doses of a similar DNA vaccine (except not optimized for CpG content) to induce strong humoral responses in 1 of 2 chimpanzees, in this study two doses of DNA vaccine (at 0 and 4 weeks) did not generate any detectable anti-HBs in either of 2 chimpanzees, although it did protect 1 that rapidly developed anti-HBs during the incubation period, suggesting priming of an antibody response. The poor results may be due to an inadequate number of doses or amount of plasmid DNA in these larger animals, but nevertheless point to the need to improve delivery methods for DNA vaccines for use in larger animals such as primates.
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McCluskie MJ, Cartier JLM, Patrick AJ, Sajic D, Weeratna RD, Rosenthal KL, Davis HL. Treatment of intravaginal HSV-2 infection in mice: a comparison of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and resiquimod (R-848). Antiviral Res 2005; 69:77-85. [PMID: 16377001 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian innate immune system recognizes pathogens via a series of pattern-recognition receptors such as the toll-like receptors (TLR) that interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and lead to the rapid activation of innate immune cells. In this study, we compared the efficacy of CpG ODN (a TLR9 agonist) and resiquimod (R-848; a TLR7/8 agonist) for topical immunoprophylaxis or immunotherapy of vaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in mice. Efficacy against HSV infection was observed with CpG ODN but less so with R-848, even after repeated administrations. Intravaginal (IVAG) administration of CpG ODN resulted in strong local but relatively weak systemic immune activation, as determined by levels of the chemokines IP-10, MIG and I-TAC in vaginal tissue and plasma, respectively. In contrast, IVAG administration of R-848 resulted in high levels of plasma IP-10, similar to those seen after parenteral administration, but overall, weaker or shorter-lived local immune responses than obtained with CpG ODN. These findings suggest that differences in biodistribution and sites of immune activation between CpG ODN and R-848 after IVAG delivery account for differences in efficacy, and demonstrate the need for local mucosal innate activation for protection against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCluskie
- Coley Pharmaceutical Group, 340 Terry Fox Drive, Suite 200, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K2K 3A2.
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Weeratna RD, Makinen SR, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL. TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants: comparison of CpG ODN and Resiquimod (R-848). Vaccine 2005; 23:5263-70. [PMID: 16081189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR ligands that mimic pathogen associated molecular patterns and activate immune cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are being developed for use in humans as therapy against a variety of diseases as well as vaccine adjuvants. These include imidazoquinoline compounds such as Imiquimod and Resiquimod (R-848) that bind to TLR7 and 8, as well as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) that bind to TLR9. This study was aimed at comparing CpG ODN and R-848 for their potential use as vaccine adjuvants and to determine whether there are additive or synergistic effects when they are used together. Using HBsAg as a model antigen in mice, we show CpG ODN to be superior to R-848 for augmenting both humoral and cell mediated immune responses.
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Vollmer J, Weeratna RD, Jurk M, Samulowitz U, McCluskie MJ, Payette P, Davis HL, Schetter C, Krieg AM. Oligodeoxynucleotides lacking CpG dinucleotides mediate Toll-like receptor 9 dependent T helper type 2 biased immune stimulation. Immunology 2004; 113:212-23. [PMID: 15379982 PMCID: PMC1782571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with unmethylated CpG dinucleotides mimic the immune stimulatory activity of bacterial DNA in vertebrates and are recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). It is also possible to detect immune activation with certain phosphorothioate sequences that lack CpG motifs. These ODN are less potent than CpG ODN and the mechanism by which they stimulate mammalian leucocytes is not understood. We here provide several lines of evidence demonstrating that the effects induced by non-CpG ODN are mediated by TLR9. First, non-CpG ODN could not stimulate cytokine secretion from the splenocytes of TLR9-deficient (TLR9(-/-)) mice. Second, immunization of TLR9(+/+) but not TLR9(-/-) mice with non-CpG ODN enhanced antigen-specific antibody responses, although these were T helper type 2 (Th2)-biased. Third, reactivity to non-CpG ODN could be reconstituted by transfection of human TLR9 into non-responsive cells. In addition, we define a new efficient immune stimulatory motif aside from the CpG dinucleotide that consists of a 5'-TC dinucleotide in a thymidine-rich background. Non-CpG ODN containing this motif induced activation of human B cells, but lacked stimulation of Th1-like cytokines and chemokines. Our study indicates that TLR9 can mediate either efficient Th1- or Th2-dominated effects depending on whether it is stimulated by CpG or certain non-CpG ODN.
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Sajic D, Ashkar AA, Patrick AJ, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL, Levine KL, Holl R, Rosenthal KL. Parameters of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-induced protection against intravaginal HSV-2 challenge. J Med Virol 2004; 71:561-8. [PMID: 14556270 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within the context of certain flanking bases (CpG motifs) have been shown to induce potent innate and adaptive immune responses. Vaginal delivery of CpG ODN alone protects mice from vaginal herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) challenge. Here, we investigated the importance of timing of delivery, formulation, route and dose of vaginally administered CpG ODN in the prevention or treatment of intravaginal (IVAG) HSV-2 infection. Mice treated intravaginally with CpG ODN containing a phosphorothioate backbone 24 hours prior to IVAG HSV-2 challenge survived infection, showed minimal vaginal pathology, and had virtually no detectable virus in vaginal washes, when compared to mice treated with non-CpG ODN. Genital treatment of HSV-2 infected mice with CpG ODN 4 hours after infection resulted in increased survival and decreased pathology and vaginal virus titers, whereas treatment of infected mice with CpG ODN 24 and 72 hours after IVAG HSV-2 infection had no effect on disease progression. Both liquid and solid (delivered on a bio-erodible muco-adhesive film) formulations of CpG ODN were effective in protection against genital HSV-2 following vaginal delivery. Lastly, IVAG delivery of 10 micro g of CpG ODN protected as well as a 100 micro g dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Sajic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Choi AH, McNeal MM, Flint JA, Basu M, Lycke NY, Clements JD, Bean JA, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ, VanCott JL, Ward RL. The level of protection against rotavirus shedding in mice following immunization with a chimeric VP6 protein is dependent on the route and the coadministered adjuvant. Vaccine 2002; 20:1733-40. [PMID: 11906760 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal (i.n.) immunization of BALB/c mice with chimeric murine rotavirus EDIM (epizootic diarrhea of infant mice) VP6 and attenuated E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT), LT(R192G), stimulated >99% protection against rotavirus shedding after EDIM challenge. Here, we evaluated other potential adjuvants with chimeric VP6 administered by two mucosal routes: i.n. and oral. Besides LT(R192G), the adjuvants examined included Adjumer, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), chimeric A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CTA1)-DD, and QS-21. All except QS-21 significantly (P<0.05) increased VP6-specific serum IgG responses after i.n. immunization, but none significantly increased these responses when administered orally. The i.n. delivery of chimeric VP6 alone induced both rotavirus IgG1 and IgG2a whose relative titers suggested a skewed Th2-like response. Inclusion of Adjumer greatly increased Th2-like responses, while CpG ODN shifted the response to a less Th2-like response. The adjuvants CTA1-DD, LT(R192G), QS-21 had no significant effect on ratios of IgG1/IgG2a titers. Following EDIM challenge of mice immunized i.n. with chimeric VP6 and either LT(R192G), CTA1-DD, Adjumer or CpG ODN, shedding was reduced >99, 95, 80, 74, respectively, relative to that found in unimmunized mice (P<0.05). QS-21 induced less protection (43%, not significant (N.S.)) while immunization with chimeric VP6 alone reduced shedding by only 16% (N.S.). Oral immunization with chimeric VP6 and all selected adjuvants except QS-21 was less effective than after i.n. immunization, with protection levels of 94 (P<0.05), 71 (P<0.05), 55, 35 and 28% for LT(R192G), QS-21, CpG ODN, CTA1-DD, and Adjumer, respectively, while immunization with chimeric VP6 alone gave no protection. Thus, different adjuvants induced different degrees of protection and oral immunization was generally less effective then the i.n. route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, The Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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McCluskie MJ, Weeratna RD, Payette PJ, Davis HL. The potential of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as mucosal adjuvants. Crit Rev Immunol 2002; 21:103-20. [PMID: 11642598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of mucosal vaccines for humans has been hindered by the lack of safe yet effective mucosal adjuvants. Bacterial toxins are commonly used as adjuvants in animal models, but they are too toxic for use in humans. A novel class of adjuvant is CpG DNA, which contains unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in particular base contexts (CpG motifs). CpG DNA is most often coadministered with antigen in the form of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), which are made with a nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate backbone. The vast majority of studies using CpG DNA as adjuvant have been with parenteral delivery; recently, however, mucosal immunization with CpG DNA as adjuvant has also been shown to induce both systemic (humoral and cellular) and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses. This review will highlight the recent uses of CpG DNA as an adjuvant at mucosal surfaces.
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McCluskie MJ, Weeratna RD, Payette PJ, Davis HL. Parenteral and mucosal prime-boost immunization strategies in mice with hepatitis B surface antigen and CpG DNA. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 32:179-85. [PMID: 11934561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are potent adjuvants to protein antigens administered by parenteral or mucosal routes to BALB/c mice. To date, there have been no studies using combined parenteral/mucosal approaches with CpG DNA as adjuvant. In this study we evaluated different parenteral prime-mucosal boost and mucosal prime-parenteral boost strategies using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) alone or with different adjuvants: aluminum hydroxide (alum), cholera toxin (CT), CpG ODN. In addition, since CpG ODN has previously been shown to act synergistically with other adjuvants after parenteral or mucosal delivery, we also evaluated adjuvant combinations: alum+CpG ODN and CT+CpG ODN. The effects of adjuvant and administration strategy on systemic and mucosal humoral responses were measured, as well as cell-mediated immune responses (cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity). These results were compared to parenteral only or mucosal only strategies. Our findings demonstrate that parenteral immunization can prime for mucosal responses even when different lymph nodes were being targeted. HBsAg-specific immune responses (IgG in plasma, cytotoxic T lymphocytes) induced by parenteral prime could all be significantly enhanced by mucosal boosting and despite the fact that intramuscular immunization alone could not induce mucosal IgA, it could prime for a subsequent mucosal boost. In addition, the presence of adjuvant at time of boosting could influence the nature of subsequent immune responses (Th1 vs. Th2). Mice primed intranasally could have their systemic immune responses boosted with a parenteral administration and it was also possible to enhance mucosal responses induced by intranasal prime with an intramuscular boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCluskie
- Coley Pharmaceutical Group, 725 Parkdale Avenue, K1Y 4E9, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Weeratna RD, Brazolot Millan CL, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL. CpG ODN can re-direct the Th bias of established Th2 immune responses in adult and young mice. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 32:65-71. [PMID: 11750224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Induction of an appropriate immune response is essential for successful immunization. For example, Th1 type immune responses are necessary for the control of intracellular infections whereas Th2 type responses are more useful for the control of extracellular infections. Immunostimulatory CpG ODN (oligonucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine and guanine dinucleotides in specific base contexts) act as potent adjuvants and have been shown to induce Th1 type immune responses with a number of different antigens. This study investigates the effect of CpG ODN on the Th bias of immune responses generated against the hepatitis B major surface antigen (HBsAg) in adult (6-8 weeks old) and young (<1 week old) BALB/c mice. It also investigates the potential of CpG DNA to reverse a pre-established Th2 response generated as an adult or as a neonate, following re-exposure to HBsAg in adult life. Both adult and young mice immunized with HBsAg/CpG ODN had a Th1 biased immune response (strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) induction, IgG2a>>IgG1). In contrast, mice immunized with HBsAg/alum had a Th2 type immune response (poor CTL, IgG1>>IgG2a). More importantly, when animals were immunized with HBsAg/alum and boosted with HBsAg/CpG ODN, the CpG ODN were able to re-direct the Th2 response pre-established by alum, whereas the animals receiving the primary immunization with HBsAg/CpG ODN and later boosted with HBsAg/alum maintained their Th1 bias, even after the boost with alum. These data suggest that CpG ODN have the ability to augment both humoral and cell mediated immune responses and override the Th2 bias created by alum, even in very young animals, which are known to have a Th2 biased immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Weeratna
- Coley Pharmaceutical Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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44
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Abstract
Vaccination remains the single most valuable tool in the prevention of infectious disease. Nevertheless, there exists a need to improve the performance of existing vaccines such that fewer boosts are needed or to develop novel vaccines. For the development of effective vaccines for humans, a great need exists for safe and effective adjuvants. A number of novel adjuvants have been reported in recent years including: i) bacterial toxins such as cholera toxin, CT, and the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, LT; ii) less toxic derivatives of CT and LT; iii) endogenous human immunomodulators, such as IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF; iv) hormones; v) lipopeptides; vi) saponins, such as QS-21; vii) synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN); viii) lipid 'A derivatives, such as monophosphoryl lipid A, MPL, and ix) muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives. Herein, we will review recent findings using these novel adjuvant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCluskie
- Coley Pharmaceutical Canada, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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Payette PJ, Weeratna RD, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL. Immune-mediated destruction of transfected myocytes following DNA vaccination occurs via multiple mechanisms. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1395-400. [PMID: 11571579 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2000] [Accepted: 06/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of antigenic proteins in the context of a DNA vaccine leads to the intracellular synthesis of antigen and the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Subsequent to immune activation, any transfected cell expressing the immunogenic protein should, by the rules of immunology, become a legitimate target for removal by immune-mediated mechanisms. Herein, we have used an indirect assay of myocyte integrity following intra-muscular (i.m.) delivery of a DNA vaccine, in mice with various immune deficiencies, to determine which immunological mechanisms may be involved in destruction of antigen-expressing cells. We demonstrate that destruction of antigen- expressing myocytes following i.m. injection of a DNA vaccine is dependent on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restricted CD4+ T cell activation, but is not mediated solely by MHC I-restricted or perforin-mediated lysis and appears to have a component that is antibody-mediated. Although we studied myocytes, the results likely represent what happens to any transfected cell expressing a foreign antigen. This study underscores the ability of DNA vaccines at inducing antigen-specific immune responses that include a number of effector mechanisms. From the perspective of gene therapy, this study highlights the significance of immune activation when considering strategies where maintenance of therapeutic gene expression is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Payette
- Loeb Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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46
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Abstract
DNA immunization is a relatively new vaccination strategy that involves the direct introduction into the host of plasmid DNA encoding the desired antigen. The DNA enters host cells and results in immune responses following in vivo expression of the antigen. Although DNA-based immunization works well in animal models for the induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, its success in humans has been limited. This paper discusses different approaches that have attempted to optimize DNA vaccines, and presents results evaluating some of these approaches in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Weeratna
- Loeb Health Research Institute at the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
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47
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McCluskie MJ, Weeratna RD, Clements JD, Davis HL. Mucosal immunization of mice using CpG DNA and/or mutants of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli as adjuvants. Vaccine 2001; 19:3759-68. [PMID: 11395211 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) and the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) are potent mucosal adjuvants in animals associated, at least in part, with their ability to induce cAMP. While toxicity generally precludes their use in humans, a number of different subunit or genetically detoxified mutants of CT and LT have been developed. Another type of adjuvant that has been shown to be effective at mucosal surfaces comprises synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG ODN). We have previously demonstrated a synergy between CpG ODN and native toxins after intranasal (IN) administration to mice, and herein have examined whether this synergy is linked to the cAMP activity. The adjuvanticity of CpG ODN was evaluated with IN and oral delivery of tetanus toxoid or the hepatitis B surface antigen, relative to and in combination with native LT holotoxin (LTh), three active site mutants (LTS61F, LTA69G, LTE112K), a protease site mutant (LTR192G), and the B subunit of LT (LTB). At an equivalent dose, the adjuvants could generally be divided into two groups: one that included CpG ODN, LTh, LTR192G, and LTA69G which acted as strong adjuvants; and the second which comprised LTB, LTS61F, and LTE112K, which produced significantly weaker immune responses. When CpG ODN was co-administered with bacterial toxin-derivatives, in most cases, no synergy between CpG and the LT derivatives was found for strength of the humoral response. Nevertheless, for both routes and antigens, CpG ODN combined with any LT derivative induced a more Type 1-like response than LT derivative alone. These results suggest that while the synergy seen previously with native toxins may have been due in part to inherent cAMP activity, it may have also depended on the particular antigen used and the route of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCluskie
- Coley Pharmaceutical Canada, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9.
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48
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Weeratna RD, Brazolot Millan CL, McCluskie MJ, Siegrist CA, Davis HL. Priming of immune responses to hepatitis B surface antigen in young mice immunized in the presence of maternally derived antibodies. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 30:241-7. [PMID: 11335145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early vaccination is necessary to protect infants from various infectious diseases. However, this is often unsuccessful largely due to the immaturity of the neonatal immune system. Furthermore, maternally derived antibodies can interfere with active immunization. We have previously shown in young mice that immune responses against several different antigens can be improved by the addition of oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG ODN). In this study we have evaluated immunization of newborn (1-7-day-old) BALB/c mice against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), with alum and/or CpG ODN, in the presence of high levels of maternal antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs). Seroconversion rates and anti-HBs titers were compared to those induced by a HBsAg-expressing plasmid, since other studies had suggested DNA vaccines to be superior to protein vaccines in young mice with maternal antibody. HBsAg/alum/CpG ODN was superior to DNA vaccine in inducing HBsAg-specific CTL responses in young mice in the presence of maternally transferred anti-HBs antibodies. However, B cell responses to both HBsAg/alum/CpG ODN and DNA vaccines remained weak in the presence of maternally transferred anti-HBs antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Weeratna
- Coley Pharmaceutical Canada, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa ON, Canada K1Y 4E9.
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49
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are potent adjuvants in mice when delivered by parenteral (intramuscular, subcutaneous) and mucosal (intranasal, oral and intrarectal) routes. We have recently shown that with mucosal delivery non-CpG ODN can also have immunostimulatory properties which, in contrast to the Th1-bias characteristic of CpG ODN, are predominantly Th2-like. Herein, using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and tetanus toxoid (TT) as model antigens in BALB/c mice, we have examined a number of different ODN (CpG, non-CpG, poly-T, poly-CG) to determine their effects on immune responses after mucosal (oral) and parenteral (IM) immunizations. Our findings demonstrate that with mucosal delivery, there is a Th2-biased immunostimulatory effect that is associated with non-CpG ODN, and that the presence of CpG motifs can shift this towards a Th1 response. The adjuvant effect of non-CpG ODN was much less evident after parenteral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCluskie
- Loeb Health Research Institute at the Ottawa Hospital, 725 Parkdale Avenue, K1Y 4E9, Ottawa, Canada
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Gallichan WS, Woolstencroft RN, Guarasci T, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL, Rosenthal KL. Intranasal immunization with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant dramatically increases IgA and protection against herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital tract. J Immunol 2001; 166:3451-7. [PMID: 11207303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of vaccines capable of preventing the transmission or limiting the severity of sexually transmitted viruses, such as HSV and HIV, will likely be dependent on the induction of potent long-lasting mucosal immune responses in the genital tract. Recently, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs were shown to serve as potent adjuvants for the induction of mucosal immune responses. Here, we show that intranasal immunization with CpG ODN, plus recombinant glycoprotein B (rgB) of HSV-1, results in significantly elevated levels of specific anti-gB IgA Abs in vaginal washes that remained high throughout the estrous cycle. Additionally, dramatically elevated numbers of specific IgA Ab-secreting cells were present and persisted in the genital tract in response to intravaginal (IVAG) HSV-2 challenge. HSV-2-specific CTL were observed at moderate levels in the spleens of CpG or non-CpG ODN-immunized mice. In contrast, strong CTL responses were observed locally in the genital tissues of both groups following IVAG HSV-2 challenge. Interestingly, mice immunized intranasally with rgB plus CpG ODN, but not non-CpG ODN, were significantly protected following IVAG HSV-2 challenge. Measurement of virus in protected CpG-immunized mice revealed a log lower level of replication within the first few days after infection. In conclusion, these results indicate that intranasal immunization with CpG ODN plus protein mediates immunity in the female genital tract capable of protecting against a sexually transmitted pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Gallichan
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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