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Okek EJ, Masembe FJ, Kiconco J, Kayiwa J, Amwine E, Obote D, Alele S, Nahabwe C, Were J, Bagaya B, Balinandi S, Lutwama J, Kaleebu P. Re-testing as a method of implementing external quality assessment program for COVID-19 real time PCR testing in Uganda. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287272. [PMID: 38265993 PMCID: PMC10807774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant milestones have been made in the development of COVID19 diagnostics Technologies. Government of the republic of Uganda and the line Ministry of Health mandated Uganda Virus Research Institute to ensure quality of COVID19 diagnostics. Re-testing was one of the methods initiated by the UVRI to implement External Quality assessment of COVID19 molecular diagnostics. METHOD participating laboratories were required by UVRI to submit their already tested and archived nasopharyngeal samples and corresponding meta data. These were then re-tested at UVRI using the WHO Berlin protocol, the UVRI results were compared to those of the primary testing laboratories in order to ascertain performance agreement for the qualitative & quantitative results obtained. Ms Excel window 12 and GraphPad prism ver 15 was used in the analysis. Bar graphs, pie charts and line graphs were used to compare performance agreement between the reference Laboratory and primary testing Laboratories. RESULTS Eleven (11) Ministry of Health/Uganda Virus Research Institute COVID19 accredited laboratories participated in the re-testing of quality control samples. 5/11 (45%) of the primary testing laboratories had 100% performance agreement with that of the National Reference Laboratory for the final test result. Even where there was concordance in the final test outcome (negative or positive) between UVRI and primary testing laboratories, there were still differences in CT values. The differences in the Cycle Threshold (CT) values were insignificant except for Tenna & Pharma Laboratory and the UVRI(p = 0.0296). The difference in the CT values were not skewed to either the National reference Laboratory(UVRI) or the primary testing laboratory but varied from one laboratory to another. In the remaining 6/11 (55%) laboratories where there were discrepancies in the aggregate test results, only samples initially tested and reported as positive by the primary laboratories were tested and found to be false positives by the UVRI COVID19 National Reference Laboratory. CONCLUSION False positives were detected from public, private not for profit and private testing laboratories in almost equal proportion. There is need for standardization of molecular testing platforms in Uganda. There is also urgent need to improve on the Laboratory quality management systems of the molecular testing laboratories in order to minimize such discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Jacob Okek
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Jocelyn Kiconco
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Kayiwa
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Esther Amwine
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Daniel Obote
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Alele
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Nahabwe
- Department of Quality Assurance, Allied Health Professional Council, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jackson Were
- Department of Diagnostics, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Bagaya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Tumusiime D, Nijhof AM, Groschup MH, Lutwama J, Roesel K, Bett B. Participatory survey of risk factors and pathways for Rift Valley fever in pastoral and agropastoral communities of Uganda. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106071. [PMID: 37984160 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
To assess pastoralists' and agropastoralists' knowledge on Rift Valley fever (RVF), participatory epidemiological studies were conducted with 215 livestock keepers and 27 key informants in Napak, Butebo, Isingiro and Lyantonde districts, Uganda, between January and February 2022. Livestock keepers in all four districts had knowledge of RVF and even had local names or descriptions for it. Pastoralists and agropastoralists possessed valuable knowledge of RVF clinical descriptions and epidemiological risk factors such as the presence of infected mosquitoes, living in flood-prone areas, and excessive rainfall. RVF was ranked among the top ten most important cattle diseases. Pastoralists called RVF Lonyang, symbolizing a disease associated with jaundice, high fever, abortions in pregnant cows, and sudden death in calves. Key informants identified infected domestic animals, the presence of infected mosquitoes, livestock movement and trade, and infected wild animals as risk pathways for the introduction of RVF into an area. Drinking raw blood and milk was perceived as the most likely pathway for human exposure to RVF virus; while the highest consequence was high treatment costs. The results indicate that pastoralists provided key epidemiological information that could be essential for designing an effective national RVF surveillance and early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tumusiime
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, P.O. Box 103, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kristina Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Nyakarahuka L, Whitmer S, Klena J, Balinandi S, Talundzic E, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Patel K, Baluku J, Akurut G, Namanya D, Kamugisha K, Cossaboom C, Whitesell A, Telford C, Graziano J, Montgomery J, Nichol S, Lutwama J, Shoemaker T. Detection of Sporadic Outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever in Uganda through the National Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Surveillance System, 2017-2020. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:995-1002. [PMID: 36913925 PMCID: PMC10160879 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease of public health and economic importance. Uganda has reported sporadic outbreaks of RVF in both humans and animals across the country, especially in the southwestern part of the "cattle corridor" through an established viral hemorrhagic fever surveillance system. We report 52 human cases of laboratory-confirmed RVF from 2017 to 2020. The case fatality rate was 42%. Among those infected, 92% were males and 90% were adults (≥ 18 years). Clinical symptoms were characterized by fever (69%), unexplained bleeding (69%), headache (51%), abdominal pain (49%), and nausea and vomiting (46%). Most of the cases (95%) originated from central and western districts that are part of the cattle corridor of Uganda, where the main risk factor was direct contact with livestock (P = 0.009). Other predictors of RVF positivity were determined to be male gender (P = 0.001) and being a butcher (P = 0.04). Next-generation sequencing identified the predominant Ugandan clade as Kenya-2, observed previously across East Africa. There is need for further investigation and research into the effect and spread of this neglected tropical disease in Uganda and the rest of Africa. Control measures such as promoting vaccination and limiting animal-human transmission could be explored to reduce the impact of RVF in Uganda and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Emir Talundzic
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jimmy Baluku
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Caitlin Cossaboom
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy Whitesell
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carson Telford
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Graziano
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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4
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Fischer C, Maponga TG, Yadouleton A, Abílio N, Aboce E, Adewumi P, Afonso P, Akorli J, Andriamandimby SF, Anga L, Ashong Y, Beloufa MA, Bensalem A, Birtles R, Boumba ALM, Bwanga F, Chaponda M, Chibukira P, Chico RM, Chileshe J, Chongwe G, Cissé A, D'Alessandro U, de Lamballerie XN, de Morais JFM, Derrar F, Dia N, Diarra Y, Doumbia L, Drosten C, Dussart P, Echodu R, Eggers Y, Eloualid A, Faye O, Feldt T, Frühauf A, Halatoko A, Ilouga PV, Ismael N, Jambou R, Jarju S, Kamprad A, Katowa B, Kayiwa J, King'wara L, Koita O, Lacoste V, Lagare A, Landt O, Lekana-Douki SE, Lekana-Douki JB, Iipumbu E, Loemba H, Lutwama J, Mamadou S, Maman I, Manyisa B, Martinez PA, Matoba J, Mhuulu L, Moreira-Soto A, Mwangi J, N'dilimabaka N, Nassuna CA, Ndiath MO, Nepolo E, Njouom R, Nourlil J, Nyanjom SG, Odari EO, Okeng A, Ouoba JB, Owusu M, Donkor IO, Phadu KK, Phillips RO, Preiser W, Ruhanya V, Salah F, Salifou S, Sall AA, Sylverken AA, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Tarnagda Z, Tchikaya FO, Tufa TB, Drexler JF. Retraction. Science 2022; 378:1284-1285. [PMID: 36537892 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fischer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tongai Gibson Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anges Yadouleton
- Laboratoire dés fievres hemorragiques virales de Cotonou, Akpakpa, Benin
| | - Nuro Abílio
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Praise Adewumi
- Laboratoire dés fievres hemorragiques virales de Cotonou, Akpakpa, Benin
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Luanda, Angola
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Latifa Anga
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yvonne Ashong
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Aicha Bensalem
- Institut Pasteur of Algeria, National Influenza Centre, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria
| | - Richard Birtles
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Pointe-Noire, Congo.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory HDL, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- MBN Clinical Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mike Chaponda
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paradzai Chibukira
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Justin Chileshe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Gershom Chongwe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Assana Cissé
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | | | | | - Fawzi Derrar
- Institut Pasteur of Algeria, National Influenza Centre, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Youssouf Diarra
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Lassina Doumbia
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Richard Echodu
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Yannik Eggers
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Frühauf
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ronan Jambou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Antje Kamprad
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Katowa
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Leonard King'wara
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ousmane Koita
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Etuhole Iipumbu
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Hugues Loemba
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory HDL, Pointe-Noire, Congo.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Santou Mamadou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Brendon Manyisa
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | - Pedro A Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Luanda, Angola
| | - Japhet Matoba
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lusia Mhuulu
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judy Mwangi
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Nadine N'dilimabaka
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Emmanuel Nepolo
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Steven Ger Nyanjom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eddy Okoth Odari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Michael Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Irene Owusu Donkor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Karabo Kristen Phadu
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vurayai Ruhanya
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tafese Beyene Tufa
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Fischer C, Maponga TG, Yadouleton A, Abílio N, Aboce E, Adewumi P, Afonso P, Akorli J, Andriamandimby SF, Anga L, Ashong Y, Beloufa MA, Bensalem A, Birtles R, Boumba ALM, Bwanga F, Chaponda M, Chibukira P, Chico RM, Chileshe J, Chongwe G, Cissé A, D'Alessandro U, de Lamballerie XN, de Morais JFM, Derrar F, Dia N, Diarra Y, Doumbia L, Drosten C, Dussart P, Echodu R, Eggers Y, Eloualid A, Faye O, Feldt T, Frühauf A, Halatoko A, Ilouga PV, Ismael N, Jambou R, Jarju S, Kamprad A, Katowa B, Kayiwa J, King'wara L, Koita O, Lacoste V, Lagare A, Landt O, Lekana-Douki SE, Lekana-Douki JB, Iipumbu E, Loemba H, Lutwama J, Mamadou S, Maman I, Manyisa B, Martinez PA, Matoba J, Mhuulu L, Moreira-Soto A, Mwangi J, N Dilimabaka N, Nassuna CA, Ndiath MO, Nepolo E, Njouom R, Nourlil J, Nyanjom SG, Odari EO, Okeng A, Ouoba JB, Owusu M, Owusu Donkor I, Phadu KK, Phillips RO, Preiser W, Ruhanya V, Salah F, Salifou S, Sall AA, Sylverken AA, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Tarnagda Z, Tchikaya FO, Tufa TB, Drexler JF. RETRACTED: Gradual emergence followed by exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Africa. Science 2022; 378:eadd8737. [PMID: 36454863 DOI: 10.1126/science.add8737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The geographic and evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1), which was first detected mid-November 2021 in Southern Africa, remain unknown. We tested 13,097 COVID-19 patients sampled between mid-2021 to early 2022 from 22 African countries for BA.1 by real-time RT-PCR. By November-December 2021, BA.1 had replaced the Delta variant in all African sub-regions following a South-North gradient, with a peak Rt of 4.1. Polymerase chain reaction and near-full genome sequencing data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021. Mutations, altering viral tropism, replication and immune escape, gradually accumulated in the spike gene. Omicron ancestors were therefore present in several African countries months before Omicron dominated transmission. These data also indicate that travel bans are ineffective in the face of undetected and widespread infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fischer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tongai Gibson Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anges Yadouleton
- Laboratoire dés fievres hemorragiques virales de Cotonou, Akpakpa, Benin
| | - Nuro Abílio
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Praise Adewumi
- Laboratoire dés fievres hemorragiques virales de Cotonou, Akpakpa, Benin
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Luanda, Angola
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Latifa Anga
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yvonne Ashong
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Aicha Bensalem
- Institut Pasteur of Algeria, National Influenza Centre, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria
| | - Richard Birtles
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Pointe-Noire, Congo.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory HDL, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- MBN Clinical Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mike Chaponda
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paradzai Chibukira
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Justin Chileshe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Gershom Chongwe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Assana Cissé
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | | | | | - Fawzi Derrar
- Institut Pasteur of Algeria, National Influenza Centre, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Youssouf Diarra
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Lassina Doumbia
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Richard Echodu
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Yannik Eggers
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Frühauf
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ronan Jambou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Antje Kamprad
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Katowa
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Leonard King'wara
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ousmane Koita
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Etuhole Iipumbu
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Hugues Loemba
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory HDL, Pointe-Noire, Congo.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Santou Mamadou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Brendon Manyisa
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | - Pedro A Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Luanda, Angola
| | - Japhet Matoba
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lusia Mhuulu
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judy Mwangi
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Nadine N Dilimabaka
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Emmanuel Nepolo
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Steven Ger Nyanjom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eddy Okoth Odari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Michael Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Irene Owusu Donkor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Karabo Kristen Phadu
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vurayai Ruhanya
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tafese Beyene Tufa
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Nyakarahuka L, Whitmer S, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Cossaboom CM, Telford CT, Tumusiime A, Akurut GG, Namanya D, Kamugisha K, Baluku J, Lutwama J, Balinandi S, Shoemaker T, Klena JD. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Refugee Settlement during COVID-19 Pandemic, Uganda, April 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2326-2329. [PMID: 36198315 PMCID: PMC9622249 DOI: 10.3201/eid2811.220365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was detected in 2 refugees living in a refugee settlement in Kikuube district, Uganda. Investigations revealed a CCHF IgG seroprevalence of 71.3% (37/52) in goats within the refugee settlement. This finding highlights the need for a multisectoral approach to controlling CCHF in humans and animals in Uganda.
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7
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Cossaboom CM, Nyakarahuka L, Mulei S, Kyondo J, Tumusiime A, Baluku J, Akurut GG, Namanya D, Kamugisha K, Nansikombi HT, Nyabakira A, Mutesasira S, Whitmer S, Telford C, Lutwama J, Balinandi S, Montgomery J, Klena JD, Shoemaker T. Rift Valley Fever Outbreak during COVID-19 Surge, Uganda, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2290-2293. [PMID: 36150455 PMCID: PMC9622231 DOI: 10.3201/eid2811.220364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever, endemic or emerging throughout most of Africa, causes considerable risk to human and animal health. We report 7 confirmed Rift Valley fever cases, 1 fatal, in Kiruhura District, Uganda, during 2021. Our findings highlight the importance of continued viral hemorrhagic fever surveillance, despite challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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8
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Bwogi J, Lutalo T, Tushabe P, Bukenya H, Eliku JP, Ssewanyana I, Nabadda S, Nsereko C, Cotten M, Downing R, Lutwama J, Kaleebu P. Field evaluation of the performance of seven Antigen Rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of SARs-CoV-2 virus infection in Uganda. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265334. [PMID: 35536792 PMCID: PMC9089886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of seven antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag RDTs) in a clinical setting to identify those that could be recommended for use in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Uganda. METHODS This was a cross-sectional prospective study. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected consecutively from COVID-19 PCR positive and COVID-19 PCR negative participants at isolation centers and points of entry, and tested with the SARS-CoV-2 Ag RDTs. Test sensitivity and specificity were generated by comparing results against qRT-PCR results (Berlin Protocol) at a cycle threshold (Ct) cut-off of ≤39. Sensitivity was also calculated at Ct cut-offs ≤29 and ≤33. RESULTS None of the Ag RDTs had a sensitivity of ≥80% at Ct cut-off values ≤33 and ≤39. Two kits, Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag and VivaDiag™ SARS-CoV-2 Ag had a sensitivity of ≥80% at a Ct cut-off value of ≤29. Four kits: BIOCREDIT COVID -19 Ag, COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip, MEDsan® SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test and Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test had a specificity of ≥97%. CONCLUSIONS This evaluation identified one Ag RDT, Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag with a performance at high viral load (Ct value ≤29) reaching that recommended by WHO. This kit was recommended for screening of patients with COVID -19-like symptoms presenting at health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Lutalo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
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9
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Bbosa N, Ssemwanga D, Namagembe H, Kiiza R, Kiconco J, Kayiwa J, Lutalo T, Lutwama J, Ssekagiri A, Ssewanyana I, Nabadda S, Kyobe-Bbosa H, Giandhari J, Pillay S, Ramphal U, Ramphal Y, Naidoo Y, Tshiabuila D, Tegally H, San EJ, Wilkinson E, de Oliveira T, Kaleebu P. Rapid Replacement of SARS-CoV-2 Variants by Delta and Subsequent Arrival of Omicron, Uganda, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1021-1025. [PMID: 35320700 PMCID: PMC9045417 DOI: 10.3201/eid2805.220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic surveillance in Uganda showed rapid replacement of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 over time by variants, dominated by Delta. However, detection of the more transmissible Omicron variant among travelers and increasing community transmission highlight the need for near-real-time genomic surveillance and adherence to infection control measures to prevent future pandemic waves.
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10
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Lutalo T, Nalumansi A, Olara D, Kayiwa J, Ogwang B, Odwilo E, Watera C, Balinandi S, Kiconco J, Nakaseegu J, Serwanga J, Kikaire B, Ssemwanga D, Abiko B, Nsereko C, Cotten M, Buule J, Lutwama J, Downing R, Kaleebu P. Evaluation of the performance of 25 SARS-CoV-2 serological rapid diagnostic tests using a reference panel of plasma specimens at the Uganda Virus Research Institute. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:281-287. [PMID: 34536612 PMCID: PMC8442260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serological testing is needed to better understand the epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed to detect specific antibodies, IgM and IgG, to the virus. The performance of 25 of these RDTs was evaluated. METHODS A serological reference panel of 50 positive and 100 negative plasma specimens was developed from SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody positive patients and pre-pandemic SARS-CoV-2-negative specimens collected in 2016. Test performance of the 25 RDTs was evaluated against this panel. RESULTS A total of 10 RDTs had a sensitivity ≥98%, while 13 RDTs had a specificity ≥98% to anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Four RDTs (Boson, MultiG, Standard Q, and VivaDiag) had both sensitivity and specificity ≥98% to anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Only three RDTs had a sensitivity ≥98%, while 10 RDTs had a specificity ≥98% to anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies. Three RDTs (Autobio, MultiG, and Standard Q) had sensitivity and specificity ≥98% to combined IgG/IgM. The RDTs that performed well also had perfect or almost perfect inter-reader agreement. CONCLUSIONS This evaluation identified three RDTs with a sensitivity and specificity to IgM/IgG antibodies of ≥98% with the potential for widespread antibody testing in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lutalo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Aminah Nalumansi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Denis Olara
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Bernard Ogwang
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Odwilo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christine Watera
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jocelyn Kiconco
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joweria Nakaseegu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, PO Box 49, Plot 1-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Bernard Kikaire
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Deogratius Ssemwanga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, PO Box 49, Plot 1-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Brendah Abiko
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christopher Nsereko
- Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, PO Box 29, Kampala Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, PO Box 49, Plot 1-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joshua Buule
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert Downing
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, PO Box 49, Plot 1-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda.
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11
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Balinandi S, Whitmer S, Mulei S, Nyakarahuka L, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Baluku J, Mutyaba J, Mugisha L, Malmberg M, Lutwama J, Shoemaker T, Klena J. Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Humans in Uganda, 2013-2019. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 106:88-98. [PMID: 34662872 PMCID: PMC8733546 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is endemic in Uganda, yet its epidemiology remains largely uncharacterized. To better understand its occurrence within Uganda, case reports of patients hospitalized with CCHF between 2013 and 2019 were reviewed. Further, genome sequences of CCHF-positive RNA obtained during this period were determined for phylogenetic comparisons. We found that a total of 32 cases (75% males; CFR, 31.2%), aged between 9 to 68 years, were reported during the study period. Most cases were detected during July to December of each outbreak year (81.2%; P < 0.01) and were located along the "cattle corridor" (68.7%, P = 0.03). The most common presenting symptoms were fever (93.8%), hemorrhage (81.3%), headache (78.1%), fatigue (68.8%), vomiting (68.8%), and myalgia (65.6%). In five patients for whom hematological data were available, varied abnormalities were observed including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, lymphopenia, lymphocytosis, polycythemia, and microcytosis. About 56.3% (P = 0.47) of patients reported tick bites or exposure to livestock as their potential source of infection. Person-to-person transmission was suspected for two cases. Using unbiased metagenomics, we found that the viral S- and L- segments have remained conserved in Africa 2 clade since the 1950s. In contrast, the M segment split into two geographically interspersed clades; one that belongs to Africa 2 and another that is ancestral to Africa 1 and 2. Overall, this data summarizes information on the history and clinical presentation of human CCHF in Uganda. Importantly, it identifies vulnerable populations as well as temporal and geographic regions in Uganda where surveillance and control interventions could be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Baluku
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Mutyaba
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,EcoHealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Kisaakye E, Ario AR, Bainomugisha K, Cossaboom CM, Lowe D, Bulage L, Kadobera D, Sekamatte M, Lubwama B, Tumusiime D, Tusiime P, Downing R, Buule J, Lutwama J, Salzer JS, Matkovic E, Ritter J, Gary J, Zhu BP. Outbreak of Anthrax Associated with Handling and Eating Meat from a Cow, Uganda, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2799-2806. [PMID: 33219644 PMCID: PMC7706970 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.191373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On April 20, 2018, the Kween District Health Office in Kween District, Uganda reported 7 suspected cases of human anthrax. A team from the Uganda Ministry of Health and partners investigated and identified 49 cases, 3 confirmed and 46 suspected; no deaths were reported. Multiple exposures from handling the carcass of a cow that had died suddenly were significantly associated with cutaneous anthrax, whereas eating meat from that cow was associated with gastrointestinal anthrax. Eating undercooked meat was significantly associated with gastrointestinal anthrax, but boiling the meat for >60 minutes was protective. We recommended providing postexposure antimicrobial prophylaxis for all exposed persons, vaccinating healthy livestock in the area, educating farmers to safely dispose of animal carcasses, and avoiding handling or eating meat from livestock that died of unknown causes.
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13
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Nalumansi A, Lutalo T, Kayiwa J, Watera C, Balinandi S, Kiconco J, Nakaseegu J, Olara D, Odwilo E, Serwanga J, Kikaire B, Ssemwanga D, Nabadda S, Ssewanyana I, Atwine D, Mwebesa H, Bosa HK, Nsereko C, Cotten M, Downing R, Lutwama J, Kaleebu P. Field evaluation of the performance of a SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test in Uganda using nasopharyngeal samples. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:282-286. [PMID: 33130198 PMCID: PMC7836828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a high demand for SARS-CoV-2 testing to identify COVID-19 cases. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is the recommended diagnostic test but a number of constraints prevent its widespread implementation, including cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate a low cost and easy to use rapid antigen test for diagnosing COVID-19 at the point of care. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs from suspected COVID-19 cases and low-risk volunteers were tested with the STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test and the results were compared with the qRT-PCR results. RESULTS In total, 262 samples were collected, including 90 qRT-PCR positives. The majority of samples were from males (89%) with a mean age of 34 years and only 13 (14%) of the positives were mildly symptomatic. The sensitivity and specificity of the antigen test were 70.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 60-79) and 92% (95% CI: 87-96), respectively, and the diagnostic accuracy was 84% (95% CI: 79-88). The antigen test was more likely to be positive for samples with qRT-PCR Ct values ≤29, with a sensitivity of 92%. CONCLUSIONS The STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test performed less than optimally in this evaluation. However, the test may still have an important role to play early in infection when timely access to molecular testing is not available but the results should be confirmed by qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Nalumansi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Tom Lutalo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christine Watera
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jocelyn Kiconco
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joweria Nakaseegu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Denis Olara
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Odwilo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Bernard Kikaire
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Deogratius Ssemwanga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Nabadda
- Central Public Health Laboratories, P.O. Box 7272, Plot 1062-106, Old Butabika Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Central Public Health Laboratories, P.O. Box 7272, Plot 1062-106, Old Butabika Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Diane Atwine
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Plot 6, Lourdel Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Mwebesa
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Plot 6, Lourdel Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kyobe Bosa
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, P.O. Box 7272, Lourdel Towers, Plot 1 Lourdel Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher Nsereko
- Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 29, Kampala Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert Downing
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, P.O. Box 49, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda.
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14
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Balinandi S, von Brömssen C, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Kwon H, Monteil VM, Mirazimi A, Lutwama J, Mugisha L, Malmberg M. Serological and molecular study of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in cattle from selected districts in Uganda. J Virol Methods 2021; 290:114075. [PMID: 33515661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral hemorrhagic disease caused by Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) that poses serious public health challenges in many parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. METHODS We examined 500 cattle sera samples from five districts for CCHFV antibodies using in-house and commercially available (IDVet) ELISA, Immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS 500 cattle (73.8 % females) were analyzed; CCHFV seropositivity was 12.6 % (n = 63) and 75.0 % (n = 375) with the in-house and IDVet ELISAs, respectively. Seropositivity was associated with geographical location, increasing age, being female, and having a higher tick burden. Twenty four out of the 37 (64.8 %) were seropositive for CCHFV using IFA and all were negative for virus on RT-PCR. The IFA results were more comparable to IDVet (κcoefficient = 0.88, p = <0.01) than to in-house (κcoefficient = 0.32, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the presence and high prevalence of anti-CCHF antibodies in cattle based on three methods from all the five study districts, confirming presence and exposure of CCHFV. Given the zoonotic potential for CCHFV, we recommend a multidisciplinary public health surveillance and epidemiology of CCHFV in both animals and humans throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Balinandi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Claudia von Brömssen
- Division of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Department of Engergy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Hyesoo Kwon
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden.
| | - Vanessa M Monteil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital University, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital University, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden; Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, 171 82, Sweden.
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Box 34153, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden; SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
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15
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van Den Brekel N, Edridge A, Kayiwa J, Boele van Hensbroek M, Lutwama J, van der Hoek L, Idro R. Exploring the burden of Ntwetwe virus–A novel orthobunyavirus associated with CNS infections–in Ugandan children. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Igboh LS, McMorrow M, Tempia S, Emukule GO, Talla Nzussouo N, McCarron M, Williams T, Weatherspoon V, Moen A, Fawzi D, Njouom R, Nakoune E, Dauoda C, Kavunga-Membo H, Okeyo M, Heraud JM, Mambule IK, Sow SO, Tivane A, Lagare A, Adebayo A, Dia N, Mmbaga V, Maman I, Lutwama J, Simusika P, Walaza S, Mangtani P, Nguipdop-Djomo P, Cohen C, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Influenza surveillance capacity improvements in Africa during 2011-2017. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:495-505. [PMID: 33150650 PMCID: PMC8189239 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza surveillance helps time prevention and control interventions especially where complex seasonal patterns exist. We assessed influenza surveillance sustainability in Africa where influenza activity varies and external funds for surveillance have decreased. Methods We surveyed African Network for Influenza Surveillance and Epidemiology (ANISE) countries about 2011‐2017 surveillance system characteristics. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics and analyzed with univariate and multivariable analyses to quantify sustained or expanded influenza surveillance capacity in Africa. Results Eighteen (75%) of 24 ANISE members participated in the survey; their cumulative population of 710 751 471 represent 56% of Africa's total population. All 18 countries scored a mean 95% on WHO laboratory quality assurance panels. The number of samples collected from severe acute respiratory infection case‐patients remained consistent between 2011 and 2017 (13 823 vs 13 674 respectively) but decreased by 12% for influenza‐like illness case‐patients (16 210 vs 14 477). Nine (50%) gained capacity to lineage‐type influenza B. The number of countries reporting each week to WHO FluNet increased from 15 (83%) in 2011 to 17 (94%) in 2017. Conclusions Despite declines in external surveillance funding, ANISE countries gained additional laboratory testing capacity and continued influenza testing and reporting to WHO. These gains represent important achievements toward sustainable surveillance and epidemic/pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledor S Igboh
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MassGenics, Atlanta, GA, USA.,National Influenza Center, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Ndahwouh Talla Nzussouo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,MassGenics, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accra, Ghana
| | - Margaret McCarron
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thelma Williams
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vashonia Weatherspoon
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Coulibaly Dauoda
- National Institute Public Hygiene/Ministry of Health, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Hugo Kavunga-Membo
- Institut National de Recherche Bio-medicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mary Okeyo
- National Public Health Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- Virology Unit, National Influenza Centre, Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Samba Ousmane Sow
- Central National Influenza Laboratory/Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Center de Recherche Medicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Vida Mmbaga
- National Reference Laboratory, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Issaka Maman
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Lome, Togo
| | | | - Paul Simusika
- National Influenza Center, University of Zambia Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Influenza Center, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Punam Mangtani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Cheryl Cohen
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Influenza Center, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Bugembe DL, Kayiwa J, Phan MVT, Tushabe P, Balinandi S, Dhaala B, Lexow J, Mwebesa H, Aceng J, Kyobe H, Ssemwanga D, Lutwama J, Kaleebu P, Cotten M. Main Routes of Entry and Genomic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2411-2415. [PMID: 32614767 PMCID: PMC7510740 DOI: 10.3201/eid2610.202575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We established rapid local viral sequencing to document the genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entering Uganda. Virus lineages closely followed the travel origins of infected persons. Our sequence data provide an important baseline for tracking any further transmission of the virus throughout the country and region.
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18
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Steele L, Orefuwa E, Bino S, Singer SR, Lutwama J, Dickmann P. Earlier Outbreak Detection-A Generic Model and Novel Methodology to Guide Earlier Detection Supported by Data From Low- and Mid-Income Countries. Front Public Health 2020; 8:452. [PMID: 33014967 PMCID: PMC7516212 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks can have significant impact on individual health, national economies, and social well-being. Through early detection of an infectious disease, the outbreak can be contained at the local level, thereby reducing adverse effects on populations. Significant time and funding have been invested to improve disease detection timeliness. However, current evaluation methods do not provide evidence-based suggestions or measurements on how to detect outbreaks earlier. Key conditions for earlier detection and their influencing factors remain unclear and unmeasured. Without clarity about conditions and influencing factors, attempts to improve disease detection remain ad hoc and unsystematic. Methods: We developed a generic five-step disease detection model and a novel methodology to use for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Data was collected in two workshops in Southeast Europe (n = 33 participants) and Southern and East Africa (n = 19 participants), representing mid- and low-income countries. Through systematic, qualitative, and quantitative data analyses, we identified key conditions for earlier detection and prioritized factors that influence them. As participants joined a workshop format and not an experimental setting, no ethics approval was required. Findings: Our analyses suggest that governance is the most important condition for earlier detection in both regions. Facilitating factors for earlier detection are risk communication activities such as information sharing, communication, and collaboration activities. Impeding factors are lack of communication, coordination, and leadership. Interpretation: Governance and risk communication are key influencers for earlier detection in both regions. However, inadequate technical capacity, commonly assumed to be a leading factor impeding early outbreak detection, was not found a leading factor. This insight may be used to pinpoint further improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Steele
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, United States.,Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS), Lyon, France
| | - Emma Orefuwa
- Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS), Lyon, France
| | - Silvia Bino
- Institute of Public Health, Southern European Center for Surveillance and Control of Infectious Diseases (SECID), Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Julius Lutwama
- East African Integrated Disease Surveillance Network (EAIDSNet), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Petra Dickmann
- Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS), Lyon, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Dickmann Risk Communication Drc
- , London, United Kingdom
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19
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Nyakarahuka L, Schafer IJ, Balinandi S, Mulei S, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Knust B, Lutwama J, Rollin P, Nichol S, Shoemaker T. A retrospective cohort investigation of seroprevalence of Marburg virus and ebolaviruses in two different ecological zones in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:461. [PMID: 32611400 PMCID: PMC7329513 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uganda has experienced seven Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks and four Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) outbreaks between 2000 and 2019. We investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors for Marburg virus and ebolaviruses in gold mining communities around Kitaka gold mine in Western Uganda and compared them to non-mining communities in Central Uganda. METHODS A questionnaire was administered and human blood samples were collected from three exposure groups in Western Uganda (gold miners, household members of miners, non-miners living within 50 km of Kitaka mine). The unexposed controls group sampled was community members in Central Uganda far away from any gold mining activity which we considered as low-risk for filovirus infection. ELISA serology was used to analyse samples, detecting IgG antibodies against Marburg virus and ebolaviruses (filoviruses). Data were analysed in STATA software using risk ratios and odds ratios. RESULTS Miners in western Uganda were 5.4 times more likely to be filovirus seropositive compared to the control group in central Uganda (RR = 5.4; 95% CI 1.5-19.7) whereas people living in high-risk areas in Ibanda and Kamwenge districts were 3.6 more likely to be seropositive compared to control group in Luweeero district (RR = 3.6; 95% CI 1.1-12.2). Among all participants, filovirus seropositivity was 2.6% (19/724) of which 2.3% (17/724) were reactive to Sudan virus only and 0.1% (1/724) to Marburg virus. One individual seropositive for Sudan virus also had IgG antibodies reactive to Bundibugyo virus. The risk factors for filovirus seropositivity identified included mining (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.3-8.5), male sex (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.01-9.5), going inside mines (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.2-8.2), cleaning corpses (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.04-9.1) and contact with suspect filovirus cases (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.04-14.5). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that filovirus outbreaks may go undetected in Uganda and people involved in artisan gold mining are more likely to be exposed to infection with either Marburg virus or ebolaviruses, likely due to increased risk of exposure to bats. This calls for active surveillance in known high-risk areas for early detection and response to prevent filovirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Stephen Balinandi
- Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Barbara Knust
- Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute , Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pierre Rollin
- Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stuart Nichol
- Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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20
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Aceng JR, Ario AR, Muruta AN, Makumbi I, Nanyunja M, Komakech I, Bakainaga AN, Talisuna AO, Mwesigye C, Mpairwe AM, Tusiime JB, Lali WZ, Katushabe E, Ocom F, Kaggwa M, Bongomin B, Kasule H, Mwoga JN, Sensasi B, Mwebembezi E, Katureebe C, Sentumbwe O, Nalwadda R, Mbaka P, Fatunmbi BS, Nakiire L, Lamorde M, Walwema R, Kambugu A, Nanyondo J, Okware S, Ahabwe PB, Nabukenya I, Kayiwa J, Wetaka MM, Kyazze S, Kwesiga B, Kadobera D, Bulage L, Nanziri C, Monje F, Aliddeki DM, Ntono V, Gonahasa D, Nabatanzi S, Nsereko G, Nakinsige A, Mabumba E, Lubwama B, Sekamatte M, Kibuule M, Muwanguzi D, Amone J, Upenytho GD, Driwale A, Seru M, Sebisubi F, Akello H, Kabanda R, Mutengeki DK, Bakyaita T, Serwanjja VN, Okwi R, Okiria J, Ainebyoona E, Opar BT, Mimbe D, Kyabaggu D, Ayebazibwe C, Sentumbwe J, Mwanja M, Ndumu DB, Bwogi J, Balinandi S, Nyakarahuka L, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Lutwama J, Kaleebu P, Kagirita A, Nabadda S, Oumo P, Lukwago R, Kasozi J, Masylukov O, Kyobe HB, Berdaga V, Lwanga M, Opio JC, Matseketse D, Eyul J, Oteba MO, Bukirwa H, Bulya N, Masiira B, Kihembo C, Ohuabunwo C, Antara SN, Owembabazi W, Okot PB, Okwera J, Amoros I, Kajja V, Mukunda BS, Sorela I, Adams G, Shoemaker T, Klena JD, Taboy CH, Ward SE, Merrill RD, Carter RJ, Harris JR, Banage F, Nsibambi T, Ojwang J, Kasule JN, Stowell DF, Brown VR, Zhu BP, Homsy J, Nelson LJ, Tusiime PK, Olaro C, Mwebesa HG, Woldemariam YT. Uganda's experience in Ebola virus disease outbreak preparedness, 2018-2019. Global Health 2020; 16:24. [PMID: 32192540 PMCID: PMC7081536 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the declaration of the 10th Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in DRC on 1st Aug 2018, several neighboring countries have been developing and implementing preparedness efforts to prevent EVD cross-border transmission to enable timely detection, investigation, and response in the event of a confirmed EVD outbreak in the country. We describe Uganda's experience in EVD preparedness. RESULTS On 4 August 2018, the Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) activated the Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC) and the National Task Force (NTF) for public health emergencies to plan, guide, and coordinate EVD preparedness in the country. The NTF selected an Incident Management Team (IMT), constituting a National Rapid Response Team (NRRT) that supported activation of the District Task Forces (DTFs) and District Rapid Response Teams (DRRTs) that jointly assessed levels of preparedness in 30 designated high-risk districts representing category 1 (20 districts) and category 2 (10 districts). The MoH, with technical guidance from the World Health Organisation (WHO), led EVD preparedness activities and worked together with other ministries and partner organisations to enhance community-based surveillance systems, develop and disseminate risk communication messages, engage communities, reinforce EVD screening and infection prevention measures at Points of Entry (PoEs) and in high-risk health facilities, construct and equip EVD isolation and treatment units, and establish coordination and procurement mechanisms. CONCLUSION As of 31 May 2019, there was no confirmed case of EVD as Uganda has continued to make significant and verifiable progress in EVD preparedness. There is a need to sustain these efforts, not only in EVD preparedness but also across the entire spectrum of a multi-hazard framework. These efforts strengthen country capacity and compel the country to avail resources for preparedness and management of incidents at the source while effectively cutting costs of using a "fire-fighting" approach during public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex R Ario
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Issa Makumbi
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William Z Lali
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Felix Ocom
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mugagga Kaggwa
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bodo Bongomin
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hafisa Kasule
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph N Mwoga
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Rita Nalwadda
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Mbaka
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Solome Okware
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Disease Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Immaculate Nabukenya
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Disease Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Kayiwa
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Milton M Wetaka
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kyazze
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benon Kwesiga
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kadobera
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lilian Bulage
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Carol Nanziri
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Monje
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dativa M Aliddeki
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Vivian Ntono
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Doreen Gonahasa
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sandra Nabatanzi
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Nsereko
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harriet Akello
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Management Sciences for Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Derrick Mimbe
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Kyabaggu
- East African Public Health Laboratory Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Juliet Sentumbwe
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Moses Mwanja
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Deo B Ndumu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sophia Mulei
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Atek Kagirita
- Uganda National Health Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Susan Nabadda
- Uganda National Health Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Oumo
- Ministry of Internal Affairs, Uganda Police Force, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robinah Lukwago
- Department for International Development, UKAID, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Kasozi
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Joe C Opio
- United Nations Children's Fund, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - James Eyul
- Civil Aviation Authority, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Nulu Bulya
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ben Masiira
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victoria Kajja
- Intenational Organisation for Migration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Isabel Sorela
- Intenational Organisation for Migration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gregory Adams
- United States Agency for International Development, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D Klena
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celine H Taboy
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah E Ward
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Global Border Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca D Merrill
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Global Border Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rosalind J Carter
- Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie R Harris
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Flora Banage
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Thomas Nsibambi
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Juliet N Kasule
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dan F Stowell
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Vance R Brown
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bao-Ping Zhu
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jaco Homsy
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lisa J Nelson
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
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21
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Rugarabamu S, Mboera L, Rweyemamu M, Mwanyika G, Lutwama J, Paweska J, Misinzo G. Forty-two years of responding to Ebola virus outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e001955. [PMID: 32201623 PMCID: PMC7061886 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and non-human primates. Thirty-four outbreaks have been reported in Africa since it was first recognised in 1976. This review analysed 42 years of EVD outbreaks and identified various challenges and opportunities for its control and prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods A literature search of relevant articles on EVD was done in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar electronic databases. Articles published from 1976 to 2019 were reviewed to document reports of EVD outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data extraction focused on the year of outbreak, geographical spread, virus strain involved, number of cases and deaths, case fatality, and outbreak management. Analyses of trends in case fatality were performed by calculating ORs between times. Results In the past four decades, a total of 34 EVD outbreaks affecting 34 356 cases and causing 14 823 deaths were reported in 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The overall case fatality rate (95% CI) was 66% (62 to 71) and did not change substantially over time (OR in 2019 vs 1976=1.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 1.8), p<0.001). The results of this review indicate that challenges to control EVD outbreaks are related to epidemiological, sociocultural and health system factors. Conclusions Sub-Saharan Africa continues to face considerable challenges in EVD control, whereby there are no significant changes in case fatality rates observed during the past four decades. Socioeconomic and cultural processes need to be critically considered to shape the community behaviours that lead to exposure to EVD outbreaks. Areas that need to be addressed to prevent future EVD outbreaks include a broad-based, one-health approach, effective communication, social mobilisation, and strengthening of the health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rugarabamu
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health – Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Human and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Leonard Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health – Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Human and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health – Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Human and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Tanzania
| | - Gaspary Mwanyika
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health – Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Human and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Tanzania
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Janusz Paweska
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, National Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health – Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Human and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Tanzania
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22
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Shoemaker TR, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, Mulei S, Kyondo J, Lubwama B, Sekamatte M, Namutebi A, Tusiime P, Monje F, Mayanja M, Ssendagire S, Dahlke M, Kyazze S, Wetaka M, Makumbi I, Borchert J, Zufan S, Patel K, Whitmer S, Brown S, Davis WG, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, Lutwama J. First Laboratory-Confirmed Outbreak of Human and Animal Rift Valley Fever Virus in Uganda in 48 Years. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:659-671. [PMID: 30675833 PMCID: PMC6402942 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2016, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was identified in Kabale district, southwestern Uganda. A comprehensive outbreak investigation was initiated, including human, livestock, and mosquito vector investigations. Overall, four cases of acute, nonfatal human disease were identified, three by RVF virus (RVFV) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and one by IgM and IgG serology. Investigations of cattle, sheep, and goat samples from homes and villages of confirmed and probable RVF cases and the Kabale central abattoir found that eight of 83 (10%) animals were positive for RVFV by IgG serology; one goat from the home of a confirmed case tested positive by RT-PCR. Whole genome sequencing from three clinical specimens was performed and phylogenetic analysis inferred the relatedness of 2016 RVFV with the 2006–2007 Kenya-2 clade, suggesting previous introduction of RVFV into southwestern Uganda. An entomological survey identified three of 298 pools (1%) of Aedes and Coquillettidia species that were RVFV positive by RT-PCR. This was the first identification of RVFV in Uganda in 48 years and the 10th independent viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak to be confirmed in Uganda since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Fred Monje
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Mayanja
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Melissa Dahlke
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kyazze
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Milton Wetaka
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Issa Makumbi
- Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeff Borchert
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sara Zufan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shelley Brown
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William G Davis
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pierre E Rollin
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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23
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Kuhn JH, Adachi T, Adhikari NKJ, Arribas JR, Bah IE, Bausch DG, Bhadelia N, Borchert M, Brantsæter AB, Brett-Major DM, Burgess TH, Chertow DS, Chute CG, Cieslak TJ, Colebunders R, Crozier I, Davey RT, de Clerck H, Delgado R, Evans L, Fallah M, Fischer WA, Fletcher TE, Fowler RA, Grünewald T, Hall A, Hewlett A, Hoepelman AIM, Houlihan CF, Ippolito G, Jacob ST, Jacobs M, Jakob R, Jacquerioz FA, Kaiser L, Kalil AC, Kamara RF, Kapetshi J, Klenk HD, Kobinger G, Kortepeter MG, Kraft CS, Kratz T, Bosa HSK, Lado M, Lamontagne F, Lane HC, Lobel L, Lutwama J, Lyon GM, Massaquoi MBF, Massaquoi TA, Mehta AK, Makuma VM, Murthy S, Musoke TS, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Nakyeyune P, Nanclares C, Nanyunja M, Nsio-Mbeta J, O'Dempsey T, Pawęska JT, Peters CJ, Piot P, Rapp C, Renaud B, Ribner B, Sabeti PC, Schieffelin JS, Slenczka W, Soka MJ, Sprecher A, Strong J, Swanepoel R, Uyeki TM, van Herp M, Vetter P, Wohl DA, Wolf T, Wolz A, Wurie AH, Yoti Z. New filovirus disease classification and nomenclature. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 17:261-263. [PMID: 30926957 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Takuya Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toshima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Neill K J Adhikari
- Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose R Arribas
- Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Unit Madrid, Hospital La Paz-Carlos III IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Borchert
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Broch Brantsæter
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Norwegian National Unit for CBRNE Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David M Brett-Major
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Emerging Pathogens Section, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher G Chute
- Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theodore J Cieslak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Richard T Davey
- Clinical Research Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rafael Delgado
- Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Evans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - William A Fischer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tom E Fletcher
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool Institute of Translational Medicine and National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Fowler
- Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andy Hall
- King's Sierra Leone Partnership, King's Centre for Global Health, King's College London & King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | | | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (National Institute for Infectious diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Shevin T Jacob
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Frederique A Jacquerioz
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andre C Kalil
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Jimmy Kapetshi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg an der Lahn, Hesse, Germany
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark G Kortepeter
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kratz
- Federal Information Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry S Kyobe Bosa
- College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Marta Lado
- Partners in Health (PIH), Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - H Cliff Lane
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Emerging Diseases, Tropical Diseases and AIDS, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Arbovirology Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Moses B F Massaquoi
- Sub-Regional Consortium on Ebola Vaccine and Therapeutic Trials, Clinton Health Access Initiative - Liberia, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Srinivas Murthy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kinshasa Medical School, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Phiona Nakyeyune
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miriam Nanyunja
- Department of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Kampala, Kampala District, Uganda
| | - Justus Nsio-Mbeta
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Tim O'Dempsey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, 2131, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Peter Piot
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Rapp
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, Saint-Mande, France
| | - Bertrand Renaud
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bruce Ribner
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Werner Slenczka
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg an der Lahn, Hesse, Germany
| | - Moses J Soka
- Partnership for Ebola Virus Disease Research in Liberia, Monrovia Medical Units ELWA-2 Hospital, Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - James Strong
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Special Pathogens Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Pauline Vetter
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A Wohl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timo Wolf
- University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Wolz
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alie H Wurie
- Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Zabulon Yoti
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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24
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Lamorde M, Mpimbaza A, Walwema R, Kamya M, Kapisi J, Kajumbula H, Sserwanga A, Namuganga JF, Kusemererwa A, Tasimwa H, Makumbi I, Kayiwa J, Lutwama J, Behumbiize P, Tagoola A, Nanteza JF, Aniku G, Workneh M, Manabe Y, Borchert JN, Brown V, Appiah GD, Mintz ED, Homsy J, Odongo GS, Ransom RL, Freeman MM, Stoddard RA, Galloway R, Mikoleit M, Kato C, Rosenberg R, Mossel EC, Mead PS, Kugeler KJ. A Cross-Cutting Approach to Surveillance and Laboratory Capacity as a Platform to Improve Health Security in Uganda. Health Secur 2019; 16:S76-S86. [PMID: 30480504 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global health security depends on effective surveillance for infectious diseases. In Uganda, resources are inadequate to support collection and reporting of data necessary for an effective and responsive surveillance system. We used a cross-cutting approach to improve surveillance and laboratory capacity in Uganda by leveraging an existing pediatric inpatient malaria sentinel surveillance system to collect data on expanded causes of illness, facilitate development of real-time surveillance, and provide data on antimicrobial resistance. Capacity for blood culture collection was established, along with options for serologic testing for select zoonotic conditions, including arboviral infection, brucellosis, and leptospirosis. Detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data for all admissions were captured through a web-based system accessible at participating hospitals, laboratories, and the Uganda Public Health Emergency Operations Center. Between July 2016 and December 2017, the expanded system was activated in pediatric wards of 6 regional government hospitals. During that time, patient data were collected from 30,500 pediatric admissions, half of whom were febrile but lacked evidence of malaria. More than 5,000 blood cultures were performed; 4% yielded bacterial pathogens, and another 4% yielded likely contaminants. Several WHO antimicrobial resistance priority pathogens were identified, some with multidrug-resistant phenotypes, including Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. Leptospirosis and arboviral infections (alphaviruses and flaviviruses) were documented. The lessons learned and early results from the development of this multisectoral surveillance system provide the knowledge, infrastructure, and workforce capacity to serve as a foundation to enhance the capacity to detect, report, and rapidly respond to wide-ranging public health concerns in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Lamorde
- Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, FRCP, is Head of the Department of Prevention, Care and Treatment, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda. Co-senior author
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- Arthur Mpimbaza, MBChB, MMed, MSc, is Project Coordinator, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, and Lecturer, Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala. Co-senior author
| | - Richard Walwema
- Richard Walwema, MBA, is with the Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala
| | - Moses Kamya
- Moses Kamya, MBChB, MMed, MPH, PhD, is Professor and Chair, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala. Dr. Kamya is also with the Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala
| | - James Kapisi
- James Kapisi, MBChB, MMed, MSc Epid, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Henry Kajumbula, MBChB, MMed, Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala
| | - Asadu Sserwanga
- Asadu Sserwanga, MBChB, MPH, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala
| | | | - Abel Kusemererwa
- Abel Kusemererwa, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala
| | - Hannington Tasimwa
- Hannington Tasimwa, Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala
| | - Issa Makumbi
- Issa Makumbi, MBChB, is with the Uganda Ministry of Health Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Kampala
| | - John Kayiwa
- John Kayiwa, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Wakiso, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Julius Lutwama, PhD, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Wakiso, Uganda
| | - Prosper Behumbiize
- Prosper Behumbiize is with the Health Information Systems Program, Kampala
| | - Abner Tagoola
- Abner Tagoola, MBChB, MMed, MSc, is with the Jinja Regional Referral Hospital Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Jane Frances Nanteza
- Jane Frances Nanteza, MBChB, MMed, is with the Mubende Regional Referral Hospital, Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Mubende, Uganda
| | - Gilbert Aniku
- Gilbert Aniku, MBChB, MMed, is with Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Arua, Uganda
| | - Meklit Workneh
- Meklit Workneh, MD, MPH, is a Medical Microbiology Fellow, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yukari Manabe
- Yukari Manabe, MD, is Associate Director of Global Health Research and Innovation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeff N Borchert
- Jeff N. Borchert, MS, is a Public Health Analyst, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Vance Brown
- Vance Brown, MA, is Deputy Program Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace D Appiah
- Grace D. Appiah, MD, MS, is a Medical Epidemiologist, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric D Mintz
- Eric D. Mintz, MD, MPH, is a Medical Epidemiologist, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jaco Homsy
- Jaco Homsy, MD, MPH, is Program Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Kampala, Uganda
| | - George S Odongo
- George S. Odongo, MPH, is a Public Health Informatics Fellow, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raymond L Ransom
- Raymond L. Ransom is Associate Director for Informatics, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Molly M Freeman
- Molly M. Freeman, PhD, is a Microbiologist, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robyn A Stoddard
- Robyn A. Stoddard, DVM, PhD, Microbiologists, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Renee Galloway
- Renee Galloway, MLS, MPH, Microbiologists, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew Mikoleit
- Matthew Mikoleit, MS, is a Microbiologist, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cecilia Kato
- Cecilia Kato, PhD, is a Biologist, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ronald Rosenberg
- Ronald Rosenberg, ScD, is Associate Director for Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Eric C Mossel
- Eric C. Mossel, PhD, is a Microbiologist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul S Mead
- Paul S. Mead, MD, MPH, is a Medical Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kiersten J Kugeler
- Kiersten Kugeler, PhD, MPH, is an Epidemiologist, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
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25
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Ndumu D, Zecchin B, Fusaro A, Arinaitwe E, Erechu R, Kidega E, Kayiwa J, Muwanga E, Kirumira M, Kirembe G, Lutwama J, Monne I. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4B virus in Uganda, 2017. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 66:269-271. [PMID: 30342095 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In early January 2017, outbreaks of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) were reported for the first time in wild and domestic birds along the shores and on some islands of Lake Victoria, in central-southern Uganda. Our whole-genome phylogenetic analyses revealed that the H5N8 viruses recovered from the outbreak in Uganda belonged to genetic clade 2.3.4.4 group-B and clustered with viruses collected in 2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in West Africa. Our results suggested that infected migratory wild birds might have played a crucial role in the introduction of HPAI H5N8 into this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo Ndumu
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Richard Erechu
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Kidega
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Edward Muwanga
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mukasa Kirumira
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gerald Kirembe
- Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
In April 2016, a yellow fever outbreak was detected in Uganda. Removal of contaminating ribosomal RNA in a clinical sample improved the sensitivity of next-generation sequencing. Molecular analyses determined the Uganda yellow fever outbreak was distinct from the concurrent yellow fever outbreak in Angola, improving our understanding of yellow fever epidemiology.
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Kotsakiozi P, Evans BR, Gloria‐Soria A, Kamgang B, Mayanja M, Lutwama J, Le Goff G, Ayala D, Paupy C, Badolo A, Pinto J, Sousa CA, Troco AD, Powell JR. Population structure of a vector of human diseases: Aedes aegypti in its ancestral range, Africa. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7835-7848. [PMID: 30250667 PMCID: PMC6145026 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, remains of great medical and public health concern. There is little doubt that the ancestral home of the species is Africa. This mosquito invaded the New World 400-500 years ago and later, Asia. However, little is known about the genetic structure and history of Ae. aegypti across Africa, as well as the possible origin(s) of the New World invasion. Here, we use ~17,000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to characterize a heretofore undocumented complex picture of this mosquito across its ancestral range in Africa. We find signatures of human-assisted migrations, connectivity across long distances in sylvan populations, and of local admixture between domestic and sylvan populations. Finally, through a phylogenetic analysis combined with the genetic structure analyses, we suggest West Africa and especially Angola as the source of the New World's invasion, a scenario that fits well with the historic record of 16th-century slave trade between Africa and Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Gloria‐Soria
- Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Present address:
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious DiseasesP.O. Box 13591YaoundéCameroon
| | | | | | - Gilbert Le Goff
- MIVEGEC Laboratory (UMR IRD 224‐5290 CNRS‐UM)Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD)MontpellierFrance
- IRD La Réunion‐GIP CYROILa RéunionFrance
| | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC Laboratory (UMR IRD 224‐5290 CNRS‐UM)Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD)MontpellierFrance
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- MIVEGEC Laboratory (UMR IRD 224‐5290 CNRS‐UM)Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et AppliquéeUniversité Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI‐ZERBO03 BP 7021Ouagadougou 03Burkina Faso
| | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTMInstituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMTUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, UNLLisbonPortugal
| | - Carla A. Sousa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTMInstituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMTUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, UNLLisbonPortugal
| | - Arlete D. Troco
- Programa Nacional de Controle da MaláriaDirecção Nacional de Saúde PúblicaMinistério da SaúdeLuandaAngola
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Kizito S, Okello PE, Kwesiga B, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Mulei S, Kyondo J, Tumusiime A, Lutwama J, Ario AR, Ojwang J, Zhu BP. Notes from the Field: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak - Central Uganda, August-September 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:646-647. [PMID: 29879093 PMCID: PMC5991810 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Nyakarahuka L, de St. Maurice A, Purpura L, Ervin E, Balinandi S, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Tusiime P, Lutwama J, Klena JD, Brown S, Knust B, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Shoemaker TR. Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006412. [PMID: 29723189 PMCID: PMC5953497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) found in Africa and the Middle East. Outbreaks can cause extensive morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Following the diagnosis of two acute human RVF cases in Kabale district, Uganda, we conducted a serosurvey to estimate RVFV seroprevalence in humans and livestock and to identify associated risk factors. Methods Humans and animals at abattoirs and villages in Kabale district were sampled. Persons were interviewed about RVFV exposure risk factors. Human blood was tested for anti-RVFV IgM and IgG, and animal blood for anti-RVFV IgG. Principal findings 655 human and 1051 animal blood samples were collected. Anti-RVFV IgG was detected in 78 (12%) human samples; 3 human samples (0.5%) had detectable IgM only, and 7 (1%) had both IgM and IgG. Of the 10 IgM-positive persons, 2 samples were positive for RVFV by PCR, confirming recent infection. Odds of RVFV seropositivity were greater in participants who were butchers (odds ratio [OR] 5.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.7–15.1) and those who reported handling raw meat (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2–9.8). No persons under age 20 were RVFV seropositive. The overall animal seropositivity was 13%, with 27% of cattle, 7% of goats, and 4% of sheep seropositive. In a multivariate logistic regression, cattle species (OR 9.1; 95% CI 4.1–20.5), adult age (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.6–5.6), and female sex (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.0–4.3) were significantly associated with animal seropositivity. Individual human seropositivity was significantly associated with animal seropositivity by subcounty after adjusting for sex, age, and occupation (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although no RVF cases had been detected in Uganda from 1968 to March 2016, our study suggests that RVFV has been circulating undetected in both humans and animals living in and around Kabale district. RVFV seropositivity in humans was associated with occupation, suggesting that the primary mode of RVFV transmission to humans in Kabale district could be through contact with animal blood or body fluids. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are known to cause high morbidity and mortality and pose a serious threat to human and animal populations in endemic countries. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever was detected in Kabale district in March, 2016 and identified the first human cases in Uganda since 1968. There was a need to perform a rapid assessment of the burden of Rift valley fever in Kabale district, identify undetected acute cases, identify risk factors associated with human disease, identify areas at high-risk or future infections, and to determine if this was a newly emerging infection or an endemic disease. Our study found the seroprevalence to be as high as 28% in humans and 36% in animals within some subcounties of Kabale district. Human seropositivity correlated with animal seropositivity, suggesting that animal to human transmission may be the predominant mode of virus spread. Our findings also suggest that this virus may have been endemic for many years prior to these human cases being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Annabelle de St. Maurice
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lawrence Purpura
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Ervin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D. Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shelley Brown
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Knust
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pierre E. Rollin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trevor R. Shoemaker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail:
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Bennett KL, Kaddumukasa M, Shija F, Djouaka R, Misinzo G, Lutwama J, Linton YM, Walton C. Comparative phylogeography of Aedes mosquitoes and the role of past climatic change for evolution within Africa. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3019-3036. [PMID: 29531714 PMCID: PMC5838080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of demographic processes involved in species diversification and evolution ultimately provides explanations for the complex distribution of biodiversity on earth, indicates regions important for the maintenance and generation of biodiversity, and identifies biological units important for conservation or medical consequence. African and forest biota have both received relatively little attention with regard to understanding their diversification, although one possible mechanism is that this has been driven by historical climate change. To investigate this, we implemented a standard population genetics approach along with Approximate Bayesian Computation, using sequence data from two exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) nuclear loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I, to investigate the evolutionary history of five medically important and inherently forest dependent mosquito species of the genus Aedes. By testing different demographic hypotheses, we show that Aedes bromeliae and Aedes lilii fit the same model of lineage diversification, admixture, expansion, and recent population structure previously inferred for Aedes aegypti. In addition, analyses of population structure show that Aedes africanus has undergone lineage diversification and expansion while Aedes hansfordi has been impacted by population expansion within Uganda. This congruence in evolutionary history is likely to relate to historical climate-driven habitat change within Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene epoch. We find differences in the population structure of mosquitoes from Tanzania and Uganda compared to Benin and Uganda which could relate to differences in the historical connectivity of forests across the continent. Our findings emphasize the importance of recent climate change in the evolution of African forest biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Faculty of Life SciencesComputational Evolutionary Biology GroupUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re‐emerging InfectionsUganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
- WITS Institute for Malaria ResearchSchool of Pathology Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of WitwatersrandParktownJohannesburg
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Faculty of Life SciencesComputational Evolutionary Biology GroupUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and ParasitologySokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro‐Eco‐Health Platform for West and Central AfricaInternational Institute for Tropical AgricultureCotonouRepublic of Benin
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Agro‐Eco‐Health Platform for West and Central AfricaInternational Institute for Tropical AgricultureCotonouRepublic of Benin
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re‐emerging InfectionsUganda Virus Research InstituteEntebbeUganda
| | - Yvonne Marie Linton
- Department of EntomologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
- Walter Reed Biosystematics UnitSmithsonian Institution Museum Support CenterSuitlandMDUSA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMDUSA
- Uniformed Services University of Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Catherine Walton
- Faculty of Life SciencesComputational Evolutionary Biology GroupUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Nyakarahuka L, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, Balinandi S, Whitmer S, Kyazze S, Kasozi S, Wetaka M, Makumbi I, Dahlke M, Borchert J, Lutwama J, Ströher U, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Shoemaker TR. Isolated Case of Marburg Virus Disease, Kampala, Uganda, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1001-1004. [PMID: 28518032 PMCID: PMC5443453 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2014, a single fatal case of Marburg virus was identified in a healthcare worker in Kampala, Uganda. The source of infection was not identified, and no secondary cases were identified. We describe the rapid identification, laboratory diagnosis, and case investigation of the third Marburg virus outbreak in Uganda.
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Balinandi S, Patel K, Ojwang J, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Tumusiime A, Lubwama B, Nyakarahuka L, Klena JD, Lutwama J, Strӧher U, Nichol ST, Shoemaker TR. Investigation of an isolated case of human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Central Uganda, 2015. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 68:88-93. [PMID: 29382607 PMCID: PMC5893389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most geographically widespread tick-borne viral infection. Outbreaks of CCHF in sub-Saharan Africa are largely undetected and thus under-reported. On November 9, 2015, the National Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory at the Uganda Virus Research Institute received an alert for a suspect VHF case in a 33-year-old male who presented with VHF compatible signs and symptoms at Mengo Hospital in Kampala. METHODS A blood sample from the suspect patient was tested by RT-PCR for CCHF and found positive. Serological testing on sequential blood specimens collected from this patient showed increasing anti-CCHFV IgM antibody titers, confirming recent infection. Repeat sampling of the confirmed case post recovery showed high titers for anti-CCHFV-specific IgG. An epidemiological outbreak investigation was initiated following the initial RT-PCR positive detection to identify any additional suspect cases. RESULTS Only a single acute case of CCHF was detected from this outbreak. No additional acute CCHF cases were identified following field investigations. Environmental investigations collected 53 tick samples, with only 1, a Boophilus decoloratus, having detectable CCHFV RNA by RT-PCR. Full-length genomic sequencing on a viral isolate from the index human case showed the virus to be related to the DRC (Africa 2) lineage. CONCLUSIONS This is the fourth confirmed CCHF outbreak in Uganda within 2 years after more than 50 years of no reported human CCHF cases in this country. Our investigations reaffirm the endemicity of CCHFV in Uganda, and show that exposure to ticks poses a significant risk for human infection. These findings also reflect the importance of having an established national VHF surveillance system and diagnostic capacity in a developing country like Uganda, in order to identify the first cases of VHF outbreaks and rapidly respond to reduce secondary cases. Additional efforts should focus on implementing effective tick control methods and investigating the circulation of CCHFV throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Balinandi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Lubwama
- Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Plot 6, Lourdel Road, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ute Strӧher
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trevor R Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda; Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Nyakarahuka L, Ayebare S, Mosomtai G, Kankya C, Lutwama J, Mwiine FN, Skjerve E. Ecological Niche Modeling for Filoviruses: A Risk Map for Ebola and Marburg Virus Disease Outbreaks in Uganda. PLoS Curr 2017; 9:ecurrents.outbreaks.07992a87522e1f229c7cb023270a2af1. [PMID: 29034123 PMCID: PMC5614672 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.07992a87522e1f229c7cb023270a2af1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uganda has reported eight outbreaks caused by filoviruses between 2000 to 2016, more than any other country in the world. We used species distribution modeling to predict where filovirus outbreaks are likely to occur in Uganda to help in epidemic preparedness and surveillance. METHODS The MaxEnt software, a machine learning modeling approach that uses presence-only data was used to establish filovirus - environmental relationships. Presence-only data for filovirus outbreaks were collected from the field and online sources. Environmental covariates from Africlim that have been downscaled to a nominal resolution of 1km x 1km were used. The final model gave the relative probability of the presence of filoviruses in the study area obtained from an average of 100 bootstrap runs. Model evaluation was carried out using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) plots. Maps were created using ArcGIS 10.3 mapping software. RESULTS We showed that bats as potential reservoirs of filoviruses are distributed all over Uganda. Potential outbreak areas for Ebola and Marburg virus disease were predicted in West, Southwest and Central parts of Uganda, which corresponds to bat distribution and previous filovirus outbreaks areas. Additionally, the models predicted the Eastern Uganda region and other areas that have not reported outbreaks before to be potential outbreak hotspots. Rainfall variables were the most important in influencing model prediction compared to temperature variables. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limitations in the prediction model due to lack of adequate sample records for outbreaks, especially for the Marburg cases, the models provided risk maps to the Uganda surveillance system on filovirus outbreaks. The risk maps will aid in identifying areas to focus the filovirus surveillance for early detection and responses hence curtailing a pandemic. The results from this study also confirm previous findings that suggest that filoviruses are mainly limited by the amount of rainfall received in an area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- 1) Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway; 2) Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda; 3) Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging disease, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Samuel Ayebare
- Climate Change and Biodiversity Unit, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Gladys Mosomtai
- Earth Observation Unit, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Radinsky O, Edri A, Brusilovsky M, Fedida-Metula S, Sobarzo A, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Lutwama J, Dye J, Lobel L, Porgador A. Sudan ebolavirus long recovered survivors produce GP-specific Abs that are of the IgG1 subclass and preferentially bind FcγRI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6054. [PMID: 28729706 PMCID: PMC5519693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus is a highly lethal pathogen, causing a severe hemorrhagic disease with a high fatality rate. To better understand immune correlates of protection by virus specific IgG, we investigated the evolution of the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs)-activating capabilities of antiviral IgG in serum samples of long recovered survivors. To this end, longitudinal serum samples from survivors of Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) infection, studied over years, were examined for the presence of Ebola-GP specific IgG subclasses, and for their binding to FcγRs. We developed a cell-based reporter system to quantitate pathogen-specific antibody binding to FcγRIIIA, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB and FcγRI. With this system, we demonstrate that anti-GP-specific stimulation of the FcγRI reporter by survivors’ sera was substantially high one year after acute infection, with a slight reduction in activity over a decade post infection. We further demonstrate that GP-specific IgG1 is by far the seroprevalent subclass that retained and even enhanced its presence in the sera, over ten years post infection; the prevalence of other GP-specific IgG subclasses was considerably reduced over time. In accordance, GP-specific FcγRI reporter response and GP-specific total IgG1 subclass correlated in the studied group of Ebola survivors. These observations are important for further informing Ebola vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Brusilovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Dye
- Virology Division - U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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35
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Nyakarahuka L, Kankya C, Krontveit R, Mayer B, Mwiine FN, Lutwama J, Skjerve E. How severe and prevalent are Ebola and Marburg viruses? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the case fatality rates and seroprevalence. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:708. [PMID: 27887599 PMCID: PMC5124280 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola and Marburg virus diseases are said to occur at a low prevalence, but are very severe diseases with high lethalities. The fatality rates reported in different outbreaks ranged from 24-100%. In addition, sero-surveys conducted have shown different seropositivity for both Ebola and Marburg viruses. We aimed to use a meta-analysis approach to estimate the case fatality and seroprevalence rates of these filoviruses, providing vital information for epidemic response and preparedness in countries affected by these diseases. METHODS Published literature was retrieved through a search of databases. Articles were included if they reported number of deaths, cases, and seropositivity. We further cross-referenced with ministries of health, WHO and CDC databases. The effect size was proportion represented by case fatality rate (CFR) and seroprevalence. Analysis was done using the metaprop command in STATA. RESULTS The weighted average CFR of Ebola virus disease was estimated to be 65.0% [95% CI (54.0-76.0%), I2 = 97.98%] whereas that of Marburg virus disease was 53.8% (26.5-80.0%, I2 = 88.6%). The overall seroprevalence of Ebola virus was 8.0% (5.0%-11.0%, I2 = 98.7%), whereas that for Marburg virus was 1.2% (0.5-2.0%, I2 = 94.8%). The most severe species of ebolavirus was Zaire ebolavirus while Bundibugyo Ebolavirus was the least severe. CONCLUSIONS The pooled CFR and seroprevalence for Ebola and Marburg viruses were found to be lower than usually reported, with species differences despite high heterogeneity between studies. Countries with an improved health surveillance and epidemic response have lower CFR, thereby indicating need for improving early detection and epidemic response in filovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Tran A, Trevennec C, Lutwama J, Sserugga J, Gély M, Pittiglio C, Pinto J, Chevalier V. Development and Assessment of a Geographic Knowledge-Based Model for Mapping Suitable Areas for Rift Valley Fever Transmission in Eastern Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004999. [PMID: 27631374 PMCID: PMC5025187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans, is one of the most important viral zoonoses in Africa. The objective of the present study was to develop a geographic knowledge-based method to map the areas suitable for RVF amplification and RVF spread in four East African countries, namely, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia, and to assess the predictive accuracy of the model using livestock outbreak data from Kenya and Tanzania. Risk factors and their relative importance regarding RVF amplification and spread were identified from a literature review. A numerical weight was calculated for each risk factor using an analytical hierarchy process. The corresponding geographic data were collected, standardized and combined based on a weighted linear combination to produce maps of the suitability for RVF transmission. The accuracy of the resulting maps was assessed using RVF outbreak locations in livestock reported in Kenya and Tanzania between 1998 and 2012 and the ROC curve analysis. Our results confirmed the capacity of the geographic information system-based multi-criteria evaluation method to synthesize available scientific knowledge and to accurately map (AUC = 0.786; 95% CI [0.730-0.842]) the spatial heterogeneity of RVF suitability in East Africa. This approach provides users with a straightforward and easy update of the maps according to data availability or the further development of scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Ste-Clotilde, Reunion Island
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Ste-Clotilde, Reunion Island
| | - Carlène Trevennec
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joseph Sserugga
- Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Claudia Pittiglio
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Julio Pinto
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Bennett KL, Shija F, Linton YM, Misinzo G, Kaddumukasa M, Djouaka R, Anyaele O, Harris A, Irish S, Hlaing T, Prakash A, Lutwama J, Walton C. Historical environmental change in Africa drives divergence and admixture ofAedes aegyptimosquitoes: a precursor to successful worldwide colonization? Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4337-54. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit; Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center; Suitland MD USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring MD USA
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences; Bethesda MD USA
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections; Uganda Virus Research Institute; Entebbe Uganda
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; Cotonou Republic of Benin
| | - Okorie Anyaele
- Entomology Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Ibadan; Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Angela Harris
- Mosquito Research & Control Unit; Cayman Islands Government; Grand Cayman Cayman Islands
| | - Seth Irish
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - Thaung Hlaing
- Medical Entomology Research Division; Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar); Ministry of Health; Yangon Myanmar
| | - Anil Prakash
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health; Ministry of H & FW Government of India; Bhopal India
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections; Uganda Virus Research Institute; Entebbe Uganda
| | - Catherine Walton
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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Gloria-Soria A, Kellner DA, Brown JE, Gonzalez-Acosta C, Kamgang B, Lutwama J, Powell JR. Temporal genetic stability of Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) populations. Med Vet Entomol 2016; 30:235-240. [PMID: 26744174 PMCID: PMC4856540 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of viruses that cause yellow fever, dengue and Chikungunya fever. In the absence of effective vaccines, the reduction of these diseases relies on vector control strategies. The success of these strategies is tightly linked to the population dynamics of target populations. In the present study, 14 collections from St. aegypti populations separated by periods of 1-13 years were analysed to determine their temporal genetic stability. Although temporal structure is discernible in most populations, the degree of temporal differentiation is dependent on the population and does not obscure the geographic structure of the various populations. The results suggest that performing detailed studies in the years prior to and after population reduction- or modification-based control interventions at each target field site may be useful in assessing the probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gloria-Soria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - D A Kellner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - J E Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - C Gonzalez-Acosta
- Programa de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - B Kamgang
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - J Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - J R Powell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
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Bennett KL, Linton YM, Shija F, Kaddumukasa M, Djouaka R, Misinzo G, Lutwama J, Huang YM, Mitchell LB, Richards M, Tossou E, Walton C. Molecular Differentiation of the African Yellow Fever Vector Aedes bromeliae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Its Sympatric Non-vector Sister Species, Aedes lilii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004250. [PMID: 26641858 PMCID: PMC4671560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yellow fever continues to be a problem in sub-Saharan Africa with repeated epidemics occurring. The mosquito Aedes bromeliae is a major vector of yellow fever, but it cannot be readily differentiated from its non-vector zoophilic sister species Ae. lilii using morphological characters. Genetic differences have been reported between anthropophilic Ae. bromeliae and zoophilic Ae. lilii and between forest and domestic populations. However, due to the application of different molecular markers and non-overlapping populations employed in previous studies, interpretation of species delimitation is unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS DNA sequences were generated from specimens of Ae. simpsoni s.l. from the Republic of Benin, Tanzania and Uganda for two nuclear genes apolipophorin 2 (apoLp2) and cytochrome p450 (CYPJ92), the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI) barcoding region. Nuclear genes apoLp2 and CYPJ92 were unable to differentiate between species Ae. bromeliae and Ae. lilii due to ancestral lineage sorting, while ITS sequence data provided clear topological separation on a phylogeny. The standard COI barcoding region was shown to be subject to species introgression and unable to clearly distinguish the two taxa. Here we present a reliable direct PCR-based method for differentiation of the vector species Ae. bromeliae from its isomorphic, sympatric and non-biomedically important sister taxon, Ae. lilii, based on the ITS region. Using molecular species verification, we describe novel immature habitats for Ae. lilii and report both sympatric and allopatric populations. Whereas only Ae. lilii is found in the Republic of Benin and only Ae. bromeliae in Tanzania, both species are sympatric in Uganda. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our accurate identification method will allow informed distribution and detailed ecological studies that will facilitate assessment of arboviral disease risk and development of future targeted vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Republic of Benin
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Yiau-Min Huang
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Luke B. Mitchell
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Miriam Richards
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eric Tossou
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Republic of Benin
| | - Catherine Walton
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Kading RC, Kityo R, Nakayiki T, Ledermann J, Crabtree MB, Lutwama J, Miller BR. Detection of Entebbe Bat Virus After 54 Years. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:475-7. [PMID: 26101270 PMCID: PMC4559682 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Entebbe bat virus (ENTV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), closely related to yellow fever virus, was first isolated from a little free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pumilus) in Uganda in 1957, but was not detected after that initial isolation. In 2011, we isolated ENTV from a little free-tailed bat captured from the attic of a house near where it had originally been found. Infectious virus was recovered from the spleen and lung, and the viral RNA was sequenced and compared with that of the original isolate. Across the polypeptide sequence, there were 76 amino acid substitutions, resulting in 97.8% identity at the amino acid level between the 1957 and 2011 isolates. Further study of this virus would provide valuable insights into the ecological and genetic factors governing the evolution and transmission of bat- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Kading
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert Kityo
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Teddie Nakayiki
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jeremy Ledermann
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mary B Crabtree
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Barry R Miller
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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McMorrow ML, Wemakoy EO, Tshilobo JK, Emukule GO, Mott JA, Njuguna H, Waiboci L, Heraud JM, Rajatonirina S, Razanajatovo NH, Chilombe M, Everett D, Heyderman RS, Barakat A, Nyatanyi T, Rukelibuga J, Cohen AL, Cohen C, Tempia S, Thomas J, Venter M, Mwakapeje E, Mponela M, Lutwama J, Duque J, Lafond K, Nzussouo NT, Williams T, Widdowson MA. Severe Acute Respiratory Illness Deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Role of Influenza: A Case Series From 8 Countries. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:853-60. [PMID: 25712970 PMCID: PMC4826902 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Data on causes of death due to respiratory illness in Africa are limited. Methods. From January to April 2013, 28 African countries were invited to participate in a review of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI)–associated deaths identified from influenza surveillance during 2009–2012. Results. Twenty-three countries (82%) responded, 11 (48%) collect mortality data, and 8 provided data. Data were collected from 37 714 SARI cases, and 3091 (8.2%; range by country, 5.1%–25.9%) tested positive for influenza virus. There were 1073 deaths (2.8%; range by country, 0.1%–5.3%) reported, among which influenza virus was detected in 57 (5.3%). Case-fatality proportion (CFP) was higher among countries with systematic death reporting than among those with sporadic reporting. The influenza-associated CFP was 1.8% (57 of 3091), compared with 2.9% (1016 of 34 623) for influenza virus–negative cases (P < .001). Among 834 deaths (77.7%) tested for other respiratory pathogens, rhinovirus (107 [12.8%]), adenovirus (64 [6.0%]), respiratory syncytial virus (60 [5.6%]), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (57 [5.3%]) were most commonly identified. Among 1073 deaths, 402 (37.5%) involved people aged 0–4 years, 462 (43.1%) involved people aged 5–49 years, and 209 (19.5%) involved people aged ≥50 years. Conclusions. Few African countries systematically collect data on outcomes of people hospitalized with respiratory illness. Stronger surveillance for deaths due to respiratory illness may identify risk groups for targeted vaccine use and other prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L McMorrow
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Joshua A Mott
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi
| | - Henry Njuguna
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi
| | - Lilian Waiboci
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi
| | | | | | | | - Moses Chilombe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre
| | - Dean Everett
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre
| | | | - Thierry Nyatanyi
- Division of Epidemic Infectious Diseases, Rwanda Biomedical Center
| | | | - Adam L Cohen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa
| | - Juno Thomas
- Outbreak Response Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-South Africa Zoonoses Research Unit, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis
| | - Elibariki Mwakapeje
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Ministry of Health and Social Welfare-Tanzania
| | - Marcelina Mponela
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare-Tanzania Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Tanzania, Dar es Salaam Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe
| | - Jazmin Duque
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Battelle, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn Lafond
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Ndahwouh Talla Nzussouo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Thelma Williams
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Shoemaker T, MacNeil A, Balinandi S, Campbell S, Wamala JF, McMullan LK, Downing R, Lutwama J, Mbidde E, Ströher U, Rollin PE, Nichol ST. Reemerging Sudan Ebola virus disease in Uganda, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1480-3. [PMID: 22931687 PMCID: PMC3437705 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two large outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever occurred in Uganda in 2000 and 2007. In May 2011, we identified a single case of Sudan Ebola virus disease in Luwero District. The establishment of a permanent in-country laboratory and cooperation between international public health entities facilitated rapid outbreak response and control activities.
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Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, Lutwama J, Wamala J, Yoti Z, Colebunders R, Palma PP, Sterk E, Jeffs B, Van Herp M, Borchert M. Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52986. [PMID: 23285243 PMCID: PMC3532309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A confirmed Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak in Bundibugyo, Uganda, November 2007–February 2008, was caused by a putative new species (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). It included 93 putative cases, 56 laboratory-confirmed cases, and 37 deaths (CFR = 25%). Study objectives are to describe clinical manifestations and case management for 26 hospitalised laboratory-confirmed EHF patients. Clinical findings are congruous with previously reported EHF infections. The most frequently experienced symptoms were non-bloody diarrhoea (81%), severe headache (81%), and asthenia (77%). Seven patients reported or were observed with haemorrhagic symptoms, six of whom died. Ebola care remains difficult due to the resource-poor setting of outbreaks and the infection-control procedures required. However, quality data collection is essential to evaluate case definitions and therapeutic interventions, and needs improvement in future epidemics. Organizations usually involved in EHF case management have a particular responsibility in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Roddy
- Medical Departments of Médecins Sans Frontières, Barcelona, Spain.
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Borchert M, Mutyaba I, Van Kerkhove MD, Lutwama J, Luwaga H, Bisoborwa G, Turyagaruka J, Pirard P, Ndayimirije N, Roddy P, Van Der Stuyft P. Ebola haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Masindi District, Uganda: outbreak description and lessons learned. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:357. [PMID: 22204600 PMCID: PMC3276451 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is infamous for its high case-fatality proportion (CFP) and the ease with which it spreads among contacts of the diseased. We describe the course of the EHF outbreak in Masindi, Uganda, in the year 2000, and report on response activities. METHODS We analysed surveillance records, hospital statistics, and our own observations during response activities. We used Fisher's exact tests for differences in proportions, t-tests for differences in means, and logistic regression for multivariable analysis. RESULTS The response to the outbreak consisted of surveillance, case management, logistics and public mobilisation. Twenty-six EHF cases (24 laboratory confirmed, two probable) occurred between October 21st and December 22nd, 2000. CFP was 69% (18/26). Nosocomial transmission to the index case occurred in Lacor hospital in Gulu, outside the Ebola ward. After returning home to Masindi district the index case became the origin of a transmission chain within her own extended family (18 further cases), from index family members to health care workers (HCWs, 6 cases), and from HCWs to their household contacts (1 case). Five out of six occupational cases of EHF in HCWs occurred after the introduction of barrier nursing, probably due to breaches of barrier nursing principles. CFP was initially very high (76%) but decreased (20%) due to better case management after reinforcing the response team. The mobilisation of the community for the response efforts was challenging at the beginning, when fear, panic and mistrust had to be countered by the response team. CONCLUSIONS Large scale transmission in the community beyond the index family was prevented by early case identification and isolation as well as quarantine imposed by the community. The high number of occupational EHF after implementing barrier nursing points at the need to strengthen training and supervision of local HCWs. The difference in CFP before and after reinforcing the response team together with observations on the ward suggest a critical role for intensive supportive treatment. Collecting high quality clinical data is a priority for future outbreaks in order to identify the best possible FHF treatment regime under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Borchert
- Unit of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury WC1E 7HT, London, UK
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, D-14050, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imaam Mutyaba
- District Directorate of Health Services, Masindi, Uganda
| | - Maria D Van Kerkhove
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Bloomsbury WC1E 7HT, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Henry Luwaga
- District Directorate of Health Services, Masindi, Uganda
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health, 2 Lourdel Road, Wandegeya, P.O. Box 16069, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - John Turyagaruka
- District Directorate of Health Services, Masindi, Uganda
- Masindi District Health Office, Box 67, Masindi, Uganda
| | | | - Nestor Ndayimirije
- World Health Organisation African Region, Kampala, Uganda
- World Health Organization Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Paul Roddy
- Médecin Sans Frontières, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Van Der Stuyft
- Unit of Epidemiology and Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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45
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MacNeil A, Farnon EC, Wamala J, Okware S, Cannon DL, Reed Z, Towner JS, Tappero JW, Lutwama J, Downing R, Nichol ST, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE. Proportion of deaths and clinical features in Bundibugyo Ebola virus infection, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:1969-72. [PMID: 21122234 PMCID: PMC3294552 DOI: 10.3201/eid1612.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first known Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak caused by Bundibugyo Ebola virus occurred in Bundibugyo District, Uganda, in 2007. Fifty-six cases of EHF were laboratory confirmed. Although signs and symptoms were largely nonspecific and similar to those of EHF outbreaks caused by Zaire and Sudan Ebola viruses, proportion of deaths among those infected was lower (≈40%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam MacNeil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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46
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Towner JS, Sealy TK, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Conlan S, Reeder SA, Quan PL, Lipkin WI, Downing R, Tappero JW, Okware S, Lutwama J, Bakamutumaho B, Kayiwa J, Comer JA, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. Newly discovered ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000212. [PMID: 19023410 PMCID: PMC2581435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, Zaire and Sudan ebolaviruses have been responsible for large hemorrhagic fever (HF) outbreaks with case fatalities ranging from 53% to 90%, while a third species, Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, caused a single non-fatal HF case. In November 2007, HF cases were reported in Bundibugyo District, Western Uganda. Laboratory investigation of the initial 29 suspect-case blood specimens by classic methods (antigen capture, IgM and IgG ELISA) and a recently developed random-primed pyrosequencing approach quickly identified this to be an Ebola HF outbreak associated with a newly discovered ebolavirus species (Bundibugyo ebolavirus) distantly related to the Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus found in western Africa. Due to the sequence divergence of this new virus relative to all previously recognized ebolaviruses, these findings have important implications for design of future diagnostic assays to monitor Ebola HF disease in humans and animals, and ongoing efforts to develop effective antivirals and vaccines. In this report we describe a newly discovered ebolavirus species which caused a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in western Uganda. The virus is genetically distinct, differing by more than 30% at the genome level from all other known ebolavirus species. The unique nature of this virus created challenges for traditional filovirus molecular based diagnostic assays and genome sequencing approaches. Instead, we quickly determined over 70% of the virus genome using a recently developed random-primed pyrosequencing approach that allowed the rapid development of a molecular detection assay that was deployed in the disease outbreak response. This draft sequence allowed easy completion of the whole genome sequence using a traditional primer walking approach and prompt confirmation that this virus represented a new ebolavirus species. Current efforts to design effective diagnostics, antivirals and vaccines will need to take into account the distinct nature of this important new member of the filovirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Towner
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marina L. Khristova
- Scientific Resources Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean Conlan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Serena A. Reeder
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phenix-Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Downing
- Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jordan W. Tappero
- Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Samuel Okware
- Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - James A. Comer
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pierre E. Rollin
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Ksiazek
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Petrosova A, Konry T, Cosnier S, Trakht I, Lutwama J, Rwaguma E, Chepurnov A, Mühlberger E, Lobel L, Marks R. Development of a highly sensitive, field operable biosensor for serological studies of Ebola virus in central Africa. Sens Actuators B Chem 2007; 122:578-586. [PMID: 32288238 PMCID: PMC7125681 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein a newly developed optical immunosensor for detection of antibodies directed against antigens of the Ebola virus strains Zaire and Sudan. We employed a photo immobilization methodology based on a photoactivatable electrogenerated poly(pyrrole-benzophenone) film deposited upon an indium tin oxide (ITO) modified conductive surface fiber-optic. It was then linked to a biological receptor, Ebola virus antigen in this case, on the fiber tip through a light driven reaction. The photochemically modified optical fibers were tested as an immunosensor for detection of antibodies against Ebola virus, in animal and human sera, by use of a coupled chemiluminescent reaction. The immunosensor was tested for sensitivity, specificity, and compared to standard chemiluminescent ELISA under the same conditions. The analyte, anti-Ebola IgG, was detected at a low titer of 1:960,000 and 1:1,000,000 for subtypes Zaire and Sudan, respectively. While the same serum tested by ELISA was one order (24 times) less sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Petrosova
- The Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - T. Konry
- The Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - S. Cosnier
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Organique et de Photochimie Redox, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - I. Trakht
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - E. Rwaguma
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - A. Chepurnov
- Special Pathogens Unit, BSL-4 Laboratory, Vector, Koltsvo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E. Mühlberger
- Institute of Virology, Philips University, Marburg, Germany
| | - L. Lobel
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Health Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - R.S. Marks
- The Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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